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1. THE SCIENCE OF RESILIENT COMMUNITIES 67, SROLFLHV FDQ DOORFDWH UHVRXUFHV WR FRQGXFW VFLHQFHLQSULRULW\DUHDVWKDWFRQWULEXWHWREXLOGLQJ UHVLOLHQWFRPPXQLWLHV6FLHQFHIRFXVHGH[FOXVLYHO\RQ FRPPXQLW\UHVLOLHQFHKDVEHHQSURGXFWLYH:RUOGZLGH LW OHG WR RYHU } SXEOLFDWLRQV LQ WKH (QJOLVK ODQJXDJHLQWKHSHULRGtUHSUHVHQWLQJ }SHUFHQWRIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQVLQWKHVDPHSHULRG related to resilience to disasters and twice as many
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B. SCIENCE: UNDERSTANDING RESILIENT COMMUNITIES AND ENGAGING PARTICIPATION
Social sciences 27
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Earth and planetary sciences 10 Medicine 10 Business, management and accounting 4 Psychology 3 Agricultural and
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2. HARNESSING TRADITIONAL, LOCAL AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
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while also promoting the engagement of women and YXOQHUDEOHJURXSVZKLFKDUHLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWV LQEXLOGLQJUHVLOLHQFH,VODPet al./DXUHQFH et al.6FDOLQJXSDGDSWLQJDQGPDNLQJWKLV NQRZOHGJHDFFHVVLEOHRIWHQUHTXLUHVVXSSRUWIURP
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3. CITIZEN SCIENCE FOR BUILDING RESILIENT COMMUNITIES
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Box 3 Examples of citizen science projects 7KH$JURFOLPDWH,PSDFW5HSRUWHULVDQRQOLQHFLWL]HQ science application designed for the collection and reporting of weather and climate impacts on farm RSHUDWLRQVDFURVV&DQDGD,WSURGXFHVDOLYHLPSDFW PDSDQGPRQWKO\PDSVXVLQJGDWDFROOHFWHGWKURXJK its citizen science network. These maps enable SURGXFHUVVFLHQWLVWVDQGGHFLVLRQPDNHUVWREHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGWKHORFDODQGUHJLRQDOHIIHFWVRIDJULFXOWXUDO and climate conditions and identify emerging risks to WKHEURDGHUDJULFXOWXUHVHFWRU
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,FH :DWFK YROXQWHHUV FRQWULEXWH WR VFLHQWLILF XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFOLPDWHFKDQJHE\KHOSLQJWRUHFRUG and analyse when ice forms and thaws on bodies of water. They provide critical data to cover gaps LQWKHFXUUHQWPRQLWRULQJQHWZRUN7KHSURJUDPPH allows people of all ages to participate in discovering KRZDQGZK\WKHHQYLURQPHQWLVFKDQJLQJ,WLVSDUW RI WKH 1DWXUH :DWFK VXLWH RI &DQDGDpV QDWLRQDO YROXQWHHUPRQLWRULQJSURJUDPPHVGHVLJQHGWRKHOS identify ecological changes that may be affecting the environment. effort with federal, state and local partners to improve WRSRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQ7KH1DWLRQDO0DSLQFOXGHV DOHUW PRGHOV RI RFFXUUHQFHV RI GLVHDVHV LQ WKH ZLOGSDUWLFXODUO\WKRVHZLWKWKHSRWHQWLDORIKXPDQ involvement, and prediction models of ecological risks of disease emergence. The system provides a fast DQGHIƄFLHQWƅRZRILQIRUPDWLRQEHWZHHQJRYHUQPHQW VHFWRUVDQGVRFLHW\WKURXJKFLWL]HQVFLHQFHDQGLV integrated with georeferenced government platforms.
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a. Types of citizen science
Citizen science may involve data collection, interpretation, analysis and the dissemination RIUHVXOWVILJXUH},WGLIIHUVIURPPRUHJHQHUDO stakeholder engagement by the active involvement RIFLWL]HQYROXQWHHUVWKURXJKRXWWKHOLIHF\FOHRID SURMHFWQHFHVVLWDWLQJPRWLYDWLRQDODVSHFWVVXFK as improved living standards, the provision of and TXDOLW\ORFDOHGXFDWLRQDQGIRVWHULQJRIDVHQVHRI QDWLRQDOSULGH%X\WDHUWet al.+LVWRULFDOO\
citizen science has often been often applied to HQYLURQPHQWDOGDWDFROOHFWLRQE\YROXQWHHUV*LYHQ WKDWPRVWFRPPXQLW\EDVHGUHVSRQVHVWRKD]DUGV WDNHDSUHYHQWDWLYHDSSURDFKRUDUHEDVHGRQUHDO time observation and mitigation,LQPDQ\SURMHFWV the role of local stakeholders is strictly limited to LQIRUPDWLRQJDWKHULQJ6XFKFLWL]HQVHQVRUVDUHOHVV LQYROYHGLQWKHDLPVDQGIRUPXODWLRQRIDSURMHFWEXW FDQVWLOOSURYLGHJRRGTXDOLW\GDWDLQGDWDVFDUFH UHJLRQV5REVRQER[}
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Work with local farmers to develop smart irrigation practices
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Floodwater estimation using telephone cameras and applications
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B Science: Understanding resilient communities and engaging participation 7
The third type is an active team approach, or collaborative FRPPXQLW\VFLHQFHZKHUHE\FRPPXQLW\PHPEHUV design of the research.
