Buildings as systems.

0.0F TO

E

OCT

6 1966

BUILDINGS AS SYSTEMS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREIENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE AT

THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A /)

PAUL SUN

B.A. TARKIO COLLEGE, MISSOURI 1957

B.ARCH. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ₁₉₆₃

LAWRENCE B. ANDERSON, HEAD

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

JUNE 1966

LAWRENCE B. ANDERSON, DEAN

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEAR DEAN ANDERSON :

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF 4ASTER IN ARCHITECTURE, I HEREBY SUBMIT

THIS THESIS ENTITLED " BUILDINGS AS SYSTEMS "

RESPECTFULLY,

ABSTRACT

THE AIM OF THIS THESIS IS TO DESIGN BUILDINGS AS SYSTEMS --- A SYSTEM OF GROWTH, A SYSTEM OF

ADAPTABILITY, A SYSTEM OF STRUCTURE.

A SYSTEM TO BE APPROACHED AS AN ORDERLY ORGANIZATION

OF COMPONENTS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER TO RECEIVE

MAXIMUM UTILIZATION FROM EACH AND FROM THE WHOLE.

A SYSTEM TO BE CREATED FOR BUILDINGS A NEW SCALE

WITH EMPHASIS ON SPATIAL QUALITY AND INTERNAL LIFE.

A BUILDING NEED NOT GROW OBSOLETE, THEY CAN GROW INTERNALLY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THESIS SUPERVISOR EDUARDO F. CATALANO STRUCTURE WARCKW ZEWLESKI MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT SIDNEY GREENLEAF

TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE --- 1 LETTER OF SUBMISSION --- 2 ABSRACT ---

3

ACKNOELEDGEMENTS- ---

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS ---

5

LIST OF ILLUSTRATION --- 6 INTRODUCTION --- 7 SPACE --- 8 STRUCTURE --- 10 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT --- 11 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE --- 12

ELECTRICAL, LIGHTING, ACCOUSTICAL AND PARTITION - 13

LIST OF ILLUSTRATION

1. BUILDINGS AS SYSTEMS - EDGE CONDITION

2. SYSTEM OF GROWTH AND ADAPTABILITY - FOOTPRINT

3.

SYSTEM OF SPATIAL FLEXIBILITY - SECTIONS

4.

PLAN - STRUCTURAL MODULE, CORE, REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

AND MECHANICAL DUCT SYSTEM

5.

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE 6. STRUCTURAL SECTION I 7. STRUCTURAL SECTION II PHOTOGRAPH OF MODEL A. GIRDER B. BEAM I 0. BEAM II D. STRUCTURE I E. STRUCTURE II F. STRUCTURAL VOID I G. STRUCTURAL VOID II

INTRODUCTION

TO DESIGN BUILDINGS WITH A SYSTEM OF GROWTH BOTH

INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY. MUST ALSO PROVIDE

FLEXIBILITY - PRESENT AND FUTURE.

TO ESTABLISH A FOOTPRINT OF STRUCTURAL AND MAIN MECHANICAL CORE OR BRANCHES AS PERMANENT ELEMENTS

OF THE SYSTEM, WHILE ACHIEVE FLEXIBILITY FOR SECONDARY STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL COMPONENTS THAT CAN CHANGE OR BE REMOVED PRESERVING THE

SPACE

THE SPACE-FLEXIBILITY SYSTEM PROVIDES FOR MAXIMUM INTERNAL FLEXIBILITY BY MOVING MODULAR PARTITION SPACINGS. AN

ORDER OR CONTROL OF THE PARTITION ACCOMPLISHED BY ESTABLISHENG A GRED UPON WHICH TO BUILD PARTITIONS. ALL SPACE WILL THEN

GROW IN INCREMENTS OF THE BASIC UNIT OF THE GRID : THE MODULE.

A MODULE OF

4'X

8' WAS SELECTED ON THE FOLLOWING PREMISES :

1. SMALLEST DESIRABLE WIDTH FOR CORRIDOR CIRCULATION 8'

2. BASIC INDIVIDUAL SPACE 8'X 12'

5.

FLEXIBLE SPACING FOR LIGHT-DIFFUSER UNITS.

4.

32'X32'

BAY A MULTIPLE OF THE MODULE IS DESIGNED FOR

THE CORE AND A GOOD PARKING BAY SPACING.

5.

64'X64' A MULTIPLE OF THE MODULE PROVIDES MAXIMUM

FLEXIBILITY IN SIZE OF SPACES AND SIZE OF VOIDS.

TO ESTABLISH THE UNIFORM DEPTH OF EXPOSED BEAM AND GIRDER TO FORM A LOGICAL AND SOUND CONSTRUCTION TERMINATION FOR PARTITION.

THE CORES ARE DESIGNED TO BE MULTIPLES OF THE ESTABLISHED

STRUCTURAL BAY. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CORE, ONE HOUSES

SPACE AND THE OTHER HOUSES STAIRS, TOILETS AND MECHANICAL

DUCT SPACE. THIS DUAL CORE SYSTEM ACHIEVES LARGER FLOOR

AREA UNDER EGRESS CODE RESTRICTION AND DIVIDES MECHANICAL

MAIN DISTRIBUTION TO REDUCE DUCT SIZE IN TURN REDUCES

STRUCTURAL OPENNINGS. THE CORES THEN BECOME PART OF THE

SYSTEM AND DO NOT INTERRUPT THE INTEGRITY OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM. THE DUAL CORE DESIGN ALSO PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY IN SYSTEM OF GROWTH IN SMALLER INCREMENTS. THE POSITIONING

OF THE CORES ESTABLISHES THE MAJOR HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION PATTERN, MAJOR MECHANICAL DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL AND BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS.

