Ce test nous a permis d’évaluer la capacité de St. salivarius à accumuler le Cr(VI) chaque 24h pendant 72h d’incubation à 37°C sous agitation, en présence d’une concentration initiale de 50mg/L en Cr(VI), en comparant avec un témoin constitué d’une culture dans les mêmes conditions mais en absence du Cr (VI). Les résultats du test sont présentés ci-dessous (Figure 7).
La concentration du chrome intracellulaire est donnée en mg de chrome accumulé par 1g de poids sec de la biomasse.
Figure 7. Bioaccumulation du Cr(VI) par St. salivarius en absence et en présence de 50 mg/L du Cr dans le bouillon MRS incubé à 37°C.
On observe qu’il ya une différence remarquable dans la concentration du chrome accumulé par la bactérie cultivée dans un milieu dépourvu de métal et l’autre cultivée en présence d’une concentration initiale de 50 mg/L en Cr(VI). Une augmentation progressive du Cr accumulé est aussi constatée, il atteint une concentration de 13,31mg du Cr(VI)/g du poids sec de la biomasse, cependant sa concentration en absence du métal reste presque constante à une valeur de 1,9 mg du Cr(VI)/g du poids sec. Ces résultats permettent de confirmer la capacité de notre souche St. salivarius à accumuler le chrome hexavalent. Cette capacité à bioaccumuler le Cr(VI) peut être expliquée par l’existence d’interactions électrostatiques entre les métaux lourds et la surface De cette bactérie, ces interactions sont préalables à la biosorption ou bioaccumulation des métaux mettant en jeu des liaisons avec les protéines membranaires de la bactérie (Halttunenet al, 2007).
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 J1 J2 J3 con ce n tr at ion d e Cr ac cu m u lé en m g/ g d u p oid s se c
Temps d'incubation (jours)
32
Chang et al.(2012), ont testé la capacité de Lactobacillus bulgaricus NBRC13953 et Streptococcus thermophilus NBRC13957 à éliminer le chrome, le cuivre et l’arsenic (isolés à partir des déchets de bois traité par l'arséniate de cuivre chromaté), ils ont trouvé que l’acide lactique et l’acide pyruvique produits par les bactéries lactiques jouent un rôle dans la biosorption des métaux lourds.
Sheng et al. (2016), ont étudié la capacité de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis à accumuler le cadmium dans différents compartiments cellulaires en présence de différentes concentrations du métal (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/L) pendant 24h. Ils ont trouvé que cette souche tolère et accumule le Cd dans la cellule, ils ont donc suggéré que les protéines membranaires, les polysaccharides et l’acide phosphatidique jouent un rôle dans la biosorption du Cd à cause de sa charge négative. La bioaccumulation est localisée dans la surface cellulaire à l’aide des groupements fonctionnels comme –OH et –NH2. Ces travaux rapportent que la bioaccumulation des métaux lourds entraine des changements de la charge et de l’hydrophobicité de la surface et par conséquent affecte la structure cellulaire, ils suggèrent que ces changements sont l’un des mécanismes de résistance aux métaux lourds.
Conclusion
et
34
Cette étude a pour but de tester la capacité de la souche Streptococcus salivarius isolée à partir du lait cru à éliminer le chrome hexavalent présent à une concentration de 50mg/L dans le milieu de culture. Dans la première partie, notre étude est fondée sur la résistance et la croissance en présence des métaux lourds (Cr(VI), Pb et Hg). Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons étudié la capacité d’élimination et de bioaccumulation du Cr(VI) par la souche lactique St. salivarius.
Les résultats de cette étude montrent que :
Cette souche lactique St. salivarius tolère une concentration supérieure à 450 mg/L pour le Cr(VI) et le Pb. Une concentration minimale inhibitrice égale à 30 mg/L pour le Hg
Une bonne croissance bactérienne à un pH égal à 7 et une élimination du Cr(VI) à un pH égal à 5 sous agitation modérée.
L’élimination du chrome (VI) par le mécanisme de bioaccumulation intracellulaire par la souche St. salivarius a été confirmée en mettant en œuvre son analyse par la méthode colorimétrique par le 1,5 diphénylcarbazide, donc elle est capable d’accumuler une concentration remarquable de Cr(VI) égale à 13,31mg du Cr(VI) / g du poids sec de la biomasse.
Ces résultats préliminaires semblent indiquer le rôle détoxifiant de la souche lactique St. salivarius.
Nous suggérons l’utilisation de cette souche pour la détoxification des aliments contaminés, ou l’utilisation comme un probiotique dans les produits alimentaires pour la détoxification de l’organisme humain du chrome qui peut être ingéré par l’eau ou les aliments contaminés, ceci ouvre une nouvelle voie de recherche dans le domaine des probiotiques.
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