Energy utilization and energy systems
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(2) 料 资. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. 养 营 能量利用和能量体系 猪 · 国 Energy utilization and energy systems 中 Jaap VAN MILGEN.
(3) 大纲 Outline 前言 Introduction 总能、消化能和代谢能. 料 资. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. Gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME). 产热和净能组分. Components of heat production and net. 养 营 能量转换的化学计量法 猪 · 国 中 结论 Conclusions energy (NE). Stoichiometry of energy. transactions. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .02.
(4) 大纲 Outline. 前言 Introduction. 术 技. 坛 论 产热组分和净能 际 国 养 能量转换的化学计量法 营 猪 · 结论 国 中 总能、消化能和代谢能. 料 资. Gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME). Components of heat production and net energy (NE). Stoichiometry of energy transactions. Conclusions. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .03.
(5) 前言 Introduction 能量不是一种营养素，但是一个物质的特性 nutrient, but a property of objects. Energy is not a. 能量不会丢失，且存在于不同的形式. 术 技. Energy cannot be lost. 坛 论 际 国 能量主要与蛋白质和脂肪一样沉积在体内 养 营 猪 · 能量如ATP是在许多代谢过程中所需要的 国 中 and exists in different forms. 能量是日粮中最重要的组分. 料 资. Energy is the most expensive. component of the diet. Energy is mainly. retained in the body as protein and lipid. Energy, as ATP, is. required in numerous metabolic processes Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .04.
(6) 仅部分摄入能被沉积 Only part of the ingested energy is retained 总能 Gross energy (GE). 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. 消化能Digestible energy (DE). 养 营. 代谢能Metabolizable energy (ME). 猪 · 净能 Retained energy (RE) 国 中 Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. 料 资. 粪能 Fecal energy. 尿能 Urinary energy, CH4, H2 产热Heat production. .05.
(7) 仅部分摄入能被沉积 Only part of the ingested energy is retained 粪 Feces. 产热 Heat production. 中. 猪 · 国. 术 技. 甲烷+尿 Methane + urine. 坛 论 际 国. 养 营. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. 料 资. 沉积净能 Retained. .06.
(8) 大纲 Outline 前言 Introduction 总能、消化能和代谢能. 料 资. 术 技. Gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME). 产热和净能组分. 坛 论 际 国. Components of heat production and net. 养 能量转换的化学计量法 营 猪 · 国 中 结论 Conclusions energy (NE). Stoichiometry of energy. transactions. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .07.
(9) 能量值Energy value, kJ/g. 饲料原料的总能 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0. 术 技. 猪 · 国. 中. 粗蛋白质. 料 资. GE values of feed ingredients. 坛 论 际 国. 养 营. 淀粉 纤维素. 蔗糖. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. 葡萄糖 粗脂肪 乙酸 丙酸. 丁酸 .08.
(10) 总能的估算 Estimation of GE values. 料 资. 术 技. 总能=17.33+0.628蛋白质+2.34脂肪-1.84灰分. 坛 论 际 总能=22.6粗蛋白质+38.8脂肪+17.5淀粉+16.7糖+18.6残留物 国 养 残留物=有机物质-(粗蛋白质+脂肪+淀粉+糖） 营 猪 · 国 中 GE = 17.33 + 0.628 CP + 2.34 fat – 1.84 ash (NRC, 1998). GE = 22.6 CP + 38.8 fat + 17.5 starch + 16.7 sugars + 18.6 residue residue = OM – (CP + fat + starch + sugars) (Noblet et al., 1994. J. Anim. Sci. 72:344-354). Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .09.
(11) 纤维对能量消化率的影响 能量消化率Energy digestibility, %. 100. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. 90 80 70. 猪 · 国. 中. 料 资. Effect of fiber on energy digestibility. 60. 10. 养 营. 生长猪growing pigs: 0.90. 15. 20. 25 30 中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%). 35. 40. Le Goff and Noblet (2001) J. Anim. Sci. 79: 2418-2427 Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .010.
