lonil lonel
UNIT 8 SERBO-CROATIAN Grammatical Notes
Note
8.1
Verb: Present of 'to be'I ja sam dobro.
Njegov brat je umetnik.
Je li ambasada daleko odavde.
stvar nije u tome.
Da" jeste.
Jesmo.
Ovde smo kao turisti.
Kako ste vi?
Neke su prljave.
Jesu li dobri?
Nisu sve kafane dobre.
The verb Ito be' has three sets of forms in the present. The most fre-quent is an enclitic set, occurring after a stressed word at the beginning of a clause. Examples above are
Isaml" ljel" Ismol"
Istel"Isu/.
None of these are stressed, and they always follow some other word.The second set has" except for /je/" longer forms. Examples above are /je/" /jeste/, /jesu/. Note that there is an enclitic" unstressed ljef and a stressed
/je/.
(See below.)The third set of forms" also stressed, is the negative.
In{jel
and Infsu/are examples. The negative occurs only stressed.
The full set of forms is:
Unstressed stressed Affirmative
sam si Je
smo ste su
jesmo
stressed Negative
158
nfsam nf si nijeI
nfsmo nfste nfsu
Stressed /je/ is used before /li/, as /je li/ lis (it)?I. Stressed /jeste/
and /jest/ list are often used for Iyes l as well as for Ihe, she, it isl. The Qther stressed affirmative forms are used before /li/ and as emphatic forms I I amil, Ihe is,l, etc. They are also used in answers to questions: /Jeste li vi gospodin Jović?/ -- /Da, jesam./. (For the use of these present forms in con-nection with the past see Notes 17.1 and 18.1)
The unstressed forms are enclitic, that is, they are suffixed to the previous (stressed) word. There are a number of enclitics in Serbo-Croatian and the order in which they occur is fixed. Compare:
Da li su dobra?
Zao mi je.
/li/, /mi/, /su/, /je/ are all enclitics. That is, whenever two or more enclitics occur next to each other, they must occur in the order here given.
The order of the enclitics which have occurred so far is:
l li
2 sam si smo ste su
3 mi mu
4 vas nas ih
5 je
Not more than one enclitic from each slot may occur. Note that the present of Ito bel is in slot 2, except for /je/, which occurs last. This also means that if one of the forms from slot 2 occurs, then /je/ lisi may not occur, and vice versa. (/nas/ and /ih/ have been added from Note 8.2.)
Note 8.2 Pronoun, Personal: Nominative and Accusative Plural Mi putujemo kroz Evropu.
Kako ste vi?
Dozvolite da vas upoznam.
Oni su takođe(r) cisti.
Oni su braća.
Ona imaju toplu i hladnu vodu.
159
UNIT 8 SERBO-CROATIAN
ImI/, lVII, lonil, lonel
andlonal
have already been introduced in con-nection with the pronominal adjectives (see Note 4.1).Ivasl
is an enclitic accusative. The pronouns have in several cases both stressed and enclitic forms. The stressed form of Iyou l is Iv~s/. The full set of plural personal pronouns, nominative and accusative, is:m (etc.) f n
N ml we vl oni , ,
you one ona
A , ,
nas us vas you njIh
or, nas vas ih
Note that the accusative forms are close to the corresponding adjectives:
In~sl
-
Inaši, Iv~sl-
Ivaši, InjIhl - Injlhov/.Grammatical Drill GD 8.1 Substitution-Correlation Drill
In drilling with nouns indicating persons of a given area, the appropriate gender should always be used. For example in a sentence
IJa
samI
the form used should be masculine or feminine according to the speaker. Similarly,IOn
jeI
must have amaseuline noun filling the blank, IOna jeI
a feminine one.
GD 8.1.1 3ubstitution-Correlation drill with negative transrorm.
These drills are given in full in the affirmative.
on
Ja sam Amerikanac.
On je Amerikanac.
Ja nisam Amerikanac.
Jovanov prijatelj mi
poslovan čovekl biznismen
On je Jovanov prijatelj.
Mi smo Jovanovi prijatelji.
Mi smo poslovni ljudi.
I ...
biznismeni160
/ ••• biznismeni oni
Jugosloven vi (polite form) moji prijatelji
Gurist umetnik g. Smit
Oni su poslovni ljudi.
Oni su Jugosloveni.
Vi ste Jugosloven.
Moji prijatelji su Jugosloveni.
Moji prijatelji su turisti.
