Les troubles cognitifs restent un des troubles majeurs de la maladie de Parkinson avancée, qui participe de façon importante à la détérioration de la qualité de vie. Comme dans la maladie d’Alzheimer, une défaillance du système cholinergique dans le nucleus basalis de Meynert contribue aux troubles cognitifs dans la maladie de Parkinson. Des études préliminaires dans la maladie d’Alzheimer (Laxton et al. 2010) et dans la maladie de Parkinson (Freund et al. 2009, Barnikol et al. 2010) montrent une possible amélioration des fonctions cognitives avec une stimulation cérébrale profonde du nucleus basalis de Meynert ou du fornix. D’autres cas n’ont pas montré d’amélioration clinique, bien que l’hypométabolisme temporo-pariétal typiquement observé dans la maladie d’Alzheimer soit clairement amélioré (Turnbull et al. 1985, Fontaine et al. 2013). D’autres cibles potentielles sont le noyau antérieur du thalamus, le cortex entorhinal, et le faisceau mamillo-thalamique (Laxton & Lozano 2013, Uitti et al. 2012, Suthana et al. 2012). Une étude sur le rat montre une augmentation de la neurogenèse dans l’hippocampe avec la stimulation cérébrale profonde à haute fréquence du nucléus antérieur du thalamus (Toda et al. 2008). On ne sait pas si cela est aussi le cas chez l’homme et à ce jour la DBS pour les troubles cognitifs reste expérimentale.
6 Conclusion
La stimulation cérébrale profonde du STN et, dans une moindre mesure, du GPi dans la maladie de Parkinson est très efficace au niveau moteur. Toutefois, elle peut avoir certains effets indésirables non-moteurs et la bonne sélection des patients est primordiale. Plus de 100'000 patients ont déjà bénéficié de cette intervention et l’avenir apportera une amélioration technique des cibles déjà utilisées et la confirmation de l’utilité d’autres cibles, surtout pour les troubles non-moteurs. Il est toutefois important de rester très prudent, d’utiliser uniquement des cibles pour lesquelles il existe de bonnes bases précliniques, de faire des études bien contrôlées et validées par des comités d’éthiques, afin de ne pas reproduire les erreurs de la psychochirurgie du 20ème siècle (Valenstein 1986).
7 Remerciements
Je tiens à remercier le Professeur Pierre Pollak pour son enseignement incomparable et son enthousiasme captivant et le Docteur Julien Bally pour la précieuse collaboration en écrivant la publication.
8 Références
Alessandro S, Ceravolo R, Brusa L, Pierantozzi M, Costa A, Galati S, Placidi F, Romigi A, Iani C, Marzetti F, Peppe A. Non-motor functions in parkinsonian patients implanted in the pedunculopontine nucleus: focus on sleep and cognitive domains. J Neurol Sci. 2010; 289 : 44–48
Ardouin C, Pillon B, Peiffer E, Bejjani P, Limousin P, Damier P, Arnulf I, Benabid AL, Agid Y, Pollak P. Bilateral subthalamic or pallidal stimulation for Parkinson's disease affects neither memory nor executive functions: a consecutive series of 62 patients. Ann Neurol.
1999; 46(2): 217-23.
Arnulf I, Bejjani BP, Garma L, Bonnet AM, Damier P, Pidoux B, Dormont D, Cornu P, Derenne JP, Agid Y. Effect of low and high frequency thalamic stimulation on sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. J Sleep Res. 2000 ; 9(1) : 55-62.
Arnulf I, Bejjani BP, Garma L, Bonnet AM, Houeto JL, Damier P, Derenne JP, Agid Y.
Improvement of sleep architecture in PD with subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Neurology.
2000 ; 55(11) : 1732-4.
Arnulf I, Ferraye M, Fraix V, Benabid AL, Chabardes S, Goetz L, Pollak P, Debu B.Sleep induced by stimulation in the human pedunculopontine nucleus area. Ann Neurol . 2010 ; 67 : 546–549
Baizabal Carvallo JF, Simpson R, Jankovic J. Diagnosis and treatment of complications related to deep brain stimulation hardware. Mov Disord. 2011; 26(8) : 1398-406.
