would earry the' same amount of' eleCtrinity as nearl;r~'t1tl'\ 'pounds of

E/ CN .1AI MJj J.rj 2fj

Page 68 "

1,600

lan.

of ne.r oonstruction and a capital cost of about $180 milli.6n.

This project as

"ell

'aeall others concerning roads and inlandq,ater ways affect movementsbetweetJ.' eOuntriesand require determina.tion

'of

polit:lies co-operatively 'between the affected governments. Since 'use' of aluminium' is one of the demonstrable' and important ways of improv-ing the transport system,the subject deserves joint consideratior! by the transport and road agencies of the goverhmen,s,

Al~nium

and electrification ptogrammes

77. Iri' countrie~ having a high deg;ee of electrification; a.luminium used

fo~

conductor and other products related to\eleotrification has

'..':.-become a principal market. The other products'incitide such iteins as motors, generators, transformers', capacitors, coriduit pipe or tubes, air conditioning and

refriger~ti~

units. In'the United States, the electrical field is the third largest makret for aluminium. By contrast, in the developing country of India where electrification is a major

programme of the government along with the repla.eementofcopper, imports by domestic aluminium, the,field of electrification and related electrical produots has· becomeS the leading consumer of aluminium.

78. The principal tise or aluminium in the electrificatiori field 'is for conductor on transinisi,lion and distribution lines. Thetota,l costs of such lines includlng the oable or wire, the insulators, the other hardware, and the transmission towers is considerably less with.

aluminium than with'copper conductor due to the weight saVings.

Although for equal volume, aluminium is

o~e~third

the weight,of eopper, for equaL electrioal conductivity,the alumit.lium' conductor must be thicker and is about half the weight of the copper conductOr.

At 1964 prices a: pound o:f aluminium costing US

244/l"

in crude form

._w·.··_ • • _ .. ,-:--;:-,..- - 1 " ' - - - " - ,.- "',_:;-~"" -;":'-7-:'--" , " ; ~'[(-';, "-i"1--" .

would earry the' same amount of' eleCtrinity as

nearl;r~'t1tl'\

'pounds of

~pper,il!l~~i~r'ai.t66";;jdF"ag~, or,'ali'~~~~~~~.f~dllCed, ^",

somewhat;bYi costs of convexsloii-

t:'o~iiire~

."

The'saVi~lOi'-aitiiiiniumover

copper are :further reduced in scme applications by certain additional

F/CN .14/

AS/rr/2/j Page 69

oosts, such as the need in high voltage transmission cables to use a steel reinforcement to strengthen the aluminium product. But on

balanc~, the economae.s of alumini;l;lIll are substantial inznost electricai"

uses.

79.

Where the question of foretED exchangJ: for imports ar-Lses , as in ."

India, aluminium has the addi tional advantage of being a domestj,o product whereasnearIy'a.il 'Ciopper ha{to

bei,rip~rted.

For expected imports of copper lri'lndia for 1965 on the orde; of 100,000 metric tons, the foreign e;tohangerequirements would be roughly US$75 million.

Much of this

oan

be saved by 'thec·ul t,L'IiJ'ate use of domestic aluminium product:s~ lii'addition to the gcve:rxim'ent's savings, to the consumer substantial economies also take place in India even though the costs and prioes'?:f,d9n'es1;ic aluminium are'cOnsiderably higher than imported alUmin;lum.• .'

80. In Afr-ica as a.'whcile, both aluminium and copper are produced aluminiUlllHn·lhe CaJl!,eroun today .ind ~hortlY in bhana,and copper principally'rin,:li.!lQ',Congo, Zarhb±a, and Rhodesia..· Electrical gI'ade coppex.:.silitsble for· conductor is made only in Zambda , The former

FederstiQl!iof Rhodesia,GandN,yasaland asked the copper producers whether

'. \"

they would offer 'a' dome'stic price of'copp~r, lower than the' wQrl~

price, in orde;r,:t'd stia'tai'ri'consumption in electrical conduotor. The companies we~e' unable to comply with this request,

and

as a re~ult aluminium is now used exclusively in transmiSSion and

di~~ib~tion

conductor up to the point o:fconnexion '~ith the meters of customers

. .. . ,

throughout Rhcdesia and Zambia. Thesanie practice is followed by the privately owned power company serving KenYa. The conductor wire and cable is'illlported into East ,Africa, some from South Africa and most

, '

from other count.ci ss , esp!jcially from"Canada.

