• Aucun résultat trouvé

Protection, mobility and livelihood challenges of displaced Iraqis in urban settings in Jordan

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Protection, mobility and livelihood challenges of displaced Iraqis in urban settings in Jordan"

Copied!
37
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: halshs-01964206

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01964206

Submitted on 21 Dec 2018

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Protection, mobility and livelihood challenges of displaced Iraqis in urban settings in Jordan

Géraldine Chatelard, Oroub El-Abed, Kate Washington

To cite this version:

Géraldine Chatelard, Oroub El-Abed, Kate Washington. Protection, mobility and livelihood chal-

lenges of displaced Iraqis in urban settings in Jordan. [Contract] International Catholic Migration

Commission. 2009. �halshs-01964206�

(2)

EgdiZXi^dc!bdW^a^in

VcY a^kZa^]ddYX]VaaZc\Zh

d[Y^heaVXZY>gVf^h^cjgWVc

hZii^c\h^c?dgYVc

(3)
(4)

EgdiZXi^dc!bdW^a^in

VcY a^kZa^]ddYX]VaaZc\Zh

d[Y^heaVXZY>gVf^h^cjgWVc hZii^c\h^c?dgYVc

BVn'%%.0l^i]jeYViZhDXidWZg'%%.

(5)

Eg^cX^eVaVji]dg/<‚gVaY^cZ8=6I:A6G9!E]9#

Id\Zi]Zgl^i]/DgdjW:A"67:9VcY@ViZL6H=>C<IDC

:Y^i^dg^VaY^gZXi^dcVcYhjeedgi/6aVccVGN6CVcY?d]c@#7>C<=6B!>8B8

I]^hhijYn]VhWZZcegZeVgZYWni]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa8Vi]da^XB^\gVi^dc8dbb^hh^dc!l^i]i]Zhjeedgid[i]ZHl^hh

;ZYZgVa9ZeVgibZcid[;dgZ^\c6[[V^gh#I]Zk^ZlhZmegZhhZYYdcdicZXZhhVg^angZÓZXii]dhZd[i]ZHl^hh;ZYZgVa 9ZeVgibZcid[;dgZ^\c6[[V^gh#

8dkZge]did/JC=8G$E#H6C9H

EjWa^XVi^dcYZh^\cVcYaVndji/ 6aWnhjg8]‚gVc!;G6C8:

Eg^ciZYWn/ 6aWnhjg8]‚gVc!;G6C8:

EjWa^h]ZYWn/>ciZgcVi^dcVa8Vi]da^XB^\gVi^dc8dbb^hh^dc

&!gjZYZKVgZbW‚&'&&

<ZcZkVHL>IO:GA6C9 )&''.&.&%'%

lll#^XbX#cZi

8deng^\]i>8B8'%%.

(6)

&

iV WaZd[X dci Zcih

:mZXji^kZhjbbVgn '

>cigdYjXi^dc )

># @ZnXdcXZeih/9ZÒc^i^dchVcYX]VaaZc\Zh +

JgWVcgZ[j\ZZh +

EgdiZXi^dcVcYÆ\jZhiÇhiVijh/6gZ\^dcVaeZgheZXi^kZ +

KjacZgVWaZ>gVf^h .

>># 8dciZmi &%

=jbVc^chZXjg^in^c>gVf &%

;Vb^ani^ZhVcYi]ZY^VhedgVXdbbjc^in &&

AZ\VaXViZ\dg^hVi^dch^c?dgYVc &(

Adhhd[]jbVcXVe^iVa &)

>beZYZYbdW^a^in &*

>>>#6eegdVX]ZhidVhh^hiVcXZVcYegdiZXi^dc &+

I]Z]jbVchZXjg^inVeegdVX] &+

I]ZgZ[j\ZZVeegdVX] &,

I]ZYZkZadebZciVeegdVX] &-

I]ZcVi^dcVahZXjg^inVeegdVX] &.

