Chapitre 1 : Introduction générale
5. Justifications et objectifs de la thèse
Malgré son importance, l’élevage porcin vietnamien est confronté à de nombreuses contraintes. En plus, des problèmes liés à l’alimentation (coûts élevés et indisponibilité), aux maladies (telle que la peste porcine classique, le syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire du porc), infrastructures (logements inadéquats), gestion des effluents (principalement pour les élevages intensifs et semi-intensifs), il existe un grand problème de productivité des races porcines locales et d’adaptation des races exotiques importées.
C’est dans le cadre de ce dernier point que la présente thèse de doctorat a été initiée pour déterminer l’adaptation de porcs Piétrain stress négatif (importés de Belgique) aux conditions écologique et climatique du Vietnam et leur exploitation dans les conditions d’élevage familial et intensif pour améliorer le pourcentage de viande maigre chez porcs d’engraissement. La présente thèse est constituée de cinq parties :
1. Une introduction générale ;
2. Des résultats présentés sous forme d’une compilation d’articles scientifiques publiés, acceptés ou soumis pour publication dans des revues scientifiques avec comité de lecteurs ;
3. Une discussion générale ; 4. Une conclusion générale 5. Des perspectives.
40 | P a g e
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52 | P a g e
Annexe 1
Tableau 11 : Valeur (VND) et proportion (%) du produit intérieur brut (PIB) par le secteur activité
Tableau 12 : Valeur (VND) et proportion (%) du produit intérieur brut (PIB) de l’agriculture par activité
Tableau 13 : Evolution des cheptels vietnamiens entre 1990 et 2011 Tableau 14 : Produits d’élevage par espèce en poids vif (x103 tonne) Figure 33 : Schéma de création de race Xa Xuyen et Thuoc Nhieu
53 | P a g e Tableau 11 : Valeur (VND) et proportion (%) du produit intérieur brut (PIB) par le secteur activité
Année Agriculture Industrie et
Construction Service Total
x109 VND % x109 VND % x109 VND % x109 VND %
1990 16252 38,74 9513 22,67 16190 38,59 41955 100,00
1991 31058 40,49 18252 23,79 27397 35,72 76707 100,00
1992 37513 33,94 30135 27,26 42884 38,80 110532 100,00
1993 41895 29,87 40535 28,90 57828 41,23 140258 100,00
1994 48968 27,43 51540 28,87 78026 43,70 178534 100,00
1995 62219 27,18 65820 28,76 100853 44,06 228892 100,00
1996 75514 27,76 80876 29,73 115646 42,51 272036 100,00
1997 80826 25,77 100595 32,08 132202 42,15 313623 100,00
1998 93072 25,78 117299 32,49 150645 41,73 361016 100,00
1999 101723 25,43 137959 34,49 160260 40,08 399942 100,00 2000 108356 24,53 162220 36,73 171070 38,74 441646 100,00 2001 111858 23,24 183515 38,13 185922 38,63 481295 100,00 2002 123383 23,03 206197 38,49 206182 38,48 535762 100,00 2003 138285 22,54 242126 39,47 233032 37,99 613443 100,00 2004 155992 21,81 287616 40,21 271699 37,98 715307 100,00 2005 175984 20,97 344224 41,02 319003 38,01 839211 100,00 2006 198797 20,41 409603 42,04 365864 37,55 974264 100,00 2007 232586 20,34 480151 41,98 430979 37,68 1143715 100,00 2008 329886 22,21 599193 40,35 555959 37,44 1485038 100,00 2009 346786 20,91 676408 40,79 635195 38,30 1658389 100,00 2010 407647 20,58 824904 41,64 748363 37,78 1980914 100,00 2011 558284 22,02 1034057 40,79 942667 37,19 2535008 100,00 1990-1999 : (GSO, 2000), 2000-2011 : (GSO, 2012b)
