Ad sap. = Introductio ad sapientiam (Louvain: Pieter Martens, 1524).
Civ. = Aurelii Augustini De civitate Dei commentarii (Basel: Johann Froben, Sept. 1522).
Ep. Henr. adm. = Ad Henricum VIII de regni administratione, bello et pace (Bruges: Hubert de Croock, Dec. 1526).
Foem. = De institutione foeminae Christianae (Antwerp: Michaël Hillen, 1524).
Ling. = Linguae Latinae exercitatio (Basel: Robert Winter, Mar. 1539).
Mar. = De officio mariti (Bruges: Hubert de Croock, Jan. 1529).
Philos. = De initiis, sectis et laudibus philosophiae (Louvain: Dirk Mar-tens, [1519]).
Prec. med. d. = Preces et meditationes diurnae, in Ad animi excitationem in Deum commentatiunculae (Antwerp: Michaël Hillen, 1535).
Prec. med. g. = Preces et meditationes generales, in Ad animi excitatio-nem in Deum commentatiunculae (Antwerp: Michaël Hillen, 1535).
Sat. = Satellitium sive Symbola (Louvain: Pieter Martens, 1524).
Syll. = Declamationes Syllanae quinque (Antwerp: Michaël Hillen, Apr.
1520).
Editions referenced:
Allen = P.S. Allen et al. (ed.), Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami (Oxford, 1906-1958), 12 vol.
ASD = Opera omnia Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami (Amsterdam, 1969-).
Bickford-Smith = R.A.H. Bickford-Smith (ed.), Publilii Syri sententiae (London, 1895).
13 Satellitii sive Symbolorum finis L P β : deest in B V : Finis La
Cèbe = J.-P. Cèbe (ed., tr.), Varron, Satires ménippées (Paris – Rome, 1972).
Diehl = E. Diehl (ed.), Anthologia lyrica Graeca, vol. 3 (Leipzig, 1952).
Duff = J.W. and A.M. Duff (ed., tr.), Minor Latin poets (Cambridge MA – London, 1935; repr. 1982), 2 vol.
Gerber = D.E. Gerber (ed., tr.), Greek Iambic Poetry from the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC (Cambridge MA – London, 1999).
Jordan = H. Jordan (ed.), M. Catonis Praeter librum de re rustica quae extant (Leipzig, 1860; repr. Stuttgart, 1967).
LB = J. Leclerc (ed.), Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami Opera omnia (Lei-den, 1703-1706), 10 vol.
Mann = N. Mann (ed., tr.), Francesco Petrarca, My Secret Book (Cam-bridge MA, 2016).
Oldfather = W.A. Oldfather (ed., tr.), Epictetus: The discourses as re-ported by Arrian, The manual and Fragments (Cambridge MA – London, 1925-1928), 2 vol.
PL = J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844-1864), 221 vol.
Prete = S. Prete (ed.), Decimi Magni Ausonii Burdigalensis Opuscula (Leipzig, 1978).
Rossi = V. Rossi (ed.), Petrarca, Le familiari, vol. 1 (Firenze, 1933).
Schweighäuser = J. Schweighäuser (ed.), Epicteteae philosophiae monu-menta (Leipzig, 1799-1800), 5 vol.
SWJV = C. Fantazzi (ed.), Selected Works of J.L. Vives (Leiden – Boston, 1987-). 12 vol. published so far.
Usener = H. Usener (ed.), Epicurea (Leipzig, 1887; repr. Cambridge, 2010).
VOO = G. Maians (ed.), Ioannis Ludovici Vivis Valentini Opera omnia, distributa et ordinata in argumentorum classes praecipuas (Valencia, 1782-1790), 8 vol.
EPISTOLA NUNCUPATORIA (by line)
10-11. qui sic subditis imperet ut filiis pater: regarding this saying of Agasicles, cf. Plut. Mor. 208b: “Πρὸς δὲ τὸν εἰπόντα πῶς ἄν τις ἀδορυφό-ρητος ὢν ἄρχειν ἀσφαλῶς δύναιτο, ‘ἐὰν οὕτως,’ ἔφη, ‘αὐτῶν ἄρχῃ, ὥσπερ οἱ πατέρες τῶν υἱῶν’.”; Erasmus Apophth. 1.2 (entry “Agasicles”;
ASD, vol. IV- 4, 50, lines 30-32): “Rursus quum alius quispiam ab eo sciscitaretur, quo pacto posset aliquis tuto imperare nullo stipatus satelli-tio, respondit: ‘Si sic imperet suis, quemadmodum pater imperat liberis’.”
