6. Pharaoh ants and fire ants
8.4. Management implications 1. Benchmarks
8.4.5. Economic impact of wild urban birds on human health and of controlling birds
The financial costs of bird-borne diseases that affect people in urban areas are extremely difficult to estimate at present. Some reasons for this are as follows.
1. The incidence of these diseases (and especially the proportion attributable to urban birds as the source of a particular disease) is largely unknown or underestimated, in that some of the diseases are not reportable. Table 8.1 indicates only published cases, and the incidence of allergy-related illness due to contact with ectoparasites of feral pigeons is not included (because it is underreported or unreported).
2. The public health costs of treating particular diseases can be roughly estimated (see item 1).
3. The costs of prevention – that is, proactive and reactive control measures – can vary widely, according to such factors as the disease agent and bird species, species distri-bution, particular country and local situation.
In any economic analysis on this issue, there will always be a very significant margin of error, in that there are no exact data available. So for now, even estimates by experts will be of limited value.
Acknowledgement
The Czech Science Foundation (grant number 206/03/0726) provided partial funding for this review.
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