Barnikol TT, Pawelczyk NB, Barnikol UB, Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Sturm V, Tass PA, Freund HJ.
Changes in apraxia after deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis Meynert in a patient with Parkinson dementia syndrome. Mov Disord. 2010 ; 25(10) : 1519-20.
Benabid AL, Pollak P, Louveau A, Henry S, de Rougemont J. Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease.
Appl Neurophysiol. 1987 ; 50(1-6) : 344-6.
Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Stefani A, Horak FB, Okun MS, Foote KD, Krack P, Pahwa R, Henderson JM, Hariz MI, Bakay RA, Rezai A, Marks WJ Jr, Moro E, Vitek JL, Weaver FM, Gross RE, DeLong MR. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues. Arch. Neurol.2011; 68 : 165–171.
Campbell MC, Black KJ, Weaver PM, Lugar HM, Videen TO, Tabbal SD, Karimi M, Perlmutter JS, Hershey T. Mood Response to Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson Disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012; 24(1): 28–36.
Castrioto A, Lozano AM, Poon YY, Lang AE, Fallis M, Moro E. Ten-year outcome of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a blinded evaluation. Arch Neurol. 2011 ; 68(12) : 1550-6.
Castrioto A, Kistner A, Klinger H, Lhommée E, Schmitt E, Fraix V, Chabardès S, Mertens P, Quesada JL, Broussolle E, Pollak P, Thobois SC, Krack Psychostimulant effect of levodopa:
reversing sensitisation is possible. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 ; 84 (1) : 18-22.
Chang EF, Cheng JS, Richardson RM, Lee C, Starr PA, Larson PS. Incidence and management of venous air embolisms during awake deep brain stimulation surgery in a large clinical series. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2011 ; 89 (2) : 76-82.
Costa A, Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C, Mazzone P, Pierantozzi M, Stefani A, Peppe A.
Effects of deep brain stimulation of the peduncolopontine area on working memory tasks in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010 ; 16 : 64–67
Dellapina E, Ory-Magne F, Regragui W, Thalamas C, Lazorthes Y, Rascol O, Payoux P, Brefel-Courbon C. Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on pain in Parkinson's disease. Pain. 2012 ;153(11) : 2267-73.
Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, Volkmann J, Schäfer H, Bötzel K, Daniels C, Deutschländer A, Dillmann U, Eisner W, Gruber D, Hamel W, Herzog J, Hilker R, Klebe S, Kloss M, Koy J, Krause M, Kupsch A, Lorenz D, Lorenzl S, Mehdorn HM, Moringlane JR, Oertel W, Pinsker MO, Reichmann H, Reuss A, Schneider GH, Schnitzler A, Steude U, Sturm V, Timmermann L, Tronnier V, Trottenberg T, Wojtecki L, Wolf E, Poewe W, Voges J; German Parkinson Study Group, Neurostimulation Section. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 ; 355(9) : 896-908.
Deuschl G, Schüpbach M, Knudsen K, Pinsker MO, Cornu P, Rau J, Agid Y, Schade-Brittinger C. Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus at an earlier disease stage of Parkinson's disease: concept and standards of the EARLYSTIM-study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013 ; 19(1) : 56-61
Drapier D, Drapier S, Sauleau P, Haegelen C, Raoul S, Biseul I, Peron J, Lallement F, Rivier I, Reymann JM, Edan G, Verin M, Millet B. Does subthalamic nucleus stimulation induce apathy in Parkinson's disease? J Neurol. 2006 ; 253(8) : 1083-91.
Eusebio A, Thevathasan W, Doyle Gaynor L, Pogosyan A, Bye E, Foltynie T, Zrinzo L, Ashkan K, Aziz T, Brown P. Deep brain stimulation can suppress pathological synchronisation in parkinsonian patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2011; 82 : 569–
573.
Eusebio A, Cagnan H, Brown P. Does suppression of oscillatory synchronisation mediate some of the therapeutic effects of DBS in patients with Parkinson's disease? Front Integr Neurosci. 2012 ; 6 : 47.
Fasano A, Romito LM, Daniele A, Piano C, Zinno M, Bentivoglio AR, Albanese A.
Motor and cognitive outcome in patients with Parkinson's disease 8 years after subthalamic implants. Brain. 2010 ; 133(9) : 2664-76.
