Europe.and the.ApabvworlcU Its roadstead, well sheltered by an island, attracted ships there at a- time when they could not be protected by.artificial means* and a fortress mirroring the Arab, "kasbah" and;the -Germanic "Burg" still towers above the urban scene. As in areas, dealt with above? the first residents settled, on -the ridge, near the fortress, while.^along, the coast passed, the-endless, convoys of
sl'&y$&} outwartcL. bound mainly for Brazil. - - . . , . . .-...,.
■ ■ ;: However,.; like most parts in Tropical Africa, Luanda, grew into a.city,only, ,,,
qukte recently. In i860:it: had barely ll,§ao inhabitants and in-1923 only. 22,700.Its riae wasvdue to thf."-systematic development of northern Angola,.-where diamonds
and ip- particular- coffee, were produced,, and to investments ..that:.were, pretty, sub^stantial for a country a^,fpoor- as,Portugal.., Port: wprks altered, tire shore-line.,, ...
and, permitted the- construction of,;a magnificent, "Ayenida Marginal"; while a vast ■ industrial spne vas asjtablished: to the east of the city., The population increased rapidly, (from 61,000 in. 1940 to some 200,^00 at present)., creating, an acute hou- .
sing problem that; assum3s an odd aspect owing- to Portuguese polioy.., One thirdqC, a3r^. residents are regarded as "civiliaedny including all-,whites; and mulattoes
■md one .tenth of the _AfrioanEs whose conditipns ar;e; dloser, to those of the
Europeans than to those of the mass of African, workers.. Dwellings have been
erecte.d .£p-r some of the latter, liut most of the© live An self-built shaoks ... ,("muoequ.es") far from the..city ,qent3?e and generally to the east, where they. are.
jammed'between the raa^ay and the industrial -^one, and to the-south-east, where..
cites -are being oonstruotea.>. .,-»..■.
..-■■--page 31
Nairobi
Nairobi, owes its origin ..to two much—discussed achievements of British. o6lpnial policy* the Uganda railway .and the settlement area of the White'Highlands. The former resulted in the creation, in 1899, of a centre whioh the latter caused to be raised to the status of capital. The site was convenient from the point of view of communications, but so damp and so devoid of natural attractions that-it has been described in very critical terms by several visitors, the most distinguished of whom was none, other than Winston Churchill, Until about 1940,,.4ts population was less than that of Mombasa, the great port on : the Indian Ocean which served, as an outlet for the capital. Efom'the ouifcset it had a substantial Asian oommunity, European oolonializa-tion being concentrated pn the aurrounding ..plantaoolonializa-tions and African immigraoolonializa-tion being
discouraged.
■The' SecondWorld War turned Nairobi into an important strategic centre, whereat was for the. first timel.regretted that the railway workshops were,the only industrial establishment of any importance.. As in the case of Leopoldville, the barriers were
breached by the;-w-<a?lil conflict, and these two oapitals £6urid themselves in 1946 with
populations of almost the same size (some 120,000). In accordance with a master plan prepared at that, time by a teohnioal-cum-sooiologioal mission,, the ^lay^-out of the citynevertheless remained very different from that.of the Congolese capital. Respite the
progress made in the construction of oites, a high proportion of the African popula tion ..continued to live pji the outbuildings q£ properties o.ocupied by. Europeans and Aaiahsy the former often-..unduly large. The oites! themselves grew in relation to the industrial11 expansion, with a minimum of the family life that is essential t^ the de velopment of ..a^jirue urban civilization. In 1951^ the Mau-«Mau emergency even resulted
in the expulsion of many inhabitants who> belpn^^Clto,:-:the, A-^CLlaiyu -fcribe,*;;: Wien :"fchat
emergenoy was over, the capital of Kenya began *gri9wing again remarkably fast, its
population reao^ng in 1*960 the figure of 250,000 which had rtot.been expected by the
mission until 1970* Exceptionally high revenue made it possible to: erect a business centre, both, the, private and public buildings, in.which make, an impressive,;s,ight.:,;' ,.page
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