• Aucun résultat trouvé

Fatigue behaviour of impacted composite structures

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Fatigue behaviour of impacted composite structures"

Copied!
15
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected]

To link to this article: DOI:10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.025

Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.025 This is an author-deposited version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/

Eprints ID: 8391

To cite this version:

Garnier, Christian and Pastor, Marie-Laetitia and Lorrain, Bernard and Pantalé, Olivier Fatigue behaviour of impacted composite structures. (2013) Composite Structures, vol. 100 . pp. 443-450. ISSN 0263-8223

O

pen

A

rchive

T

oulouse

A

rchive

O

uverte (

OATAO

)

OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible.

(2)

)DWLJXHEHKDYLRXURILPSDFWHGFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUHV



&KULVWLDQ*DUQLHUD0DULH/DHWLWLD3DVWRUE %HUQDUG/RUUDLQD2OLYLHU3DQWDOpD

 D8QLYHUVLWpGH7RXORXVH,13GH7RXORXVH(1,GH7DUEHV/DERUDWRLUH*pQLHGH3URGXFWLRQ DYHQXHG$]HUHL[%37DUEHV)UDQFH E8QLYHUVLWpGH7RXORXVH836,QVWLWXW&OpPHQW$GHU,87GH7DUEHVUXH/DXWUpDPRQW 7DUEHV)UDQFH  

$EVWUDFW

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

,QWURGXFWLRQ

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

(3)

7KH%9,'HQHUJ\IRUKDLOLPSDFWVRUVHUYLFHWRROIDOODQGIRUPDWHULDOVXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\LV GHILQHGEHWZHHQDQG-RXOHVZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRDUHVLGXDOLQGHQWDWLRQRIPP ,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRVWXG\GHIHFWGXHWRLPSDFWEXWLWLVDOVRLQWHUHVWLQJWRIROORZLWVHYROXWLRQ GXULQJDORDGLQJF\FOH,QGHHGWKHIDWLJXHEHKDYLRXURIFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUHVLVDQLPSRUWDQW LVVXHIRUDHURQDXWLFPDQXIDFWXUHUV&\FOLFVROLFLWDWLRQVFDQEHYHU\GDPDJLQJ6RPHVWXGLHV GHDOZLWKWKHGDPDJLQJPHFKDQLVPVRIXQLGLUHFWLRQDOILEUHVORDGHGLQWHQVLOHWHQVLOH$OVRWKH UROHRIWKHILEUHVWKHPDWUL[DQGWKHLULQWHUIDFHLQIDWLJXHEHKDYLRXUDUHXQGHUVWRRG>@ 1RQGHVWUXFWLYHWHVWLQJLVXVHGLQRUGHUWRFKHFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHJULW\ PDWHULDOVWLIIQHVV DQGWR GHWHUPLQH WKH GDPDJH W\SH 7KH ;UD\V HGG\ FXUUHQW DFRXVWLF HPLVVLRQ RU LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\>@HQDEOHWKHGDPDJHLQLWLDWLRQDQGSURSDJDWLRQ GXULQJIDWLJXHWHVWVWREHGHWHFWHG

,Q WKLV VWXG\ LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\ LV XVHG $FFRUGLQJ WR WKHUPRPHFKDQLFV DQ\ GHIRUPDWLRQRIDVROLGPDWHULDO GXHWRGDPDJHLQLWLDWLRQRUSURSDJDWLRQ LVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWR KHDW IORZ >@ ,QIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\ LV D QRQFRQWDFW QRQGHVWUXFWLYH WHFKQLTXH WKDW LV TXLFNDQGVLPSOHWRLPSOHPHQW,WLVXVHGPRUHDQGPRUHIRUIDWLJXHWUDFNLQJ>     @ PDWHULDO GDPDJH DQG WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI IDWLJXH GDWD IDWLJXH OLPLW GDPDJHG]RQH >@

7REHJLQZLWKLQWKLVSDSHUWKHPHWKRGRORJLHVRIQRQGHVWUXFWLYHWHVWLQJXVHGDIWHULPSDFWV RUIDWLJXHWHVWVDUH H[SODLQHG6HFRQGO\LPSDFW DQGIDWLJXH WHVWV DUHSUHVHQWHG )LQDOO\WKH UHVXOWVREWDLQHGDUHGLVFXVVHGDQGDQDO\VHG