17. Neronem: the death of Nero is related by Suet. Nero 49.3-4.
17. Galbam: the death of Galba is related by Suet. Galba 19-20. Per-tinacem: the death of Pertinax is related by Capitolinus Pert. 10.8-11.10.
25. nec noctu nec interdiu: cf. Epicurus, in Diog. L. 10.135: “Ταῦτα οὖν καὶ τὰ τούτοις συγγενῆ μελέτα πρὸς σεαυτὸν ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς πρός τε τὸν ὅμοιον σεαυτῷ”; Epictetus, in Arrianus Epict. Dissert. 3.24.103:
“Ταῦτα νυκτός, ταῦτα ἡμέρας πρόχειρα ἔστω.”
26. latum unguem: cf. Plaut. Aul. 57: “digitum transvorsum aut unguem latum excesseris”; Cic. Att. 13.20.4: “Atque hoc: in omni vita sua quem-que a recta conscientia traversum unguem non oportet discedere”; Eras-mus Adag. 406: “Latum ungem ac similes hyperbolae proverbiales.”
28. tanquam leo … devoret: I Petr. 5.8: “Diabolus tamquam leo rugiens circuit, quaerens quem devoret.”
31. ex stultitiae fonte: cf. Call. Epigr. 28.3- 4: “μισέω καὶ περίφοιτον ἐρώμενον, οὐδ᾽ ἀπὸ κρήνης / πίνω· σικχαίνω πάντα τὰ δημόσια”; a similar idea can be found in Hor. Carm. 3.1.1: “Odi profanum volgus et arceo.”
46. Matura: Aulus Gellius (NA 10.11) explains in detail the meaning of this saying.
48- 49. ut ab intelligentia dictorum suorum arceret imperitos: by this remark, Vives tries to convey that he will not be as obscure as Py-thagoras. Erasmus (Adag. 2; ASD, vol. II-1, 64, lines 366-367) also criticized some of the Pythagorean precepts as superstitious and laugh-able, but considered them very valuable if one pulled out the allegory involved: “Nam ea [i.e. Pythagorae symbola] tametsi prima, quod aiunt, fronte superstitiosa quaepiam ac deridicula videantur,tamen si quis allegoriam eruat, videbit nihil aliud esse quam quaedam recte viuendi praecepta.” Regarding Pythagoras’s symbola, cf. Diog. L. 8.17.
56. privatarum: privatus, a, um (particularly in plural) may refer to the citizens (subjects) and their lives, to a select group of people that enjoy preference in the grace and trust of the prince, or to the private and per-sonal affairs and interests of the prince. Cf. symbols 122, 123, and 214.
SATELLITES (by symbol)
1. Scopus vitae Christus: cf. Erasmus Enchir. 8.4 (LB, vol. 5, 25a):
“Haec tibi quarta regula sit, ut totius vitae tuae Christum velut unicum
scopum praefigas.” scopulum: cf. Suet. Dom. 19: “Nonnumquam in pueri procul in stantis praebentisque pro scopulo dispansam dexterae manus palmam.” Scopulo is the reading of all codices.
3. Hic murus aheneus ... culpa: Hor. Ep. 1.1.60- 61; cf. Erasmus Adag.
1925: “Murus aheneus.”
4. Ut si fons ... grata: cf. Prov. 25.25-26: “Aqua frigida animae sitienti et nuntius bonus de terra longinqua. Fons turbatus pede et vena corrupta iustus cadens coram impio.”
5. Diligentibus deum ... bonum: Rom. 8.28: “diligentibus Deum omnia cooperantur in bonum.”
10. mens sana in corpore sano: Iuv. Sat. 10.356; cf. Thales of Miletus, in Diog. L. 1.37: “Τίς εὐδαίμων; ὁ τὸ μὲν σῶμα ὑγιής, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν εὔπορος, τὴν δὲ φύσιν εὐπαίδευτος.”
11. Cuivis dolori remedium est patientia: apparently, a faithful quota-tion from Pub. Syr. C12 (ed. Bickford-Smith), 111 (ed. Duff); cf. Hor.
Carm. 1.24.19-20: “…sed levius fit patientia / quicquid corrigere est nefas.”
12. Insulsa est vita sine amicitia: Cic. Lael. 23.86: “Sine amicitia vitam esse nullam.”
13. Sapientia est ... divinarum notitia: Vives offers another definition in Philos. 45 (SWJV, vol. 1, 48): “sapientiae, quam divinarum huma-narumque rerum contemplationem esse dixerunt”; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4.26.57:
“sapientiam esse rerum divinarum et humanarum scientiam cogni-tionemque quae cuiusque rei causa sit”; 5.3.7: “Quae [i.e. sapientia]
divinarum humanarumque rerum, tum initiorum causarumque cuisque rei cognitione hoc pulcherrimum nomen apud antiquos adsequebatur”; Isid.