Moji prijatelji su umetnici.
Gospodin Smit je umetnik.
Zora je Jugoslovenka.
one One su Jugoslovenke.
ovo Ovo su Jugoslovenke.
moje kćeri Ovo su moje kćeri.
Nada i Zora Nada i Zora su moje kćeri.
Jugoslovenke Nada i Zora su Jugoslovenke.
mi (f. ) Mi smo Jugoslovenke.
Amerikanke Mi smo Amerikanke.
ona Ona je Amerikanka.
turist Ona je turist.
naš prijatelj ona
zadovoljan g. i g-đa Jović još mlad
one turist
već nezadovoljan naši prijatelji
Zora i Jovan su Jugosloveni.
Zora i Jovan su naši prijatelji.
Ona je naš prijatelj.
Ona je zadovoljna.
G. i g-đa Jović su zadovoljni.
G. i g-đa Jović su još mladi.
One su još mlade.
One su turisti.
One su već nezadovoljne.
Naši prijatelji su već nezadovoljni.
161
UNIT 8
ja on
takođe
g. i g-đa Jovic
,
i
mi
SERBO- CROATIAN
Moj otac je dobro, hvala.
I
J.!.
sam dobro.1.
on je dobro.On je takođe dobro.
G. i g-đa Jović su takođe dobro.
I g. i g-đa Jović su dobro.
I mi smo dobro.
GD 8.1.2 Substitution-Correlation Drill Oni zele da vide i upoznaju Jugoslaviju.
(ja) on ona vi moji prijatelji one
(ti) moj prijatelj moja žena Toma i Jovan g-đa i g-ea Jović
Sentences for drill with the same substitutions.
Oni putuju kroz Evropu.
Oni zele da vide stare gr~ke spomenike.
Oni sutra odlaze odavde.
Oni putuju sutra u Atinu, uGreku.
GD 8.1.3 Substitution-Correlation Drill with plural transforms.
Type sentences are given first. These are to be drilled as pairs. The sentences for drill follow.
Masculine
Ja sam Amerikanac.
Ti si Amerikanac. ~
Vi s te Amerikanac. -' On je Amerikanac.
Mi smo Amerikanci.
Vi ste Amerikanci.
Oni su Amerikanci.
162
Sentences for drill:
Ja sam njihov prijatelj.
Ja sam poslovan covek. /biznismen Ja nisam mlad covek.
Ja sam dobar otac.
Ja sam takođe dobro.
Feminine
Ja sam Amerikanka.
TisiAmerikanka.}' Vi ste Amerikanka.
Ona je Amerikanka.
Sentence for drill:
Ja sam Jovanova majka.
Mi smo Amerikanke.
Vi ste Amerikanke.
One su Amerikanke.
GD 8.2 Questions and Answers GD 8.2.1 Informational Answers
Substitution-Correlation Drill
Use the items listed as the subject of both questions and answers.
Kako ste, šta radite?
Kuda (vi) putujete odavde?
Hvala, dobro sam.
Hvala, nisam dobro.
Putujem u Beograd, u Jugoslaviji.
(ti) on
Jovan / Ivan g. Smit vaš suprug
ona Zora g-ca Smit vaša supruga
oni one
163
UNIT 8 SERBO- CROATIAN
Kuda putuju Toma i Jovan odavde? Oni putuju u Atinu, u Grčku.
vi i vaša gospođa g. i g-ca Smit g-đa i g-ca Smit vi i vaš prijatelj vaši prijatelji vaša majka i zena
Zora i njen otac Zora i njena majka
GD 8.2.2 Yes and No Answers
Da li ste vi Amerikanac? Jesam.
Nisam.
Jeste, ja sam Amerikanac.
Ne, ja nisam Amerikanac.
(ti) on
vaš brat
vi (plural) vi i gospođa
oni
g. i g-đa Jović gospoda
Sentences for drill:
Da li ste vi Tomin prijatelj?
Da li ste vi Jugosloven? /Jugoslaven Da li ste vi Francuz?
Da li ste vi zadovoljni?
Repeat this drill with /Jeste lij.
Da li ste vi Amerikanka?
Da li ste vi Amerikanka?
Jesam.
Nisam.
Jeste, ja sam Amerikanka.
Ne, ja nisam Amerikanka.
(ti) ona vi (plural) one
Tomina majka vi i vaša majka gospođe gospođice
g-đa i g-ca Smit
164
Sentences for drill:
Da l i ste vi Hrvatica?
