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Progress in all-organic rechargeable batteries using
cationic and anionic configurations: Toward low-cost and
greener storage solutions?
Philippe Poizot, Franck Dolhem, Joël Gaubicher
To cite this version:
Philippe Poizot, Franck Dolhem, Joël Gaubicher. Progress in all-organic rechargeable batteries using
cationic and anionic configurations: Toward low-cost and greener storage solutions?. Current Opinion
in Electrochemistry, Elsevier, 2018, 9, pp.70 - 80. �10.1016/j.coelec.2018.04.003�. �hal-01888154�
Availableonlineatwww.sciencedirect.com
GraphicalAbstract
CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistryxxx(2018)xxx–xxx Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusing
cationicandanionicconfigurations:Towardlow-costand greenerstoragesolutions?
PhilippePoizot1 ,2 ,∗,FranckDolhem3 ,4 ,JoëlGaubicher1 1InstitutdesMatériauxJeanRouxel(IMN),Université deNantes,
UMRCNRS6502,2ruedelaHoussinière,B.P.32229,44322 NantesCedex3,France
2InstitutUniversitairedeFrance(IUF),1rueDescartes,75231
ParisCedex05,France
3LaboratoiredeGlycochimie,desAntimicrobiensetdesAgroressources
(LG2A),UMRCNRS7378,Université dePicardieJulesVerne,33 rueSaint-Leu,80039AmiensCedex,France
4RéseausurleStockageÉlectrochimiquedel’Énergie(RS2E),FR
Availableonlineatwww.sciencedirect.com
Review
Article
Progress
in
all-organic
rechargeable
batteries
using
cationic
and
anionic
configurations:
Toward
low-cost
and
greener
storage
solutions?
Philippe
Poizot
1,2,∗,
Franck
Dolhem
3,4and
Joël
Gaubicher
1 Q1OurentryintotheFourthindustrialrevolutionsincetheturnof
1
thecenturyissettorevolutionizeourdailylifenotablywiththe
2
bloomingofdigitaltechnologiessuchascommunications,
3
artificialintelligence,technologiesrelatedtotheInternetof
4
Things,3-Dprintingornano/biotechnologies.Itishowever
5
hopedthisnewparadigmshiftwillintegratesustainable
6
developmentgoalsandactionstoaddressthecriticaldamage
7
causedbythepreviousindustrialrevolutionsespeciallythe
8
threatofglobalwarming.Wehavetobeparticularlyaware
9
thereremainstheurgentneedforcleanerenergytechnologies
10
whichcallsforaradicalchangeintheenergymixtofavor
11
renewableenergyandenvironmentallyresponsibleenergy
12
storagesolutions.Organicmaterialsshouldprovide
13
opportunitiestofurtherimproveexistingenergystorage
14
technologieswhileofferingsustainable,versatileand
15
potentiallylow-costenergystoragedevices.Thisreviewseeks
16
toprovideanupdateonall-organicbatteryassemblies
17
reportedtodateaswellassomeperspectiveswecanexpect
18
inthefuturenotablyforstationaryapplications.