54 | P a g e Tableau 12 : Valeur (VND) et proportion (%) du produit intérieur brut (PIB) de l’agriculture par activité
Année Culture Elevage Service Total
x109 VND % x109 VND % x109 VND % x109 VND % 1990 16393,5 79,3 3701,0 17,9 572,0 2,8 20666,5 100,0 1991 33345,0 79,6 7500,3 17,9 1047,3 2,5 41892,6 100,0 1992 37539,9 76,5 10152,4 20,7 1368,8 2,8 49061,1 100,0 1993 40818,2 75,7 11553,2 21,4 1557,8 2,9 53929,2 100,0 1994 49920,7 77,0 13112,9 20,2 1843,2 2,8 64876,8 100,0 1995 66793,8 78,1 16168,2 18,9 2545,6 3,0 85507,6 100,0 1996 71989,4 77,9 17791,8 19,3 2625,0 2,8 92406,2 100,0 1997 77358,3 77,9 19287,0 19,4 2707,0 2,7 99352,3 100,0 1998 91226,4 79,7 20365,2 17,8 2826,1 2,5 114417,7 100,0 1999 101648,0 79,2 23773,2 18,5 2995,0 2,3 128416,2 100,0 2000 101043,7 78,3 24907,6 19,3 3136,6 2,4 129087,9 100,0 2001 101403,1 77,9 25439,1 19,6 3273,1 2,5 130115,3 100,0 2002 111171,8 76,7 30500,7 21,0 3274,7 2,3 144947,2 100,0 2003 116065,7 75,5 34367,2 22,3 3432,7 2,2 153865,6 100,0 2004 131551,9 76,3 37236,2 21,6 3599,4 2,1 172387,5 100,0 2005 134754,5 73,6 45096,8 24,6 3362,3 1,8 183213,6 100,0 2006 145807,7 73,8 48333,1 24,4 3559,9 1,8 197700,7 100,0 2007 175007,0 73,9 57618,4 24,4 4125,0 1,7 236750,4 100,0 2008 269337,6 71,4 102200,9 27,1 5700,1 1,5 377238,6 100,0 2009 306648,4 71,3 116576,7 27,1 6996,5 1,6 430221,6 100,0 2010 396733,6 73,5 135137,2 25,0 8292,0 1,5 540162,8 100,0 2011 562102,8 72,1 206794,7 26,6 10391,3 1,3 779288,8 100,0 1990-1999 : (GSO, 2000), 2000-2011 : (GSO, 2012b)
55 | P a g e Tableau 13 : Evolution des cheptels vietnamiens entre 1990 et 2011
Année Buffle
1990-1999 : (GSO, 2000), 2000-2011 : (GSO, 2012b)
56 | P a g e Tableau 14 : Produits d’élevage par espèce en poids vif (x103 tonne)
Année Buffle Bétail Porc Volaille Total
Poids % Poids % Poids % Poids % Poids % 1996 49,2 3,5 70,4 5,0 1080,0 76,5 213,0 15,1 1412,6 100 1997 50,8 3,4 72,0 4,8 1154,2 76,8 226,1 15,0 1503,1 100 1998 44,5 2,8 83,4 5,2 1228,0 77,0 239,2 15,0 1595,1 100 1999 46,0 2,7 88,5 5,2 1318,4 76,9 261,9 15,3 1714,8 100 2000 48,4 2,6 93,8 5,1 1418,1 76,5 292,9 15,8 1853,2 100 2001 49,2 2,5 97,8 5,0 1515,3 76,9 308,0 15,6 1970,3 100 2002 51,8 2,4 102,5 4,8 1653,6 77,0 338,4 15,8 2146,3 100 2003 53,1 2,3 107,5 4,6 1795,0 77,1 372,7 16,0 2328,3 100 2004 57,5 2,3 119,8 4,8 2012,0 80,3 316,4 12,6 2505,7 100 2005 59,8 2,1 142,2 5,1 2288,3 81,4 321,9 11,4 2812,2 100 2006 64,3 2,1 159,5 5,2 2505,0 81,5 344,4 11,2 3073,2 100 2007 67,5 2,0 206,1 6,3 2662,7 80,8 358,8 10,9 3295,1 100 2008 71,5 2,0 226,7 6,4 2782,8 78,9 448,2 12,7 3529,2 100 2009 79,1 2,0 263,4 6,7 3035,9 77,7 528,5 13,5 3906,9 100 2010 83,6 2,1 278,9 6,9 3036,4 75,6 615,2 15,3 4014,1 100 2011 87,8 2,1 287,2 6,9 3098,9 74,3 696,0 16,7 4169,9 100
1996-1999 : (Department of Livestock, 2007) ; 2000-2011 : (GSO, 2012b)
57 | P a g e Figure 33 : Schéma de création de race Ba Xuyen et Thuoc Nhieu
Source: Molenat and Thong (1991)
58 | P a g e
Chapitre 2
Performances du noyau pur de porc Piétrain stress négatif
59 | P a g e
Article 1
Version originale en vietnamien publiée dans Journal of Science and Development, Hanoi University of Agriculture Vietnam, 2008, 6, 549 -555
Résultats préliminaires des performances de production des porcs Piétrain stress négatif à Haiphong au Vietnam
Do Duc Luc1, Bui Van Dinh1, Nguyen Hoang Thinh1, Pham Ngoc Thach2,
Do Duc Luc1, Bui Van Dinh1, Nguyen Hoang Thinh1, Pham Ngoc Thach2,