Da l i ste vi Srpkinja?
Da l i ste vi Slovenka?
Da l i je vaš prijatelj ovde kao turist? Da, jeste.
Ne, nije.
Da, on je ovde kao turist.
Ne, on nije ovde kao turist.
t i
one
gospođe
on Jovan g. Smit
ona
g-đa Smit
gospođica
vi (pol.) vi (pl.) vi i gospođa
oni
vaši prijatelji gospoda
Sentences for drill:
Da l i je vaš prijatelj dobro?
Da l i je vaš prijatelj zadovoljan?
Da l i su i vaši prijatelji Amerikanci? Da, jesu.
Ne, nisu.
Jeste, i oni su Amerikanci.
Ne, oni nisu Amerikanci.
on
vi (pol.)
gospodin Smit vi (plural)
gospodin i gospođa Smit gospoda
Sentences for drill:
Da l i su i vaši prijatelji zadovoljni?
Da l i su i vaši prijatelji Jugosloveni? /Jugoslaveni Da l i su i vaši prijatelji turisti?
165
UNIT 8 SERBO- CROATIAN
Repeat the above drills (8.2.2 1-4), using the pattern:
Jeste li vi Amerikanac? Jesam.
Nisam.
itd.
Jeste, ja sam Amerikanac.
Ne, ja nisam Amerikanac.
etc.
Vi ste gospodine Amerikanac, zar ne? Da, jesam.
Ije llte
Ne, nisam.
Da, ja sam Amerikanac.
Ne, ja nisam Amerikanac.
on oni
vaš brat g-đa ,
g. i Jovic
Toma Zora i Toma
Sentences for drill:
yi ste Jovanov prijatelj, zar ne? Ije l'te Vi ste gospodine zadovoljni, zar ne? Ije llte Vi ste ovde kao turist, zar ne? Ije llte
Zar ste vi gospodine Amerikanac?
Zar
11
gospodine niste Amerikanac?Da, jesam.
Da, ja sam Amerikanac.
Ne, nisam.
Ne, ja nisam Amerikanac.
on
vaš prijatelj Toma
oni
vaši prijatelji vi (plural)
166
Sentences for drill:
Zar ste vi Jovanov prijatelj?
Zar ste vi gospodine zadovoljni?
Zar ste vi ovde kao turist?
Zar ste vi gospođo, Amerikanka?
Zar vi gospođo niste Amerikanka?
ona
va~a majka Zora
Sentences for drill:
Zar ste vi gospođo zadovoljni?
Zar ste vi gospođo ovde kao turist?
Da, jesam.
Da, ja sam Amerikanka.
Ne, nisam.
I Ne, ja nisam Amerikanka.
one
Zora 1 njena majka vi (plural)
Zar ste vi gospođo Jugoslovenka? /Jugoslavenka
GD 8.3 Question and Answer Drill with Prompt Tomini prijatelji su Amerikanci.
Moj prijatelj je Amerikanac, a nje-gova zena je Jugoslovenka.
Oni su ovde kao turisti.
Oni zele da vide stare spomenike.
Oni odlaze odavde u Gr~ku.
Toma je poslovan čovek, a njegov brat je umetnik. Ibiznismen Oni sutra putuju u Gr~ku.
INe znam, kad oni putuju u Grčku.
Da li su Tomini prijatelji Amerikanci?
Da li su va~ prijatelj i njegova zena Amerikanci?
v-S~a oni rade ovde?
v- zele
S~a oni da vide?
Gde (/Kuda) oni odlaze odavde?
Da li su Toma i njegov brat poslovni ljudi? /biznismeni
Kad oni putuju u Gr~ku?
167
UNIT 8 SERĐO-CROATIAN
Oni zele da upoznaju Greku i njene spomenike.
Moj prijatelj i njegov brat su nezadovoljni.
Oni nemaju lepu sobu i kupatilo.
Moj otac i majka su zadovoljni, ali sestra nije.
Jovan pita kakve su vaše sobe.
IJovan pita da li ste zadovoljni.
GD
8.4
Conversations - Razgovori GD 8.4.1A
Jeste li vi gospodine, Amerikanac?
I vaš prijatelj je sigurno Amerikanac, zar ne?
Jeste li vi ovdje kao turisti, gospodo?
Gdje putujete odavde?
Kad putujete za Dalmaciju?
Drago mi je gospodo.
~a ~ CTe BH rocnO~HHe. AuepHKaHan?