19
Addresses
20
1InstitutdesMatériauxJeanRouxel(IMN),Université deNantes,UMR
21
CNRS6502,2ruedelaHoussinière,B.P.32229,44322NantesCedex 22
3,France 23
2InstitutUniversitairedeFrance(IUF),1rueDescartes,75231Paris
24
Cedex05,France 25
3LaboratoiredeGlycochimie,desAntimicrobiensetdes
26
Agroressources(LG2A),UMRCNRS7378,Université dePicardieJules 27
Verne,33rueSaint-Leu,80039AmiensCedex,France 28
4RéseausurleStockageÉlectrochimiquedel’Énergie(RS2E),FR
29
CNRS3459,AmiensCedex,France 30
∗Correspondingauthor.:Poizot,Philippe (philippe.poizot@cnrs-imn.fr)
31
CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry2018,XX:XX–XX
ThisreviewcomesfromathemedissueonBatteriesand Superca-pacitors
EditedbyDanielBelanger
ForacompleteoverviewseetheIssueandtheEditorial
AvailableonlineXXXXXX2018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.04.003
2451-9103/© 2018ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
Introduction
32Afewyears ago,we outlinedapersonalviewaboutthe 33
trickyquestionsofenergysupply,itsstorageandconver- 34
sionintheearly21stcenturyandunderlinedtheimpor- 35
tanceofdevelopingefficient,safebutalsolow-polluting 36
electrochemicalstoragesolutions[1].Todate,commercial 37
batteriesexclusivelyincludeinorganicelectrodemateri- 38
alsnotably3dtransitionmetalswhicharescarce,expen- 39
siveandenergygreedy[2].Incontrast,organicmaterials 40
enableaccesstolowcostandpossiblygreenercompounds 41
becausecomposed ofnaturallyabundantelements(i.e., 42
C,H,O,N orS)moreovertheyareeasierto recycle.In 43
addition,theyofferhighstructuraldesignabilitythrough 44
thewell-establishedprinciplesof organicchemistryand 45
notablyaccesstobothn-andp-typeelectrochemicalstor- 46
agemechanisms[3]makingvariouscellorelectrodecon- 47
figurationspossible(Figure1). 48
In10years,tremendousprogresshasbeenmadetopro- 49
moteorganiccompoundsinvariousrechargeablestorage 50
devicesgivingrisetonearly15publishedreviewarticles 51
especiallyforapplicationsinnon-aqueous(metallic)Lior 52
Na-basedbatteries;forveryrecentexamples,thereader 53
couldrefertorefs.[5–10].Notwithstandingthisabundant 54
literature,thereappeared to bea lackof acomprehen- 55
sivesummarydedicatedtoall-organiccells thatarealso 56
increasinginnumberthankstothisrapidprogressonor- 57
ganicelectrodematerials.Herein,wehaveattemptedto 58
fillthegapbythoroughlyreportingprototypeexamplesof 59
all-organicbatteriesinvestigateduntilnowincludingthe 60
pioneeringexamplesstudiedinthemid-80s.Onepartic- 61
ularexcitingoptionisthetruepossibilityofstoringelec- 62
tricitythroughcellreactionsdevoidofmetalsmakingthe 63
conceptofmolecular-ionbatteriespossibleaspointedout 64
byYao’sgroupinarecentvisionaryarticle[11••].Infact, 65
theshuttlingioncanbeeitherprotonsorammonium-type 66
cationsbutalsoanions.Inthelattercase,alargechoiceof 67
chemicalstructuresisaccessiblefromatomictomolecular 68
anions.Moreover,anionstendtoshowhigherlimitingmo- 69
larconductivityvaluesinordinaryorganicsolventsdueto 70
lowersolvationeffects.Inaqueouselectrolytes,promising 71
organicassembliesbasedontheuseoflow-costchemical 72
compoundscouldalsopavethewayforinnovative local 73
stationaryelectrochemicalstoragedevices. 74
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Pleasecitethisarticleas:Poizot,Dolhem,Gaubicher,Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicand anionicconfigurations:Towardlow-costandgreenerstoragesolutions?CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry(2018),
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Figure1
Schematicoffundamentalcellconfigurationsobtainedbyplayingwithbothn-andp-typeorganicelectroactivematerialsshownduringthedischarge process.(a)All-organiccellincorporatingn-typeelectrodematerialsonly(cationicrocking-chair).(b)Symmetricsituationwithp-typeelectrode materials(anionicrocking-chair).(c)Mixingbothn-andp-typeelectrodematerials(dual-ionconfiguration).Notethattheuseattheelectrodelevelof mixedn-/p-typemoietiescanbeenvisagedtoo[4].Inaddition,agivenorganicskeletonbearingaredox-activep-typemoietyexhibitsasarulea formalpotentialhigherthanthatofthecorrespondingn-typecounterpart.
Advances
in
non-aqueous
all-organic
75
batteries
76All-organicbatteries arenaturally characterizedby very
77
different assemblies depending on the selected active
78
material (p- and/or n-type) as wellas the chemical
na-79
tureofthechargecarriers(cationicoranioniccharge
bal-80
ance).Therefore, weoptedfor asummary tableforthe
81
sake of comparison and to make the discussion easier.