Orig. 2.24.
15. Fortuna multis ... satis: apparently, this is a quotation of Mart. Epigr.
12.10.2: “Fortuna multis dat nimis, satis nulli.”
18. Stoici solum sapientem vocabant pulchrum: cf. Cic. Fin. 3.22.75:
“Recte etiam pulcher appellabitur (animi enim liniamenta sunt pulchriora quam corporis), recte solus liber nec dominationi cuiusquam parens nec oboediens cupiditati”; Alcibiade de votis: in Alc. 2, Socrates raises the question of why the gods respond to some prayers and, conversely, reject others. One conclusion is that “δοκεῖ μοι πολλῆς φυλακῆς δεῖσθαι καὶ σκέψεως ὅτι ποτὲ ῥητέον ἐστὶ καὶ μή” (149c); the gods examine “πρὸς
τὴν ψυχήν, ἄν τις ὅσιος καὶ δίκαιος ὢν” (149e). Be that as it may, Vives could allude to Phaedr. (279b-c), where Socrates prays to the gods that he may have inner beauty: “ὦ φίλε Πάν τε καὶ ἄλλοι ὅσοι τῇδε θεοί, δοίητέ μοι καλῷ γενέσθαι τἄνδοθεν: ἔξωθεν δὲ ὅσα ἔχω, τοῖς ἐντὸς εἶναί μοι φίλια.”
20. Hanc veram esse musicam: Eryximachus (Plato Symp. 187a-e) argues that harmony is the agreement between low-pitched and high-pitched sounds, and fast and slow rhythms.
21. Si desunt vires ... voluntas: Ov. Pont. 3.4.79: “Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas.” Apud deum sufficit velle: recalls Prop. Eleg.
2.10.6: “... in magnis et voluisse sat est”; cf. Erasmus Adag. 1755.
25. praeferendus est ... stultorum: Cic. Tusc. 5.2.5: “Est autem unus dies bene et ex praeceptis tuis actus peccanti immortalitate anteponen-dus”; Sen. Ep. 78.28: “Unus dies hominum eruditorum plus patet quam inperitis longissima aetas.”
28. Quam multis ... egeo: Diog. L. 2.25: “πόσων ἐγὼ χρείαν οὐκ ἔχω.”
33. Estote prudentes ... columbae: Matth. 10.16: “Estote ergo prudentes sicut serpentes et simplices sicut columbae.”
34. gladius in manu furentis: cf. Cic. Off. 3.25.95: “Si gladium quis apud te sana mente deposuerit, repetat insaniens, reddere peccatum sit, officium non reddere.”
36. Callipedes: Suetonius (Tib. 38) explains that people began to associ-ate the name of Callipedes to the emperor Tiberius: “ut vulgo iam per iocum ‘Callippides’ vocaretur, quem cursitare ac ne cubiti quidem mensuram progredi proverbio Graeco notatum est”; cf. Cic. Att. 13.12.3:
“Biennium praeteriit, cum ille Καλλιπίδης adsiduo cursu cubitum nullum processerit”; Erasmus Adag. 543.
37. Tempori pare: Cic. Fin. 3.22.73, Att. 7.18.2, Fam. 4.9; Sen. Med.
175: “tempore aptari decet”; cf. Anth. Pal. 9.441.7: “καιρῷ δουλεύειν καὶ θεὸς ὢν ἔμαθον”; Cic. Att. 10.7.1, Fam. 9.7.1: “tempori serviendum est”;
Fam. 4.9.2: “Primum tempori cedere, id est necessitati parere, semper sapientis est habitum”; Nep. Alc. 1.3: “temporibus callidissime serviens”.
38. Tempori parce: Sen. Ep. 88.39: “Adeo mihi praeceptum illud salu-tare excidit: ‘tempori parce’?”, 94.28: “Qualia sunt illa aut reddita oraculo aut similia: ‘tempori parce’, ‘te nosce’.” Quam unusquisque tantum ...
quam temporis: the notion of time being wasted is addressed by Seneca
in Brev. 8.1-5 (particularly 8.1): “[Tempus] quasi nihil petitur, quasi nihil datur [...] vilissima aestimatur, immo paene nullum eius pretium est.”
