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Chenal de subduction

     G?LKJ a 46LXa24b_ 8§MKa24 LL#L 1 : [ LHa24 F L>)]4 1 4(MKaœ8-_§48 [ _!4(M§=d4 8 [ a246:8&aH [ MK4" [ 7M!;(8-7MK4a24  7<: Y  46= J 46L  8;7<L‹5646567'L YKJ =,a 3 4  8a [ 5(8;a J 4* [ 4 M Y\[ LGM YK[ LbL Y 846L Vb3 4LV/V4 12J 4 74 J _ J 8§MKa 4(MKLd4 ^ :<4 8 12J 4(MKa J 44(M 5 Y  1 =d45 YKJJ 46L 1ZY MKaAa Y MK5 8!:98:<7<=E$ Y L 1 $ 4 J 44(M L [2^ -a [ 56=d7 Y Mq [ 7 1 8;LL4aH [ M!MK7§4(8 [  [ 8-L7'L [2^ -0$ Y\J 7; Y MN= 8;: 8H:8  8§MN=`a24 :98 Y LdL4  8 [ M 1 4(MKaœ8;_N4 [ 8;L7‡5 Y MKL= 8§MN=,L YK[ L‹:8 J 5 Y :<5(8§MK7 [ 4Lf'`8§MKLX:8 12J 8;=d7C [ 4 ’46= 1ZY\[2J 8-aœ8 1 =4 J :4  Y a 46:<4 8H:98 JK3 4(8;:<7<= 3 4 œM YK[ L`8 Y MKL Vb 3 4:98  8-:4 [2J a246L 1 8 J 8 46= J 46LXa24 1 4(MKaœ8;_§4ba24b:98 1 :98 [ 4`79M  3 4 J 7<4 [2J 4 8]>RC DC E 4(M|8 Y MN=a24j:98 Y LL487<:RL8;_N7= 1ZY\[2J :<4 Y a 46:4ƒaH [ MK4; Y MK4,: Y MK_ [ 4Xa24 Y 79MKL]a24 A J   \8 121 46: 3 464 [2J 4 b =4 J MK4  KG L Y\[ L,:98  Y LL4b46= H  A L Y\[ L,:98 1 :98 [ 45%$K4#;8 [ 5%$28NM§=4L /4a24 [!b 744|_ J 8§MKa!4(MKL4 ^ :<4 8 J 4 12JK3 46L4(MN=4 J 5 YKJJ 46L 1ZY MKa 8:98 Y LLd4 Y 5 3 4(8 -MK7 [ 4L+ Y\[ L8  Y MKL 8 Jd^ 7= J 8;7 J 44(MN=5#$ Y 7<L7`a24&5 Y MKL7<a 3 4 J 4 J|[ MK4  Y LL4=  1 4!a24 A J   a24|:98 J _§4|46= H JKJd aœ8NMKL L 8 1 : [ L_ J 8§MKa24 12J€Y Y MKa24 [2J 546L=- 8 -™a27 J 48 [ MK7§4(8 [ a [ e§5#$K4(M28;:Ra24jL [2^ a [ 56=7 Y M!e!#L /4e= J Y 7<L744'_ J 8§MKa`4(MKLd4 ^ :<4 8 J 4 12JK3 46L4(MN=4 J 5 Y\JdJ 46L 12Y MKa 8ƒ:8 1 :98 [ 4e5#$K4# 8 [ -5#$28§MN=44(MK5 Y\J 4b8 121 46: 3 464 8 J _§4,5 Y MN=79MK4(M§=8;:<4#L 02[2J1 : Y  ^ 8§MN=:98 Y LL4 Y 5 3 4(8NMK7C [ 4 46=b5#$K4# 8 [ 5%$28§MN=`:98 1 :86 [ 4H79M  3 4 J 7<4 [2J 4 4(ML [2^ a [ 56=7 Y M ‰:98 ^ 8;L4a24 5646=d=4 1 :98 [ 4 1 4 J 46= a24ªa 3 46:<7Q7<=4 J :4ª5%$K4(M28-:,a24L [2^ a [ 56=7 Y MfL:)]4|5%$K4(M28-:k( [ 7,8 [ MK4 JK3 4646:<:<4 4 b 7<L=4(MK564 1 $  L7 [ 446= [ 7R46L=X:<4%:<7<4 [ a24$28 [ =d46L 12J 46LdL7 Y MKL     #    A BKBKG   46Ld=5 Y MKL7<a 3 4 J\3 4 Eaœ8§MKL,M Y = J 4 Y a 46:<4 N5 Y 84 [ M 1 8 J 8-:: 3 46: 3 4 1 7 1 46a24Xa Y M§=':98 ^ 8;L4ƒ46L= a 3 46:<7g 7= 3 464 1 8 J :98 1 :86 [ 4,79M  3 4 J 7<4 [2J 4L!^:’46L= ^2Y\J a 3 4 1 8 J :98  Y LL4 Y 5 3 4(8§MK7 [ 4,L [2J :4 [ M a246Lƒ5 Y = 3 46L]46=,46Ld=‹8 121 46: 3 4 8L4`a 3 4  YKJ 4 J 8 [ 5 Y\[2J Lƒa24b:8L7Q [ :98;=7 Y MfLV/V4 1 4(MKaœ8;_N4 a24:98 ^ 8;L4a24:98 1 :98 [ 4 L [21 3 4 J 7<4 [2J 446L=ba Y MK5  12YK[2J 564 [ 7'46L=Xa246L`5 Y MKa27<=7 Y MKL 79MK7<=798;:<46L|a [  Y 79MKL  3 46_K8;:e8 [”1 4(MKaœ8;_§4a [ 5#$K4(M28;:,a24L [2^ a [ 56=7 Y M  546L=B- 8 -™a27 J 4 3 46_\8;:œ8 [|1 4(MKaœ8;_§4ba24b:98 1 :98 [ 4`4(MHL [2^ a [ 56=7 Y M  H  A  Lr X: Y\J L [ 4b:<4 1 4(MKaœ8;_N4`a24 :98 1 8 J =7<4,L [21 3 4 J 7<4 [2J 4Xa24,:98 1 :98 [ 4X5%$K4#;8 [ 5%$28NM§=4 N4(MK5 Y\J 4‹8 121 46: 3 464  [2J 79M§=d4 J MK4  46Ld= 12J Y 5%$K4ba24* 4 8;:<4 [2J  Y 4(M2MK4#L                          