,0HWKRGRORJ\RI1RQ'HVWUXFWLYH7HVWLQJ



, 1RQGHVWUXFWLYH WHVWLQJ RI D GDPDJHG DUHD UHVLGXDO SHQHWUDWLRQ DQG

LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\ 



7KH DLP RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WR NHHS WR %9,' LPSDFW LQ RUGHU WR HQVXUH WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKH GDPDJHGFRPSRVLWH7KHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHUHVLGXDOSHQHWUDWLRQDQGWKHVL]HRIWKHGDPDJHG DUHDFDQYHULI\WKH%9,'7ZRQRQGHVWUXFWLYHPHWKRGVDUHDOVRGHYHORSHG7KHILUVWEDVHG RQ ' GLJLWDOLVDWLRQ KLJKOLJKWV WKH UHVLGXDO SHQHWUDWLRQ WKH VHFRQG EDVHG RQ LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\JLYHVVRPHLQGLFDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJWKHVL]HRIWKHGDPDJHGDUHD

Measurements of the residual penetration by 3D digitalisation

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

(4)



)LJXUH7ULWRSV\VWHP



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ð  [ $FFXUDF\ PP    )LJXUH([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS±DUHDGLJLWDOLVDWLRQ 7DEOH7HFKQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI'$UDPLVKHDG  3RVWSURFHVVLQJLVUHDOLVHGLQIRXUVWDJHV  PHVKLQJ  GHILQLWLRQRIWKH] SODQ  FDOFXODWLRQRIDYHUDJHSODQGHYLDWLRQV  GHYLDWLRQFDUWRJUDSK\

Measurement of the damaged area by active infrared thermography

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



(5)

 

)LJXUH,QIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\SULQFLSOH )LJXUH([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS±1'7E\LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\ 

7KH ILOP LV SRVWWUHDWHG LQ RUGHU WR UHGXFH WKH PD[LPXP RI QRLVH GXH WR WKH H[SHULPHQWDO HQYLURQPHQWDQGWRDXWRPDWHWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHGHIHFWVL]H 7DEOH 



 'HILQLWLRQ RI WKH VWXGLHG DUHDVSHFLPHQHGJH

   5HFRUGLQJRIWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHILUVWILOPLPDJHV   6XEWUDFWLRQRIWKHLQLWLDODYHUDJHLPDJHWRWKHZKROHILOP     ,PDJH UHFRUGLQJ DW WKH LQIOHFWLRQ SRLQWRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHULVHJUHDWHU REVHUYHGGHIHFW   $XWRPDWLRQRIWKHGHIHFWFDOFXODWLRQXVLQJWKH,PDJH-VRIWZDUH   7DEOH'DWDSURFHVVLQJREWDLQHGE\1'7±LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\  7KHVL]HRIWKHGHIHFWLVREWDLQHGE\,PDJH-VRIWZDUH GHIHFWLQGXFHGE\%9,'LPSDFW 

(6)

,&RQWUROLQUHDOWLPHRIWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHLPSDFWHGDUHDE\

IDWLJXH

Measurement in real time of the damaged area evolution by infrared thermography

7KHDLPLVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHDUHDGDPDJHGE\D%9,'LPSDFWGXULQJDIDWLJXH WHVWDQGDOVRWRIROORZWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVWUXFWXUH

7KHLQIUDUHGFDPHUDLVWKXVFRXSOHGRQWKH,QVWURQFRQWUROOHUYLDDQHOHFWURQLFFDUG7KH LQIUDUHGFDPHUDLVVWDUWHGZLWKDGHILQLWHOLPLWLQORDG

7RXEDO >@ XVHG D WUDGLWLRQDO PHWKRG WR IROORZ WKH GDPDJH HYROXWLRQ RI D FDUERQHSR[\ VSHFLPHQ ZLWK KROH 7KH VXEVWUDFWLRQ RI WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH LQLWLDO JUDGLHQWDQGWKHFXUUHQWRQHLVSHUIRUPHG+RWWHUDUHDVDSSHDUDQGUHYHDOWKHGDPDJHGDUHD HYROXWLRQ