" ,-,-. - " , ~ '

'81. Within the time limitations of this report, it has not been possible to analyze. t4e small .annua.l rresent consumption in Africa and individual countries of aluminium and copper electrical _conduo~or, the oountry sources and relationships. The over-all demand for

'-,)

EV,CN.14!

^AS!J,.I!2!^j

Pag1l70' "

electrical conduotor in Afrioa willgxoW"as eleotrif:i,qation P+'0ceEl¢s,'"

.- " .- . y " ,.' - " . ' .... ', ,.:. ~

even though the demand is rest'ticted by the lqw Ii"!,cam- taC9.l1SwnP-,·, ,_ • -: s...~ .\' ~. '_,_I ~ -'. '..'

tion of electricity,. the smal.L radius for ind:i,viduaJ,.g.eneration"a.nd ..

!: ::'..:: '':: ..:;:: ',:':, T ,'.'.;:,~ _,1: L ;. .;... . -; , •. ,;- '" . . . .

transm1ssion systems, and thei~ confinement generally to urban and special industriaJ. load centres. Th" oonstruction of individual

hyd'ro,,,lectri<lal projects at

attistan6~

'from J.oau'cientres wi,ll a d d " , to theoidemand foroonductor)'jjiifthe major market potential in' the .','".

- - ^') :.:

longr'Uh' rests in

T"'~\'J'lng1<tj{if

^A'fi-ican ^JOeI' oapitai:ncome and ':the

"\,-associated' oonsumpj;ibn 'Oi'ele'6't:ricity "hen power lines spr-aad over

•,C,:[ ; -,.:

the;corrtdncrrt', d,'"

82. On the

contine~{~J.

scale of ,Africa, the demand, for

transm~sFl.ion

:~~:', "

conductcr

is limited by the small.

ccnsumpt.Lon,

Me'!sured by ki:~owatt

houts per square kil~~eter, the' average for,the,cp~tinent^of A~i~

of1420lOrh is

ab~ui ~>ij._'p~.'£,2~;;i

^that

~fF;:n~e ~hiCh

in tur!} is close to the European a<rerage)/ The ocnaumptrton Eer capi

t~

^{in kwh in}

Afri-ea;,':ttl·1961 lIaS 165, but half :tlie:"populati6ritised less than 35 kwh

r-per r-perS-Orl.' For' the' ..odd as

""hole;'

^the J>~rcaEitaconsumpt,i,0n wa,s 800 kwl1ih 19'e5U:s!,Mtfst oithe

J\.f~i6'anpopu1atiDn

^{is at}

th~ e8.rli~~t

stage of needing andpayj.ng for eleo"triCit:r, re'luiringoniy ;

~e:Whours

of,61ectr2:ci':iy oit 111gh:"