25 km

-6 km

0 km Marge océanique en subduction

Fosse océanique

Mur externe Mur interne

Marge continentale chevauchante

Toit de la plaque plongeante Plan de subduction

Chenal de subduction

UG L A v YSTd|.W8UEx.[?WN#P(y fYCP  W  YK[2J =d4 J 79MK4 J 5646==4|a246Ld5 J 7 1 =7 Y M”a246L _ J 8§MKa2L4(MKL4 ^ :<46L 7<:,MK4 J 46L=4 1 : [ L  [ 8 4(MN=7 Y M2MK4 J : Y 5 3 4(8§M* [ 7 ^2YKJ a24‹:98 1 8 J =7<4XL [21 4 J  567<46:<:<4`L [21 3 4 J 7<4 [2J 4Xa246La24 [!b :<7<=E$ Y L 1 $ 4 J 46L,46=ƒa24`:98 Y LL4L  "!# %' (+*-,,,

G L c 4  46= 7<4,aH4(MKL4 :<4 £™šR£  ‘ SVQT˜™©'Ž  ZQTPV§ œŽ Ÿ§U 'b4 M Y = J 4 12Y 79MN=%a24" [ 4 ‰:985679M 3 4 8;=7 [ 4|a245646L18 J _§46Lj46L= 8;LL4#;HL7Q 1 :<7_-,3 464 1 8 J :<4  8-7= [ 4|M Y\[ L MK4 12J 4(M Y MKL4(M5 Y  1 =4n [ 4H:98 12J€Y _ J 46LLd7 Y M Y\^ :<7 [ 4 a246Ld564(MKaœ8§M§=d4  8 \7<=46LdL4‹5 Y MKL= 8§MN=4 ;a24X:8 1 :98 [ 4b4(M L [2^ a [ 56=7 Y MfLz/R8b:<7<=E$ Y L 1 $ 4 J 4 5#$K4# 8 [ 5%$28§MN=4  1 8 J 564 [ 46:<:<4b5 Y MKL=7<= [ 4b:<4 JK3 4  3 4 J 4(MN=7<46: J 46L=4X7Q8 Y\^ 7<:<4L?'b4 1 : [ L  1ZY\[2J]J 4 12J 4(MKa J 4 [ MK4X4 b 12J 46LdL7 Y M a24X  C      A BKB>L  §M Y\[ L J 46=7<4(MKa J Y MKL]:7<a 3 464 aH [ Md Y a 46:<4b7<L Y L=8;=7 [ 4 4(M§=X5 Y  1 4(MKL 3 4 Y [ :<46Lb5 Y MN= J 8-7MN=46L:e§4 b = 3 4 J 74 [2J 46L]e 7Q-1ZY L 3 4646L‹8 [!b|^2Y\J a2L 1 4 [ N4(M§=*546= J 4XL [2J 7Q 1ZY L 3 4646L LV Y\[2J M Y\[ L 2:8;565 JK3 46=7 Y M YK[ : 3 4 J€Y -Ld7 Y M”a24d 8;= 3 4 J 7<46:]=4656= Y MK7 [ 4 8:98j8 J _§4H5 Y MN=79MK4(M§= 8-:4  1 4 [ = 546= J 48;LLd7g 7: 3 4646L  4(M 12J 474 J 48 1212J€Y b 7Q 8;=7 Y M  8 [ MK48 [ _r4(MN= 8;=7 Y M