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,Q FLWL]HQ VFLHQFH DQ HIIRUW VKRXOG EH PDGH WR SURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGGDWDEDFNWRQRQVFLHQWLVWV in a comprehensible manner, which serves as an LQFHQWLYHIRUIXUWKHUFLWL]HQSDUWLFLSDWLRQ)RUH[DPSOH LQK\GURORJLFDOUHVHDUFKWKLVSURFHVVFRXOGWDNHWKH IRUPRILUULJDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUIDUPHUVPRGHOOHG ZDWHUXVHVDQGGHPDQGIRUSROLF\PDNHUVDQGƅRRG YXOQHUDELOLW\PDSVIRUWKHSXEOLF$OWKRXJKWKLVLPSRUWDQW feedback aspect of citizen science has been lightly GHYHORSHGSDUWLFXODUO\LQDUHVLOLHQFHEXLOGLQJFRQWH[W ,QWHUQHWEDVHGWHFKQRORJLHVFUHDWHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRU XVHUIHHGEDFNDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVEH\RQGDUHVHDUFK SURMHFWLWVHOI13,QWKHVPDOOQXPEHURIFDVHVZKHUH information provision and citizen feedback are integral WRSURMHFWGHYHORSPHQWWKHVLWXDWLRQDODZDUHQHVVDQG participation rates of participants, as well as levels of FRPPXQLW\EX\LQDUHKLJK
b. Use of technology in citizen science
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widely available and easy to connect to smartphones, ZKLFKWKHPVHOYHVDUHJHQHUDOO\IXOO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKH ,QWHUQHWDQGLQFOXGHVRSKLVWLFDWHGFDPHUDVDVVWDQGDUG IHDWXUHV7KHGUDPDWLFSDFHRIWKLVFKDQJHFDQEHVHHQ LQPDQ\RIWKHPRVWLPSRYHULVKHGFRPPXQLWLHVJOREDOO\
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is lacking, yet the provision of mobile telephones is ZLGHVSUHDG%DXPet al.7KHVHGHYHORSPHQWV WRJHWKHUZLWKDGYDQFHVLQNQRZOHGJHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV and data processing and analysis, are opening new SDWKZD\VIRUFLWL]HQVFLHQFHWRLPSURYHUHVLOLHQFH EXLOGLQJHIIRUWVDWDFRPPXQLW\VFDOH%X\WDHUWet al., 1HZLQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWHFKQRORJ\
,&7KDVDXJPHQWHGWKHƅRZRINQRZOHGJHDQGGDWD ZKLOHWKH,QWHUQHWRIWKLQJVDOORZVIRUDPXFKPRUH interactive and dynamic approach to research design, knowledge generation and information provision at the FRPPXQLW\OHYHO
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Technology and innovations Location(s) Objectives Citizen scientist engagement Novel sensors to measure rainfall, river level,
VRLOPRLVWXUHDQGVWUHDPƅRZFRXSOHGZLWK bespoke modelling approaches
Lake Tana (Ethiopia), Mustang (Nepal), Andes (Peru)
Impact of changing land use and increasing population
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New sensor networks installed at the community level
Central Nepal Rainfall and landslide risk reduction
Rainfall monitoring and geological mapping Citizen-led drone mapping and design Malaysia, Hawaii (United
States)
Disaster response (volcano) and impact of land-use change
Drone image submission and mapmaking
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website
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New crowdsourced data sets and information management platform
Argentina, France, New Zealand
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Damage reports and photographs, seismograph analysis, shaking reports (using smartphone accelerometers) Remotely sensed data and volunteered
geographic information
Brazil, Oxford (United Kingdom)
Flood probability mapping Geotagged photographs from social media
Combination of wireless sensor network and citizen observatories
Sao Carlos (Brazil) ,QWHJUDWHGULYHUƅRRGULVN management
Observational river monitoring
Sensors, empowerment and accountability mobile application
United Republic of Tanzania
Monitoring rural water points Monitoring functionality status of rural water points
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