>K#JcbZiegdiZXi^dccZZYh '%

Egd[^aZh^ccZZYd[heZX^[^XegdiZXi^dc '%

A^b^iZYVXXZhhidhdX^VahZgk^XZhVcYZYjXVi^dc '&

A^b^iZYhjeedgi[dgk^Xi^bhd[k^daZcXZVcYigVjbV '' K# AVn^c\V[djcYVi^dc[dgYjgVWaZhdaji^dch/

:hhZci^VaZaZbZcihVcYegVXi^XVagZXdbbZcYVi^dch ')

6X`cdlaZY\^c\XdbeaZm^in!YjgVW^a^inVcYi]ZXnXa^XVacVijgZd[bdkZbZcih ') HZZ^c\]jbVchZXjg^inVhXdbeaZbZciVgnidcVi^dcVahZXjg^in '*

LZ^\]^c\deedgijc^i^ZhVcYdWhiVXaZh[dggZ[j\ZZh^cjgWVchZii^c\h '+

6YYgZhh^c\kjacZgVW^a^i^ZhedhZYWniZbedgVgnÆ\jZhiÇhiVijh ', EgVXi^XVagZXdbbZcYVi^dch[dgegdbdi^c\YjgVWaZhdaji^dch '-

&#GZhidgZbdW^a^in

'#GZhidgZ[Vb^a^ZhVcYXdbbjc^i^Zh (#GZhidgZa^kZa^]ddYh

)#EgZeVgZegZXdcY^i^dch[dggZijgc

6eeZcY^m/BZi]dYdad\nVcYXdciVXih (%

I67A:D;8DCI:CIH

(7)

Eg di ZXi^dc!bdW^ a^inV cYa^k Za^]dd YX ]V aaZc\ Zhd[Y^he aV XZY> gVf^h^cj gWV ch Zii^c\h^c? dgY Vc '

> iV^bhid^c[dgbcZVg"VcYadc\"iZgb eaVcc^c\ gZ\VgY^c\ÅVcY cZXZh"

hVg^an ^ckdak^c\Å>gVf^h i]gdj\]dji i]Z gZ\^dc! Vh lZaa Vh id Xdcig^WjiZ V XVhZ hijYn dc i]^h eVgi^XjaVg \gdje d[

Y^heaVXZYeZghdchidi]ZYZkZadebZciWn JC=8GVcYdi]ZgVXidghd[eda^X^Zhi]Vi b^\]i WZ WgdVYan Veea^XVWaZ gZ\VgY^c\

gZ[j\ZZhVcYdi]ZgeZghdchd[XdcXZgc^c jgWVchZii^c\h#

I]Vii]Z\gZVibV_dg^ind[>gVf^h^c?dgYVc X]ddhZida^kZ^c^ihX^i^Zh^hXaZVg#L]ViVahd

^hXaZVg^hi]Vi[dgbdhid[i]dhZY^heaVXZY!

l]Zi]Zg V [jcXi^dc d[ i]Z^g ^cY^k^YjVa i]^c`^c\ dg d[ \dkZgcbZci eda^Xn! i]Z X]d^XZidhiVn^c6bbVcdghdbZdi]ZgX^in

^hcdi!dgbVc^[ZhianXVccdiWZ!eZgbVcZci#

>cYZZY!dcanV[Zl]VkZWZZcVWaZiddWiV^c adc\"iZgb gZh^YZcXn dg ^bb^\gVci hiVijh0 dcan V gZaVi^kZan hbVaa cjbWZg VgZ ZkZc gZ\^hiZgZYVhgZ[j\ZZhdgVhnajbhZZ`Zgh#

GZ\VgYaZhhd[l]ZgZi]ZnVgZa^k^c\!i]Z^g aZ\Va hiVijh dg i]Z i^bZ[gVbZ i]Zn b^\]i Zck^h^dc [dg i]Z^g hiVn ^c ?dgYVc! bdhi d[

i]Z Y^heaVXZY >gVf^h [VXZ Y^[ÒXjai^Zh VcY igVjbVh d[iZc bjai^eaZ ^c cVijgZ! YZVa^c\

l^i]i]Zadhhd[i]Z^g[dgbZga^kZh!]dbZh!

_dWhVcYXdbbjc^i^Zh^ch^YZ>gVfVcYi]Z YZVi]!WgjiVa^hVi^dcdghXViiZg^c\d[bZb"