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

,,([SHULPHQWDOGHYLFHDQGUHVXOWV



,,0DWHULDO



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

(7)

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ƒ&PLQ Kƒ& &\FOH ,QVWDQWDQHRXV Kƒ& &\FOH ,QVWDQWDQHRXV PLQƒ& 7DEOH&\FOHVRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQ D 0DWHULDOSURSHUWLHV  ,QWKHDHURQDXWLFDOLQGXVWU\PD[LPXPDFFHSWDEOHSRURVLW\LVDERXW8QGHUWKLVOLPLWLW LV DVVXPHG WKDW WKH SRURVLW\ GLVWULEXWLRQ LV KRPRJHQHRXV RYHU WKH ZKROH SODWH ZLWKRXW SDUWLFXODU DFFXPXODWLRQ LQ DQ XQVSHFLILHG ]RQH 7KH SRURVLW\ UDWHV REWDLQHG IRU WKH WKUHH F\FOHVRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQDUHVKRZQLQWKHIROORZLQJWDEOH 7DEOH 

 &\FOH &\FOH &\FOH

'HQVLW\   

3RURVLW\UDWH     

)LEUHUDWH     

7DEOH0DWHULDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDFFRUGLQJWRF\FOHVRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQ



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

DFFRUGLQJWRWKHVHPDFURPROHFXODURUJDQL]DWLRQVLWVHHPVQHFHVVDU\WRSHUIRUPD'LIIHUHQWLDO 6FDQQLQJ&DORULPHWU\ '6& DQGDUKHRORJLFDODQDO\VLVLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHWHPSHUDWXUH RIJODVVWUDQVLWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFXUHF\FOHV7KXVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHUDWHRIUHWLFXODWLRQ RIWKHUHVLQFRXOGEHREWDLQHG 7KH'6&DQDO\VLVJLYHVDILUVWFDORULPHWULFYDOXHRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRI JODVVWUDQVLWLRQ7J ZKHUHDVWKHUKHRORJLFDODQDO\VLVJLYHVLWDJDLQZLWKDPHFKDQLFDORQH7Į

,Q WKH IROORZLQJ WDEOH 7DEOH  WKH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG ZLWK ERWK DQDO\VLV DUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKHVHH[SHFWHGIRUWKHUHVLQ>@

(8)

 &\FOH &\FOH &\FOH 7JH[SHFWHG ƒ&     7J'6& ƒ&     7J5KHRPHWHU ƒ&     7Į5KHRPHWHU ƒ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



,,,PSDFWWHVWLQJ

1. Sample

7KH LPSDFW VDPSOH VKRXOG QRW EH VHQVLWLYH WR HGJH HIIHFWV GXULQJ WKH WHVW 7KXV VWDQGDUG $670'  VWDQGDUGL]HV LWV GLPHQVLRQV 0RUHRYHU LQ RUGHU WR FRQWUROOLQJ WKH GDPDJH SURSDJDWLRQ WKH VWDQGDUG UHFRPPHQGV WKH XVH RI PLQLPXP PP WKLFNQHVV VDPSOH 7KH VWDFNLQJVHTXHQFHXVHGWRREWDLQHGWKLVWKLFNQHVVLV>>ƒƒ@@V7KHUHDOWKLFNQHVVLVWKHQ PP7KHVL]HRIWKHVDPSOHLV[[PP 7KHFRPSRVLWHSODWHVDUHDOZD\VUHDOL]HGXVLQJWKHWKUHHFXUHF\FOHVSUHVHQWHGDERYH 2. Testing device 7KHWHVWLQJGHYLFHLVDQLPSDFWWHVWLQJLQVWUXPHQWIURP077 0DWHULDO7HVWLQJ7HFKQRORJ\  ,WVPD[LPXPFDSDFLW\LV-DQGLWLVHTXLSSHGZLWKDKHPLVSKHULFKHDGRIGLDPHWHUPP )LJXUH  7KH IDOOLQJ PDVV LV NJ DQG WKH PD[LPXP KHLJKW RI IDOO LV P 7KH XVH RI DGGLWLRQDO PDVVHV HQDEOHV WHVWLQJ ZLWK KLJKHU HQHUJLHV $ PHFKDQLFDO V\VWHP FODPSV WKH VDPSOH )LJXUH DQGDQDQWLUHERXQGV\VWHPVWRSVWKHIDOOLQJPDVVDIWHULPSDFW