Fasano A, Daniele A, Albanese A. Treatment of motor and non-motor features of Parkinson's disease with deep brain stimulation. Lancet Neurol. 2012 ; 11(5) : 429-42.
Ferraye MU, Debû B, Fraix V, Xie-Brustolin J, Chabardès S, Krack P, Benabid AL, Pollak P.
Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2008 ; 70 : 1431-7.
Ferraye MU, Debû B, Fraix V, Goetz L, Ardouin C, Yelnik J, Henry-Lagrange C, Seigneuret E, Piallat B, Krack P, Le Bas JF, Benabid AL, Chabardès S, Pollak P. Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus area stimulation on gait disorders in Parkinson's disease. Brain.
2010 ; 133(1) : 205-14.
Ferraye MU, Debû B, Fraix V, Krack P, Charbardès S, Seigneuret E, Benabid AL, Pollak P.
Subthalamic nucleus versus pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease:
synergy or antagonism? J Neural Transm. 2011 Oct;118(10):1469-75.
Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, Hur K, Harris CL, Luo P, Marks WJ Jr, Rothlind J, Sagher O, Moy C, Pahwa R, Burchiel K, Hogarth P, Lai EC, Duda JE, Holloway K, Samii A, Horn S,
Bronstein JM, Stoner G, Starr PA, Simpson R, Baltuch G, De Salles A, Huang GD, Reda DJ;
CSP 468 Study Group. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 ; 362(22) : 2077-91.
Foltynie T, Zrinzo L, Martinez-Torres I, Tripoliti E, Petersen E, Holl E, Aviles-Olmos I, Jahanshahi M, Hariz M, Limousin P. MRI-guided STN DBS in Parkinson's disease without microelectrode recording: efficacy and safety. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 ; 82(4) : 358-63.
Fontaine D, Deudon A, Lemaire JJ, Razzouk M, Viau P, Darcourt J, Robert P. Symptomatic treatment of memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease by deep brain stimulation: a feasibility study. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2013 ; 34 : 315–323.
Foubert-Samier A, Maurice S, Hivert S, Guelh D, Rigalleau V, Burbaud P, Cuny E, Meissner W, Tison F. A long-term follow-up of weight changes in subthalamic nucleus stimulated Parkinson's disease patients. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2012 ; 168(2) : 173-6.
Freund H-J, Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Mai JK, Schnell T Klosterkoetter J, Sturm V. Cognitive functions in a patient with Parkinson-dementia syndrome undergoing deep brain stimulation.
Arch Neurol. 2009 ; 66 : 781-5.
Funkiewiez A, Ardouin C, Caputo E, Krack P, Fraix V, Klinger H, Chabardes S, Foote K, Benabid AL, Pollak P. Long term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on cognitive function, mood, and behaviour in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004 ; 75(6) : 834–839.
Gierthmühlen J, Arning P, Binder A, Herzog J, Deuschl G, Wasner G, Baron R. Influence of deep brain stimulation and levodopa on sensory signs in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord.
2010 ; 25(9) : 1195-202.
Hamani C, Lozano AM. Hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation: a review of the published literature. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2006 ; 84(5-6) : 248-51.
Hamani C, Moro E, Lozano AM. The pedunculopontine nucleus as a target for deep brain stimulation.J Neural Transm. 2011 ; 118(10) : 1461-8.
Hariz MI, Krack P, Alesch F, Augustinsson LE, Bosch A, Ekberg R, Johansson F, Johnels B, Meyerson BA, N'Guyen JP, Pinter M, Pollak P, von Raison F, Rehncrona S, Speelman JD, Sydow O, Benabid AL. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation for parkinsonian tremor: a 6 year follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 ; 79(6) : 694-699.
Herzog J, Weiss PH, Assmus A, Wefer B, Seif C, Braun PM, Pinsker MO, Herzog H, Volkmann J, Deuschl G, Fink GR. Improved sensory gating of urinary bladder afferents in Parkinson's disease following subthalamic stimulation. Brain. 2008 ; 131: 132-45.
Ho AK, Iansek R, Marigliani C, Bradshaw JL, Gates S. Speech impairment in a large sample of patients with Parkinson's disease. Behav Neurol. 1999 ; 11(3) : 131-7.