fo"~

lighting '&n:a. "radio. Ho;"ever,

~~~tai~o~~ump

tion of:.eleetrict'b'y for' all uses is gIowing at a ra'oe that",

w~uld'

dO';l;ble consUlllptioi!°"everj:8 "1:

9'

:reaz-s.: The 'e.reas where transmission conductor.. ^,',:-)

,

;

demand w·\ilT _gr'J~~ the earJlaot- ar-e

"whb::c

iridustrj.es railroad electricHicatioL maY'be'l,.dopted}J

will grow, and where

'.'_'.L; ;

Economj.c Commission for Africa, The 3ituation Trends Blld Pros :If Electric Povcr S1:..pply·in"l.~rica'\E CN.14 EP.}, Part III, 1 1963) p.5.

Ibid, (E/CN.lA/NF/?> , Part

II,

30'usust1963), Pl'. 14~15.c Ibid, Par-t II.

cts September

-'.'.--'-F/

CN .14/AS/ II/ 2/j.

Page 71

83.

In African courrt iLea .,he:ce per capica and. total consumption' 'of electricity are high, industries make the largest demanus. Where total and..indi',idual use of electricity are Lov , industry is much less imBq!,.~~.~.+,~ ~~._t a fc~·; .:ourrtr-L_{'~:,:, ~} one ~_!1d.t'.s-Gry may be responsi ble for most of tile. power development, as in the Cameroun where a single aluminiu.m smelte=, absorbs

9 5

per cent of the national electric supply, and i~ fe.~bia where ind.u~t:ry·takes

90

per cent, largely due to copper' smel ting)! Thareiorej .siPlicial .industrial development is the easiest direction fOT prom~t~pe la~ge increases in powar consumption, and at the same time in making avp.ilable additional power at low cost for other users. The Volta scheme in Ghana and the Kariba project i~

Zambia-Rhodesia are the outstanding examples. The aluminium industry is making 'the Volt~ yowor project possible, and tho copper industry made the Kariba project :PQ:3:3i'.Jleo T!:te Volta projec';; involves the construction of 500 miles of high voltage transmission lines to serve southern Ghane as "ell '18 the alwninium ~.melter. Tlhe Kariba project

required the cous tc-uo ta on o:f 935 :niles of high voltage }ines, 330: KV. .'c c

84.

A study for the ~CA anticipates that railroad electrification

m~ become increasingly economic in parts of ~frica. At present, only 7 per-

c~nt

^{of the}

cO~:l-~:i..:';jc:.:~tal

rail mileage ts eleotrified,Y Most of this ll'i10agB is in No:!:'th and South Africa. One-sixth of the South African mileage ].s eLectr.ic , 1'h" EGA. r-epor-t observed that among E?,s-", r\"f:;:'~.r·4,.-.:l. c()ny~trj.,s3,·Xe!."\{a. lJ1.igt...t 1:2 appr0auhing the point

where the voluene of f",eight traffio'uould makG electrification feasible.

85.

Co-ope~'aticn bG"l;wecn African governments is indispensable for the maximum de','elopment of eloctric

pcu~rgeneration,

"Lndustrial.development,

11

Supra, Part II, pp. 4, 18.

~ Supra, Pa~t ¹¹ J P?~ 7~ 8~ 2nd 3?~

ry

^{CN .14/AS/}

II/2/

Page

72

and railroad e Le ctr-i f'Lc a ti on. SOIDa pow"". 1'"'U j sc ta , such as the Kari be

as Kariba ancL t,he IlJ.'OrOiied Icga project 1,.1 tb,-~ Congo

are on rivers that aro boundaries for tw9

or

on the Zarnbezi River,

more countries. Some projects are sO large in their potential ,such (Leopold.yiJ,le).

that they require transmission lines to serve markets in more than one oountry. Where railroads to be electrified go through ncr-e t.han one country, again international co-operation is roquired. In Eaet Africa ..

interconnexions of transmission lines exist between Zambia and the cong-oC

LaoPoJ.dv~:!.le)

ⁱ Kenya and Uganda and Tanzania; and Rhodesia

~.;.,' , i . ' , .,J .

and South Africa and lVIoJ';e.mbique. The Kari be project and relat.ed

transmission system.seryes both Rhodesia and Zambia._. " .,- . , ^. _. .

86. Power.. de-.oolopmont , pe.rtj.cularly when re12_ted to internaticina.i river .,.:iYc:J,sins:_J is oue of the most cuts tanddng instances where" co-o'pera.-:

tion between goveITments produoes far more benefit" than unilateral developments. A treaty.bavNeen Canada and the United States that went into effect in 1%4· is making possiblo ·developments of the

Columbia River in both countries for extremely low cost power, flood oontro,l, and nell indu.3tries that would otherwise have been impossible·