WZghd[i]Z[Vb^anVcY]djhZ]daY#;dgaVg\Z cjbWZgh d[ >gVf^h ^c ?dgYVc! ZVX] cZl YVn YZZeZch i]Z Vcm^Zin d[ Y^b^c^h]^c\

gZhdjgXZhÅVcY egdheZXihÅZkZc ^c V Xdjcign\ZcZgdjhl^i]gZ[j\Z#

I]Z hijYn lVh egZeVgZY Wn i]Z

>ciZgcVi^dcVa 8Vi]da^X B^\gVi^dc 8dbb^hh^dc >8B8 l^i] i]Z hjeedgi d[

i]ZHl^hh9ZeVgibZcid[;dgZ^\c6[[V^gh#

>i ZmVb^cZh i]Z bdi^kVi^dch! XjggZci XdciZmiVcYZ[[ZXihd[Wdi]i]Z>gVf^Y^h"

eaVXZbZci VcY i]^h Xdche^Xjdjh jgWVc egZ[ZgZcXZ! [gVb^c\ XZcigVa ^hhjZh VcY VeegdVX]Zh id Vhh^hiVcXZ VcY egdiZXi^dc [dg i]Z >gVf^h Yjg^c\ i]Z^g Y^heaVXZbZci VcYWZndcY#BdgZdkZg!\^kZci]Vicdidcan i]Z\dkZgcbZcih^ci]ZgZ\^dcVcY^ciZg"

cVi^dcVa Xdbbjc^in Wji Vahd i]Z >gVf^h i]ZbhZakZh gZXd\c^hZ i]Z cZZY [dgÅVcY Y^[ÒXjain d[ XgV[i^c\ÅYjgVWaZ hdaji^dch!

i]ZeVeZgYZkZadehVXd]ZgZcXZWZilZZc ]jbVc VcY cVi^dcVa hZXjg^in VcY YZkZa"

debZci eZgheZXi^kZh! WZilZZc eVgi^XjaVg dWhiVXaZh VcY deedgijc^i^Zh i]Vi Vg^hZ [dg gZ[j\ZZh VcY di]Zgh Y^heaVXZY ^c jgWVchZii^c\h!VcYVbdc\hiVijh"gZaViZY kjacZgVW^a^i^Zh#

8dcXajY^c\ i]Vi h]dgi"iZgb ]jbVc^"

iVg^Vc VeegdVX]Zh [dXjhZY dc gZa^Z[! VgZ!

Wn cVijgZ! ^chj[ÒX^Zci [dg VYYgZhh^c\ i]Z adc\"iZgbX]VaaZc\ZhedhZYWni]^heVgi^X"

jaVgY^heaVXZbZcih^ijVi^dc!VcVaiZgcVi^kZ VeegdVX]^hhj\\ZhiZY#I]^hcZlVeegdVX]

d[[ZghVcZ[[ZXi^kZ[djcYVi^dcjedcl]^X]

i]Z Xdci^cjjb d[ h]dgi VcY adc\"iZgb gZa^Z[ VcY YZkZadebZci egd\gVbh XVc Wj^aY!VXi^kZanZc\V\^c\ZVX]d[i]ZVXidgh XdcXZgcZY!^cXajY^c\i]dhZl]dVgZi]Zb"

hZakZhY^heaVXZY#

:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN

I]^h^hVhijYnd[>gVf^hY^heaVXZY^c?dgYVc!iV`^c\

eVgi^XjaVg cdiZ d[ i]Z jgWVc hZii^c\h ^c l]^X] i]Z aVg\Zhi cjbWZg d[ >gVf^h ]VkZ hZiiaZY VcY d[ i]Z^g heZX^ÒXhiVijhVhÆ\jZhih#Ç

ZmZXji^k ZhjbbV gn

(8)

(

:m ZX ji^k Zhj bbV gn

I]Z gZhjai ^h V hZi d[ [djg egVXi^XVa gZX"

dbbZcYVi^dch i]Vi XVc ]Zae id aVn i]Z [djcYVi^dc [dg YjgVWaZ hdaji^dch! gZXdb"

bZcYVi^dchid/

&#GZhidgZbdW^a^in

GZhidg^c\i]ZbdW^a^ind[>gVf^h^hV`Znid

^begdk^c\i]Z^gXVeVX^inidVXXZhhZm^hi^c\

hdX^VahZgk^XZh!ZchjgZXdciVXil^i]hZeV"

gViZY [Vb^an bZbWZgh VcY bV^ciV^c i^Zh l^i] >gVf# GVi]Zg i]Vc gZdeZc^c\ WdgYZgh WZilZZc ?dgYVc VcY >gVf! V aZ\Va hiVijh hjX] Vh ÆiZbedgVgn gZh^YZciÇ ldjaY WZ ]^\]an Veegdeg^ViZ# I]^h iZbedgVgn gZh^"

YZcXnldjaYcZZYidhZXjgZi]Zg^\]id[gZ"