40. Sic gloria quaerentes ... sequitur: Cf. Liv. AUC 22.39.19: “Gloriam qui spreverit, veram habebit”; Sen. Ben. 5.1.4: “gloria fugientes magis sequitur”; Hier. Ep. 22.27: “Ne satis religiosa velis videri nec plus humi-lis quam necesse est, ne gloriam fugiendo quaeras”, 108.3: “Fugiendo gloriam, gloriam merebatur.” Quo minus gloriam ... assequebatur: Sall.
Catil. 54.6; cf. Petrarch Secr. 3.17.2 (ed. Mann): “Virtutem cole, gloriam neglige; illam tamen interea, quod de M. Catone legitur, quod minus appetes magis assequeris.”
41. ad Hippanim ... quasi diariae: Arist. HA 5.19 (552b17-23); cf. Cic.
Tusc. 1.39.94; Plin. M. NH 11.36.120; Petrarch Secr. 3.17.11 (ed. Mann);
Erasmus Adag. 3187: “Ephemeri vita.” Schythiae: instead of Scythiae.
This misspelling may prove that this topographic name was pronounced with two aspirations (ch, th) by some Latin speakers.
44. vita ... peregrinatio: cf. Plato Ax. 365b: “παρεπιδημία τίς ἐστιν ὁ βίος”; Erasmus Adag. 3974: “Vita hominis peregrinatio.”
48. Ac veluti magno in populo: it is the beginning of a passage in which Virgil (Aen. 1.148-156) describes how a pious man faces an enraged crowd. Imperium concitatum ... facilius frangitur: not found.
50. Blando vis latet imperio: Aus. Praef. 3b.10 (ed. Prete).
51. Vincenda omnis fortuna ferendo est: Verg. Aen. 5.710: “Quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est.”
52. Tota licet ... virtus: Iuv. Sat. 8.19-20.
54. Fortuna ... venit: Pub. Syr. F2 (ed. Bickford-Smith), 197 (ed. Duff).
56. Fortuna ... facit: Pub. Syr. F8 (ed. Bickford-Smith), 203 (ed. Duff).
57. Robur ... sua: Hor. Carm. 3.4.65: “Vis consili expers mole ruit sua.”
58. Non viribus ... authoritate: apparently, this quotation is from Cic.
Cato 6.17: “Non viribus aut velocitate aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur, sed consilio, auctoritate, sententia.”
59. O Cyrne ... auro: Thgn. 77: “πιστὸς ἀνὴρ χρυσοῦ τε καὶ ἀργύρου ἀντερύσασθαι.”
60. Multum quoque ... inhonoratus: Vives paraphrases Eur. Hec. 294-295: “λόγος γὰρ ἔκ τ᾽ ἀδοξούντων ἰὼν / κἀκ τῶν δοκούντων αὑτὸς οὐ
ταὐτὸν σθένει.” Bella dicebat Caesar fama plurimum confici: rumors and false news can influence the course of events, and in war great crises often occur for insignificant motives, as Caesar explains in B.C. 1.21.1:
“Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar, etsi magni interesse arbitrabatur quam primum oppido potiri cohortesque ad se in castra traducere, ne qua aut largitionibus aut animi confirmatione aut falsis nuntiis commutatio fieret voluntatis, quod saepe in bello parvis momentis magni casus intercede-rent, tamen veritus...”
63. Hoc non fit ... ama: Mart. Epigr. 6.11.10.
66. Non sic excubiae ... amor: Claud. Hon. IV 281: “Non sic excubiae, non circumstantia pila / quam tutatur amor.” Non arma ... quem amat:
cf. Sall. Iug. 10.4: “Non exercitus neque thesauri praesidia regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis cogere neque auro parare queas: officio et fide pariuntur.”
67. Ubi amici, ibi opes: cf. Plaut. Truc. 885: “Verum est verbum quod memoratur: ubi amici ibidem <sunt> opes”; Quint. Inst. 5.11.41; Erasmus Adag. 224.
69. Nihil quicquam ... ibi tuber: Apul. Flor. 18.11. Faithful quotation.
However, where Vives writes “quin et tamen”, Apuleius reads “quin ei tamen”; cf. Erasmus Adag. 2087 (ASD, vol. II-5, 90, lines 749-750).
70. Nil sine ... mortalibus: Hor. Sat. 1.9.59- 60. Labor omnia vincit improbus: Verg. Georg. 1.145-146: “... labor omnia vicit / improbus”; ut de phormicis: cf. Plin. M. NH 11.30.110.