Jellinger K. The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988 ; 51: 540–3.
Kleiner-Fisman G, Herzog J, Fisman DN, Tamma F, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Lang AE, Deuschl G. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes.
Mov Disord. 2006 ; 21 Suppl 14 : 290-304.
Krack P, Pollak P, Limousin P, Hoffmann D, Xie J, Benazzouz A, Benabid AL. Subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidal stimulation in young onset Parkinson's disease. Brain. 1998 ; 121 (3) : 451-7.
Krack P, Kumar R, Ardouin C, Dowsey PL, McVicker JM, Benabid AL, Pollak P. Mirthful laughter induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Mov Disord. 2001; 16 : 867–75.
Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N, Chabardes S, Fraix V, Ardouin C, Koudsie A, Limousin PD, Benazzouz A, LeBas JF, Benabid AL, Pollak P. Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2003 ; 349 : 1925–1934.
Krack P, Hariz MI, Baunez C, Guridi J, Obeso JA. Deep brain stimulation: from neurology to psychiatry? Trends Neurosci. 2010 ; 33 (10) : 474-84.
Kuo SH, Kenney C, Jankovic J. Bilateral pedunculopontine nuclei strokes presenting as freezing of gait. Mov Disord. 2008 ; 23 : 616–619.
Laxton AW, Tang-Wai DF, McAndrews MP, Zumsteg D, Wennberg R, Keren R, Wherrett J, Naglie G, Hamani C, Smith GS, Lozano AM. A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 2010 ; 68(4) : 521-34.
Laxton AW, Lozano AM. Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Alzheimer Disease and Dementias. World Neurosurg. 2013 ; 80(3-4): S28.e1-S28.e8.
Lim AS, Moro E, Lozano AM, Hamani C, Dostrovsky JO, Hutchison WD, Lang AE, Wennberg RA, Murray BJ. Selective enhancement of rapid eye movement sleep by deep brain stimulation of the human pons. Ann Neurol. 2009 ; 66(1) : 110-4.
Lhommée E, Klinger H, Thobois S, Schmitt E, Ardouin C, Bichon A, Kistner A, Fraix V, Xie J, Aya Kombo M, Chabardès S, Seigneuret E, Benabid AL, Mertens P, Polo G, Carnicella S, Quesada JL, Bosson JL, Broussolle E, Pollak P, Krack P. Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: restoring the balance of motivated behaviours. Brain. 2012 ; 135 : 1463-77.
Markaki E, Ellul J, Kefalopoulou Z, Trachani E, Theodoropoulou A, Kyriazopoulou V, Constantoyannis C. The role of ghrelin, neuropeptide Y and leptin peptides in weight gain after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2012 ; 90(2) : 104-12.
Masdeu JC, Alampur U, Cavaliere R, Tavoulareas G. Astasia and gait failure with damage of the pontomesencephalic locomotor region. Ann Neurol. 1994 ; 35: 619–21
Merola A, Zibetti M, Angrisano S, Rizzi L, Ricchi V, Artusi CA, Lanotte M, Rizzone MG, Lopiano L. Parkinson's disease progression at 30 years: a study of subthalamic deep brain-stimulated patients. Brain. 2011 ; 134(7) : 2074-84.
Moro E, Hamani C, Poon YY, Al-Khairallah T, Dostrovsky JO, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM.
Unilateral pedunculopontine stimulation improves falls in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2010;
133: 215–24.
Moro E, Lozano AM, Pollak P, Agid Y, Rehncrona S, Volkmann J, Kulisevsky J, Obeso JA, Albanese A, Hariz MI, Quinn NP, Speelman JD, Benabid AL, Fraix V, Mendes A, Welter ML, Houeto JL, Cornu P, Dormont D, Tornqvist AL, Ekberg R, Schnitzler A, Timmermann L, Wojtecki L, Gironell A, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Guridi J, Bentivoglio AR, Contarino MF,
Romito L, Scerrati M, Janssens M, Lang AE. Long-term results of a multicenter study on subthalamic and pallidal stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2010 ; 25(5) : 578-86.