Zcignid?dgYVc!WZ^i[gdb>gVfdgVcndi]Zg Xdjcign# 6 a^b^iZY gZ\jaVg^hVi^dc d[ ^ggZ\"

jaVg >gVf^h ^c ?dgYVc XdjaY WZ XVgg^ZY dji WVhZYdci]ZbdYZad[egZk^djhXVbeV^\ch [dgb^\gVcildg`Zgh!lV^k^c\dkZghiVnÒcZh VcYl^i]djiY^hi^c\j^h]^c\WZilZZci]dhZ l]d Vgg^kZY ^c ?dgYVc WZ[dgZ dg V[iZg i]Z 6eg^a'%%(gZ\^bZX]Vc\Z#

'#GZhidgZ[Vb^a^ZhVcY Xdbbjc^i^Zh

GZhidg^c\[Vb^anjc^inVcY^ciZ\g^in!ZheZ"

X^Vaan i]gdj\] [VX^a^iVi^c\ Xgdhh"WdgYZg gZjc^ÒXVi^dc! h]djaY WZ V Òghi eg^dg^inÅ eVgi^XjaVgan Xdch^YZg^c\ i]Vi Xdbbjc^in [dgbVi^dc l^aa WZ Y^[ÒXjai id VX]^ZkZ l^i]dji Òghi Zchjg^c\ i]Vi [Vb^a^Zh ]VkZ WZZcgZjc^iZY#>cVbZY^jb"iZgbeZgheZX"

i^kZ!aZ\VahiVW^a^in^hgZfj^gZY[dggZhidg^c\

Xdbbjc^i^Zh![daadlZYWni]Zg^\]iid[dgb!

Vi V b^c^bjb! cdc"eda^i^XVa VhhdX^Vi^dch#

L^i]^c i]^h [gVbZldg`! i]Z ZmiZch^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh d[ i]Z >gVf^ Zm^aZ Xdbbjc^in

^c ?dgYVc bjhi WZ bdW^a^hZY i]gdj\] i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ >gVf^"gjc Xdbbjc^in"

WVhZY dg\Vc^hVi^dch i]Vi ldjaY deZc hdX^Va!ZYjXVi^dcVa!gZXgZVi^dcVaVcYdi]Zg VXi^k^i^ZhdcVcdc"Y^hXg^b^cVidgnWVh^h!id

>gVf^hVcY?dgYVc^VchVa^`Z#

(#GZhidgZa^kZa^]ddYh

>gVf^hh]djaYWZhnhiZbVi^XVaan\gVciZYi]Z edhh^W^a^inidZVgci]Z^ga^kZa^]ddYhi]gdj\]

^c^i^Vi^kZh deZgViZY l^i]^c ?dgYVc! l^i] V k^Zl ]dlZkZg! id gZWj^aY^c\ i]Z ZXdcdbn VcYhdX^Zin^c>gVf#>c[VXi!bdhiadXVaZXd"

cdb^X ^c^i^Vi^kZh Wn >gVf^h ^c ?dgYVc VgZ i]dj\]id[^cgZaVi^dcid>gVf^bedgi$Zmedgi

^ceVgi^XjaVg!dgiddi]Zg>gVf^h^c?dgYVcdg

^cdi]ZgXdjcig^Zhd[Zb^\gVi^dcVcY!^ci]^h hZchZ!Ydcdii]gZViZci]ZZXdcdb^XhZXj"

g^ind[?dgYVc^Vch#8dci^cjZY^ciZgcVi^dcVa V^Y id ?dgYVc l^aa Vaadl [dg Vc ZmeVcYZY XVeVX^in id ^cXajYZ >gVf^ b^\gVcih ^c i]Z XdjcignÉhYZkZadebZciZ[[dgih#

)#EgZeVgZegZXdcY^i^dch [dggZijgc

GZijgc h]djaY WZ Zck^h^dcZY Vh V egdXZhh idWZXdbegZ]Zch^kZanegZeVgZYdkZgi^bZ VcYdcZl]^X]l^aaZciV^ahZkZgVakdajciVgn hiZeh! ^cXajY^c\ egZa^b^cVgn gZijgc k^h^ih!