72. querenti uxori ... firmiorem: cf. Plut. Lyc. 7.2: “ὃν καὶ φασιν ὑπὸ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ γυναικὸς ὀνειδιζόμενον ὡς ἐλάττω παραδώσοντα τοῖς παισὶ τὴν βασιλείαν ἢ παρέλαβε, ‘μείζω μὲν οὖν,’ εἰπεῖν, ‘ὅσῳ χρονιωτέραν’.”
Dimidium plus toto: Hes. Op. 40: “πλέον ἥμισυ παντὸς”; cf. Erasmus Adag. 895. Mediocritas: cf. Hor. Carm. 2.10.5- 8: “Auream quisquis mediocritatem / diligit, tutus caret obsoleti / sordibus tecti, caret invi-denda / sobrius aula”; τὸ μέτρον: Thgn. 220, 331, 335; Phoc. 12d; Arist.
EN 2.6 (1106b6, τὸ μέσον); Diog. L. 1.93. Vivitur exiguo melius: Claud.
Ruf. 215.
75. Cato: it is unclear whether Vives refers to Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149BC; also known as Maior, or the Censor) or Marcus Porcius Cato
Uticensis (95- 46; also known as Minor).
82. tres esse Gratias: cf. Hom. Od. 8.364; Hes. Theog. 909; Pind. Ol.
14.13-15; Apollod. Bibl. 1.3.1; Sen. Ben. 1.3.2.
85. Innocentia humanorum summum: Plin. M. NH praef. 9: “Hoc se facere, quod tum pro innocentia ex rebus humanis summum esset, profite-bantur.”
86. Matura: Aulus Gellius (NA 10.11) explains in detail the meaning of this saying. Festina tarde: cf. Suet. Aug. 25.4: “Crebro itaque illa iacta-bat: ‘Σπεῦδε βραδέως’”; Erasmus Adag. 1001: “Festina lente.” Nam priusquam ... facto: Sall. Catil. 1.6; cf. Arist. EN 1142b4-5; Erasmus Adag. 1270: “Antequam incipias, consulto.”
87. ἀντιπελαργεῖν: Erasmus Adag. 901; cf. Aristoph. Av. 1353-1357;
Arist. HA 9.13 (615b23-32); Aelianus NA 3.23; Origenes Cels. 4.98.
91. Veritas temporis filia: Gell. NA 12.11.7. When Princess Mary became queen, she issued a coin with this motto. Opinionum commenta ... confirmat: Cic. Nat. 2.2.5.
93. Veritas premitur, non opprimitur: cf. Liv. AUC 22.39.19: “Veri-tatem laborare nimis saepe aiunt, exstingui nunquam”; Erasmus Adag.
prol. 7 (ASD, vol. II-1, 64, lines 366-367): “veritate nihil esse robustius.”
96. Diogenem Cynicum: Diogenes Laertius (6.20-21) explains that Diogenes the Cynic, the Greek philosopher, was the son of Hicesius, a banker. Either he or his father adulterated the coinage of the state, for which both were forced to leave home. Other sources postulate that the father died in prison whereas the son fled to Delphi.
97. in patria tua vivis si inter bonos: cf. Cic. Tusc. 5.37.108: “Patria est ubicumque est bene”, a verse from Pacuvius’s Teucer.
98. Ne hilarem insaniam insanias: Sen. Vit. 12.1: “plerisque contingit hilarem insaniam insanire.”
99. Inter spinas calceatus: cf. Erasmus Adag. 3531: “Ne incalceatus in montes.”
100. Deum sequere, Ἕπου θεῷ: Plut. Mor. 37d; Cic. Fin. 3.22.73;
Boëth. Cons. 1.4.38; Erasmus Adag. 1138. in hac vitae militia: Sen. Ep.
96.5; Iob 7.1; Erasmus Enchir. 1 (LB, vol. 5, 1a).
103. Virtutis umbra gloria: Sen. Ep. 79.13: “gloria umbra virtutis est”;
cf. Cic. Tusc. 1.37.109: “Etsi enim nihil habet in se gloria cur expetatur,
tamen virtutem tamquam umbra sequitur”; Hier. Ep. 108.3: “[gloria]
virtutem quasi umbram sequitur.”
104. nosse teipsum: cf. Plato Charm. 164e, Phaedr. 229e, Prot. 343b;
Cic. Ad Q. fr. 6.7, Fin. 3.22.73, 5.16.44, Leg. 1.22.58-59, Tusc. 1.22.52, 5.25.70; Ov. Ars 2.499-500; Iuv. Sat. 11.27; Paus. 10.24.1; Erasmus Adag. 595.