Odekerken VJ, van Laar T, Staal MJ, Mosch A, Hoffmann CF, Nijssen PC, Beute GN, van Vugt JP, Lenders MW, Contarino MF, Mink MS, Bour LJ, van den Munckhof P, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ, Schuurman PR, de Bie RM. Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013 ; 12(1) : 37-44.
Okun MS, Fernandez HH, Wu SS, Kirsch-Darrow L, Bowers D, Bova F, Suelter M, Jacobson CE 4th, Wang X, Gordon CW Jr, Zeilman P, Romrell J, Martin P, Ward H, Rodriguez RL, Foote KD. Cognition and mood in Parkinson’s disease in subthala- mic nucleus versus globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation: the COMPARE trial. Ann. Neurol.2009 ; 65 : 586–
595.
Pahapill PA, Lozano AM. The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson’s disease. Brain.
2000 ; 123(9) : 1767–1783
Péron J, Biseul I, Leray E, Vicente S, Le Jeune F, Drapier S, Drapier D, Sauleau P, Haegelen C, Vérin M. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation affects fear and sadness recognition in
Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology. 2010 ; 24(1) : 1-8.
Pillon B, Ardouin C, Damier P, Krack P, Houeto JL, Klinger H, Bonnet AM, Pollak P, Benabid AL, Agid Y. Neuropsychological changes between “off ” and “on” STN or GPi stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2000 ; 55 : 411–418.
Plaha P, Gill SS. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson’s disease. Neuroreport 2005 ; 16(17) : 1883–7.
Pollak P, Krack P. Deep-Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders. In J Jankovic, E Tolosa (Eds), Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders, 5th edition (653-691). 2007.
Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Pollak P. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease - patient selection. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013 ; 116 : 97-105.
Garcia-Rill E, Skinner RD. The mesencephalic locomotor region. I. Activation of a medullary projection site. Brain Res. 1987 ; 411(1) : 1-12.
Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Obeso JA, Lang AE, Houeto JL, Pollak P, Rehncrona S, Kulisevsky J, Albanese A, Volkmann J, Hariz MI, Quinn NP, Speelman JD, Guridi J, Zamarbide I, Gironell A, Molet J,
Romigi A, Placidi F, Peppe A, Pierantozzi M, Izzi F, Brusa L, Galati S, Moschella V, Marciani MG, Mazzone P, Stanzione P, Stefani A. Pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation influences REM sleep in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2008 ; 15 : e64–65.
Rosin B, Slovik M, Mitelman R, Rivlin-Etzion M, Haber SN, Israel Z, Vaadia E, Bergman H.
Closed-loop deep brain stimulation is superior in ameliorating parkinsonism. Neuron. 2011 ; 72 : 370–384.
Rothlind J, Cockshott R, Starr P, Marks W. Neuropsychological performance following staged bilateral pallidal or subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. J. Int. Neuropsychol. 2007 ; 13 : 68–79.
Růžička F, Jech R, Nováková L, Urgošík D, Vymazal J, Růžička E. Weight gain is associated with medial contact site of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 2012 ; 7(5) : e38020.
Růžička E, Nováková L, Jech R, Urgošík D, Růžička F, Haluzík M. Decrease in blood cortisol corresponds to weight gain following deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2012 ; 90(6) : 410-1.
Saint-Cyr JA,Trépanier L L, Kumar R, Lozano A M, Lang A E. Neuropsychological consequences of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2000 ; 123(10) : 2091-2108.
Schüpbach WM, Chastan N, Welter ML, Houeto JL, Mesnage V, Bonnet AM, Czernecki V, Maltête D, Hartmann A, Mallet L, Pidoux B, Dormont D, Navarro S, Cornu P, Mallet A, Agid Y. Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease: a 5 year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 ; 76 : 1640 –1644.
Schüpbach M, Gargiulo M, Welter ML, Mallet L, Béhar C, Houeto JL, Maltête D, Mesnage V, Agid Y. Neurosurgery in Parkinson disease: a distressed mind in a repaired body?
Neurology. 2006 ; 66(12) : 1811-6.