l]^X]bVnXdcXZgcdcanhdbZbZbWZghd[

V ]djhZ]daY! l]^aZ di]Zgh l^aa dei id hiVn

^c?dgYVcdghZiiaZZahZl]ZgZ#GZ[j\ZZhVcY Y^heaVXZYeZghdchcZZYcdidcanidWZVWaZ id \Vj\Z [dg i]ZbhZakZh i]Z aZkZa d[ hZXj"

g^inVkV^aVWaZVi]dbZ!WjiVahdidWZVWaZ idgZijgcdgl^i]YgVlidVhV[Z]dhiXdjcign#

8dcXZgcZY ^chi^iji^dcVa VXidgh! ^cXajY^c\

i]Z\dkZgcbZcihd[?dgYVcVcY>gVf!h]djaY [VX^a^iViZi]ZZcYZVkdjghd[i]dhZl]dl^aa lVci id \d WVX` id >gVf VcY bV`Z ^cY^"

k^YjVa VhhZhhbZcih eg^dg id bV`^c\ YZX^"

h^dch gZ\VgY^c\ gZijgc# Cdi dcan VgZ hjX]

^c^i^Vi^kZhXg^i^XVaid^c[dgbi]dhZY^heaVXZY d[i]ZaZ\Va!^chi^iji^dcVaVcYhZXjg^inXdc"

iZmih gZaZkVci [dg i]Z^g gZ^chiVaaVi^dc ^c

>gVf! Xgdhh"WdgYZg bdW^a^in VcY Zc]VcXZY edhh^W^a^i^ZhidXdcXjggZcianbV^ciV^ca^kZ"

a^]ddYh VcY ZYjXVi^dc deedgijc^i^Zh ^c

?dgYVc VgZ ^chigjbZciVa egZXdcY^i^dch id

YjgVWaZgZijgcid>gVf^ci]Z[jijgZ#

(9)

Eg di ZXi^dc!bdW^ a^inV cYa^k Za^]dd YX ]V aaZc\ Zhd[Y^he aV XZY> gVf^h^cj gWV ch Zii^c\h^c? dgY Vc )

^cig dYjXi^dc

L ]^aZbVcn]VkZWZZcegZeVgZY Wn ^ciZgcVi^dcVa dg\Vc^hVi^dch [dgVYkdXVXnejgedhZh

&

!di]Zgh ]VkZ ViiZbeiZY id VcVanhZ i]Z ^beVXi i]Vii]ZVgg^kVad[aVg\ZcjbWZghd[>gVf^h ]Vh ]VY dc i]Z ?dgYVc^Vc ZXdcdbn VcY eda^i^XVahiVW^a^in

'

0hi^aadi]Zgh]VkZWZZc egZeVgZYWncdc"\dkZgcbZciVadg\Vc^hV"

i^dchC<DhVcY^ciZgcVi^dcVadg\Vc^hV"

i^dch[dg^ciZgcVaeda^XnVcYdeZgVi^dcVa ejgedhZh

(

#

BdhiVaad[i]ZhZhijY^ZhXdcXjgi]Vi>gVf^

b^\gVcih l^i]^c ?dgYVc egZYdb^cVcian dg^\^cViZ[gdbjgWVcVgZVh^cXZcigVa>gVf eg^bVg^an [gdb 7V\]YVY VcY WZadc\! ^c i]Z^g dkZgl]Zab^c\ bV_dg^in! id i]Z ZYj"

XViZY b^YYaZ"XaVhh# :ci^gZ [Vb^a^Zh ]VkZ Zb^\gViZYdjid[>gVf!bVcnaViZgWZXdb^c\

YZ"jc^ÒZY VcY bdY^ÒZY ^c higjXijgZ Vh [Vb^an bZbWZgh hXViiZg Vbdc\ cjbZgdjh Xdjcig^Zh VcY [ZbVaZ"]ZVYZY ]djhZ]daYh WZXdbZ bdgZ egZkVaZciÅV e]ZcdbZcdc eVgi^XjaVganhVa^Zci^c?dgYVcÖl]ZgZ>gVf^h ]VkZaVg\ZanhZiiaZY^chZkZgVacZ^\]Wdjg"

]ddYh l^i]^c 6bbVc# Bdhi aVX` gZXd\c^"

i^dcjcYZgV[dgbVaaZ\VahiVijhi]VildjaY eZgb^ii]ZbidiZbedgVg^andgeZgbVcZcian gZh^YZdgldg`l^i]^ci]Z]dhiXdjcign#