Y\[[ MK4a27Q79M [ =d7 Y M”a24|:98 5#$28 J _N4 12Y MKa 3 4 J 8;:<4 [ 4bL [21212YKJ =4`:9888 J _§4b4(MHL [2^ a [ 56=7 Y MfL '8 J = 8NM§='a [H12J 79MK567 1 4 [ 4X:4 1 : Y MK_§4 Y Ma24X:8 1 :98 [ 4b4(M L [2^ a [ 56=7 Y MH46L=e§7Q- [ 8 ^ :<4#e|46=F [ 7:‰L4 12J Y a [ 7<= 8n\7<=46LdL4`5 Y MKLd= 8§MN=4 œM Y\[ Lb8  Y MKL,5#$K4 J 5#$ 3 4 [ M  3 4O-5(8NMK7LO4 1ZY\[2J`J 4 12J\3 46L4(MN=4 J : 3 4 J Y L7 Y M 12J€Y Y MKa248 [ 7 L Y 7<=`79MKa 3 4 1 4(MKaœ8§MN=a246L  [ 5O-= [ 8;=7 Y MKLba24:98 5679M 3 48;=7 [ 4 d544ba24:98HL [2^ a [ 56=7 Y MfLG+ Y\[ Lb8 Y MKL 3 465(8 J = 3 4‹:4  - 46= 3 4 J Y L7  a24H:8ªL [2^ a [ 56=7 Y MaH8;L 13 4 J 7<= 3 46Lba24:98ª5 J Y 5 [ =4 Y 5 3 4(8§MK7 [ 4 ‰5(8 J ‡5 Y 84 :<4M Y =4      8§MKa         A BKBKC  Z:46L J 46:<7<4  LjL Y\[ LB-0 8 J 79MKL VL7<:<L 1 4 [ §4(MN=`8;_§7 J 5 Y 84`a246L`8-565 3 46: 3 4 J 8-=4 [2J L]=4 1ZY\J 8;7 J 46Lba24j:4 3 4 J Y Ld7 Y M qMK4 1 4 [ §4(MN= 4(Mª8 [ 5 [ Mª5(8;L,4(M 546= J 4b:<4* Y =4 [2JX12J 79MK567 1 8;:LH^ :<L`MK4`L [ iHL4(M§=ƒ4(M|4 I 46=‹4(Mª8 [ 5 [ MK4  8  5 Y M 8 J 4(MKa J 4|5 Y  1 =d4|a24:98= Y =8;:<7= 3 4Ha [  Y : [ 44(MN= J 8657M 3 4 1 8 J L [2^ a [ 56=d7 Y M.-3 4 J Y L7 Y MfL =M  8;7<=  12Y\[2J  Y a 3 46:<7Ld4 J : 3 4 J Y L7 Y M \M Y\[ LX8 Y MKL J 4 12J 7<L,:7<a 3 464baH [ MK4  Y\J =d4‹79M.- [ 4(MK564a246L  [ 7a246LL YK[ L 12J 46LdL7 Y M5 Y MN=4(M [ L‹aœ8§MKLb:<46LjL 3 46a27Q4(MN=LF [ 7 13 4(M 46= J 4(MN= aœ8NMKL|:4ª5%$K4(M28-:b46= 12J Y  Y  [ 4(M§= [ MK4 ™J 8;56= [2J 8;=7 Y Ma$  a J 8 [ :7 [ 4!a24:98 ^ 8;Ld4a24 :98 1 :98 [ 4j5%$K4#;8 [ 5#$28§M§=d4`L [ LB- 8;564(MN=4`46=ƒa Y MK5bL Y M 3 4 J Y Ld7 Y MfL : [ L 12J 8-=7 [ 44(MN=  5646=d=41$  a J Y6¤J 8-56= [2J 8;=7 Y M46L= J 4 12JK3 46L4(MN= 3 464jaœ8§MKL`M Y = J 48 Y a 46:<4  1 8 J :<4 ™J 8§MK5#$K7<LB-Ld44(M§=jaH [ MK48;8;:<4 [2J L4 [ 7<: 1ZY\[2J`[ M&8;== J 7 ^2[ =ba27<=eNa24K7<467<: :<79LdL44(MN=]eVLK)]46=`8;=B-= J 7 ^2[ =  12J Y\12J 4 8j5%$28;5 [ MK4ba246L]5646:<: [ :<46Lb46L=]L [ L564 1 =7 ^ :<4`aH(546= J 4‹8 [ _r4(MN= 3 4 Y\[ M Y M 1 Ld4 [ a Y 8-: 3 4(8;= Y 7 J 4 4(M§= 8b5#$28 [ 4 1 8;La24X=4 1 L 4(M Y MK56=7 Y Ma24,:98M28;= [2J 4,a24XL Y M  Y 7<L79M28;_§4`46=ƒa246L‹4 IRY\J =dL@ [ 7R: [ 7RL Y M§=‹8 121 :7 [3 46LL  Y\[2J 4(M|=4 J 79MK4 J 8 §465b:<46Ls Y =4 [2J L]a24%M Y = J 4s Y a 46:4 Z7:‰M Y\[ L J 46L=4X4(MK5 Y\J 4 88 ^2Y\J a24 J :4(MKL4 ^ :<4`a246LX4 IRY MKa J 44(MN=L,_ J 8 \7<= 8;7 J 46L L ^¤:<L 1 4 [ §4(MN=8546= J 4Xa24 1 : [ -Ld74 [2J L= 21 46LR>'a 3 465 J Y 5#$K44(MN=L Y\[ LB-™5 J[ Ld= 8;:]a24 12Y\J =7 Y MKL a24|=4 JJ 8;79Ma24:98 ^ 8;L4 a24H:98 1 :98 [ 4 5#$K4# 8 [ 5#$28§MN=4mL [ 7<=4 8 [ M&5 Y MK5 Y\[2J Lba24H5 Y MKa27<=7 Y MKL=46:<:<46L [ 4 :<4 ™J 8§MK5#$K7<LL44(MN=a24X:98 ;8;:<4 [2J Ld4 [ 7: 12JK3 46567<= 3 464 12Y\[2J :4X5 Y 4Oi567<4(M§= a24K7<467:<:<7<LL44(MN= a24j:98 5646:<: [ :<4`4(Mh [ 4jaH [ M|5#$28 JJ 78-_§4b4(M 12J Y6 Y MKa24 [2J a246L 3 4 ^2YK[ :7<L V8 I 8;7<LL4 4(M§= a24=4 JdJ 8;79M a [a 8;7<=Ha24:98  Y\J  8-=7 Y Ma245(8K7<= 3 46LH= J YK1 7Q 12YKJ = 8§MN=46L 8!:98 ^ 8;L4 a24j:98 1 :98 [ 4L [213 4 J 7<4 [2J 4"L Y\[ Lƒ:44 I 46=XaH [ MK4jL [2J 5#$28 J _§4 1ZY MKa 3 4 J 8-:4 œ8  8;:98§MK5#$K46L L [21 4 J  567<46:<:946L%8 [ L Y 846=]a24j:8 1 :98 [ 4`L [21 3 4 J 7<4 [2J 4L#LL  "!$#&%')(+*-,,, E