H Bam npHjaTe~ je cHrypHo AuepHKaHan, je J1 Te?
Da li oni zele da upoznaju Greku?
/Zašto oni putuju uGreku?
Da li su vaš prijatelj i njegov brat zadovoljni?
Zašto
(IŠto)
su oni nezadovoljni?Da li su vaši (otac, majka i sestra) zadovoljni?
šta pita Jovan?
B Da, jesam.
Jest. I o~ je Amerikanac.
Da, jesmo. Mi putujemo kao turisti.
Putujemo za Split i Dubrovnik.
vZelimo vidjeti Dalmaciju.
Putujemo sutra.
Sada zelimo vidjeti i upoznati Beograd.
/1.a, jecaM.
JeCTe. HOH je AuepHKaHan.
Aa ~ CTe BH OB~e Kao TypHCTH, rocno~o? ~,jecMO. ~ UYTyjeuo Kao TypSCTS.
Ra~ nyTyjeTe y ~a~an2jy?
MH~O KH je rocno~o.
llYTyjeuo y CUAHT B ~y6pOBHHK.
Jl{eJJHKO Aa BRAHMO .llaJIMana jy.
nYTyjeuo cyTpa. Ca~a ze~uo Aa BRAHMO
B yno3Hauo BeorpaA.
168
GD 8.4.2
Vaši prijatelji Bob i Tom su vrlo simpaticni ljudi.
Oni su poslovni ljudi, zar ne?
v / biznismeni Sta radi Tom?
Oni putuju kao turisti, zar ne?
Kad putuju Dalmaciju?
BamH npHjaTe~H B06 H TOK cy BP~O CHMnaTH~HH,J;,YlJ,H.
OHH cy nOC~OBHH ,J;,YlJ,H, 3ap He?
/ 6H3HHCMeHH eTa palJ,R TOM?
OHH nYTyjy Kao TypHCTH, je ~'Te?
GD 8.4.3
Kakav hotel imate, gospodine?
Da li ste zadovoljni?
Jesu.
Bob jest, a Tom nije.
On je umjetnik.
Jest. Sada zele upoznati Dalmaciju.
Sutra putuju za Split.
Jecy.
B06 jecTe, a TOK HRje.
OH je yMeTHHK.
JeCTe. CalJ,a ~e~e Aa yn03Hajy ~a~aUHjy.
Da, i moja zena i ja smo zadovoljni.
Naš hotel je dobar.
Mi imamo lepu sobu i kupaonu.
Da li su vaš prijatelj i njegova zena zadovoljni?
oni imajU?
Kakvu sobu i ~upaonu
/ kupaonicu
Na zalost, moj prijatelj i njegova zena nisu zadovoljni.
U cemu je stvar? Zašto nisu zadovoljni?
Je li njihova ku
7
paona u redu?kupaonica
vZao mi je.
Njihova soba je mala i nije cista.
Postelje takođernisu udobne.
Jest, ali je mala i prljava.
I soba i kupaona su male i prlijave.
I meni je zao.
169
UNIT 8 SERBO-CROATIAN
KaKaS XOTe~ HMSTe, rocnO~HHe? ~a, H Koja *eH8 B ja CMO 3aAOBO~HH.
~a ~H CTe 3aAOBO~HH? Ham XOTe~ je ~ođap.
MH RKaMO ~eny cođy H KynaTH~O.
~a ~ cy Bam npHjaTe~ s HerOBa BeBa
3aAoBO~H? KaRay co6y H KynaTB~o
OHH HMajy':'
y ~eMY je CTsap? 3amTO HHCy
3aAosO~HH?
~a ~ je HMXOSO KynaTH~o HcnpaSHO?
){{ao MH je.
GD 8.5 Homework - Domaći zadatak
Ha Z8AOCT, MOj npHjaTe~ R Herosa zeHa HBCy aSAosc..HB.
HHxosa co6a je Ka~ H Haje ~HcTa.
KpeseTH TSKo~e HHCy YAo6HH.
JeCTe, aAH je Ka~o H np.ll&BO.
Hc06a H KynsTHAo cy MS~ H np.ll&BH.
if MeHH je zao.
l. Make questions for which the following sentences are appropriate answers. The questions are to be made both with Ili/ and Ida lij for each sentence.
l. Moj prijatelj i njegova zena su Amerikanci.