>CIGD9J8I>DC

I]ZgZXZcih^ijVi^dcd[>gVf^h^ccZ^\]Wdjg^c\]dhi Xdjcig^Zh!^cXajY^c\?dgYVc!]VhWZZci]Zegdb^cZci hjW_ZXi d[ cjbZgdjh gZedgih VcY hijY^Zh dkZg i]Z XdjghZd[i]ZaVhii]^ginbdci]h#

& HZZ![dgZmVbeaZ!6bcZhin

>ciZgcVi^dcVaÆG]Zidg^XVcY gZVa^in/i]Z>gVf^gZ[j\ZZ Xg^h^hÇ'%%-0=jbVcG^\]ih LViX]ÆI]ZH^aZciIgZVibZci/

;aZZ^c\>gVf!hjgk^k^c\^c

?dgYVcÇ'%%+0>ciZgcVi^dcVa GZhXjZ8dbb^iiZZÆ;^kZ nZVghaViZg/6]^YYZcXg^h^hÇ '%%-0LdbZcÉh8dbb^hh^dc [dgGZ[j\ZZLdbZcVcY 8]^aYgZcÆ>gVf^gZ[j\ZZh^c

?dgYVc/9ZheZgViZVcYVadcZ!

]jbVc^iVg^VccZZYhY^gZ!JH VcY>ciZgcVi^dcVa8dbbjc^in bjhiVXicdlÇ'%%,#

' 6a^hhV!H#

ÆGZi]^c`^c\ZXdcdb^XgZ[dgb

^c?dgYVc/8dc[gdci^c\

hdX^dZXdcdb^XgZVa^i^ZhÇ!

8VgcZ\^Z:cYdlbZci[dg

>ciZgcVi^dcVaEZVXZ'%%,0

;V\Zc!E#L#Æ>gVf^gZ[j\ZZh/

HZZ`^c\hiVW^a^in^cHng^V VcY?dgYVcÇ!>chi^ijiZ[dg i]ZHijYnd[>ciZgcVi^dcVa B^\gVi^dcVi<Zdg\Zidlc Jc^kZgh^inVcY8ZciZg[dg

>ciZgcVi^dcVaVcYGZ\^dcVa HijY^ZhVi<Zdg\Zidlc Jc^kZgh^inHX]ddad[;dgZ^\c HZgk^XZ^cFViVg'%%,0

=dYhdc!C#Æ>gVf^gZ[j\ZZh

^c?dgYVc/8VjhZd[XdcXZgc

^cVe^kdiVaHiViZÇ!I]Z LVh]^c\idc>chi^ijiZ[dg CZVg:VhiEda^Xn'%%-0

>ciZgcVi^dcVa8g^h^h<gdje Æ;V^aZYgZhedch^W^a^in/>gVf^

gZ[j\ZZh^cHng^V!?dgYVcVcY AZWVcdcÇ'%%-0HV^[!>#B#

9Z7Vgidad!9#ÆI]Z>gVflVgÉh

^beVXidc\gdli]VcY^cÓV"

i^dc^c?dgYVcÇ!8ZciZg[dg HigViZ\^XHijY^Zh!Jc^kZgh^in d[?dgYVc'%%,#

>ciZgcVi^dcVa dg\Vc^hVi^dch VcY C<Dh ]VkZ higdc\an Zbe]Vh^hZY i]Z \gdl^c\

]jbVc^iVg^Vc VcY egdiZXi^dc cZZYh d[

i]^h aViiZg edejaVi^dc! l]dhZ eVgi^XjaVg kjacZgVW^a^i^Zh aZVkZ i]Zb ZheZX^Vaan ZmedhZY!VcYl]dhZa^kZa^]ddYVcYhZXj"

g^inXdcY^i^dchVgZV[[ZXiZYWnVXdbeaZm cjbWZg d[ [VXidgh# L]^aZ hdbZ ]VkZ Vg\jZY i]Vi i]Z jgWVc hZii^c\h l^i]^c l]^X] bVcn Y^heaVXZY >gVf^h VgZ [djcY

^beZYZ i]Z YZa^kZgn d[ cZZYZY hZgk^XZh VcYVXXZhhidi]ZbdhikjacZgVWaZ!ZmVX"

ZgWVi^c\!dgVii^bZhXgZVi^c\!heZX^ÒXhZih d[ kjacZgVW^a^i^Zh ZheZX^Vaan [dg ldbZc VcYX]^aYgZc!XVgZ[jaVcVanh^hegdkZhi]Vi jgWVc hZii^c\h bVn cdcZi]ZaZhh WZ i]Z egZ[ZggZY h^ijVi^dc [dg bVcn Y^heaVXZY