82
Hence,Table1 liststhepossible organiccell
configura-83
tions,thechemicalnatureoftheusedelectrodematerials1
84
andelectrolyteaswellassomeperformancemetrics.First
85
ofall,itseemedtousrelevanttostartouroverviewwith
86
battery examples coupling inorganic and organic
elec-87
trodes.Inthisarea,sincearomaticcarboxylatesprovedto
88
beinteresting candidates as negative material [7],
Toy-89
ota Laboratoriesreportedin 2014[12•]very good
elec-90
trochemical performance by coupling the high voltage
91
spinelLiNi0.5Mn1.5O4withdilithium2,6-naphthalene
di-92
carboxylateleadingto3.9VLi-ioncellsanddemonstrated
93
thepossibleconstructionof8V-bipolarlaminatedLi-ion
94
batteries(LIBs) delivering high specific powerand
en-95
ergyvalues(Table1,#1).Preliminarydatawerealso
pub-96
lishedbyMouetal.[13]usingacompositeanodemade
97
ofcalciumterephthalateball-milledwithgraphitefaceto
98
LiCoO2asthecathodematerial(Table1,#2).Medabalmi
99
etal.[14]madeaNa-ioncoin-cellprototypeoperatingat
100
∼3.2Vbyusingthesodiatedformof2,6-naphthalene
di-101
carboxylateand Na3V2O2(PO4)2/rGO(rGO standingfor
102
reduced graphene oxide) for thecathode side but
lim-103
1 Notethatthefollowingterms“cathode” and“anode” referto
posi-tiveandnegativeelectrodes,respectively.
itedstabilitiesuponcyclingwereobserved(Table1,#3). 104
Changingforap-typecathode,Fanetal.[15]recentlyre- 105
portedapotassium-based dual-ion fullbattery(PDIBs) 106
based on graphite anode, polytriphenylamine cathode, 107
and KPF6-based electrolyte (Table 1, #4) that shows 108
quitegoodcyclingstabilityover500cycles.Kangandco- 109
workers[16]examined inaparallel researchtheperfor- 110
manceofalithium-baseddual-ionfullbatteries(LDIBs) 111
withtheN,N-substitutedphenazine/Li4Ti5O12assembly 112
butthecyclabilitywasnotdiscussedatall(Table1,#5). 113
Thesecondsectionof Table1 concernsall-organic bat- 114
teriesincorporatingn-type materials only (cationiccon- 115
figuration). Our group [17] was the first to report an 116
all-organic Li-ion cell based on renewable raw materi- 117
alsthankstotheamphotericredoxpropertyofLi4C6O6 118
whichmakesthedesignofacellexhibiting∼1Vasout- 119
putvoltage(Table1,#6).Laterwetriedtogofurtherby 120
investigatingdilithium(2,5-dilithium-oxy)-terephthalate 121
(Li4-p-DHT)asanotherdual-functionelectrodematerial 122
deriving frombiomass[18].However, Chen’sgroupre- 123
portedthebestperformancewiththismaterial(Table1, 124
#7)atthe conditionto beprepared as nanosheets [19]. 125
ThissecondprototypeoforganicLIBsexhibitsanaver- 126
ageoperationvoltageof∼1.8Vandanenergydensityof 127
about130Wh/kgtogetherwithlongcyclinglife(1000cy- 128
cles)whensupportedongraphene[20••].Abiomolecule- 129
basedfullLIBwasevenproposed byHuetal.[21] us- 130
inganaturallyoccurringquinone (emodin)as thecath- 131
odeand lithiumhumatesas the anode.Nevertheless,a 132
fast capacity fading was observed probably due to the 133
poor stability of the electrode materials (emodin bears 134
threeOHgroupswhereaslithiumhumatescannotbewell 135
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Pleasecitethisarticleas:Poizot,Dolhem,Gaubicher,Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicand anionicconfigurations:Towardlow-costandgreenerstoragesolutions?CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry(2018),
Pr ogr ess in all-organic rechargeable batteries using cationicand anionic configurations Poizot, Dolhem and Gaubicher 3
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4 Batteries and Super capacitors
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Pr ogr ess in all-organic rechargeable batteries using cationicand anionic configurations Poizot, Dolhem and Gaubicher 5
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6 Batteries and Super capacitors
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JID: COELEC [mNS; April 19, 2018;13:36 ] Table1(continued)(a)Based onanodematerialweight.(b)Based oncathodematerialweight.(c)Based onthetotalbatteryweightor(c’)onanodeandcathodematerials.(d)rGOstandsforreducedgrapheneoxide(e)PAnistands forpolyanilineemeraldinebase.(f)P(AN-NA)standsforpoly(aniline/o-nitroaniline).(g)Initialcoulombicefficiency.
