Cooperation between national regulatory bodies

A utilização da radiação tem uma série de vantagens ligada aos processos de EF, o que pode tornar-los cada vez mais eficientes e competitivos. A primeira vantagem está relacionada com a maior velocidade de mineralização do poluente orgânico através da fotodescarboxilação de espécies de Fe(III) carboxilato (reação 14), juntamente com a regeneração de Fe2+ e produção de •OH a partir da fotólise de FeOH2+ (reação 15). No processo de foto eletro-Fenton são utilizadas lâmpadas UVA (315 a 400 nm), UVB (280-315 nm) e UVC (< 280 nm), dependendo do comprimento de onda da radiação, os poluentes podem ser degradados por diferentes mecanismos (MOREIRA et al., 2017), as reações 14 e 15 acontecem sob radiação UV-vis. A aplicação de radiação UVC pode gerar uma quantidade adicional de •OH através da decomposição homolítica do H2O2 (reação 16). A utilização de

lâmpadas no FEF ocasiona altos valores de custo energético, este fato pode ser eliminado aplicando processo solar foto eletro Fenton (SFEF). O uso da radiação solar a custo zero torna

o processo muito atraente em regiões com alto índice de radiação solar. Atualmente, as pesquisas estão vinculadas principalmente à utilização de plantas piloto acopladas com painéis fotovoltaicos, o que torna o processo ainda mais viável economicamente, pois diminui o valor energético que as células eletroquímicas consomem no process (figura 3) (GARCIA- SEGURA; BRILLAS, 2014; THIAM et al., 2015).

Fe(OOCR•)2+ + hν → Fe2+ + CO2 + R• (14)

FeOH2+ + hν → Fe2+ + •OH (15)

H2O2 + hν → 2 •

OH (16)

Na literatura se encontram vários estudos com os processos de FEFS bem sucedidos na descontaminação de pesticidas/herbicidas (FLOX et al., 2007; GARCIA-SEGURA et al., 2011; GARZA-CAMPOS et al., 2014; GOZZI et al., 2017), fármacos (SKOUMAL et al., 2009; ALMEIDA et al., 2011; ISARAIN-CHÁVEZ et al. 2011; EL-GHENYMY, et al., 2013; GARCIA-SEGURA et al., 2014; OLVERA-VARGAS et al., 2015; ZHANG et al., 2016; PÉREZ et al., 2017), corantes (RUIZ et al., 2011; MOREIRA et al., 2013; THIAN et al., 2015). GARCIA-SEGURA e BRILLAS (2016) realizaram experimentos de SFEF com uma planta de fluxo solar de 10 L com uma célula Pt/difusão de ar acoplada a um fotorreator CPC. O método foi viável para combustão de soluções ácidas de corantes têxteis monoazo, diazo e triazo. A descoloração e mineralização dependem do número de ligações azo, pois aumenta o númeto de subprodutos recalcitrantes. O aumento da densidade de corrente acelerou a mineralização de todos os poluentes, mas causou a queda da eficiência de corrente de mineralização (ECM) devido às reações parasitárias do •OH. Foi proposta uma rota de degradação para cada corante estudado.

ESPINOZ, et al. (2016) estudaram a mineralização completa do corante ácido amarelo 42 em uma planta piloto, constituída por uma célula de filtro, que contém um elétrodo de diamante dopado com boro e um cátodo de difusão de ar, acoplado com um fotorreactor solar de 8 litros. O processo de sFEF depende diretamente da densidade de corrente aplicada, da concentração de Fe2+ usada como catalisador e da intensidade da radiação solar. Além disso, alguns produtos intermediários formados durante a mineralização do corante, tais como íons inorgânicos, ácidos carboxílicos e compostos aromáticos, foram determinados por métodos fotométricos e cromatográficos. Uma via de oxidação é proposta para a conversão completa em CO2. A degradação de 2,5 L do corante alimentício Altura red, foi estudada por THIAM et

cátodo de difusão de ar. O tratamento SFEF mais eficiente foi encontrado para 460 mg L-1 do corante azoíco em Na2SO4 0,05 M a 50 mA cm-2, o que gerou 95% de mineralização com

81% de eficiência de corrente. Foram identificados 16 intermediários aromáticos e 11 ácidos carboxílicos, detectados por GC-MS e HPLC. SALAZAR et al. (2011) avaliaram a comparação entre os processos EF e SFEF, no tratamento de soluções sintéticas dos corantes vermelho disperso 1 e amarelo disperso 3, em uma planta de fluxo de 2,5 litros equipada com anodo de BDD e cátodo de carbono-PTFE. A mineralização completa foi alcançada com o processo SFEF mais potente devido ao efeito adicional da luz solar, produzindo maiores eficiências de corrente e menores consumos de energia do que o EF. Os ácidos carboxílicos finais como piruvico, acético, oxálico e oxâmico foram detectados durante o tratamento. Os processos SFEF foram os que obtiveram melhores resultados, dentre os estudados na literatura, o uso da radiação solar natural e renovável torna o processo atraente e economicamente viável.

Fonte : GARCIA-SEGURA e BRILLAS, 2014

Figura 3. Planta pré-piloto solar autônomo utilizada para o processo SFEF constituida de (1)

Reservatório, (2) bomba centrífuga de acionamento magnético, (3) medidor de vazão, (4) bomba de ar, (5) reator eletroquímico tipo filtro-prensa (6) painel solar fotovoltaico (7) componentes parabólicos compostos solares ( CPCs) (8) trocadores de calor.

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