Representation of workers and employers in cleaning

The main unions in the cleaning sector correspond to the majority unions in France. In this sector, for the negotiation of collective agreements according with article L. 2232-6 of the French Labour Code, the weight of the representative trade union organizations is shown in Table 12.

Table 12. Weight of the main trade unions in the cleaning collective bargaining

Trade union Weight in bargaining of

National CA of cleaning (%)

Confédération générale du travail (CGT) 38.57

Confédération française démocratique du travail (CFDT) 28.36 Confédération générale du travail-Force ouvrière

(CGT-FO)

21.53 Confédération française des travailleurs chrétiens (CFTC) 11.54

40%

~ 41 ~

Source: Arrêté du 5 octobre 2017 fixant la liste des organisations syndicales reconnues représentatives dans la convention collective nationale des entreprises de propreté et services associés du 26 juillet 2011 (n° 3043).

Taking into account that the French trade unions are structured mainly in a sectoral way, cleaning unions correspond to the Federations of these major unions: Fédération nationale des ports et docks CGT (FNPD-CGT), Fédération des Services CFDT and Fédération de l'équipement, de l'environnement, des transports et des services (FO). These unions refer to the selected cleaning activity, which includes the cleaning activity linked to the national collective agreement of cleaning. Depending on the unions, other branches of cleaning include other federations. For example, in the case of CGT union, the cleaning employees in trains are represented by the Fédération nationale des cheminots CGT. The industrial origin of the cleaning is still observed in the link of this activity with some unions as is the case of the Fédération nationale des ports et docks CGT (FNPD-CGT), which is one of the signatories of the national collective agreement. Despite signing the collective agreement, the Fédération commerce, services et force de vente (CSFV-CFTC) and the CGC (mangers union) are more marginal unions, especially the second one, as a managers union and taking into account the low rate of this profile (1.3% in 2017). Even so, all of these unions participate in the different agreements, with the first three unions being the main unions (Table 12).

Beyond these unions, in cleaning there are also more minority unions but with a very active character as SUD-Nettoyage and the Confédération nationale du travail (CNT). Within the sector the employees affiliated to this last union would be represented by the Syndicat du Nettoyage de la Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs - Solidarité Ouvrière (Denis, 2008).

On the side of employers' organizations, the main organization is the Fédération des entreprises de propreté et services associés (FEP) which represents 94.2% of the cleaning companies. We also found the Syndicat national des professionnels de la propreté et des services associés (SNPRO) but only represents the 5.8% of them. Founded in 1966, as the Fédération nationale des entrepreneurs de nettoyage de France (FNENF), later as the Fédération des entreprises de propreté en 1990 and finally as the Fédération des entreprises de propreté et

~ 42 ~

services associés in 2002, the FEP is the employers’ organization more representative of cleaning companies.

This makes it represent all types of companies. In fact, as a federation, it is part of the main national employers’ organizations as MEDEF (for large companies) and CGPME (for SMEs). It is structured in the territory from nine territorial Federations: FEP Centre et Sud-Ouest, FEP Grand Est, FEP Ile de France, FEP Ile de la Réunion, FEP Nord Normandie Picardie, FEP Ouest, FEP Sud-Est, SPENRA and GENIM-grandes entreprises. The SN PRO is a minority employers' organization created in 1966 for cleaning and associated services companies.

The main challenge shared by social partners is fighting against the demands of costs reduction by clients. On the side of employers, the challenge is to find the balance between the low margin of adjustment (less than 3% in the cleaning sector) and the reorganization of the service, taking into account that the wage bill represents at least 80% of the price of the provision of service. On the side of trade unions, the main challenge is to protect workers in case of business transfer, in order to avoid that this reorganization of the service generates a worsening of working conditions. There are also problems of communication and articulation of trade unions due to the fragmented and isolated workplaces, which hinders their actions of representation and communication between workers and their representatives.

Some of the main effects of outsourcing for cleaning workers pointed by social partners interviewed are the following: 1) Insecurity in case of new supplier. In case of transfer, workers must sign the new agreement. According to trade unions, in some cases, workers with very low levels of literacy signed conditions not adjusted to the former conditions. 2) Workload intensification according to the economic demands of the client.

Due to the pressure on the part of the clients, many times, the suppliers must reorganize the service. In some cases, this means the displacement of workers and intensification of the work of the workers who remain in the workplace. 3) Risk of loss of quality of service.

4) Division among external and internal workers. The cleaning collective agreement has

~ 43 ~

lower work conditions than other agreements, generating unequal situations among workers who perform the same service but who are covered by different agreements depending on whether they are outsourced workers or are internal workers. 5) Problems of communication and articulation of trade unions due to the fragmented workplaces, which hinders their work of representation and communication between workers and their representatives.