2. Moja zena i ja smo vrlo zadovoljni.
3. Ovde sam kao turist.
4. Moja zena je dobra majka.
5. Moj prijatelj je umetnik.
6. Toma i Jovan su poslovni ljudi.
7.
To su moji prijatelji Tom i Bob.8. G. i g-da Jović su Jugosloveni.
2. Make another set of questions for the above sentences, using Izar nel.
Make short affirmative answers to 1-4. Make long affirmative answers for 5-8.
170
Unit 9
Basic Sentences - Osnovne recenice Looking for Someone
house, home at home
Is Tom at home, malam?
lIm afraid (Iunfortunatelyl) he isn1t.
to disturb or,
Excuse me for disturbing you, but do you know where he is?
urgent urgently
I need him urgently.
Traženje nekoga A
doma
J-Da li je Toma doma
gospođo?
B
Na žalost nije.
I '
A
uznemirIvati, uznemiruj~.1
sm~tati, sm~t§m
Lo
I
Izvinite što vam
~
- #
smetam, (ali) da
!.
I
li znate gdje je?
hitan, hitna, -o hitno
Treba mi hitno.
I '
B
• #
I"ocno~o?
~
)EaJIOCT' HJ!ije.Y3He)lHp~B~T!!,
y3HeMHpaBa:u
,
..
ClleTQTH, CMeTQIl
I .. .L
I ..
#aJIH, ~a JIM 3HaTe I"~e je?
XHTaH, XHTHa, -o
XHTHO
time point, period of time
d~ba (n. pl. indecl.) ~~6a
171
UNIT 9
He1s usually at home at this time.
simple, vulgar simply
to be able he, she, it can I simply donlt know where
he can be.
by chance, casually, accidentally Is he by any chance in
the restaurant?
or,
to think
already, but (con-trastive) [in eastern
Yugoslavia]
than, but (contrastive) I donft think hefs in the
restaurant but in the coffee shop.
Da nije slu~ajno u
~
restoranu?
IDa
nijeu restoranu?
B
misliti, mislIm vec
nego,
Mislim da nije u
~
I
res~oranu, nego u kavani.
I~a HHje y peCTopaHY?
IlHCJIHTK. IlHCJIHIl
Beh
He:ro
I
Beh Y K&<PaHH •
to look lookS first
first, at first (clause initial
par-ticle, continuative), and
and then
Look in the coffee shop first, and then in the restaurant.
pogledati, da pogledam pogledajte pf.Vi,
-a,
-5 prvo,pa,
pa onda Pogledajte prvo u
kavanu, pa onda u restoran.
• •
/MHCfHM ~a Haje y peCTopaHY~
Hero y Ka~HH.
,
-nor~e~aTH, ~a nOI"~e~aM
nOI"JIe~ajTe
npBH, -a, -o
npBO
na
na OH~a
na OH~a• y pecTopaHy.
A
to be coming, to come dolaziti, ,
dolazi ,l],O~3HTH, ~0~3H
..,
home (direction towards) doma KyhH
L
I
I J. •I
When does he come home? Kad on dolazi doma? Ra~ OH ~0~3H KyhH?
B
around, about seven
About seven.
Where are you now?
oko sedam Oko sedam.
Gdje ste vi sada?
173
OKO
OKO
•
ce~aM.,
UNIT 9
consulate office
lIm in the consulate, in [my] office.
to say to come
What should I tell Tom when he comes?
message
Do you have any message?
to say, tell tell himl to report
counsellor, advisor
SERBO-CROATIAN A
konzulat
;1red
J. ~
I
Ja sam u konzulatu,
~
u uredu.
B
d6ći, da d~đ~m
J. ~
I
Što da ka~em Tomi,
~
-kad dođe?
poruka Da li imate neku
poruku?
A
reći, da recem recite mu
j~viti se, da se Ja-v!
s~vjetnlk,
savjetnIci..t'
174
KOHayJl8.T
KaHueJI8.PHja Ja caKJ y KOB3Y~TY, Y
KaHueJl8pHju.
nopyKa
.. J.'
I~a ~ HMaTe H8KY nopyKy?
pehH, .na pe'leM
pe~Te My
-
--
-C&SeTHHK, C&BeTHHUH
as soon as ~lm Will you please tell him
to phone me ('report to meI)
or counsellor Smith
~D Doon ae he comes.
Bac~ •
Molim vas, recite mu MOJIKU pellHT8 11.1 Aa ce
L
l
L JII.;KHJ J
~im dođe, da se javi jasH HJIH C&SeTkHKy
I
lCM;TY!