>gVf^hl]dVgZ!^ci]Z^gkVhibV_dg^in!ZYj"

XViZYb^YYaZ"XaVhhjgWVc^iZh#

:kZc [dg i]dhZ l]d ]VkZ cZ^i]Zg WZZc aZ\Vaan gZXd\c^hZY Vh gZ[j\ZZh cdg

\gVciZY V gZh^YZcXn eZgb^i! jgWVc hZi"

i^c\h ^c ?dgYVc VgZ [VX^a^iVi^c\ deedgij"

c^i^Zh id/ gZZhiVWa^h] hdX^Va gZaVi^dch l^i][Zaadl>gVf^h!VhlZaaVh?dgYVc^Vch0 hZXjgZ ]djh^c\ VcY ^c[dgbVa _dWh0 VkV^a i]ZbhZakZh d[ JC=8G gZ\^higVi^dc egd"

XZYjgZh0VXXZhhhdX^VahZgk^XZhVcYgZa^Z[

(10)

*

>cig dYjXi^dc

( HZZ![dgZmVbeaZ!

8]ViZaVgY!<#!LVh]^c\idc!@#

:a"6WZY!D#Æ6cVhhZhhbZci d[hZgk^XZhegdk^YZY[dg>gVf^h

^c?dgYVcÇ6jhiXVgZ'%%-0 9jcXVc!?#!HX]^Zh]Zg!9#

@]Va^a!6#Æ>gVf^Vhnajb hZZ`Zgh^c?dgYVc!VgZedgi d[i]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa8Vi]da^X B^\gVi^dc8dbb^hh^dc

>8B8"Jc^iZYHiViZh 8dc[ZgZcXZd[8Vi]da^X 7^h]dehJH887b^hh^dcid VhhZhhi]ZegdiZXi^dccZZYh d[>gVf^VhnajbhZZ`Zgh

^c?dgYVcÇ!>8B8'%%,0

>ciZgcVi^dcVaBZY^XVa8dgeh Æ>gVf^VcY?dgYVc^VceVi^Zci cZZYhVcYeZgXZei^dchhjgkZn gZedgiÇ'%%-0HX]^c^cV!

<#!7Vgidadc^!:#Cjg^!G#

Æ6hhZhhbZcidcehnX]dhdX^Va cZZYhd[>gVf^hY^heaVXZY

^c?dgYVcVcYAZWVcdc hjgkZngZedgiÇ!>ciZgcVi^dcVa Dg\Vc^oVi^dc[dgB^\gVi^dc '%%-#

) I]^h^hcdiidhj\\Zhii]Vi gZ\^higVi^dcl^i]JC=8G^c VcYd[^ihZa[VYYgZhhZhdg gZYjXZhVaakjacZgVW^a^in!

WjigVi]ZgidZbe]Vh^hZ i]ZVYY^i^dcVakjacZgVW^"

a^in^bea^ZY^[cdil^YZan VeegZX^ViZY[gdbcdc"dg Zme^gZYgZ\^higVi^dcl^i]

JC=8Gl]ZgZcdYdbZhi^X aZ\VahiVijheZgiV^ch#>cYZZY!

ViaZVhidcZ'%%,"%-b^hh^dc id?dgYVcdWhZgkZYi]ViÆi]Z egdiZXi^dcWZcZÒihYZg^kZY [gdbgZ\^higVi^dcVeeZVg cdiidWZlZaajcYZghiddYÇ#

Æ:kVajVi^dcd[ZmiZcYZY djigZVX]!^YZci^ÒXVi^dcVcY gZ[ZggVad[cdc"gZ\^hiZgZY

>gVf^gZ[j\ZZ[gV\^aZ[Vb^a^Zh

^c?dgYVc/6_d^ciJC=8G"

>8B8b^hh^dcÇ;^cVagZedgi!