105. Non extorquebis amari: Claud. Hon. IV 282.
106. Tempus edax rerum: Ov. Met. 15.234.
109. Invidia ex opulentia orta est: Sall. Catil. 6.3.
113. Et fugiunt ... dies: Ov. Fast. 6.772.
114. nec in felicitate ... contrahendus: cf. Archil. 67a.4-5 (ed. Diehl), 128.4-5 (ed. Gerber): “[θυμέ] ... καὶ μήτε νικέων ἀμφάδην ἀγάλλεο, / μηδὲ νικηθεὶς ἐν οἴκῳ καταπεσὼν ὀδύρεο”; Thgn. 657- 658: “μηδὲν ἄγαν χαλεποῖσιν ἀσῶ φρένα μηδ᾽ ἀγαθοῖσιν / χαῖρ᾽, ἐπεὶ ἔστ᾽ ἀνδρὸς πάντα φέρειν ἀγαθοῦ”; Cic. Tusc. 4.31.66: “Eodem enim vitio est ecfusio animi in laetitia quo in dolore contractio”; Hor. Carm. 2.3.1- 4: “Aequam me-mento rebus in arduis / servare mentem, non secus in bonis / ab insolenti temperatam / laetitia, moriture Delli.” Nec id tamen ... excedat: cf. Thgn.
335-336: “μηδὲν ἄγαν σπεύδειν: πάντων μέσ᾽ ἄριστα”; Ter. And. 61:
“Adprime in vita esse utile, ut nequid nimis”; Hor. Ep. 1.10.32: “Fuge magna”; Prop. Eleg. 3.9.5- 8: “Turpest, quod nequeas, capiti committere pondus / et pressum inflexo mox dare terga genu. / Omnia non pariter rerum sunt omnibus apta, / palma nec ex aequo ducitur ulla iugo.”
121. Quod commodavit fortuna tollet: cf. Sen. Ep. 9.10: “Non est tuum, fortuna quod fecit tuum [...] Dari bonum quod potuit, auferri potest.”
virtutis praeclara ... immortalia sunt: Sall. Iug. 2.2.
123. Officium est imperare, non regnum: Sen. Ep. 90.5.
126. Non quam diu sed quam bene: Sen. Ep. 101.15: “Quam bene vivas refert, non quam diu.”
127. Nomen prae opibus: Prov. 22.1: “Melius est nomen bonum quam divitiae multae super argentum et aurum gratia bona.”
129. lex erat in Macedonia: Sen. Ben. 3.6.2: “Excepta Macedonum gente non est in ulla data adversus ingratum actio.” Concerning ingratitude, Seneca complains (Ben. 4.17.1): “enim uni rei non posuimus legem.”
133. Ne ferrum igni: the symbol of Pythagoras (Diog. L. 8.17) is as follows: “πῦρ μαχαίρᾳ μὴ σκαλεύειν”; cf. Porph. VP 42; Iamb. Protr.
21.4; Erasmus Adag. 108: “Ignem igni ne addas”, 3711: “Igni ferroque minari.”
138. Amicus sic amandus ... sit futurus: cf. Soph. Ai. 678- 682: “ἔγωγ᾽
ἐπίσταμαι γὰρ ἀρτίως ὅτι / ὅ τ᾽ ἐχθρὸς ἡμῖν ἐς τοσόνδ᾽ ἐχθαρτέος, / ὡς καὶ φιλήσων αὖθις, ἔς τε τὸν φίλον / τοσαῦθ᾽ ὑπουργῶν ὠφελεῖν βουλή-σομαι, / ὡς αἰὲν οὐ μενοῦντα”; Arist. Rhet. 2.13 (1389b23-24): “Ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν Βίαντος ὑποθήκην καὶ φιλοῦσιν ὡς μισήσοντες καὶ μισοῦσιν ὡς φιλήσοντες”, 2.21 (1395a25-26): “οὐ δεῖ, ὥσπερ φασίν, φιλεῖν ὡς μισή-σοντας, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον μισεῖν ὡς φιλήσοντας”; Erasmus Adag. 1072:
“Ama tanquam osurus, oderis tanquam amaturus.” damnatur a Cice-rone: Cic. Lael. 16.59. Publius: Pub. Syr. I16 (ed. Bickford-Smith), 284 (ed. Duff): “Ita amicum habeas, posse ut facile fieri hunc inimicum putes.”.
143. honesta, ut Publius: Pub. Syr. H16 (ed. Bickford-Smith), 256 (ed.
Duff): “Honeste servit qui succumbit tempori.”
146. Amicum inimicum: cf. Erasmus Moria (ASD IV-3, 104, line 584):
“quod amicum, inimicum.”