      G?LKJ a 46LXa24b_ 8§MKa24 LL#L    † k l tugu} „l t lo p„ wRlvjw g`i y`n wRl [ :98 J _§4ba [  3 4 J Y\[ K:98 Y LL4 Y 5 3 4(8NMK7C [ 4 46L [2J 4 [ MK4`a27;(8;79MK4 a24  7<: Y  46= J 46L a24]:98 J _N4L/R8 1 4(MN=4,L [21 3 4 J 7<4 [2J 4]a24,:98  8 J _N4e5 Y M§=79MK4(MN= 8;:<4;8 J 7<4]4(M§= J 4 A C  E ML  46==C H  A C #L /V4 1 4(MKaœ8;_§4ƒ4(M§= J 4:$ Y\J 7; Y MN= 8;:<4]46=‰:4 1 :98§Ma24 L [2^ a [ 56=d7 Y M46L='a24 AF  F  E #L/R8 1 :98 [ 4 Y 5 3 4(8NMK7C [ 4 1 : Y MK_§4 8b:98 \7<=46LLd4,a24 E 5  8§M ;=8§MKa27<L@ [ 4 :98 1 :98 [ 4b5 Y M§=d7MK4(MN= 8;:<4bL4 J 8 1212J Y 5%$K4Xa [ 564(M§= J 4‹a24b:98 Y LL4 Y 5 3 4(8§MK7 [ 41546L=B- 8 -a27 J 4X4(MK5 Y\J 4  [ 46:<:<4b5 Y M.§4 J _§4X46:<:4 544N4 J L]:8 1 :98 [ 4 Y 5 3 4(8§MK7 [ 4 8j:98\7<=46LLd4 a24(G5  8§MfL'b4  8  5 Y M_ 3 4(M 3 4 J 8;:<4  [ M J 4 1 4 J 4 Vb 4 1 :98;5 3 4bL [2J :98 1 :98 [ 4 Y 5 3 4(8NMK7C [ 4 eNa Y M2MK4:7Q 12J 46LL7 Y M!e!a24 1 : Y MK_§4 J 8 [ MK4"K7=d46LL4|a24 H J    3 8 LH/V4 12Y 79MN= a24 5 Y M§= 8-56= L7<= [ 3 48 [ ™J Y MN= a24ª:8a8 J _§4|5#$K4# 8 [ 5#$28§MN=4 J 465 [ :<4a24 C J    3!8'7<: _K8 J a24X564 1 4(MKaœ8§MN= [ MK4 e\8;:<=7<= [ a24#eH5 Y MKL= 8NM§=4L /‡8L [21 4 J1ZY L7<=7 Y Ma24H:44(MKL4 ^ :4|a24|M Y Ler Y =4 [2J L]ea Y 7<=4(MN= J 8579MK4 J :<46L 4  - 46=L‰L [ 7 8§MN=L'> [ MK4 J[21 = [2J 4]a24 1 4(M§=d4ea24ƒ:8 1 :98 [ 4 1 : Y MK_§4(8NM§=4ƒ4(M 12J€Y\12Y\J =7 Y Ma24 :4 IRY\J = 12Y MKa 3 4 J 8;:K4 b 4 J 5 3 4 1 8 J :8 1 :98 [ 4]5%$K4#;8 [ 5#$28§M§=d4  [ M5 JK3 4(MK46:98;_N4e8 1212J Yb 7Q 8 -=d7  a24b:98 1 :98 [ 4 1 : Y MK_N4(8§M§=d42 JK3 46L [ :<= 8§MN=a246L ^2J 7<L [2J 46LXa24 1 4(MN=4`L [ 565646LL7§46LE  [ M L Y\[ LB-™5#$28 