Schüpbach WM, Rau J, Knudsen K, Volkmann J, Krack P, Timmermann L, Hälbig TD, Hesekamp H, Navarro SM, Meier N, Falk D, Mehdorn M, Paschen S, Maarouf M, Barbe MT, Fink GR, Kupsch A, Gruber D, Schneider GH, Seigneuret E, Kistner A, Chaynes P, Ory-Magne F, Brefel Courbon C, Vesper J, Schnitzler A, Wojtecki L, Houeto JL, Bataille B, Maltête D, Damier P, Raoul S, Sixel-Doering F, Hellwig D, Gharabaghi A, Krüger R, Pinsker MO, Amtage F, Régis JM, Witjas T, Thobois S, Mertens P, Kloss M, Hartmann A, Oertel WH, Post B, Speelman H, Agid Y, Schade-Brittinger C, Deuschl G; EARLYSTIM Study Group. Neurostimulation for Parkinson's disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med. 2013 ; 368(7) : 610-22.
Skodda S. Effect of deep brain stimulation on speech performance in Parkinson's disease.
Parkinsons Dis. 2012 ; 2012 : 850596.
Smeding HM, Speelman JD, Koning-Haanstra M, Schuurman PR, Nijssen P, van Laar T, Schmand B. Neuropsychological effects of bilateral STN stimulation in Parkinson disease: a controlled study. Neurology. 2006;66(12):1830-1836.
Spielberger S, Wolf E, Kress M, Seppi K, Poewe W. The influence of deep brain stimulation on pain perception in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2011 ; 26 : 1367–8.
Starkstein SE. Apathy in Parkinson's disease: diagnostic and etiological dilemmas. Mov Disord. 2012 ; 27(2) : 174-8.
Stefani A, Lozano AM, Peppe A, Stanzione P, Galati S, Tropepi D, Pierantozzi M, Brusa L, Scarnati E, Mazzone P. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei in severe Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2007; 130 : 1596–607.
Stemper B, Beric A, Welsch G, Haendl T, Sterio D, Hilz MJ. Deep brain stimulation improves orthostatic regulation of patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 2006 ; 67 : 1781–85.
Suthana N, Haneef Z, Stern J, Mukamel R, Behnke E, Knowlton B, Fried I. Memory enhancement and deep-brain stimulation of the entorhinal area. N Engl J Med. 2012 ; 366 (6) : 502-10.
Thevathasan W, Coyne TJ, Hyam JA, Kerr G, Jenkinson N, Aziz TZ, Silburn PA.
Pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation improves gait freezing in Parkinson disease.
Neurosurgery 2011 ; 69 : 1248–53.
Thevathasan W, Cole MH, Graepel CL, Hyam JA, Jenkinson N, Brittain JS, Coyne TJ, Silburn PA, Aziz TZ, Kerr G, Brown P. A spatiotemporal analysis of gait freezing and the impact of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation. Brain. 2012 ; 135(5) : 1446-54.
Thobois S, Ardouin C, Lhommée E, Klinger H, Lagrange C, Xie J, Fraix V, Coelho Braga MC, Hassani R, Kistner A, Juphard A, Seigneuret E, Chabardes S, Mertens P, Polo G, Reilhac A, Costes N, LeBars D, Savasta M, Tremblay L, Quesada JL, Bosson JL, Benabid AL, Broussolle E, Pollak P, Krack P. Non-motor dopamine withdrawal syndrome after surgery for Parkinson’s disease: predictors, and underlying mesolimbic denervation. Brain.
2010 ; 133: 1111–27.
Thobois S, Lhommée E, Klinger H, Ardouin C, Schmitt E, Bichon A, Kistner A, Castrioto A, Xie J, Fraix V, Pelissier P, Chabardes S, Mertens P, Quesada JL, Bosson JL, Pollak P, Broussolle E, Krack P. Parkinsonian apathy responds to dopaminergic stimulation of D2/D3 receptors with piribedil. Brain. 2013 ; 136 (5) : 1568-77.
Toda H, Hamani C, Fawcett AP, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM. The regulation of adult rodent hippocampal neurogenesis by deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg 2008 ; 108 : 132–138.
Tommasi G, Krack P, Fraix V, Pollak P. Effects of varying subthalamic nucleus stimulation on apraxia of lid opening in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012 ; 259(9) : 1944-50.