•
,meni ili savjetniku ~HM ,llo~e.
Srni tu.
to f'inish
this evening work, job
svr.šiti, da svr.š!m ve~eraB posao m. Gsg.,
posla, pl.
poslovi
Be~epac
We have urgent work to finish this evening.
Very well. Good-by, sir.
Good-by, ma ram.
jedan hitan posao.
B
Vrlo dobro. Do
.!.
I
viđenja, gospodine.
A
.!.
I
Do viđenja, gospođo.
l ' •
jeA&H XHT&H noc&o.
BpJIO ,llođpo.
•
AO SH~eHaJl
I"'OCnOAHHe.
~o BH~eHaJ rocno~o.
,
Note:
Ikad
d5đ~/ is /kad5đ~/. When two identical consonants come next to each other, one drops. This is not shown by the spelling when the two consonants are spelled with a space between them.175
UNIT 9
Note 9.1 Noun: Dative Case Note 9.1.1 Dative Case Form
SERBO-CROATIAN
Grammatical Notes
Mislim da nije u restoranu već u kafani.
Ja sam u konzulatu, u kancelariji.
Hvala na pitanju, dobro sam.
Šta da kazem Tomi, kad dođe?
Recite mu da se javi meni ili savetniku Smitu, eim dođe.
The above sentences show typical nouns in the dative case, masculine, neuter and feminine a-nouns.
Masculine and neuter nouns have the ending /-u/ in the dative singular:
m. /restor~nu/, /konzul~tu/, /s~vetnIku/, n. /pft~nju/. The plural ending for these nouns is l-imal: /restor~nima/, /konzul~tima/, /s~vetnIcima/, /pItanjima/.
Feminine a-nouns have /-i/ in the singular (/kancelariji/), /-ama/ in the plural (/kancelarijama/). /kuĆi/ I(to) home1 is a special use of the dative.
Feminine i-nouns have /-i/ in the singular, l-imal in the plural:, /noĆi/, /noĆima/. (Grammarians distinguish D /noći/ L /nćĆi/.)
The dative plural /s~vetnIcima/shows a change of /k/ to /c/ before /i/.
This is a regular change (there being few exceptions) before the dative singular ending /-i/ (f., a-nouns), the dat ive plural ending /-ima/ (m. and n.), the masculine nominative plural /-i/ (Note 7.1), the imperative /-i(te)/ (/recite/, for example) and some less common forms. Further examples will occur in later units.
Untill recently a distinction between dative and locative was made. The dative was used as indirect object and after a few prepositions, particularly Iki. The locative was used after certain other prepositions, including /u/ and /na/. These two cases are here considered as one and called tdativet • With some speakers there is still a distinction between the dative and locative cases of certain words, the difference in the noun being one of stress. /gr~d/ Icity' is one of these words. Such speakers say /gr~du/ for the dative and /gr~du/ for
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the locative. There are no differences of ~~un or adjective endings for thr two cases in the standard language.
Note 9.1.2 Use of Dative
Two uses of the dative case are illustrated above: after prepositions
(/ul
'in l ,Inal
Ion, at' [here 'on the occasion ofl , Iforl]) and indirect object(ITomil
Ito Tomi,Imul
Ito himl,Imenil
Ito meI, Isavetnikul Ito the counsellor 1,ISmitul
'to Smith'). Only the noun forms will be discussed at this time. See Notes 10.1-4 for pronoun and adjective forms, as well as further notes on usage.Both the dative and the accusative cases may occur after the prepositions
lul
andInal.
The basic distinction here (and with certain other prepositions) is that the accusative indicates the goal or direction towards, while the dative indicates place where. One says, therefore, lidem u kafanul frlm going to (that is, into) the coffee shop' butIja
sam u kafanil 'I am in the coffee shop1.The fundamental difference of meaning between
lul
andInal
is thatlul
indicates'into' with the accusative and 'inside ofl with the dative, while
Inal
indicates lontal with the accusative and Ion' with the dative. Comparelu
kućul 'into the housellu
kućil lin(side) the house', Ina trgl I(on)to the squarel ,Ina
trgulIon the square l • (Cf Note 6.1.2) This basic difference has been somewhat obscured, primarily through the change of meaning of some of the nouns involved.
It is therefore necessary to learn which of these two prepositions is used with
It is therefore necessary to learn which of these two prepositions is used with