Curr ent Opinion in Electr o chemistry 2018, 000 :xxx–xxx www .sciencedir ect.com Please cite this article as: Poizot, Dolhem, Gaubicher , Progress in all-or ganic rechar geable batteries using cationic and anionic configurations: To w ar d low-cost and greener storage solutions? Current Opinion in Electrochemistry (2018), https://doi.or g /10.1016/j.coelec.2018.04.003
Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicandanionicconfigurationsPoizot,DolhemandGaubicher 7
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characterized).Notethatapre-dischargestepof the
an-Q2
136
ode wasnecessaryprior to final assemblysince emodin
137
(quinoneform)isanon-lithiatedcompound(Table1,#8).
138
Similarly, Gutel and co-workers [22] assembled a LIB
139
ableto showanaveragecellvoltageof∼1.2Vandgood
140
cyclabilityover200cyclesfrompre-reduced
perylenete-141
tracarboxylatefacetoapolyimideasthecathode(Table 142
1,#9).TakingbenefitofthesuccessfulLi-ioncellbased
143
onLi4-p-DHT,Chen’sgroup[23]investigatedthe
sodi-144
ated counterpart material (Na4-p-DHT) and published
145
thefirstall-organicsodium-ionbattery(SIB),whichgives
146
anaverageoperationvoltageof∼1.8Vforaspecific
en-147
ergy of about65Wh/kg (Table 1,#10).Shaijumon and
148
co-workers [24]proposed as SIB the couplingbetween
149
N,N-diamino-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicpolyimide
150
asthecathodewiththedisodiumterephthalate(Na2TP)
151
astheanode.AgainthelackofinsertedNa+inthepristine
152
polyimide forced them to electrochemically pre-reduce
153
Na2TPbeforeassembling(Table1,#11).Thecell
deliv-154
eredaninitialcapacityof 73mAh/gfor anaveragecell
155
voltageof∼1.35Vbutwithalimitedcyclingstability.Very
156
recently,Lietal.[25••]havegonebeyondbyassociating
157
Na2TPwithsodiatedpoly(2,5-dihydroxy-p-benzoquinoyl
158
sulfide)/rGO composite material (Table 1, #12). In the
159
continuityofourformerworksonLi4C6O6[17],in2016
160
Chen’sgroupconstructedthefirstexampleoforganic
K-161
ionbatteriesbasedonK4C6O6/K2C6O6system[26]which
162
displayedanoperationvoltageof ∼1.1V andanenergy
163
densityof35Wh/kg(Table1,#13).Othercationsthan
al-164
kalioneswerealsotestedasioniccarriers.Interestingly,
165
whenusingpre-reducedpoly(galvinoxylstyrene)withthe
166
tetrabutylammonium ion as the cathode together with
167
poly[4(nitronylnitroxyl)styrene)] as the anode, Nishide
168
andco-workers[27]constructedthefirstn-typefull
poly-169
merbatteryfreeofmetal.Thetestcellcertainlyexhibited
170
alimitedoutputvoltage(∼0.6V)butachievedimpressive
171
rateperformanceswith90%oftheoriginalcapacity
main-172
tainedat150Crate(Table1,#14).Morerecently Sjödin
173
andco-workers[28]reportedaproof-of-principlestudyon
174
anall-organicprotonbatteryalsodevoidofmetalsusing
175
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)
functional-176
izedeitherwithp-benzoquinone(cathode)or
dihydrox-177
yanthraquinone(anode)andworkingthankstoanoriginal
178
protonated pyridinium triflate-based non-aqueous
elec-179
trolyte(Table1,#15).