to aohieve •. For s.i.mi.Laz- reasons, the United Nations has sponsored the "

co-operation of' SOcltha ..sc .\siatic countries in investigations of' the Mekong Ri.ver bas i.n , In East Africa, tho Karibe, project vas possible only because of the common interests and oo:-iginal political uni

t:t

of the Fedl?1~n,~~"On ^(;i.. F.ho0.C.S":.L and ~Jy..:..~;:'l..j.and5 and the lat8r contLnued

participation of ",:':at.:;.s 1I0W Zambia and Rhodesia, Further developments on the _Za:llb~zi :,.'j;;"'-0...l.' ocu'l.d ,j,lso require co ..-opsz-at ion vri th Mozamba que, The Nile River basin is another international stream, some developmel)ts of which b.kew{seinvolvo 'oho interests of more than one government, such as the··possible diversion of waters for irrigation and power into the Danakil depression of Ethiopia.

• E/ CN .14!AS! n!2fj

Page

n

liT;· QUESTIONS OF AFRICAN GaVERNNENT POLICIES TOWARDS ALUMlN IUM,·.•I

Semi~fabricationplants ana factori@s

d ' ,

1. tt'has not' seemed necessary to,. dislJUSB what ai z ea-and loc.ation a. of alumiriium processing plants may develop in Ai'rica. Such plar.tsare -alr~1iay Welld:istributed in Afrioancountries and will o{)n.tinu~ to

spread. "TTfrt3y generally locate near the largest consuming 'cen t"'et!),;f')+,', two 'ma'in reasons',

(a) to save the high oosts of transporting 'the product'to the

,-It;: .'

..iusers,

^-and

;'1.[.~i ' . i

(b) to be able to give better servioe

by

personal dealings with users.

Aluminium. processing plants.havebeen report~d in 17 African oountries (Chapter III - par

7),

and there may be others not reported. Further-more, factories that.c..liafidle.Qtb.&. materials ma'C. be processing ;<luminium although no t- count ed.as aluminium plants.

2 • . Allover

the

li~r1d,in developed and less developedoo\lntries-,·

sma'll ill\uhiniUm fa'bFicating plants are successfully established with capliilitill'S of a'fewhundreff' or a few thousand tons per year (Appendix

Band''Table:B-2).· Investments canIre $50,000 to $500,000 -and

employ-'.. I ; ' · - . ' "

-ment between 15 and 100 persons' liC th'e smaller plants •

.- ;. ','

-,

^. ^, ,-,-,-^",' . '

3. Although the trend in industriiHzed coun't.r Les istowardsplallts of

lari;:erc~;~Cities, mill~

^{of 5,000}

~'o

¹⁰^,000 tons capaci,tyafe also

.'... , , ' ._ . '""',' rr':1.. i.",\1 _,~_ ^_:. ^{, ' ,}

econom i.oa.L \<s:(pg .the new continuous casting processes for sheet -andliire plan

t~ (A.P;e~di~·[B, ~;'.l}-i

^7). .' .•...••.

4. It wculd alsqhave l~ttle meaning to S~~~S~ today the fut~e

location of pl~ts of specific capacity for specific products, assum-ing a mini~um consumption in Africa by 1980 of 114~OOOmetric^{lons per} year. Tho most practical d.ivision of capacity cannct be a'ltiCi:pated as

. Co, , " , -. ' : . " 1 , ":',.) ,':.. __ . > : ,

between rolled pro_ducts, extrusions, wire' and cable, - and other forms •

.".-,-)'

A single plant may well produce more than one of th~se'categoriGs.

,

CN .14/ AS/ III 2/

Page 74

The capacity cf _~ach'plant will always be flexible and, capable of up to

3

times a one-shift basis,depending',on'the number of shifts in 24 hours. Finally, the projection of 114,000 metric tons based on an assumed groes domestic product is not a valid target rorAf'ri'iJa;----X"

nitichlargerfigure may be achievable if African governments reeognize' the values -of a.Ium.in ium'<end 'encourage its use. If they do this:in'a common o~operative programme, thiOy will also have a basis fo:rd£souss-in~LBome allocation of"capaoity between thec~operatingcountrieg"lf they are not satisfied with the distribution that results from decisiorts of private ente~pri~e.

5.

It is not necessary to rely upon private enterprise exclusively or largely"but tqe willingness of private capital to expand aluminium fabrication can reduce the demand for public funds, bad+yneeded for many other purposes. Government joint ventures with private capital also are possible, as illustrated in Ghana, Guinea, and Venezuela.