(9)

   )LJXUH,PSDFWWHVWLQJLQVWUXPHQW077  )LJXUH6DPSOHPHFKDQLFDOFODPSLQJ 3. Damage checking

7R EH VXUH WKDW WKH LPSDFW FRQGLWLRQV DUH UHDOO\ %9,' WKH PHWKRGV RI FRQWURO SUHVHQWHG SUHYLRXVO\ KDYH EHHQ DSSOLHG WR WKH VDPSOHV 7DEOH JLYHV WKH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG GXULQJ WKH FRQWURORIWKHUHVLGXDOLQGHQWDWLRQE\VXUIDFHGLJLWDOL]DWLRQDQGWKHVL]HRIWKHGDPDJHGDUHD =( E\LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\



 &\FOH &\FOH &\FOH

5HVLGXDOLQGHQWDWLRQ PP    

'DPDJHGDUHD PP    

7DEOH,PSDFWWHVWVUHVXOWV

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGHSWKRIWKHUHVLGXDOLQGHQWDWLRQDOOWKHUHVXOWVDUHFORVHWRPP7KLVLV WKH OLPLW RI GHWHFWDELOLW\ VR WKH LPSDFW LV UHDOO\ LQ WKH %9,' GRPDLQ $OO WKH WHVWV DUH UHSHWLWLYH>@ZKLFKHQDEOHVWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHREWDLQHGYDOXHVWREHSUHVHQWHG

$VUHJDUGVWKHVL]HRIWKHGDPDJHGDUHDLWGHFUHDVHVIURPF\FOHWRF\FOH7KHVHUHVXOWV IROORZ WKH VDPH SDWWHUQ DV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ ,QGHHG WKH KLJKHU WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ 7J&\FOH!7J&\FOH!7J&\FOH  WKH PRUH SRO\PHULVHG DQG WKH

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

(10)

,,)DWLJXH7HVWLQJ



1. Test device and sample



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



)LJXUH6DPSOHV  2. Fatigue cycle  ,QRUGHUWRUHVSHFWWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIXVHRIWKHFRPSRVLWHSDUWVDQGZLWKDQDLPRIJHQHUDWLQJ FRQWUROOHGGDPDJHDVWDQGDUGF\FOHRIIDWLJXHZDVGHYHORSHG7KHREMHFWLYHLVWRHQWHUWKH SUHMXGLFLDOFRPSUHVVLRQILHOGZKLOHDYRLGLQJEXFNOLQJSKHQRPHQD7KHVKDSHRIWKLVWHQVLOH FRPSUHVVLYHF\FOHLVSUHVHQWHGRQ)LJXUH

(11)



)LJXUH6WDQGDUGF\FOHRIIDWLJXH

7KHILUVWSDUWRIWKHWHVWLVDPRQRWRQRXVULVHWRWKHDYHUDJHORDG7KXVWKHLQLWLDOPRGXOXVRI HODVWLFLW\RIWKHVDPSOHFDQEHGHWHUPLQHG7KHUHDIWHUWKHIDWLJXHWHVWLQJEHJLQVZLWKDORDG UDWLR 5  )RU HDFK F\FOH DQ LQVWDQWDQHRXV PRGXOXV RI HODVWLFLW\ FDQ EH PHDVXUHG 7KH GDPDJHFDQEHHVWLPDWHGE\WKHORVVRIVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVDPSOH  7KHVWDQGDUGIDWLJXHWHVW1)(1,62VWLSXODWHVWKDWGXULQJIDWLJXHWHVWLQJWKHULVHRIWKH VDPSOHWHPSHUDWXUHVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGƒ&$VROLFLWDWLRQIUHTXHQF\WHVWRIPD[LPXP+] PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRUHVSHFWWKLVFRQGLWLRQ7KHPD[LPXPORDGDSSOLHGWRWKHVDPSOHLV RIWKHXOWLPDWHORDGLHN1'XULQJWKHWHVWF\FOHVRIK\VWHUHVLVDUHSORWWHGDQGGDPDJH FDQEHHVWLPDWHG