149. Divitiae iniuriae pignora: Eucher. Epist. ad Val. (PL 50, 716b):
“Quid enim aliud sunt divitiae nisi pignora iniuriae?”; cf. Cic. Phil.
13.3.6: “Nec pro his libertatem, sed pro libertate haec proicias tamquam pignora iniuriae.”
153. Quod vides non diu: King Edward VI (Letters 17; 10 June 1546) quotes this symbol: “Lodovicus etiam Vives ait: ‘Quod vides, non diu’, significans divitias et caetera bona huius vitae peritura.” Cf. J.G. Nichols, Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth (London, 1957), 17.
154. Ut verax, ne suspicax: Eucher. Epist. ad Val. (PL, vol. 50, 725b):
“Si vis esse verax, suspicax non eris”; cf. Erasmus Adag. 2910: “Vulgus suspicax.”
155. Despicere oportet quod possis deperdere: Pub. Syr. A9 (ed. Bick-ford-Smith), 9 (ed. Duff): “Aspicere oportet, quidquid possis perdere.”
157. Sine querela: Vives’s symbol also appears, at least, in Syll. 5.15 (VOO, vol. 2, 450; SWJV, vol. 9, 234, line 8), Mar. 194 (VOO, vol. 4, 407; SWJV, vol. 8, 210, line 18). De tranquillitate vitae: Erasmus edited Seneca’s De tranquillitate animi as De tranquillitate vitae, as it can be
seen in L. Annaei Senecae Opera (Basel: Johann Froben, 1529), 348-360.
Assuescendum itaque ... inveniat: Sen. Tranq. 10.4.
159. Ne bos in lingua: cf. Erasmus Adag. 618: “Bos in lingua.” The Dutch humanist explains that the adage Βοῦς ἐπὶ γλώττης “An ox on the tongue” was “used of those who do not dare say freely what they think. A metaphor either from the great mass of the animal, as though it crushed the tongue and did not let it speak, or from the fact that in Athens there was once a coin with the figure of an ox” (ASD, vol. II-2, 142, lines 356-359; tr. R.A.B. Mynors). Non anginam ... argentanginam: this episode is reported by Plutarch (Dem. 25.5- 6), Aulus Gellius (NA 11.9.1), Poly-dore Vergil (Prov. proph. 48), and Erasmus (Adag. 619). The Greek word ἀργυράγχη was adapted by Gellius into Latin as argyranche. However, Vives employs a different word, argentangina, which Erasmus and Polydore Vergil had already used in their works. This word alludes to the fact that Demosthenes appeared in the assembly of Athens and claimed to have a quinsy (synanche) so as to avoid speaking against a mission from Miletus, at which someone shouted that Demosthenes had, in fact, a silver-quinsy (argyranche), that is, he had accepted a bribe.
161. Sat cito, si sat bene: cf. Suet. Aug. 25.4: “Sat celeriter fieri quidquid fiat satis bene.” Saint Jerome (Ep. 66.9) attributes this saying to Cato:
“Scitum est illud Catonis: ‘sat cito, si sat bene’”; cf. Cato, Dicta memora-bilia 80 (ed. Jordan); Erasmus Adag. 1001 (ASD, vol. II-3, 27, lines 493-494).
163. Et pilo sua umbra: cf. Pub. Syr. E13 (ed. Bickford-Smith), 186 (ed.
Duff): “Etiam capillus unus habet umbram suam”; Erasmus Adag. 2432:
“Etiam capillus unus.”
164. Hospes ne curiosus: cf. Cic. Off. 1.34.125: “Peregrini autem atque incolae officium est nihil praeter suum negotium agere, nihil de alio anquirere minimeque esse in aliena re publica curiosum.”
165. Antistheni: Antisthenes, in Diog. L. 6.4: “ἐρωτώμενος διὰ τί ὀλί-γους ἔχει μαθητάς, ἔφη, ‘ὅτι ἀργυρέᾳ αὐτοὺς ἐκβάλλω ῥάβδῳ’.”
167. Tota vita dies unus: Quint. Decl. 4.9: “Si cuncta gaudia nostra, si voluptates et quaecumque ex hac universitate mundi vel sollicitant as-pectu, vel blandiuntur usu, diligenter excutias, tota vita hominis unus est dies.”
168. Diarii omnes: Vives employs the Greek word ἡμερόβιαι (“quasi diariae”) in symbol 41; cf. Pind. Pyth. 8.95-96: “ἐπάμεροι: τί δέ τις; τί δ᾽
οὔ τις; σκιᾶς ὄναρ / ἄνθρωπος.”
