Outline of the dissertation

As explained above, the present dissertation is divided into two parts, each of them comprising two different chapters. In the first part, chapter two deals with the changing relations between new and old parties and different segments of voters, considered under an occupational/class perspective. It

tackles the diverse competition for the working class vote making dichotomy analyses that compare voting patterns among workers when choosing between social democrats and the far-left, social democrats and the far-right, and most significantly, abstention. Chapter three focuses on the three-way relationship between dualism, Welfare State, and the Populist Radical Right (PRR), and pins down the voting preferences of insiders and outsiders towards PRR parties, depending on their labour market conditions and the structural, regulatory context. Both chapters together offer a nuanced, complex view on where working class voters are heading, and why.

The second part takes on the diverging preferences for different labour market policies among workers, and how these translate into actual reforming patterns. Chapter four explores the question of who wants flexicurity, using Eurobarometer data to define insider, outsider, high- and low-skilled workers’ preferences on labour market change. Finally, chapter five puts the results into a real-world reform process, conducting a qualitative comparative case study between Spain and Italy to discover under what conditions social democracy finds a way out of dualisation. Employment protection reforms in Spain and Italy during the EMU crisis are carefully considered to offer a possible answer.

Behind the Italy-Spain comparison lies the simple yet powerful notion that social democracy does not have a fixed path. Instead, in line with Rueda (2007), it should be emphasised that mainstream parties can actually choose their path. Which, in turn, should put into perspective the insights obtained from all other chapters. Since (as self-contained research projects) these are rather lousily related to each other, I devote chapter six to defining common threats, inserting some more general concluding remarks that aim to align the partial conclusions of each chapter while also defining possible avenues for further research that mostly (but not solely) relate to the idea of dynamic supply-sided actors.

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