180
The thirdsectionof Table 1 concernsthedual-ion cell
181
configurationemployingnaturally(forpotentialreason)a
182
p-typeelectrodematerialforthecathodeside(Figure1);
183
in this cell configurationthe electrolyteis thereservoir
184
of ions for the charge compensation within electrode
185
materials. There are more examples reported in the
186
literature for this type of assembly, thefirst one dating
187
back to the 80s following the discovery of conducting
188
polymers. The first completely organic rechargeable
189
storage battery of this kind were described by
Mac-190
Diarmid and co-workers in 1981 by taking benefit of
191
thereversible n- and p-type electrochemicaldoping of 192
polyacetylene[29].However,neithercyclingcurvesnor 193
electrochemicalperformancedatawerementionedinthe 194
article (Table 1, #16). Then, polythiophene-based full 195
cellswereproposedbyInuishiandco-workersexhibiting 196
an energy density of ∼90W h/kg [30] (Table 1, #17). 197
Fifteen years ago, a new class of polymers emerged 198
consistingof apolymeric chainwith stable radical pen- 199
dantgroupsleadingtothedevelopmentoftheso-called 200
organic radical batteries (ORBs). Such systems possess 201
therightpropertiesto allowtheconstruction oforganic 202
dual-ioncells as well.Nishideandco-workers [31]pro- 203
posed the poly(galvinoxylstyrene) as an n-type redox 204
active polymer and used thepoly(TEMPO-substituted 205
norbornene)asthep-typeone(Table1,#18).Thetotally 206
organic polymer-based radical battery thus obtained 207
(also devoid of metals) gave an interesting power rate 208
capability since it retained 60% of its initial capacity 209
after 250 cycles at a 10C rate. Later, the same group 210 [27]usingpoly[4(nitronylnitroxyl)styrene)] assembled a 211
symmetric(poleless)cellexhibitinggoodcyclelife(more 212
than 250 cycles) at a60C rate (Table 1, #19). Deng et 213
al.[32]assembledalow-costall-organicdualionbattery 214
(PF6−/Na+) with poly(triphenylamine) as the p-type 215
material andpoly(anthraquinonyl sulfide) as then-type 216
one (Table 1, #20).The same anode was also used by 217
Caoand co-workers[33]together withapoly(aniline/o- 218
nitroaniline) and a plastic crystal electrolyte (Table 1, 219
#21).Subsequently,Yang’s groupproposed to assemble 220
poly(triphenylamine) with poly(3,4-dihexylthiophene) 221 [34](Table1,#22).Inanotherstudy,thisgroup[35]ex- 222
ploitedthegapinpotentialbetweenthep-andn-doping 223
processes occurring in poly(paraphenylene) (Table 1, 224
#23).However, compared to ORBs,such dual-ion cells 225
exhibitfeaturelesscyclingcurveswhich resemblemore 226
supercapacitorelectrochemicalprofiles.Anotherdual-ion 227
all-organicbatteryconsistinginpoly(2-vinylthianthrene) 228
as the positive material and poly(2-methacrylamide- 229
tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane) as the negative was 230
also investigated by Schubert’s group [36]. Although 231
the output voltage was only 1.35V, the cell was able 232
to sustain almost 70% of its initial capacity after 250 233
cycles(Table1,#24).Veryrecently,Dongetal.[37]were 234
abletocycle atvery low temperature(upto −70°C)a 235
dual-ioncellbasedonpoly(triphenylamine) and1,4,5,8- 236
naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA)- 237
derived polyimide thanks to an ethyl acetate-based 238
electrolyte(2MLiTFSI)whichexhibitssufficientlyhigh 239
ionicconductivityatlowtemperature(Table1,#25). 240
Lastly, the fourth section of Table 1 recaps the few 241
examples of cell combining two p-type electrode ma- 242
terials. In fact, such cells are scarcer because p-type 243
compounds are naturally characterized by high formal 244
redox potentials except the single family of viologen- 245
related materials. Note that Lee et al. studied in 246
the 90s polypyrrole/polyaniline (PAni) then PAni/PAni 247
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full cells but reported data were poor [38].
Pal-248
more and co-workers [39] have prepared a polypyrrole
249
with covalently bonded viologen (4,4-bipyridine)
moi-250
eties as the anode and polypyrrole doped with 2,2
-251
azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)forthe
252
cathode side, both releasing or accepting a
perchlo-253
rate anion during the redox processes. Experimentally
254
this battery exhibited a very low capacity (Table 1,
255
#26). Yao’s group proposed also such a molecular
ion-256
based "rocking-chair" type battery [11••] with poly(N
-257
vinylcarbazole)as thecathodeandalsoaviologen
poly-258
merastheanode(poly(1,1-pentyl-4,4-bipyridinium
di-259
hexafluorophosphate))(Table 1,#27).The performance
260
of thebatterywasmuchbetter with thislast
configura-261
tiongivingriseto∼1.8Vasoutputvoltagecoupledwith
262
capacityof100mAh/gcathode.