~"'

Tar iff's; special" taxes, and commOn market polioies

6. As oon sumpt aon expands in all Afrioa, every country can ",xpect to have' orte or mor-e 'p1aiHs'engaging either in semi...fabrication or end-pr-oduot niartUfaotui"'.,,1Vnder tnesec±roumstances, th" most important pr obLem

r'Or the

Af'rican governmeri'ts'i;' to make sure that their 'tariff policias' encourage alUminium semi-fabrication,;lli\d,~'preferablyWithin a common market • . A common market polioywUl"not' 'interfere wi th 'the probabili ty that each country will Obtain some,alum:\l:>i1Pll fabr;i,9,ation as,),,!-,oonsequence of the economies of l,?oation!'[¥'"a>;j;he con sum.ing.

,o~ntre&. ~ut a oommon market p9~iey wo~ld prpt~pt all domestic, manufaoturers against periodic prioe outting or; "dump ing" from othe+'

.

^, ^,- ^{' . -} ^" ^,- ^'

oountries. Such prioe practices'would discourage the domestio

manu-. 'j,:1..

facture that the Afri0an oountries want to build up.

+ ; ," . . ~'._.l.;;

7

~ For eJSa,,\ple, in. 1959corrugatedalUlllin+.um"sheet was offered at"

Mombasl', Kenya, from thel,Tni,ted Kingdom at "". delivered pTice of

" . . ^,,'....^' ^- . - , - '.. '

;[,,2.29 •.l0.0d. per long _tp~w,llen the UK price. W:1l.S _~)Verf.336 per long .t.em".,.

Also" ~J,~inium oircleswer,! offered in Mombasa from F;uropean sourl'es

, ' j ' . :',~

This situation would

dest~~y' ,E/CNi.i4/A S/ ¹ I/'2/

Page 75 .. . ;

a't;,.,be't;weE!l:l, f,235.a,nd~45 per.·:!;ong,i;qn.whell. flomest:\,opripes,ip W,estern. \ ,:E'w',opeanLQ{luntri,,~:s ,wer;-e.\l;€!t'fJe'il'l,.",29,6.1p"Od:"J and±.4D9 .14.8,0. •.:par10ng'\'J -wp'y'"Jl:g-i\:in .p,mapufapi;u;rer:qf,a;lull1;iniU1llut llHl?fU S

.W j:Etl1i~p~a,rep?Fts;

tha;j;·befQPe ./1:f!·,es.tabli~hE!d~is;-p,lp.l1,;t.i:inAd,jiis;l\.b'l1:li>;in 1963,

Jp..s

wipe of import ed

u,ten;si1s:

wascomllLOn1ll".apoutPS1l2',OQ peri<g.A:t:tar :hiB,^{' J '} plant began to pr oduqe , the prices of imported utensils droppd sharply

:'~.!::r~J':'~_'~ .;,-':f~__ :-',,: ,:~',-_,~:) ':r.cl. ;?:~f)_~_."'" ;,' 'i., _. :', ;,:

to $1.28 and then $1.10 per kg~ below his oost of production. These

" , ," :."i. ;. .-',::; ~L: :.,+,.i-':: 'J}tl),::e;l ':';: •. ::,,-:

imports came particularly from H~ng Kong, India, Hungary and Mainland

r, " ; " _,:', .. '".,::. " . : ' ":,,'."-!::"::).. :,.: 'I","; .. :' • . ''''; .:: ' , ' . ' ,,' v ,'. -,,,._",j:::

China. The Ethiopian Government originally promised this manufacturer

suffici~t t~riff'protecti·on.

^Untii

thi~ i~

granted, the illustration'

-""', . ';.~.\ '-!l~t --.,.~." _ " -','.

shows the importance .of a prompt and an effective polioy. Otherwi;~,

1" '-Ij.1:; ,c': '1,.;...· ..r

domesti,c manufacture will be discouraged

:::,:',:.1::l ' L ' ,~,\.. ...., " '-' ': ..:

operate indefinitely at a loss.

8 • Again , in ",rder 1;0 ".~courage a company to establish in Ghana an

,..__ 'iL""'--,' ;;c,. ".i:::,L ':''1 ^!., • . ' , , - _ ~:T: • ~ ' . '

aluminium building sheet plant using imported coil, a tariff arrangement

.:" ,r;,:,:;.[', ~ ,...-,:.1 ~ . "1' ~"'." - ;-0" ~ r ':

was adopted by the Government in 1959. This was necessary because

T ,:: .: " . . " l~"" . , .: ':: ' . ' " "

imports ,of build:iIjg sheet were coming .into West Africa often at prices i;c;er

~ent'to

⁴⁰

per~ent

^below

thos':"~i\he~porting

^count;;'y,

~d'

'O_~;:·'_jr:..,"":;~:," -, --,. . . , ,- . -;.- '--~, '- ~,> ::': ':: ",' ,J,.,;-': ,': ~.

there was no an.ti-dumping legislation in Ghana. Furthermore, the

' .. , ;- . _',' i -- ' , ' . ' " .;,.; ." ~ -t.: " ,

pr-o spect s for ~~'elling aluminium weI' e b'~irig impaired by inten~iv~ impc)"rt

···~c - '-·-:".r, "'~'~'~l"l·J:', ' .! :'-,,,.,_,,,c.,,_-_'-;>-,j:i~

competition selling thinner gauges of pcorer quality of roofing sheets that could not give dependable service.

cont'iderid;;

df