(12) 纤维对能量消化率的影响 Effect of fiber on energy digestibility 能量消化率Energy digestibility, %. 100. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. 90 80 70. 猪 · 国. 中. 料 资. 60. 10. 养 营. sows: 0.64. 生长猪growing pigs: 0.90. 15. 20. 25 30 中性洗涤纤维NDF (%). 35. 40. Le Goff and Noblet (2001) J. Anim. Sci. 79: 2418-2427 Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .011.
(13) 粪能损失 Fecal energy losses 能量消化率随着纤维含量增 加而降低 Energy digestibility. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. decreases with fiber content. 料 资. 饲料原料组成和营养价值表. 养 营. 母猪对纤维的消化能力高于 生长猪(例：2个消化能值). 中. 猪 · 国. Sows digest fiber better than do growing pigs (i.e., 2 DE values) Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .012.
(14) 日粮蛋白质对能量利用率的影响 Effect of dietary protein on energy availability 100 代谢能/消化能 ME/DE, %. 坛 论 际 国. 96 94 92 90. 猪 · 国. 中. 料 资. 术 技. 98. 88 86. 0. 养 营. 20 40 60 80 粗蛋白质 ，占干物质% Crude protein, % in DM. 100. Sauvant et al. (2004) Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .013.
(15) 蛋白质的代谢能取决于它的利用率 The ME value of protein depends on its utilization 可消化蛋白 Digestible protein. 术 技. 坛 论 沉积蛋白质 过量蛋白质 际 国 养 营 猪 · 国 Excess protein. 中 尿素 urea. 料 资. Deposited protein. 碳链carbon chain. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .014.
(16) 蛋白质的代谢能取决于它的利用率 The ME value of protein depends on its utilization carbon chain 碳链. Energy value, kJ/g. 能量值. 35. 20 15. 猪 · 国. 中. 坛 论 际 国. 25. 5. 料 资. 术 技. 30. 10. urea 尿素. 养 营. 0. Lys Met Cys Thr Trp Ile Leu Val Phe Tyr His Arg Ser Gly Ala Glu Gln Pro Asp Asn Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .015.
(17) 大纲 Outline 前言 Introduction 总能、消化能和代谢能. 料 资. 术 技. Gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME). 产热和净能组分 energy (NE). 猪 · 国. 养 营. 坛 论 际 国. Components of heat production and net. 能量转换的化学计量法 结论 中. transactions. Stoichiometry of energy. Conclusions Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .016.
(18) 能量损失和能量体系 Energy losses and energy systems 总能 GE 粪能 Fecal energy DE. 代谢能. 养 营. 猪 · 国 净能. 中 沉积净能. ME. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. 消化能. NE. 料 资. 尿能，甲烷，氢气 Urinary energy, CH4, H2 热增耗 Heat increment 空腹产热 Fasting heat production. RE. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .017.
(19) 间接测热(呼吸室） Indirect calorimetry (respiration chamber). 料 资. 术 技. 中. 猪 · 国. 坛 论 际 国. 养 营. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .018.
(20) 间接测热(呼吸室） Indirect calorimetry (respiration chamber) 温度调节 temperature regulation. 料 资. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. 流量计 flow meter. 照明 lighting. 中. 猪 · 国. 养 营. 红外线光束 infra-red beam. O2 CO2 CH4. 重量传感器 力传感器 weight sensors force sensors Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .019.
(21) Energy expenditure, MJ/d. 产热组分. Components of heat production. 禁食. 热增耗(长期). Fasting 30. Heat increment (long-term). 20. 猪 · 国. 10. 中. 5. 0 9:00. 12:00. 活动. 料 资. 术 技. Heat increment (short-term). 坛 论 际 国. 25. 15. 热增耗(短期). Activity. 养 营 15:00. 18:00. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. 21:00. 0:00. 时间 Time. 3:00. 6:00 .020.
