Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire, obtenus par l’utilisation d’approches comparatives et expérimentales, ont mis en évidence (i) que les introductions d’espèces peuvent avoir des impacts sur la biodiversité à plusieurs échelles spatiales (P1, P2 et P3 ; Figure 11) et (ii) que des filtres abiotiques et/ou anthropiques associés à différentes échelles spatiales conditionnent la richesse et la composition locale et régionale en espèces non natives de poissons d’eau douce (P1, P4 et P5 ; Figure 12). De plus, les résultats confirment que l’étude, à différentes échelles spatiales, du processus dynamique que constituent les introductions d’espèces, peut contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de ses effets sur la biodiversité (P1, P2 et P3) et nous aider à identifier des stratégies les plus adaptées (P1, P2 et
P5).
Echelle régionale
Bassin hydrographique
Impact des espèces non natives (P3):
Augmentation de la diversité alpha du pool régional d’espèces mais diminution
de la diversité beta (c.-à-d. une homogénéisation taxonomique) Etendue Résolution Echelle Echelle locale : Station ou tronçon de rivière
Impact des espèces non natives (P1 et P2):
P1: Déclin d’une espèce endémique menacée d’extinction (mécanisme : prédation/compétition) P2 : Perturbation de l’efficacité de prédation d’une espèce native (mécanisme : interférence comportementale)
Echelle régionale
Bassin hydrographique
Impact des espèces non natives (P3):
Augmentation de la diversité alpha du pool régional d’espèces mais diminution
de la diversité beta (c.-à-d. une homogénéisation taxonomique) Etendue Résolution Echelle Echelle locale : Station ou tronçon de rivière
Impact des espèces non natives (P1 et P2):
P1: Déclin d’une espèce endémique menacée d’extinction (mécanisme : prédation/compétition) P2 : Perturbation de l’efficacité de prédation d’une espèce native (mécanisme : interférence comportementale)
Figure 11 : Schéma synthétique de l’impact des espèces non natives de poissons d’eau douce
Echelle régionale Bassin hydrographique Richesse en espèces non natives (P5) : Filtre anthropique (richesse économique) Composition en espèces non natives (P4):
Filtre abiotique (climat) Filtre anthropique Etendue Résolution Echelle Echelle locale : Station ou tronçon de rivière Composition en espèces non natives (P1): Filtre abiotique : perturbations hydrologiques Echelle régionale Bassin hydrographique Richesse en espèces non natives (P5) : Filtre anthropique (richesse économique) Composition en espèces non natives (P4):
Filtre abiotique (climat) Filtre anthropique Etendue Résolution Echelle Echelle locale : Station ou tronçon de rivière Composition en espèces non natives (P1): Filtre abiotique : perturbations hydrologiques
Figure 11 : Schéma synthétique des différents résultats obtenus durant cette thèse montrant l’existence de « filtres abiotiques et/ou anthropiques » conditionnant la richesse et la composition des d’espèces non natives de poissons d’eau douce à différentes échelles spatiales
Certains résultats obtenus durant cette thèse (plus particulièrement P1) indiquent que les espèces invasives peuvent être directement impliquées dans le déclin de populations natives. Pourtant le rôle direct des invasions biologiques dans l’érosion de la biodiversité est aujourd’hui remis en cause (p.ex. Gurevitch & Padilla 2004) et fait l’objet d’un débat parmi les écologues (p.ex. Ricciardi 2004 ; Clavero & Berthou 2005 ; Didham et al. 2005 ; Sagoff 2005 ; Simberloff 2005 ; Light & Marchetti 2007). Un des principaux arguments est que les invasions biologiques ne seraient qu’une conséquence indirecte des modifications d’habitats, lesquelles seraient les principales causes de l’érosion de la biodiversité. A mon sens, ce débat ne peut pas trouver de réponses constructives car la modification des habitats et les invasions biologiques sont des processus concomitants, qui interagissent dans leurs effets sur la
biodiversité (voir P1 ; Mitchell et al. 2006 ; Didham et al. 2007). En effet, les modifications d’habitats et les invasions biologiques peuvent avoir des effets interactifs de type additif, synergique ou antagoniste (P1) sur les espèces natives et sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes (voir Didham et al. 2007). Ainsi, l’étude indépendante de l’une de ces deux causes de l’érosion de la biodiversité ne peut que surestimer ou sous-estimer leur impact respectif. La compréhension de l’effet combiné des invasions biologiques et des modifications d’habitats sur la biodiversité (en particulier suite aux changements climatiques et d’occupation des sols) représente ainsi un enjeu majeur pour les écologues et les gestionnaires des milieux naturels. Une approche associant des travaux à différentes échelles spatiales, de l’échelle locale (par le biais d’expérimentations) à l’échelle globale (par le biais de techniques de modélisation et de systèmes d’information géographique), est selon moi la plus adaptée pour répondre à un tel enjeu.
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