Turnbull IM, McGeer PL, Beattie L, Calne D, Pate B: Stimulation of the basal nucleus of Meynert in senile dementia of Alzheimer’s type: a preliminary report. Appl Neurophysiol.
1985 ; 48 : 216-221.
Ulla M, Thobois S, Llorca PM, Derost P, Lemaire JJ, Chereau-Boudet I, de Chazeron I, Schmitt A, Ballanger B, Broussolle E, Durif F. Contact dependent reproducible hypomania induced by deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: clinical, anatomical and functional imaging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 ; 82 (6) : 607-14.
Videnovic A, Metman LV. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: prevalence of adverse events and need for standardized reporting. Mov Disord. 2008 ; 23(3) : 343-9.
Valenstein ES. Great and desperate cures. The rise and decline of Psychosurgery and other radical treatments for mental illness. 1986. La Vergne, USA. Basic Books (AZ).
Volkmann J, Daniels C, Witt K. Neuropsychiatric effects of subthalamic neurostimulation in Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2010 ; 6 : 487–498.
Volkmann J, Albanese A, Antonini A, Chaudhuri KR, Clarke CE, de Bie RM, Deuschl G, Eggert K, Houeto JL, Kulisevsky J, Nyholm D, Odin P, Ostergaard K, Poewe W, Pollak P, Rabey JM, Rascol O, Ruzicka E, Samuel M, Speelman H, Sydow O, Valldeoriola F, van der Linden C, Oertel W. Selecting deep brain stimulation or infusion therapies in advanced Parkinson's disease: an evidence-based review. J Neurol. 2013 ; 260(11) : 2701-14.
Voon V, Kubu C, Krack P, Houeto JL, Tröster AI. Deep brain stimulation: neuropsychologi- cal and neuropsychiatric issues. Mov. Disord. 2006; 21(1) : 305–27.
Voon V, Krack P, Lang AE, Lozano AM, Dujardin K, Schüpbach M, D'Ambrosia J, Thobois S, Tamma F, Herzog J, Speelman JD, Samanta J, Kubu C, Rossignol H, Poon YY, Saint-Cyr
JA, Ardouin C, Moro E. A multicentre study on suicide out- comes following subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2008 ; 131 : 2720–2728.
Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M, Hur K, Harris C, Marks WJ Jr, Rothlind J, Sagher O, Reda D, Moy CS, Pahwa R, Burchiel K, Hogarth P, Lai EC, Duda JE, Holloway K, Samii A, Horn S, Bronstein J, Stoner G, Heemskerk J, Huang GD; CSP 468 Study Group. Bilateral deep brainstimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 ; 301(1) : 63-73.
Weaver FM, Follett KA, Stern M, Luo P, Harris CL, Hur K, Marks WJ Jr, Rothlind J, Sagher O, Moy C, Pahwa R, Burchiel K, Hogarth P, Lai EC, Duda JE, Holloway K, Samii A, Horn S, Bronstein JM, Stoner G, Starr PA, Simpson R, Baltuch G, De Salles A, Huang GD, Reda DJ;
CSP 468 Study Group. Randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for PD, 36 months outcomes. Neurology 2012 ; 79 : 55-65.
Weiss D, Wächter T, Breit S, Jacob SN, Pomper JK, Asmus F, Valls-Solé J, Plewnia C, Gasser T, Gharabaghi A, Krüger R. Involuntary eyelid closure after STN-DBS: evidence for different pathophysiological entities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 ; 81(9) : 1002-7.
Witjas T, Kaphan E, Régis J, Jouve E, Chérif AA, Péragut JC, Azulay JP. Effects of chronic subthalamic stimulation on nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2007 ; 22(12) : 1729-34.
Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J, Krack P, Volkmann J, Pinsker MO, Krause M, Tronnier V, Kloss M, Schnitzler A, Wojtecki L, Bötzel K, Danek A, Hilker R, Sturm V, Kupsch A, Karner E, Deuschl G. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for
Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J, Krack P, Volkmann J, Pinsker MO, Krause M, Tronnier V, Kloss M, Schnitzler A, Wojtecki L, Bötzel K, Danek A, Hilker R, Sturm V, Kupsch A, Karner E, Deuschl G. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for