concernent les effecteurs présents chez les microorganismes phytopathogènes, en lien avec
leur implication forte dans la virulence de ces microorganismes. Néanmoins, il existe
maintenant des microorganismes modèles non pathogènes étudiés pour leur capacité à utiliser
des protéines effectrices comme moyen de communication et stratégie d‟interaction. Outre les
champignons mycorhiziens L. bicolor et R. irregularis décrits dans le chapitre précédent, le
champignon Piriformospora indica, un champignon mutualiste endophyte de l‟ordre des
Sebacinales, possèdent lui aussi des protéines effectrices (Raffiqi et al, 2013 ; Akum et al,
2015) afin de promouvoir la symbiose mutualiste qu‟il met en place avec une très large
gamme d‟hôte (Qiang et al, 2012). Cette manipulation de l‟hôte végétal semble notamment
impacter les voies hormonales de régulation de l‟acide jasmonique et gibbérellique ainsi que
la voie de l‟auxine (Schaffer et al, 2009). Chez les champignons, seul L. bicolor et R.
irregularis sont rapporté comme utilisant des protéines effectrices ciblant respectivement les
voies de l‟acide jasmonique (Plett et al, 2014) et de l‟éthylène (Kloppholz et al, 2011). La
recherche sur les protéines effectrices ne se limite donc pas aux organismes pathogènes et
s‟intéresse aux mécanismes de translocation, à la localisation et aux fonctions des effecteurs,
en différenciant les effecteurs présents dans la zone apoplastique des effecteurs actifs dans le
cytoplasme. Il existe donc des similarités entre les microorganismes mutualistes et
phytopathogènes dans leur stratégie de colonisation de l‟hôte végétal. Il y a néanmoins un
manque de données concernant les effecteurs d‟organismes filamenteux, qu‟ils soient des
champignons ou des oomycètes, particulièrement ceux ayant un style de vie non pathogène.
Les recherches actuelles sur les champignons ectomycorhiziens étudient donc la diversité de
fonctions et de localisations d‟effecteurs candidats, dans le but d‟élucider les similitudes et
divergence existant entre les effecteurs de champignons mutualistes et les champignons
pathogènes.
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