263
Promise
and
challenges
of
aqueous
organic
264batteries
265Organics can also operate in aqueous electrolytes.
Al-266
thoughattheexpenseofenergydensity,aqueous
rocking-267
chairbatteriesconstituteanovelandpromising
technol-268
ogyastheyareinherentlysafe,minimizecostand
envi-269
ronmental impactby comparison to other battery
tech-270
nologies[5,40–42],whichisparticularlyrelevantfor
pro-271
motinglow-costenergystoragesolutions.Thisapproach
272
isstillaffiliatedhowever,withrelativelylowenergy
den-273
sity,below50Wh/kg18650-cell2,whichputsevenmore
pres-274
sureonmaterial costsand durability in order to ensure
275
economicviability.Ithas beenrecently shownthatthe
276
electrochemical window of superconcentrated aqueous
277
electrolytes can be expanded to 3V thanks to the
for-278
mation of electrolyte–electrode interphase and unusual
279
watermoleculecoordinationenvironment[40,43].
How-280
ever,itshouldbestressedasfarasenergycost($/kWh)
281
isconcernedthisvoltagegainiscounterbalancedbythe
282
mass(∼2–5timesthatofa1Melectrolyte)andtheprice
283
of these additional salts.Indeed, a bulkenergy storage
284
unitwillonlybeimplementedifthecostperunitof
en-285
ergyfallsbelow0.03$/kWh,avaluelowerthanthecost
286
ofelectricityfromconventionalpowersources.This
im-287
pliesthatthedevicemustbeabletodelivermany
thou-288
sandsofcharge–dischargecyclesovermanyyears(which
289
for the time beingrules out zinc-based systems)to
in-290
surestoragecostremainsin thevicinityof 100$/kW h.
291
Moreover,aqueous batteries are intended for both
do-292
mesticandlarge-scaleapplicationsandthereforethe
enor-293
mousscaleoftherequiredenergytransitionplaceslimits
294
onpoorlyabundant,non-uniformlydistributedaswellas
295
monopolizedmetalresources.To sumup,therelatively
296
narrowelectrochemicalwindowavailableinaqueous
me-297
diatogetherwithcostsandabundanceissuesmakeseven
298
more challenging the development of appropriate host
299
2 The18650(18mm by65 mm)batteryisa sizeclassificationof
lithium-ionbatteries.
materialswithoptimalpotentialaswellashighchemical 300
andelectrochemicalstability. 301
One of the emerging approaches followed by several 302
groupsconsistsalsoinconsideringorganicactivemateri- 303
alstosubstituteinorganiconeswiththepromiseofabun- 304
dancyin elements,lower costsand high structuraldes- 305
ignability.Note that only five inorganic materials were 306
identified to design aqueous batteries (i.e., LiMn2O4 307 [44],Na3Ti2(PO4)3[44],FeandMn-basedPrussianBlue 308
derivatives[45]andNa3MnTi(PO4)3 [46]).Another de- 309
cisiveadvantageisrelatedto thepotential accesstosu- 310
periorspecificcapacities asorganics benefitfrommulti- 311
electronredoxreactions.Lastly,thelowvolumetricden- 312
sityoforganiccompoundsisobviouslynotasdetrimen- 313
tal for stationary application as it is for mobile ones. 314
Despitethesebenefits,severalkeyissuesremainandre- 315
centliteratureproves thedesignofeconomicallyviable 316
fullaqueous batteriesbasedonorganic materialsisstill 317
achallengingandexcitingprospect.First,as mentioned 318
earlierforstationarystoragethemostimportantcriterion 319
remainstheoverallcostofthestoragedevice.Consider- 320
ingaplausiblevoltageof1.2Vandcapacityof150mAh/g 321
forboththepositiveandthenegativematerials,ahypo- 322
thetical18,650fullcellshouldenableanenergydensity 323
ofabout56Wh/kg18650-cell basedon15 mAh/cm2 elec- 324
trodescontaining 80% of active material.In these con- 325
ditions,costsof goods should stay in thevicinity of 5– 326
10$/kgandthereforeanyorganicchemistryinvolvedfor 327
materialdesigncannotexceedoneortwosteps(asarule 328