cu~t6mers ⁱⁿ the product; Thei::lhlina Goverrimeri t a I'so wallted to enCcitiragethe company to 'build up enough busfnes's"so'tMtwhen tliEi' ll<ll'ta'.'alU1llinium srr!elter'cam~cmiooperati6ti, the company would

"buY "

in!iot'from thesIriel terand oonver-t it" illto sheet for ftirth& precessing.

This ...en bur e has 'now sucoeeded and, alongwith~other 'ithelpecFplac:eGhanaamong the lead.ersin.Af£ica in

'Hon 6f'hUrii'fn±uIn.

Governmen t p<'lioies, per' capita

constimp-- r: ,constimp-- " _• _i

',:,.

Ken.,,!,: Alum;iJjli)llIl.l1)dustrial ,Harks, July 28 and August 28, 1959.

Mombasa, and Light Metals. (L9ndon),

9.

The Government of Nigeria als(jcadopted a modeat"tilriff' of

15

per cent to enoourage the same cbmp!lily'

to

^establish

^{a small}

utensil factory of 300 tons capacity. ThispolieY' iTI-'evented· extrem~ price cuttingol'rOJn other countries and at the same time'protected"'t'he Nigerian consumer-agaiilst beiilg charged. unfair high prices by the new producer.

10 • . 4ternal tariffs onaome aluminium produots for certain East African

, .

.

countries are given in Table V-i. The former British coloniea and

~cdeaia have a common market policy for aluminium and admit each other's pr oduets free

Of

duty and without quotas. Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania propo.se oin general to impose quotas between themselves, under the

!UlJnl'~laagreement

^of

^1964,

to help deficit countries to b:;"ild U p ' i i

r. J

productive capacity, but whether this policy will affect aluminium -'.r 'J~.''[r,

products is not yet known.

11" rt, will be potedtha t ,except for. Ethiopia, in eo far as aluminium productspo,meinto a)lthese countries from the United Kingdom, and

. .' ." . -. . ,

from self-gov.erniilg .countries of the llritish Commonwealth and British colonies and protectorates, aluminium products are admitted duty free.

The result is that the use of aluminium as such is in no way disoouraged- . ' . ;..!

by duties._f,_ill. On the high regardless of a Iumdn Lum ,

other hand, the duties imposed by Ethiopia are very exporting souroes, and do not encourage the use' of

,'-j ':';';

12. In view of ·the common intro:estof African coun tri\>s in obtaining the ,benefits of ,greater aluminium consumption, the need is .apparent for a.vun If'or-m t.ariff and trade polioy toenoourage the use of aluminium.

'·Also "in order to proteotand encourage semi-fabrication within each i'·-countrY;""itis desirable to modify the tariff structure so that the

tal'if'f r:i,s.ell_:~ig,'amount ,.ad.'valorem, as each Sltage .of processing advances, and so that the raw materials can be imported at zero or smallest duties.

13. Along with an encouraging tariff polioy, African oountries should ,adopt a system of internal taxes that does not discourage the use of

aluminium as compar-ed to other materials. In'IridLa , this problem

emerged when in

1960

the government imposed an excise levy of

10

per cent

Ej

CN .14/AS/II/2/ j.

Page 77

on aluminium but not on copper, even though the government Was trying to encourage the displacement .9f imported copper with domestically produced aluminium.

14. I t is tho:E.."f'?.=s._':~,:£!:'!:'.f~dedthat those African countries suffi-ciently interested undertake a. conf er-enc e on the subject of aluminium developmerlt and the adoption of consistent ta±iIf ,and other trade polioies related to alumillium, and that thsy.seek the participation of other African countries.

TABLE IV-l

External tariffs ^OT' import duties ⁰¹¹ some aluminium produots-seleoted~st-African oountries,

'1965

(Per oent ael valorem)

Country Ingot Sheet

CO:'.'rugated Flet Circles Ethiop ia . (Melis Ababa) •••

381P

^N.A. ⁴²

'f)I

.N.A.

KellYa

...

^'. ^.'. free' 30

%

^{33 1/3%} ^{33 1/3%}

Tanzania ••••-. •• c , •••••••

-

^o . 'free. 30

%

^{33 1/3%} 33 1/3% ,

"Uganela

...

^free' 30

%

21

Based on US U6 per 100 kg. equivalent to 22 per oent on ourrent price of about Bit per kg; plus.,J.2 per oent Federation tax, plus

Dans le document Africa and the aluminum industry (Page 75-90)