JJ 798;_§4 a246L> 8;= 3 4 J 798 [!b3 4 J€Y a 3 46L  [ MK4e§7Q 12J 46LLd7 Y M!ebaH$  a J Y -™J 8;56= [2J 8;=7 Y MfL ^¤:  8 [ = ^ 7<4(M&Lr5 [2J 8 [ LL7 J 46L 1 4656=4 J :<46Lb5 Y MN= J 8-7MN=46LbL [ 7;8§M§=d46L@> J 4(MKa [ K7<L [ 46:8 §465 4 I 46=La24 e ^2J 7<L [2J 4#e YK[”J[21 = [2J 46L a24|=d4 JJ 8;79M”aœ8NMKL :98_ 3 4 Y  3 46= J 74a24:98 1 :98 [ 4 5#$K4# 8 [ 5%$28§MN=4H46= J 465 [ :]L7Q [ :<= 8§M 3 4Ha [ ™J Y MN=`a24|:98j 8 J _§4 5#$K4# 8 [ 5#$28§MN=4|46= a24 :8 b 4ba24j:8  Y LdL4 Y 5 3 4(8§MK7 [ 4 88;:<=7<= [ a245 Y MKL= 8§MN=4L   lo k l~†ul mml o i l*rVl } vo  YK[2J 46== J 44(M 1 :98;564:4(MKL4 ^ :<4a246L er Y =d4 [2J L]e  [ 4M YK[ L8  Y MKL|a 3 4  8  4(M§=7 Y M2M 3 4 RM Y\[ L`8  Y MKLba5 [  8;7 J 48 121 46: 8H:98ªM Y =7 Y MaH 3 465%$K46:<:<46La24 =4 1 L LH)]46L 3 465%$K46:<:<46L]a24‹=d4 1 L]L [2J :46L  [ 46:<:<46LGM YK[ L J 4#\7<4(MKa J Y MKLƒaœ8§MKL]:46L]5#$28 1 7<= J 46L]L [ 7 8NM§=L 5 YKJJ 46L 1ZY MKa24(M§=j4(M  8;7<= 8|:79MN= J Y a [ 56=7 Y M&a245 Y MN=4 b =46L ^ 7<4(M!a27<L=d7MK56=dLL ‹79MKL7 8 =d7= J 4aH4 b 4 1 :<4 ,M Y\[ L|8  Y MKL 46L=d7g 3 4d [ 4M YK[ LMK4 12YK[  Y MKL 1 8;La 3 4656484(MN=  46== J 4 [ M 1 $ 3 4(M Y  4(MK4!8 [ LL7Fe§79MKL= 8NM§= 8NM 3 4#e  [  [ M 3 4 ^2YK[ :4 4(M§=|a24!=d4 JJ 8;79M 8 3 46_\8;:<7<= 3 4X8N465 [ M 1 $ 3 4(M Y  4(MK4 1 : [ L‹a27_i567<:<44(MN= 1 4 J 564 1 =7 ^ :<4 :<4`=d4 1 L,aH [ MK4 K7<4 $ [  8;79MK4 5 Y 84 :446L=@:98ƒL [2^ a [ 56=d7 Y M`aH [ MK4 1 :98 [ 4L+ Y\[ L'8  Y MKL 1 8 J 5 Y MKL 3 4# [ 4(M§= 5#$K4 J 5#$ 3 4 8 J 46_ J YK[21 4 JX1 8 J 56:98;LdL4`:<46L er Y =4 [2J L]e YK13 4 J 8§MN=‹8 [ MK7§4(8 [ a246L 5446L 3 465%$K46:<:<46LXa24b=4 1 LL  "!# %' (+*-,,,

