The World report on violence and health proposed an ecological model for understanding violence and preventing it that classifies risk factors for violence by four levels: individual, relationship, community and societal (1) (Fig. 1). Risk factors for violence are conditions that are associated with an increased likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence. No single factor explains why a person or group is at high or low risk. Rather, violence is an outcome of complex interaction among many factors. Similarly, interventions and programmes to prevent violence that are directed at the various risk factors can also be considered using the ecological model.
Fig. 1. An ecological framework describing the risk factors for violence among young people and interventions for preventing it
Source: World report on violence and health (1)
0.26
SMR from sharp implements SMR all homicides 0.50
SMR from sharp implements SMR all homicides Deaths per 100 000 population
90 Annex 1. Additional results and definitions
Fig. 2–8 present results that supplement those in the main text.
Fig. 2. Age-standardized mortality rates (SMR) per 100 000 population among males aged 10–29 years from all causes of homicide and from sharp implements in selected countries in the WHO European Region, 2004–200610
Source: European detailed mortality database (DMDB) [online database] (3).
10 The results for countries with a population of less than 1 million such as Iceland, Luxembourg and Malta need to be interpreted cautiously, as a small number of incidents could exaggerate the true picture.
0.26
SMR from sharp implements SMR all homicides 0.50
SMR from sharp implements SMR all homicides Deaths per 100 000 population
Annex 1. Additional results and definitions 91 Fig. 3. SMRs per 100 000 population among females aged 10–29 years from all causes of homicide and from sharp
implements in selected countries in the WHO European Region, 2004–2006
Source: European detailed mortality database (DMDB) [online database] (3).
0.26
SMR from sharp implements SMR all homicides 0.50
SMR from sharp implements SMR all homicides Deaths per 100 000 population
92 Annex 1. Additional results and definitions
Fig. 4. Proportion of homicides due to knives and sharp implements among people aged 10–29 years in selected countries in the WHO European Region, 2004–2006
Source: European detailed mortality database (DMDB) [online database] (3).
0.26
SMR from sharp implements SMR all homicides 0.50
SMR from sharp implements SMR all homicides Deaths per 100 000 population
Annex 1. Additional results and definitions 93 Fig. 5. Proportion of all homicide victims among people aged 10–29 years due to sharp weapons, firearms, strangulation and other means in selected countries in the WHO European Region, 2004–2006
Source: European detailed mortality database (DMDB) [online database] (3).
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Knives Guns Strangulation Blunt weapon Other
1.7
Croatia Czech Republic Finland Slovenia United Kingdom
Hospitalizations per 100 000 population Hospitalizations per 100 000 population
Hospitalizations per 100 000 population Age (years)
Croatia Czech Republic Finland Slovenia United Kingdom
Age (years)
0−9 10−29 30−44 45−59 60−74 75+
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Life skills training programmes Preschool enrichment Family therapy for children at high risk Home–school partnership programmes for parents Educational incentives for at-risk high-school students Interventions to identify and treat conduct and emotional disorders in early childhood Psychological interventions for children exposed to violence
Yes, implemented nationally Yes, implemented in some areas No 0−9 10−29 30−44 45−59 60−74 75+
94 Annex 1. Additional results and definitions
Fig. 7. Age-specific hospitalization rates per 100 000 population for assault with knives and sharp implements in five countries in the WHO European Region, average for 2004–2006
Source: European hospital morbidity database [online database] (4).
Fig. 6. Age-specific hospitalization rates per 100 000 population for assaults from all causes in five countries in the WHO European Region, average for 2004–2006
Source: European hospital morbidity database [online database] (4).
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Knives Guns Strangulation Blunt weapon Other
1.7
Croatia Czech Republic Finland Slovenia United Kingdom
Hospitalizations per 100 000 population Hospitalizations per 100 000 population
Hospitalizations per 100 000 population Age (years)
Croatia Czech Republic Finland Slovenia United Kingdom
Age (years)
0−9 10−29 30−44 45−59 60−74 75+
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Life skills training programmes Preschool enrichment Family therapy for children at high risk Home–school partnership programmes for parents Educational incentives for at-risk high-school students Interventions to identify and treat conduct and emotional disorders in early childhood Psychological interventions for children exposed to violence
Yes, implemented nationally Yes, implemented in some areas No 0−9 10−29 30−44 45−59 60−74 75+
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Knives Guns Strangulation Blunt weapon Other
1.7
Croatia Czech Republic Finland Slovenia United Kingdom
Hospitalizations per 100 000 population Hospitalizations per 100 000 population
Hospitalizations per 100 000 population Age (years)
Croatia Czech Republic Finland Slovenia United Kingdom
Age (years)
0−9 10−29 30−44 45−59 60−74 75+
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Life skills training programmes Preschool enrichment Family therapy for children at high risk Home–school partnership programmes for parents Educational incentives for at-risk high-school students Interventions to identify and treat conduct and emotional disorders in early childhood Psychological interventions for children exposed to violence
Yes, implemented nationally Yes, implemented in some areas No 0−9 10−29 30−44 45−59 60−74 75+
Annex 1. Additional results and definitions 95 Fig. 8. Hospitalization rates per 100 000 people aged 10–29 years for assaults by knives and sharp implements for five countries in the WHO European Region, average for 2004–2006
Source: European hospital morbidity database [online database] (4).
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Knives Guns Strangulation Blunt weapon Other
1.7
Croatia Czech Republic Finland Slovenia United Kingdom
Hospitalizations per 100 000 population Hospitalizations per 100 000 population
Hospitalizations per 100 000 population Age (years)
Croatia Czech Republic Finland Slovenia United Kingdom
Age (years)
0−9 10−29 30−44 45−59 60−74 75+
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Life skills training programmes Preschool enrichment Family therapy for children at high risk Home–school partnership programmes for parents Educational incentives for at-risk high-school students Interventions to identify and treat conduct and emotional disorders in early childhood Psychological interventions for children exposed to violence
Yes, implemented nationally Yes, implemented in some areas No 0−9 10−29 30−44 45−59 60−74 75+