61
Chapitre 6 : CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE
Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont permis de démontrer qu’EDUF est un procédé sélectif qui a permis une migration des peptides cationiques deux fois supérieure à celle de peptides anioniques et que la concentration en peptide dans la solution d’alimentation a un effet sur l’efficacité du système. Un maximum d’efficacité en termes de productivité et de consommation énergétique a été obtenu avec une concentration optimale de 2% en protéines dans l’hydrolysat de départ.
Les principales limites et les contraintes de ce travail ont été de n’avoir pas déterminé les acides aminés libres qui permettraient de déterminer leur sélectivité avec l’augmentation de la concentration et d’identifier quel acide aminé colmate les membranes CEM. L’autre limite est de ne pas avoir utilisé plusieurs souches bactériennes pour la détermination de l’activité antimicrobienne.
De ce fait, les perspectives de recherche à la suite de ce travail seront de :
-Proposer une nouvelle configuration électrodialytique soit d’inverser les membranes échangeuses d’ions afin d’éviter le colmatage des membranes CEM.
-De faire une séparation électromembranaire avec tous les paramètres optimisés du procédé EDUF.
-Tester les différentes fractions peptidiques sur une variété de souches bactériennes. -Suivant les résultats obtenus, la séparation et l’identification des peptides de fractions particulièrement actives pourront être réalisées par LC-MS.
62
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
Ardö, Ylva, and KR Kristiansen. "Analysis/Chromatographic Methods." In Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 55-62: Academic Press London, UK, 2002.
Aritomi, Masanori, Shirong Zhou, Makoto Nakajima, Yasushi Takeda, Michitsugu Mori, and Yuzuru Yoshioka. "Measurement System of Bubbly Flow Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor and Video Data Processing Unit." Journal of nuclear science and technology 33, no. 12 (1996): 915-923.
Bargeman, G., G. H. Koops, J. Houwing, I. Breebaart, H. C. van der Horst, and M. Wessling. "The Development of Electro-Membrane Filtration for the Isolation of Bioactive Peptides: The Effect of Membrane Selection and Operating Parameters on the Transport Rate." Desalination 149, no. 1–3 (2002): 369-374.
Bargeman, Gerrald, Joukje Houwing, Isidra Recio, Geert-Henk Koops, and Caroline van der Horst. "Electro-Membrane Filtration for the Selective Isolation of Bioactive Peptides from an Αs2-Casein Hydrolysate." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 80, no. 6 (2002): 599-609.
Bazinet, L., J. Amiot, J.F. Poulin, D. Labbe, and A. Tremblay. "Process and System for Separation of Organic Charged Compounds." Google Patents, 2008.
Bazinet, Laurent. "Electrodialytic Phenomena and Their Applications in the Dairy Industry: A Review." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 44, no. 7-8 (2005): 525-544.
Bazinet, Laurent, and Loubna Firdaous. "Membrane Processes and Devices for Separation of Bioactive Peptides." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (2009): 61-72.
Beaulieu, Lucie, Jacinthe Thibodeau, Piotr Bryl, and Marie-Élise Carbonneau. "Characterization of Enzymatic Hydrolyzed Snow Crab (Chionoecetes Opilio) by-Product Fractions: A Source of High-Valued Biomolecules." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 13 (2009): 3332-3342.
Bouazza, Aya. "Purification, Caractérisation Et Étude Des Propriétés Immunostimulantes De L'hémocyanine De Crabe Des Neiges, Chinoecetes Opilio." Université Laval, 2009.
63
Brisson, Guillaume. "Étude Des Propriétés Physico-Chimiques De La Lactorferrine Et De Son Fractionnement Par Procédés Membranaires." Université Laval, 2006.
Brisson, Guillaume, Michel Britten, and Yves Pouliot. "Electrically-Enhanced Crossflow Microfiltration for Separation of Lactoferrin from Whey Protein Mixtures." Journal of Membrane Science 297, no. 1–2 (2007): 206-216.
Brogden, Kim A. "Antimicrobial Peptides: Pore Formers or Metabolic Inhibitors in Bacteria?" Nat Rev Micro 3, no. 3 (2005): 238-250.
Bulet, Philippe, Reto Stöcklin, and Laure Menin. "Anti‐Microbial Peptides: From Invertebrates to Vertebrates." Immunological reviews 198, no. 1 (2004): 169-184.
Chen, Guoqiang, Weijie Song, Benkun Qi, Jing Li, Raja Ghosh, and Yinhua Wan. "Separation of Protein Mixtures by an Integrated Electro-Ultrafiltration– Electrodialysis Process." Separation and Purification Technology 147, no. 0 (2015): 32-43.