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LzLDC8/V4  8-:7<LE 4 =7<:<7<L 4 a 3 46L Y\J 8;7<LH [ 7:KMf  8 1 8;LRa24]M Y =7 Y Mua24=4 1 L‡a24 J 46= 8 J a 12J 7<L 1 8 J :98 12J YK1 8;_\8;=7 Y M a246L79M [ 4(MK5646L L [2J :<46L 8 J 56L`a [ _ J 8 1 $K4LG/‡8|L [ 7<=4j  &A46L=`a Y MK5 5 Y MKL= 8NM§=4 3 46_\8;:<4 89J  ) L =M  M  1ZY\[2J = YK[ =46L:46L5646:: [ :<46L1  ‡7:  8 [ a J 8;7<= 12Y\[  Y 7 J3 465 J 7 J 4   L Y\[ L,:98  Y\J 4XaH [ MK4bL4 [ :<4`46= 445  Y MK56=d7 Y MHa24b= J 8§MKL7<=7 Y M: Y 5(8-:4>  j 79MKa 3 4 1 4(MKaœ88 4(M§=ªa24:985646:<: [ :<4”5 Y MKL7<a 3 4 JK3 464L>J J ]4(M  8;7<= Ld4 [ :Lª:<46L 3 46= 8;=dL a246L 5646:<: [ :<46L,a24]:4(MKL4 ^ :<4   * ‡7Q 12Y\J =4(M§= JK3 4646:<:<44(M§= 8,: 3 4# 8;: [ 8;=d7 Y Ma24  8a#  12Y\[2J 1  #L )]4 12J Y\^ :44 3 46= 8§MN=œ: Y 79MjaH}546= J 4@= J 7CK798;:Kaœ8§MKLR:<4]5(8;LR_ 3 4(M 3 4 J 8;: Y [ : Y MjMK4 12Y LL 46a24 1 8-L 1 : [ LaH79M Y\J  8;=7 Y MKLjL [2J :98 Y MK56=7 Y M&a24 = J 8§MKL7<=7 Y M_§: Y\^ 8-:4 R:79M [ 4(MK564  A46=b:4(MKL4 ^ :<4 a246L`5646:<: [ :<46L  RM Y\[ L`8;:<: Y MKL%M YK[ L e J 46L= J 467MKa J 4 8 [ MK456:8-LL4 a24j_ J 8 1 $K46L 1 : [ L JK3 46_ [ :<74 J L]eVL  ' )  "?"#$ 0KY 7<= 0H[ MH4(MKL4 ^ :<4b79M  MK7Ra 3 4(M Y  ^2J 8 ^ :4Xa24b5646:<: [ :46L 1 :98;5 3 4646Lƒ5%$28 -5 [ MK46Lj4(M [ M 1ZY 79M§=ba24 ,L 0KY