PAIRED RECTANGLE COLUMNS LOCATED AT THE SAME DIRECTION OF

THE MAJOR GIRDER EMPHASIS THE ONE WAY SYSTEM, IT ALSO REDUCED

THE MASS OF THE COLUMN. THE OPENNING AT COLUMNS ALSO

EMPHASIS THE LOCATION OF MIXING BOXES AND THE SECONDARY

CHANNEL FOR MECHANICAL DUCTS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO INDICATES

STRUCTURE

ONE-WAY SYSTEM WITH A MODULE OF 4'X8'.

GIRDERS : 12" X

36"

REINFORCED CONCRETE, SPAN 32'

NO OPENNINGS.

BEAM I : 6" X 36" PRECAST CONCRETE, SPAN

32'

WITH 12" X 48" OPENNINGS CARRYING MAJOR

MECHANICAL SUPPLY AND RETURN DUCTS. BEAM II ; 6" X

36"

PRECAST CONCRETE, SPAN 64'

WITH 12" X 24" OPENNINGS CARRYING LOCAL

DISTRIBUTION DUCTS.

COLUMNS : 12" X 42" REINFORCED CONCRETE POURED,

IN PAIR SBACED WITH A NOMINAL DIMENSION OF

ONE MODULE. PROVIDED OPENNINGS BETWEEN COLUMNS FOR

SECONDARY MECHANICAL DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL.

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

DUAL DUCT HIGH VELOCITY MAIN SUPPLY AT THE CORE. ALL UTILITY-SERVICE LINES ARE TERMINATED IN A

SUB-BASEMENT AND EXTEND TO THE ROOF OFFERING VERTICAL EXHAUST.

THE COOLING TOWERS ARE LOCATED ON THE TOP OF EACH CORE.

THE BOILERS, FAN ROOMS AND REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT ARE

LOCATED IN A SUB-BASEMENT MECHANICAL ROOM.

THE PRIMARY HORIZONTAL AIR SUPPLY AND RETURN IS LOW VELOCITY AND LOCATED IN THE STRUCTURAL CAVITY ABOVE. MIXING BOXES ARE LOCATED AT EACH COLUMN SPACING OF

321

AND THE OPENNING FOR SECONDARY SUPPLY AND RETURN CHANNEL.

ALL HORIZONTAL LINES, SO AS NOT TO INTERFERE WITH THE

PARTITIONS, WILL BE HOUSED WITHIN THE STRUCTURAL DEPTH.

DUCT RUN THROUGH OPENNINGS AT BEAMS ONLY, NO OPENNINGS AT

GIRDERS.

EACH MODULE HAS A DIFFUSER-LIGHTING UNIT. EACH OTHER MODULE HOUSES A SUPPLY DIFFUSER AND EACH ADJACENT MODULE

A RETURN DIFFUSER. PROVIDE PLUG-IN CONNECTION OF SUPPLY OR

RETURN DIFFUSER FOR SPACE REQUIREMINTS.

THE PERIMETER ZONE AIR IS RE-HEATED OR RE-COOLED WITH

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

POUR CONCRETE FOUNDATION

POUR IN PLACE CONCRETE COLUMNS

PLACING PRE-CAST GIRDER

WELDING CONNECTION AT COLU4N AND GIRDER WITH PRE- SET

STEEL PLATE CONNECTION. PLACING PRE-CAST BEAM1S

PLACING PRE-CAST CONCRETE DIAPHRAM AND LOCKED IN PLACE. PLACEING CONCRETE SLABS

PLACE UNDER FLOOR ELECTRICAL DUCT

POUR CONCRETE TOPPING OR ROOFING FINISH FLOORING OR ROOFING

PLACING MECHANICAL DUCT THROUGH STRUCTURAL CAVITY

PLUG - IN LIGHTING-DIFFUSER UNITS

ELECTRICAL

UNDER FLOOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. SINGLE -LEVEL DUCT 1 7/16" x 6 5/8" RECESSED STAINLESS STEEL JUNCTION BOX

COVER AND TRIM RING FLUSH FLOOR OUTLETS.

LIGHTING

LIGHTING AND DIFFUSERS COMBINE. PLUG IN CONNECTIONS. SPACING AT EACH STRUCTURAL MODULE.

PARTITIONS

4'

X 8' REMOVABLE PARTITION PANNEL WITH BUILT-IN INSULATION.

ACCOUSTICAL

MODULAR ACCOUSTICAL PANNELS PLACEED AT EACH STRUCTURAL

OPENNINGS AND AT SIDE OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE BEAMS.

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PERIMETE FAN COIL L

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GIRDERS SECTION

BEAM CROSS SECTION

MECHANICAL DUCT SYSTEM

COLUMN CONNECTION

steel bars welded to recessed sleel plate

- PRIMARY AIR SUPPLY& RETURN CHANNEL

PARTITION

ELECTRICAL RACEWAY

UNITS-BEAM SECTION

MECHANICAL DUCT SYSTEM

STRUCTURAL CROSS SECTION

MIXING LOX

NOT & COLD DUAL DUCT MAIN SUPPLY

SUPPLY DUCT

-MAIN RETURN DUCT

-LIGHTING- DIFFUSER UNIT

UNDERFLOOR ELECTRICAL DUCT SYSTEM

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