CHIU, CLOVIS K, and MARK R ETZEL. "Fractionation of Lactoperoxidase and Lactoferrin from Bovine Whey Using a Cation Exchange Membrane." Journal of Food Science 62, no. 5 (1997): 996-1000.
Defer, Diane, and Yannick Fleury Mcf. "Recherche D'activités Antimicrobiennes Chez Des Mollusques Marins. Purification Et Caractérisation Partielle De Peptides Antimicrobiens Isolés À Partir De L'hémolymphe De Crassostrea Gigas Et De Bactéries Associées." Université de Bretagne Sud, 2009.
Doyen, Alain. "Fractionnement D'un Hydrolysat Peptidique De Co-Produits De Crabe Des Neiges Par Électrodialyse Avec Membranes D'ultrafiltration: Impact Des Paramètres Liés Au Procédé Sur La Migration Et La Sélectivité Peptidique." Université Laval, 2011.
Doyen, Alain, Lucie Beaulieu, Linda Saucier, Yves Pouliot, and Laurent Bazinet. "Demonstration of in Vitro Anticancer Properties of Peptide Fractions from a Snow Crab by-Products Hydrolysate after Separation by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membranes." Separation and Purification Technology 78, no. 3 (2011): 321-329.
64
Doyen, Alain, Linda Saucier, Lucie Beaulieu, Yves Pouliot, and Laurent Bazinet. "Electroseparation of an Antibacterial Peptide Fraction from Snow Crab by- Products Hydrolysate by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membranes." Food Chemistry 132, no. 3 (2012): 1177-1184.
Doyen, Alain, Chibuike C Udenigwe, Patricia L Mitchell, André Marette, Rotimi E Aluko, and Laurent Bazinet. "Anti-Diabetic and Antihypertensive Activities of Two Flaxseed Protein Hydrolysate Fractions Revealed Following Their Simultaneous Separation by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membranes." Food Chemistry 145, (2014): 66-76.
Dumay, Justine. "Extraction De Lipides En Voie Aqueuse Par Bioréacteur Enzymatique Combiné À L'ultrafiltration: Application À La Valorisation De Co-Produits De Poisson (Sardina Pilchardus)." Université de Nantes, 2006.
Fernández, Ayoa, and Francisco A. Riera. "Membrane Fractionation of a Β- Lactoglobulin Tryptic Digest: Effect of the Hydrolysate Concentration." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 48 (2012): 15738-15744.
Firdaous, Loubna, Pascal Dhulster, Jean Amiot, Alain Gaudreau, Didier Lecouturier, Romain Kapel, Florence Lutin, Louis-Philippe Vézina, and Laurent Bazinet. "Concentration and Selective Separation of Bioactive Peptides from an Alfalfa White Protein Hydrolysate by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 329, no. 1–2 (2009): 60-67.
Galier, S., and H. Roux-de Balmann. "Electrophoretic Membrane Contactors." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 83, no. 3 (2005): 268-275.
Garem, A., J. Léonil, G. Daufin, and J. Maubois, L. "Nanofiltration of Amino Acids through Organic Membranes: Influence of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Transmembrane Pressure on Selectivity." Lait 76, no. 3 (1996): 267-281.
Gaspar, Diana, A. Salomé Veiga, and Miguel A. R. B. Castanho. "From Antimicrobial to Anticancer Peptides. A Review." Frontiers in Microbiology 4, (2013): 294.
Harris, Frederick, Sarah R. Dennison, Jaipaul Singh, and David A. Phoenix. "On the Selectivity and Efficacy of Defense Peptides with Respect to Cancer Cells." Medicinal Research Reviews 33, no. 1 (2013): 190-234.
65
Jenssen, Håvard, Pamela Hamill, and Robert EW Hancock. "Peptide Antimicrobial Agents." Clinical microbiology reviews 19, no. 3 (2006): 491-511.
Kim, Se-Kwon, and Isuru Wijesekara. "Development and Biological Activities of Marine-Derived Bioactive Peptides: A Review." Journal of Functional Foods 2, no. 1 (2010): 1-9.
Kitts, David D, and Katie Weiler. "Bioactive Proteins and Peptides from Food Sources. Applications of Bioprocesses Used in Isolation and Recovery." Current pharmaceutical design 9, no. 16 (2003): 1309-1323.
Labbé, David, Monica Araya-Farias, Angelo Tremblay, and Laurent Bazinet. "Electromigration Feasibility of Green Tea Catechins." Journal of Membrane Science 254, no. 1–2 (2005): 101-109.
