The incorporation of natural predators, parasitoids (insects whose larvae are parasites that eventually kill their hosts) and pathogens to control peridomestic (undomesticated animals that, nevertheless, live in close proximity to humans) cockroaches has been a long-term goal of IPM (Suiter, 1997). The use of biological predators is especially attrac-tive in sensiattrac-tive situations where insecticide applications may be inappropriate, such as animal rearing facilities, zoos, sewers, and greenhouses. Lebeck (1991) has provided an excellent review of the hymenopterous (insects having two pairs of membranous wings and an ovipositor specialized for stinging or depositing eggs) natural enemies of
coc-•In some situations, large blocks of flats or entire buildings will need to be treated. It is essential, therefore, that the IPM action plan embraces both the tenants and landlords.
Failing to treat all of the units will leave potential refuges for reinfestation. Unsuccessful results are discouraging and encourage future noncompliance by tenants and landlords.
•Post-treatment evaluations are essential to determine if the IPM action plan has cor-rected the problems and controlled the cockroaches. These evaluations need to be sha-red with tenants and landlords to ensure continued cooperation and support. Input from the tenants and landlords allows the treatment team to evaluate and alter the action plan as needed. The programme must be economically and aesthetically accep-table and must address the needs of the target audience if is to be successful.
Acknowledgements
A special thanks to Mr. Dong-Hwan Choe for the photographs of the cockroaches and to Mary Rust for her editorial comments.
2.9. Conclusions
Cockroaches present an unnecessary threat to public health, especially in multifamily dwellings and commercial food-handling establishments. IPM programmes must be desi-gned to accommodate the pest species and each situation. No two programmes will be identical; however, they all should incorporate the following six steps.
•It is essential to identify the pest species and locations where indoor and outdoor infes-tations are breeding or gaining access to structures. The use of commercial traps is an important first step in determining the extent and severity of the problem. Traps can locate sites that need corrective measures. Traps have never been shown to be effective in controlling cockroaches, especially German cockroaches. Trap counts provide a quantitative mechanism upon which to base treatments and evaluate the success of the IPM programme. Trapping can also reduce unnecessary treatments and thereby reduce the amount of insecticides applied.
•The development of a community action plan is necessary, so that the tenants, landlords and proprietors actively participate in the IPM programme. The tenant’s assistance and cooperation in removing clutter, food and water sources and in permitting access to their flats is essential. For example, treating infested appliances is essential to prevent cockroaches from moving between flats when tenants move. The other participants, such as landlord or caretaker, have responsibility for maintaining and repairing the structure and surrounding property and for providing adequate trash removal. Also, personnel responsible for repairing structural deficiencies and for treating cockroach infestations must provide tenants and landlords with progress reports and positive feed-back.
•Control strategies should involve: prevention (built-in pest control); elimination of potential pest harbourages, such as clutter and cracks and crevices and voids; and pre-ventionof cockroach movement across common pipes and conduits. The application of non-repellent dusts to voids should be repeated when flats are refurbished between occupancies. In addition to improving living conditions, structural repairs help reduce potential cockroach harbourages and movement within buildings. Cleaning and sanita-tioncan be important in removing harbourage sites and sources of food and water. This is especially important in multifamily dwellings, where cockroaches can rapidly spread and the tenants do not feel directly responsible for the problem.
•When necessary, applications of insecticidal sprays, dusts and gel baits should be applied to cracks, crevices and voids where cockroaches harbour. Non-repellent insecticides should be used to avoid scattering cockroaches and slow-acting baits might be used indoors whenever possible to improve the control of early instars. When possible, contai-nerized baits should be used, especially in extremely sensitive situations, such as schools and health care facilities. Applications should be made to minimize potential exposure to people and pets. Insecticides should only be applied where warranted, by monitoring with traps or visual inspections.
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