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[ M JK3 46Ld4(8 [ aH8 [ = Y  8-=46L 8  Y a24 Y\1 3 4 J 8;= Y 7 J 4 12[2J 4 4(M§= 1 8 J 8;:<:46:<4 ]L  MK5#$ J Y MK4 :$ Y  Y _ 4(MK4 L [2J 5646=j4(MKL4 ^ :<4 0 a245646:<: [ :<46L  Y [  1ZY\[2J = YK[ =    -     b46Ld= [ M  544|_ J 8 1 $K4|L7Q 1 :<4 Y\J 74(MN= 3 4 @5 Y M2MK4 b 4ª46= a!-JK3 46_ [ :7<4 J M Y = 3 4K#L 121 46: Y MKL1 : [ MK7 [ 4  Y MK56=7 Y Mªa24= J 8§MKL7<=7 Y M_§: Y\^ 8;:<4 V79MKa 3 4 1 4(MKaœ8§M§=d4 a [ =4 1 LLVJbM8a Y MK5 ,     -   46=  1 8 J 8;7<::<4 [2J L  -  * -    &  #L 0KY 7<= :8&5646:<: [ :4 Y\J 7<_§79MK4a246L|8 b 46L  12Y L Y MKL -  *   Hj:4(MKL4 ^ :<4a246L 5646:<: [ :<46L a24 0 8  8§M§= [ MK4%79M [ 4(MK564HL [2J KL,/4 _ J 8 1 $K4 3 4 J 7  4 8;: Y\J LX:8 12J€Y\12J 7 3 46= 3 4 L [ 7C;8§MN=4,aH79M. 8 J 798§MK564 1 8 J = J 8§MKL:98;=7 Y Mb> , 2    *   -6 1L ­46L=8 121 46: 3 4 :8-a  8;564(MK564j: Y 5(8;:<4 J 46:98;=7§4L ‹79MKL7 1ZY\[2J = Y\[ =4`5646:<: [ :<49      x46L= 3 4#;8;: [3 464 8 1 8 J =7 J a24%:98a Y M2M 3 464 a24 \46= 1 4 [ =Xa Y MK5"546= J 4 3 465 J 7<=4bL YK[ L,:98 YKJ 4baH [ MK48 121 :<75(8-=7 Y M> B L  + 6(8 +-"T ," )  QP  )76    " JbMj5 Y  1 :46=4]:44(MKL4 ^ :4 0%1 8 J'[ MK4 [ 8NM§=7<= 3 4 79M  MK7<4Ha 3 4(M Y  ^2J 8 ^ :<4ja24%5646:<: [ :<46L7M28-56=7§46L`46= 8 3 46= 8-=sMK4 [ = J 4 , 12YK[2J :8 Y MK56=7 Y M a24j= J 8§MKLd7=d7 Y MH: Y 5(8;:<4 L  ' )  "?"#$ JbMj8 121 46:<:<4 J\3 46L4(8 [ aH8 [ = Y 8;=46Lœ5646:<: [ :98;7 J 46L :<4 [ 8;a Jd[21 :46=     f Y [  -  ‡46L= [ M_ J 8 1 $K4]L7Q 1 :<4 Y\J 74(MN= 3 4 (5 Y M2MK4 b 4,46= a!-J\3 46_ [ :<7<4 J  ­46L=': 4(M.-Ld4 ^ :<4  MK7'a246L 3 46= 8;=LF [ 4 1 4 [ §4(MN= 12J 4(MKa J 4 :<46L`a27 IG3 4 J 4(MN=46Lb5646:<: [ :46L  C:8-a  8 -564(MK564b: Y 5(8;:<4 J 46:98;=7§4X46=:8 Y MK56=7 Y Ma24‹= J 8§MKL7<=7 Y M: Y 5(8;:<4 !Lr~ Y\[ L5646L 3 46: 3 44(M§=dL 8  8NM§= 3 46= 3 4,a 3 4  MK7L 12JK3 465 3 46a2484(MN=L %!j : -'&U< : G5* : 6 ?@B$/(0 $- 6)(+<7(16 : 6UG(,$'6 D,k(16 *,(" I 6)(+-`$ G : * : )"%$'6 ; > $5-: 6)6 *)? I $/6C& GW7(12+?  B$/( & $G5G<\7(\FU(+-56 : ?T*,( 8 : 2)Y : 2+$5-'( ; (1&#21(,<T<T$<@(1&1  "!$#&%')(+*-,,, E



    

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a246: a24   A46= 8;:L

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