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

(12)

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

(13)

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

&RQFOXVLRQ

 7KHIDWLJXHRIGDPDJHGFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUHVPDQXIDFWXUHGE\/5,ZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGLQWKLV VWXG\7KHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQIURPWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVREWDLQHG

 WKHFXUHF\FOH&JLYHV WKHEHVW PHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQG LWJLYHVD %9,' HQHUJ\7KLVF\FOHKDVDQLQVWDQWDQHRXVULVHLQWHPSHUDWXUHDQGDORQJWHPSHUDWXUH VWDELOLVDWLRQVWDJH

 DQHZPHWKRGRIGHIHFWWUDFNLQJHYROXWLRQLVGHYHORSHGIURPVXEWUDFWLRQPHWKRGV  WKHLQLWLDOGHIHFWDQGLWVSURSDJDWLRQFRXOGWKXVEHKLJKOLJKWHG

 WKHPHFKDQLFDOGDWDREWDLQHGGXULQJIDWLJXHWHVWLQJVKRZVWKDWWKHHYROXWLRQLQWKH VWLIIQHVV RI WKH GDPDJHG FRPSRVLWH IROORZV WKH -DPLVRQ PRGHO LQ WKUHH SKDVHV >@

 IRU GDPDJHG VWUXFWXUHV WKH GDPDJH HYROYHV IURP WKH VSHFLPHQ FHQWUH %9,' LPSDFWDUHD 

,W ZRXOG EH LQWHUHVWLQJ WR SRVWWUHDW WKHUPRJUDSKLF ILOPV ZLWK ILOWHUV LQ RUGHU WR UHGXFH H[SHULPHQWDOQRLVHRUWRFDOFXODWHKHDWVRXUFHVLQRUGHUWRSUHVHUYHRQO\WKHGLVVLSDWHGHQHUJ\ $QRWKHUSURVSHFWZRXOGEHWROLQNWKHIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQHLQIUDUHGFDPHUDDQGDKDORJHQ ODPS LQ RUGHU WR KDYH D 1'7 LPDJH RI WKH GHIHFW 7KH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKH GDPDJHG DUHD HYROXWLRQZRXOGWKHQEHSURJUHVVLYH 

5HIHUHQFHV

 >@ 6$EUDWH0RGHOLQJRILPSDFWVRQFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUHV&RPSRVLWH6WUXFWXUHV   

>@ 02: 5LFKDUGVRQ DQG 0- :LVKHDUW 5HYLHZ RI ORZYHORFLW\ LPSDFW SURSHUWLHV RI FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOV &RPSRVLWHV 3DUW $ $SSOLHG 6FLHQFH DQG

0DQXIDFWXULQJ  

>@ +67 :X DQG *6 6SULQJHU 0HDVXUHPHQWV RI PDWUL[ FUDFNLQJ DQG GHODPLQDWLRQ FDXVHG E\ LPSDFW RQ FRPSRVLWH SODWHV -RXUQDO RI &RPSRVLWH

0DWHULDOV  

>@ :&XLDQG:5:LVQRP$FRPELQHGVWUHVVEDVHGDQGIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFV EDVHG PRGHO IRU SUHGLFWLQJ GHODPLQDWLRQ LQ FRPSRVLWHV &RPSRVLWHV   

>@ * 'RU\ ,PSDFW GDPDJH LQ FRPSRVLWHV ± GHYHORSPHQW FRQVHTXHQFHV DQG SUHYHQWLRQ,QWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRQFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV

>@ 6 *XLQDUG 2 $OOL[ ' *XHGUDGHVJHRUJHV DQG $ 9LQHW 7HQXH DX[ SHWLWV FKRFV GHV VWUXFWXUHV HQ VWUDWLILp FRPSRVLWH 7HFKQLFDO UHSRUW $QQDOHV GHV FRPSRVLWHV³GpODPLQDJHGHVPXOWLFRXFKHVSKpQRPqQHVPRGqOHVHWFULWqUHV´ 