of thumb,one step correspondsto ∼5 $/kg in the pig- 329
mentindustry).Thisalsoservestoreiteratethatneutral 330
pHandmolarrangesaltconcentrationoftheelectrolyte 331
shouldbepreferredtominimizeproductioncostsandcor- 332
rosionissues.Thesecondbottleneckarisesfromthecor- 333
relationbetweenthepotentialrangeoftheorganicmate- 334
rialsdependingonthep-or n-typecharacter.Foraque- 335
ousbatteriesplethoraofn-typeorganicmaterialscanbe 336
designedasanodematerialsallowingtheaccesstopoten- 337
tialsbelow −0.3Vvs.SCE (2.95Vvs.Li+/Liatneutral 338
pH)thanks tothecarbonyl/enolateredoxmoiety.How- 339
ever,withtheaimtofabricateatleast1Vcell,itisquite 340
challengingtoreachsufficientlyhighworkingpotentials 341
with n-type materials for the cathode side (>0.4V vs. 342
SCEor 3.65V vs.Li+/Li at neutralpH). Inversely, ex- 343
ceptfortheviologengroupforwhichredoxpotentialscan 344
fitthenegativeside,organicp-typeredoxcentersmatch 345
better the positive side. Consequently, cationic rocking- 346
chairaqueousbatteriesonlyexploithybridcellswithinor- 347
ganic(cathode)/organic(anode)combination. Yao’s group 348 [47••] (Table 1,#28) nicely illustratethe advantagesof 349
organicactivematerialsinthisfield.Indeed,theirstudy 350
demonstratedpolypyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone (PPTO) can 351
store∼220 mA h/g (two fold whatcan be achieved by 352
bestinorganicmaterials)at∼−0.3Vvs.SCEenablinga 353
fullcell with LiMn2O4 (LMO) as the cathodematerial 354
tosustain∼90Wh/kgmaterialsformorethan3000cyclesat 355
CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry2018,000:xxx–xxx www.sciencedirect.com
Pleasecitethisarticleas:Poizot,Dolhem,Gaubicher,Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicand anionicconfigurations:Towardlow-costandgreenerstoragesolutions?CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry(2018),
Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicandanionicconfigurationsPoizot,DolhemandGaubicher 9
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0.23A/g(1C⇔3500hcycling)withnearto100%
coulom-356
bicefficiency.Asacomparison,similarlyloadedcells
ex-357
ploitingLMOandLiTi2(PO4)3(LTP)leadtosimilar
en-358
ergy density and cyclability but with somewhat higher
359
estimated costsince PPTOwouldbe ∼10–15$/kg and
360
LTP higher than 20 $/kg [47].Another interesting
hy-361
brid cationic full cell from Ji’s group [48] consisted in
362
using an ammonium inserted Ni-based Prussian white
363
asthecathodeagainsta3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic
364
diimide in a 1M (NH4)2SO4 (Table 1, #29). This is
365
the first aqueous cell exchanging a non-metal cationic
366
charge carrier. Although the capacity retention is
mod-367
erate(67% upon 1000 cycles at3C rates)it enables up
368
to43Wh/kgmaterialswith1Vofvoltageat1.5Cbasedon
369
atwo-foldexcessofpositiveelectrode.Thesolefull
or-370
ganicaqueous cellstodate incorporaten-type materials
371
only(anionicconfiguration).Toourknowledgeonlytwo
372
systemshavebeenreportedsince2012:Nishideand
co-373
workersconsideredthinfilmbatteries(upto1mmthick)
374
fabricatedusingaTEMPOderivative,thepoly
(2,2,6,6-375
tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) acrylamide (PTMA) as the
376
cathode coupled to two different polyviologen
deriva-377
tives, either highly cross-linked polyviologen hydrogel
378
(poly-(tripyridiniomesitylene))[49••]whichenablean
av-379
eragevoltageof∼1.3Vover2000cycles(Table1,#30),or
380
tothepoly(N-4,4-bipyridinium-N-decamethylene
dibro-381
mide)(Table 1,#31) whichsustainsmorethan2000
cy-382
cleswith1.2Vaveragevoltage[50].Recently,Dongetal.