Langevin, Marie-Eve, and Laurent Bazinet. "Ion-Exchange Membrane Fouling by Peptides: A Phenomenon Governed by Electrostatic Interactions." Journal of Membrane Science 369, no. 1–2 (2011): 359-366.
Lapointe, Jean-François, Sylvie F. Gauthier, Yves Pouliot, and Christian Bouchard. "Selective Separation of Cationic Peptides from a Tryptic Hydrolysate of Β- Lactoglobulin by Electrofiltration." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 94, no. 2 (2006): 223-233.
Liu, Zheng, Yin Zhao, Zhongyao Shen, Fuxin Ding, and Naiju Yuan. "Hydrophilic Polymer Enhanced Multichannel Flow Electrophoresis." Separation Science and Technology 32, no. 7 (1997): 1303-1313.
Pihlanto-Leppälä, Anne. "Bioactive Peptides Derived from Bovine Whey Proteins: Opioid and Ace-Inhibitory Peptides." Trends in Food Science & Technology 11, no. 9–10 (2000): 347-356.
Poulin, Jean-François. "Étude Du Fractionnement D'un Hydrolysat Trypsique De B- Lactoglobuline Par Électrodyalise Avec Membrane D'ultrafiltration." Université Laval, 2007.
Poulin, Jean-François, Jean Amiot, and Laurent Bazinet. "Simultaneous Separation of Acid and Basic Bioactive Peptides by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membrane." Journal of Biotechnology 123, no. 3 (2006): 314-328.
66
________. "Impact of Feed Solution Flow Rate on Peptide Fractionation by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membrane." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 6 (2008): 2007-2011.
Roblet, Cyril, Alain Doyen, Jean Amiot, Geneviève Pilon, André Marette, and Laurent Bazinet. "Enhancement of Glucose Uptake in Muscular Cell by Soybean Charged Peptides Isolated by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membranes (Eduf): Activation of the Ampk Pathway." Food Chemistry 147, (2014): 124-130.
Roblet, Cyril Roland. "Fractionnement D'un Hydrolysat De Protéines De Soya: Comparaison Des Technologies Baro-Membranaire (Uf) Et Électro-Membranaire (Éduf) Pour La Collecte De Fractions Bioactives." Université Laval, 2012.
Rutherfurd-Markwick, Kay J. "Food Proteins as a Source of Bioactive Peptides with Diverse Functions." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. S2 (2012): S149-S157.
Rydlo, Tali, Joseph Miltz, and Amram Mor. "Eukaryotic Antimicrobial Peptides: Promises and Premises in Food Safety." Journal of Food Science 71, no. 9 (2006): R125-R135.
Sarkar, Biswajit, Sunando DasGupta, and Sirshendu De. "Electric Field Enhanced Fractionation of Protein Mixture Using Ultrafiltration." Journal of Membrane Science 341, no. 1–2 (2009): 11-20.
Schweizer, Frank. "Cationic Amphiphilic Peptides with Cancer-Selective Toxicity." European Journal of Pharmacology 625, no. 1–3 (2009): 190-194.
Shahidi, Fereidoon, and Ying Zhong. "Bioactive Peptides." Journal of AOAC International 91, no. 4 (2008): 914-931.
Shen, Dan, and Bin Wu. "Structure, Biological Properties and Utilities of Marine-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides." Current Organic Chemistry 18, no. 7 (2014): 793-803.
Suwal, Shyam, Cyril Roblet, Jean Amiot, Alain Doyen, Lucie Beaulieu, Jean Legault, and Laurent Bazinet. "Recovery of Valuable Peptides from Marine Protein Hydrolysate by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membrane: Impact of Ionic Strength." Food Research International 65, Part C, no. 0 (2014): 407-415.
67
Toke, Orsolya. "Antimicrobial Peptides: New Candidates in the Fight against Bacterial Infections." Peptide Science 80, no. 6 (2005): 717-735.
Wolman, FJ, D González Maglio, M Grasselli, and O Cascone. "One-Step Lactoferrin Purification from Bovine Whey and Colostrum by Affinity Membrane Chromatography." Journal of Membrane Science 288, no. 1 (2007): 132-138.
Yang, Chung S, Janelle M Landau, Mou-Tuan Huang, and Harold L Newmark. "Inhibition of Carcinogenesis by Dietary Polyphenolic Compounds." Annual Review of Nutrition 21, no. 1 (2001): 381-406.
Yeaman, Michael R, and Nannette Y Yount. "Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Peptide Action and Resistance." Pharmacological reviews 55, no. 1 (2003): 27-55.