(14)

>@ 0 .DPLQVNL DQG -) 0DLUH 7ROpUDQFH DX[ GRPPDJHV GHV VWUXFWXUHV FRPSRVLWHVLPSDFWpHVXQpWDWGHVOLHX[,Q7ROpUDQFHDX[GRPPDJHVVXUOHV VWUXFWXUHVFRPSRVLWHV LPSDFWIDLEOHpQHUJLH 

>@ &.+ 'KDUDQ )DWLJXH IDLOXUH PHFKDQLVPV LQ DQ XQLGLUHFWLRQDOO\ UHLQIRUFHG FRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO)DWLJXHRIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV$670673 

>@ / ;L &RQJ DQG & %DWKLDV )DWLJXH GDPDJH GHYHORSPHQW LQ $O2$O FRPSRVLWH&RPSRVLWHV±

>@ ;/ *RQJ $ /DNVLPL DQG 0/ %HQ]HJJDJK 1RXYHOOH DSSURFKH GH O¶pPLVVLRQ DFRXVWLTXH HW VRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ j O¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ GHV PpFDQLVPHV G¶HQGRPPDJHPHQW GDQV OHV PDWpULDX[ FRPSRVLWHV 5HYXH GHV FRPSRVLWHV HW

PDWpULDX[DYDQFpV±

>@ <$']HQLV&\FOHEDVHGDQDO\VLVRIGDPDJHDQGIDLOXUHLQDGYDQFHG

FRPSRVLWHVXQGHUIDWLJXHH[SHULPHQWDOREVHUYDWLRQRIGDPDJHGHYHORSPHQW ZLWKLQORDGLQJF\FOHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH  ± >@ ;( *URV $Q HGG\ FXUUHQW DSSURDFK WR WKH GHWHFWLRQ RI GDPDJH FDXVHG E\ ORZHQHUJ\LPSDFWVRQFDUERQILEUHUHLQIRUFHGPDWHULDOV0DWHULDOV 'HVLJQ   ±

>@ ;(*URV-%RXVLJXHDQG.7DNDKDVKL1'7GDWDIXVLRQDWSL[HOOHYHO1'7

(,QWHUQDWLRQDO±

>@ ) /DFKDXG 'pODPLQDJH GHV PDWpULDX[ FRPSRVLWHV j ILEUHV GH FDUERQH HW j

PDWULFHV RUJDQLTXHV  pWXGH QXPpULTXH HW H[SpULPHQWDOH VXLYL SDU pPLVVLRQ DFRXVWLTXH3K'WKHVLV(16,&$

>@ 09DOHQWLQR$5XRVL*3HOXVRDQG*33HSH6WUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ RIPDWHULDOVE\KLJKFULWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUHVTXLG3K\VLFD&6XSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\  3DUW ±

>@ $ &KU\VRFKRRV /D WKHUPRJUDSKLH LQIUDURXJH XQ RXWLO HQ SXLVVDQFH SRXU pWXGLHUOHFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVPDWpULDX[0pFDQLTXH ,QGXVWULHV  ± 

>@ & *DUQLHU % /RUUDLQ DQG 0/ 3DVWRU ,PSDFW GDPDJH HYROXWLRQ XQGHU IDWLJXH ORDGLQJ E\ LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\ RQ FRPSRVLWH VWUXFWXUHV ,Q

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ([SHULPHQWDO0HFKDQLFV ,&(0 

>@ 03 /XRQJ ,QIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSKLF VFDQQLQJ RI IDWLJXH LQ PHWDOV 1XFOHDU

(QJLQHHULQJDQG'HVLJQ  ±

>@ 03 /XRQJ )DWLJXH OLPLW HYDOXDWLRQ RI PHWDOV XVLQJ DQ LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSKLFWHFKQLTXH0HFKDQLFVRI0DWHULDOV  ± >@ * /D 5RVD DQG $ 5LVLWDQR 7KHUPRJUDSKLF PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU UDSLG

GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH IDWLJXH OLPLW RI PDWHULDOV DQG PHFKDQLFDO FRPSRQHQWV

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH  ± >@ 3./LDZ+:DQJ/-LDQJ%<DQJ-<+XDQJ5&.XRDQG-*+XDQJ 7KHUPRJUDSKLFGHWHFWLRQRIIDWLJXHGDPDJHRISUHVVXUHYHVVHOVWHHOVDW K]DQGK]6FULSWD0DWHULDOLD  ± >@ % <DQJ 3. /LDZ + :DQJ / -LDQJ -< +XDQJ 5& .XR DQG -* +XDQJ7KHUPRJUDSKLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHIDWLJXHEHKDYLRURIUHDFWRUSUHVVXUH YHVVHOVWHHOV0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$  ± >@ %<DQJ3./LDZ*:DQJ00RUULVRQ&7/LX5$%XFKDQDQDQG< <RNR\DPD,QVLWXWKHUPRJUDSKLFREVHUYDWLRQRIPHFKDQLFDOGDPDJHLQEXON PHWDOOLFJODVVHVGXULQJIDWLJXHDQGWHQVLOHH[SHULPHQWV,QWHUPHWDOOLFV   ±

(15)

>@ 56WHLQEHUJHU7,9DODGDV/HLWDR(/DGVWlWWHU*3LQWHU:%LOOLQJHUDQG 5: /DQJ ,QIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSKLF WHFKQLTXHV IRU QRQGHVWUXFWLYH GDPDJH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI FDUERQ ILEUH UHLQIRUFHG SRO\PHUV GXULQJ WHQVLOH IDWLJXH WHVWLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH  ±

>@ 78PPHQKRIHUDQG-0HGJHQEHUJ2QWKHXVHRILQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\IRU WKH DQDO\VLV RI IDWLJXH GDPDJH SURFHVVHV LQ ZHOGHG MRLQWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO

-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH  ±

>@ 3%UpPRQGDQG33RWHW/RFNLQWKHPRJUDSK\DWRROWRDQDO\VHDQGORFDWH WKHUPRPHFKDQLFDO PHFKDQLVPV LQ PDWHULDOV DQG VWUXFWXUHV ,Q 7KHUPRVHQVH

;;,,,

>@ 0 4XDUHVLPLQ )DWLJXH RI ZRYHQ FRPSRVLWH ODPLQDWHV XQGHU WHQVLOH DQG FRPSUHVVLYHORDGLQJ,Q7HQWK(XURSHDQ&RQIHUHQFHRQ&RPSRVLWH0DWHULDOV

(&&0 

>@ / 7RXEDO 0 .DUDPD DQG % /RUUDLQ 'DPDJH HYROXWLRQ DQG LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\ LQ ZRYHQ FRPSRVLWH ODPLQDWHV XQGHU IDWLJXH ORDGLQJ

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH  

>@ / 3RXVVLQHV 9 1DVVLHW DQG % +DVVRXQH 5KDEERXU +RZ WR PRGLI\ UHVLQ IRUPXODWLRQVWRRSWLPL]HLQIXVLRQSURFHVV,QUG,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ

$GYDQFHG&RPSXWDWLRQDO(QJLQHHULQJDQG([SHULPHQWLQJ

>@ & *DUQLHU (WXGH GX FRPSRUWHPHQW G\QDPLTXH GHV VWUXFWXUHV FRPSRVLWHV

UpDOLVpHV SDU /5, DSSOLFDWLRQ j O¶LPSDFW HW j OD IDWLJXH 3K' WKHVLV

8QLYHUVLWpGH7RXORXVH

>@ 5' -DPLVRQ . 6FKXOWH ./ 5HLIVQLGHU DQG :1 6WLQFKFRPE &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDQGDQDO\VLVRIGDPDJHPHFKDQLVPLQWHQVLRQWHQVLRQIDWLJXH RI JUDSKLWHHSR[\ ODPLQDWHV ± HIIHFW RI GHIHFWV LQ FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOV

$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV$670673

>@ +0DRDQG60DKDGHYDQ)DWLJXHGDPDJHPRGHOOLQJRIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV

Références

Documents relatifs