383
[51]proposedafullorganicdual-ioncellbasedonp-type
384
polytriphenylamineandn-typepolynaphthalenediimide
385
polymersatthepositiveandnegativeelectrode,
respec-386
tively(Table1,#32).Despitethecellrequirestheuseof
387
a21mLiTFSIwater-in-saltelectrolytetopreventwater
388
oxidation,the authors showed near to 53W h/kgmaterials
389
and32kW/kgmaterials canbeobtainedfor1mg/cm2
elec-390
trodes.Anotherdirectionhasbeenrecentlyproposedby
391
our groupby coupling p-type bipyridinium and n-type
392
naphthalene diimide redox moietiesinto one of a new
393
family of non-soluble oligomerfor negative electrodes.
394
The latterwasshownto exchangebothcationsand
an-395
ionssimultaneouslyoncycling,thereforepavingtheway
396
to thedesignof anewtypeof dual cation–anionwhere
397
thesaltconcentrationdoesnotvaryoncycling.The
syn-398
ergisticcouplingofthetworedoxunitsenablestoreach
399
competitivecapacities rangingfrom60 to90 mAh/g in
400
bothneutral Na+ andMg2+ electrolytes ofmolarrange
401
concentration[4].
402
Conclusions
and
outlook
403
Thepeculiarfieldoforganicbatterieshasseensignificant
404
progresstheselastfewyearswithpromisingresearch
di-405
rectionsattractingpositivelymoreandmoreinterestfrom
406
the energystorage community.The unique features of
407
organicsincludingflexibility,processability,structure
di-408
versity as wellas thetruepossibility ofbeing prepared
409
fromrenewableresourcesandeco-friendlyprocessesare
410
todaysubstantiveargumentsevenifpracticalenergy
den-411
sityvaluesremainlow.LetusrecallthatNECgroupan- 412
nouncedORBsclosetoreachingthemarketin2012[52]. 413
However,improvementsarestillneededtopushforward 414
organicbatteriesespeciallytogetabetterstabilityupon 415
cycling.Infact,severalorganicmaterialsarenotablyprone 416
tosolubilityissues,includingsomepolymers.ThusNEC 417
haverecentlyreportedthattheuseofcross-linkedPTMA 418
gelsenableverygoodelectrochemicalperformancecom- 419
paredto linearPTMAwith∼100mAh/gPTMA formore 420
than500 cycles[53].Thisshortreviewwas alsotheoc- 421
casion to underline that the richness of the redox or- 422
ganic chemistry enables thedevelopment of both vari- 423
ousinnovativeelectrodematerialsandcellconfigurations. 424
Aqueous organic batteries appear notably as promising 425
devicesforstationaryelectricitystorageattheconditionto 426
havelowproductioncostsandlongcyclingstabilities.In 427
thisregard,thehighionicconductivityofaqueouselec- 428
trolytes that allows in principle to use ultra-thick elec- 429
trodesshouldenabletopullthepriceperunitofenergy 430
evenlower[54].Thisaspectcouldbeallthemoreimpor- 431
tantthat thepriceof actual organic activematerials re- 432
mainstoohigh(>5–10$/kg).Althoughitwasbeyondthe 433
scopeof thisarticle,itisworthnotingthatvery promis- 434
ingresultshavealsobeenreportedin regardtotheuse 435
oforganicredoxmaterialsfor theredoxflowtechnology 436
[55–57]. 437
References
and
recommended
reading
438Papersofparticularinterest,publishedwithintheperiodofreview,have 439
beenhighlightedas: 440
•Paperofspecialinterest 441
••Paperofoutstandinginterest. 442
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www.sciencedirect.com CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry2018,000:xxx–xxx
Pleasecitethisarticleas:Poizot,Dolhem,Gaubicher,Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicand anionicconfigurations:Towardlow-costandgreenerstoragesolutions?CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry(2018),
10 BatteriesandSupercapacitors
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CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry2018,000:xxx–xxx www.sciencedirect.com
Pleasecitethisarticleas:Poizot,Dolhem,Gaubicher,Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicand anionicconfigurations:Towardlow-costandgreenerstoragesolutions?CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry(2018),
Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicandanionicconfigurationsPoizot,DolhemandGaubicher 11
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Pleasecitethisarticleas:Poizot,Dolhem,Gaubicher,Progressinall-organicrechargeablebatteriesusingcationicand anionicconfigurations:Towardlow-costandgreenerstoragesolutions?CurrentOpinioninElectrochemistry(2018),