(22) 从可消化养分评估能量值. 料 资. Estimating energy values from digestible nutrients 消化能DE (kJ/g). 代谢能ME (kJ/g). 净能NE (kJ/g). 坛 论 际 国. 蛋白质Protein. 23.3. 20.4. 12.1. 油脂Lipid 淀粉Starch 糖Sugars 纤维Fiber. 38.7 17.5 16.8 16.7. 39.3 17.5 16.5 15.5. 35.0 14.3 11.9 8.6. 中. 猪 · 国. 术 技. 养 营. ME:DE (%). NE:ME (%). 88. 59. 101 100 98 93. 89 82 73 56. Noblet et al. (1994) J. Anim. Sci. 72:344-354 Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .021.
(23) 饲料原料的优先顺序取决于所用的能量体系 The ranking of feed ingredients depends on the system of expression 总能GE 玉米Corn (kJ/g) 小麦Wheat 高粱Sorghum 豆粕Soybean meal. 猪 · 国. 麦麸Wheat bran. 中. 豆油 Soy oil. 消化能DE. 料 资. 术 技. 代谢能ME. 坛 论 际 国. 净能NE. 100 (18.7). 100 (16.4). 100 (16.0). 97 101. 97 100. 97 100. 94 99. 102. 95. 72. 101. 65. 63. 56. 210. 203. 207. 232. 养 营 105. 100 (12.8). Sauvant et al. (2004) Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .022.
(24) 大纲 Outline 前言 Introduction 总能、消化能和代谢能. 料 资. 术 技. Gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME). 产热和净能组分 energy (NE). 猪 · 国. 养 营. 坛 论 际 国. Components of heat production and net. 能量转换的化学计量法 结论 中. transactions. Stoichiometry of energy. Conclusions Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .023.
(25) 能量转换的化学计量 Stoichiometry of energy transactions 氨基酸 碳水化合物 油脂. 料 Amino acids Carbohydrates 资 Lipids 术 技 坛 代谢中间产物 论 际 国 养 营 猪 · 国 氨基酸 油脂 三磷酸腺苷 Intermediary metabolism. 中. Amino acids. Lipids. Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. ATP .024.
(26) kJ ME / ATP. 合成ATP的理论效率 120 110 100 90 80 70 60. Theoretical efficiency of ATP synthesis. 术 技. 猪 · 国. 中. 料 资. 坛 论 际 国. 养 营. van Milgen (2002) J. Nutr. 132:3195-320 Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .025.
(27) 营养转换效率. 料 资. Efficiency of nutrient transformations 理论值Theoretical 淀粉-油脂 Starch → Lipid 油脂-油脂 Lipid → Lipid 蛋白质-油脂 Protein → Lipid 蛋白质-蛋白质 Protein → Protein. 猪 · 国. 中. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. 养 营. 0.84. 实测值 Experimental 0.84. 0.97. 0.88. 0.67*. 0.52. 0.87*. 0.60. *不含蛋白质周转 no protein turnover van Milgen (2002) J. Nutr. 132:3195-320 Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .026.
(28) 结论 Conclusions 母猪对能量的消化率大于生长猪 greater in sows than in growing pigs. 料 资. Energy digestibility is. 术 技. 效率是代谢能体系中能量需求的一部分，也是净能体系中能量 值的一部分 Efficiency is part of the energy requirement in. 坛 论 际 饲料原料的优先顺序取决于所用的能量体系 国 养 营 有相当一部分的热增耗和能量效率可以用生物化学来解释 猪 · 国 中 an ME system and part of the energy value in an NE system. The relative ranking of feed ingredients depends on the system of expression. A considerable part of the heat increment and energy efficiency can be explained by biochemistry Energy utilization and energy systems Jaap van Milgen. .027.
(29) 术 技. 料 资. 中. 猪 · 国. 坛 论 际 国. 养 营. Freely available from www.evapig.com.
(30) 中. 猪 · 国. 术 技. 坛 论 际 国. Acknowledgements:. Serge DUBOIS Etienne LABUSSIÈRE Laurent LE BELLEGO Gwénola LE GOFF Jean NOBLET. 养 营. 料 资.
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