171. Fabella est de manticis: related by Aesop. 266. Altera ad tergum:
Cat. Carm. 22.21: “sed non videmus manticae quod in tergo est”; Sen. Ira 2.28.8: “Aliena vitia in oculis habemus, a tergo nostra sunt”; Pers. Sat.
4.23-24: “ut nemo in sese temptat descendere, nemo, / sed praecedenti spectatur mantica tergo!”
173. dum quaerimus aevum, perdimus: Manil. Astron. 4.3- 4.
174. This symbol was first issued (L) as follows:
172. Voluptates specta abeuntes.
Videbis foeditatem earum et poenitentiam quam relinquunt. Sic fiet, ut eas averseris ac detestere.
The Paris edition (P) printed the text as follows, which was later repro-duced by W2, B and V with minor changes (see the apparatus criticus below):
172. Voluptates specta abeuntes.
Nam quum adveniunt, delectant (ideo pulchrae iucundaeque existimantur), recedentes turpitudinem ac foeditatem suam produnt. Posset sic afformari: “In voluptate deorsum, non faciem”;
vel sic: “Occipitium, non frons.” Videbis foeditatem earum et poenitentiam quam relinquunt. Sic fiet, ut eas averseris ac detestere.
afformari P B : formari V | deorsum P : dorsum W2 B V | vel sic: “Occipitium, non frons” V : deest in P B
175. Voluptas malorum esca: Plato Tim. 69d: “...ἡδονήν, μέγιστον κακοῦ δέλεαρ.”
176. Λάθε βιώσας: Epic. Fr. 551 (ed. Usener); Plut. Mor. 1128a; Eras-mus Adag. 1950: “Late vivens.” Nec vixit ... fefellit: Hor. Ep. 1.17.10; cf.
Ov. Trist. 3.4.25: “Crede mihi, bene qui latuit bene vixit.”
178. Scopulus in undis: cf. M. Aur. 4.49.1: “Ὅμοιον εἶναι τῇ ἄκρᾳ, ᾗ διηνεκῶς τὰ κύματα προσρήσσεται.”
179. Pendere: cf. the letter from Vives to F. Cranevelt, 4 January 1523, in De Vocht 1928 (as in n. 3), 87 (letter 32, lines 25-27): “nam pendeo ex
rebus Hispanis: nec de <futuro quidquam audeo> constituere. Nescio ire ne expediat his temporibus, an manere.”
180. Bis pueri senes: Plato Leg. 646a: “ὁ γέρων δὶς παῖς”; Aristoph. Nub.
1417: “δὶς παῖδες οἱ γέροντες”; Erasmus Adag. 436.
182. Finis unius mali gradus est sequentis: Sen. Herc. Fur. 208-209:
“... finis alterius mali / gradus est futuri.” Stipendia peccati mors: Rom.
6.23.
183. dolium Danaidum: cf. Plato Resp. 363d-e; Hor. Carm. 3.11.25-28:
“Audiat Lyde scelus atque notas / virginum poenas et inane lymphae / dolium fundo pereuntis imo / seraque fata”; Ov. Met. 4.463: “adsiduae repetunt, quas perdant, Belides undas”; Tib. Eleg. 1.3.79- 80: “Et Danai proles, Veneris quod numina laesit, / in cava Lethaeas dolia portat aquas”;
Hyg. Fab. 168.5: “Ob id ceterae dicuntur apud inferos in dolium pertu-sum aquam ingerere”; Lucian. Tim. 18: “ὥστε ἐς τὸν τῶν Δαναΐδων πίθον ὑδροφορήσειν μοι δοκῶ καὶ μάτην ἐπαντλήσειν, τοῦ κύτους μὴ στέγον-τος, ἀλλὰ πρὶν εἰσρυῆναι σχεδὸν ἐκχυθησομένου τοῦ ἐπιρρέοντος. οὕτως εὐρύτερον τὸ πρὸς τὴν ἔκχυσιν κεχηνὸς τοῦ πίθου καὶ ἀκώλυτος ἡ ἔξο-δος.”
184. et transcendat: this phrase is absent in L, P, and in the editions that follow P. In C, Vives intensified his criticism towards human hybris: not only do humans want to be like God, but they also want to be more than God.
185. praeferenda: “How many things must be exhibited (praeferenda) by one who is eager to attain glory and preserve it, once it has been ac-quired! This person must suffer (perpetienda) a greater servitude than those who are sold at auction.” C must have edited praeferenda in order
185. praeferenda: “How many things must be exhibited (praeferenda) by one who is eager to attain glory and preserve it, once it has been ac-quired! This person must suffer (perpetienda) a greater servitude than those who are sold at auction.” C must have edited praeferenda in order