HZeiZbWZg'%%-!e#,#

*

:mXZei[dgi]ZEVaZhi^c^Vch!

l]dhZeVgi^XjaVgXVhZ hiZbh[gdbi]ZVWhZcXZd[V EVaZhi^cZhiViZ#HZZ[jgi]Zg hZXi^dc&#'d[i]^heVeZg#

Vhh^hiVcXZ0 bdgZ gZVY^an Xdbbjc^XViZ l^i]VcYigVch[ZgbdcZnWZilZZc[Vb^an VcY di]Zg XdciVXih ^c >gVf VcY ^c i]Z Y^VhedgV0VcY!^bedgiVcian!Zc_dnVYZ\gZZ d[YZh^gZYVcdcnb^in#I]Z^cY^hejiVWaZÅ VcY ^c bVcn XVhZh! ^cXgZVh^c\Å kjacZg"

VW^a^i^Zh d[ bVcn Y^heaVXZY >gVf^h bVn i]ZgZ[dgZcdiWZhdbjX]VXdchZfjZcXZ d[ jgWVc hZii^c\h Vh dcXZ i]dj\]i! Wji gVi]Zg bdgZ d[ V aZ\Va \Ve ^cid l]^X] V h^\c^ÒXVcicjbWZgd[^cY^k^YjVahl]dVgZ cZ^i]ZggZXd\c^hZYjcYZgi]ZbVcYViZd[

i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch =^\] 8dbb^hh^dcZg [dgGZ[j\ZZhJC=8G!cdgjcYZgXjggZci YdbZhi^X b^\gVi^dc gZ\^bZh ^c ?dgYVc ]VkZ[VaaZc ) #

>ci]ZhVbZlVni]Vii]ZYncVb^Xhd[>gVf^

b^\gVi^dcid?dgYVcbVncdiWZ[jaanjcYZg"

hiddYl^i]djiVXdbegZ]Zch^kZVcVanh^hd[

i]Z gdaZ VcY ^beVXi d[ jgWVc hZii^c\h! hd idd! bjhi i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ VcY XdciZmi d[

^ciZg"6gVW gZaVi^dch WZ iV`Zc ^cid XVgZ[ja Xdch^YZgVi^dc# >gVf^ b^\gVi^dc id ?dgYVc!

ZkZc^[aVg\ZanYg^kZcWni]ZZcYjg^c\Xdc"

iZmid[]jbVc^chZXjg^in^c>gVf!iV`ZheaVXZ

^ci]ZheZX^ÒXgZ\^dcVahZi"jed[^ciZg"6gVW b^\gVi^dc ^c l]^X] cZ^i]Zg ^cY^k^YjVa hiViZh! cdg i]Z 6gVW aZV\jZÅcdg Vg\j"

VWan ^cY^k^YjVah i]ZbhZakZhÅXdcXZ^kZ d[ di]Zg 6gVW cVi^dcVah Vh ÆgZ[j\ZZhÇ

*

# GVi]Zg! ^cY^k^YjVah Y^heaVXZY [gdb di]Zg 6gVWhiViZhVgZWgdVYaneZgXZ^kZYVh6gVW WgZi]gZcidl]dbi]ZhVbZineZd[g^\]ih Vh i]dhZ VXXdgYZY id cVi^dcVah h]djaY WZ

\gVciZY!l^i]i]ZZmXZei^dcd[cVi^dcVa^in#

I]^h VeegdVX] ]Vh WZZc igVchaViZY ^cid YdbZhi^X b^\gVi^dc aVlh ^c V cjbWZg d[

6gVW Xdjcig^Zh! l]^X] gZXd\c^hZ [dgZ^\c 6gVW cVi^dcVah Vh V heZX^Va XViZ\dgn d[

^cY^k^YjVah l^i] Zmea^X^i hdX^Va g^\]ih VcY i]Z hnhiZbVi^X g^\]i d[ Zcign! gZh^YZcXn VcY! Vi i^bZh! ldg` # 9^[[ZgZcXZh WZilZZc YZ_jgZg^\]ihVcYi]dhZZc_dnZYYZ[VXid!

]dlZkZg! [gZfjZcian Y^[[Zg! aZVk^c\ ^cY^"

k^YjVah^ckVgn^c\YZ\gZZhd[kjacZgVW^a^in!

VcYgV^h^c\XdcXZgchVbdc\^ciZgcVi^dcVa

dg\Vc^hVi^dchVcYC<Dh#

(11)

Eg di ZXi^dc!bdW^ a^inV cYa^k Za^]dd YX ]V aaZc\ Zhd[Y^he aV XZY> gVf^h^cj gWV ch Zii^c\h^c? dgY Vc +

JgWVcgZ[j\ZZh

>cgZXZcinZVgh!VcYeVgi^XjaVgan^cYZkZa"

de^c\Xdjcig^Zh!i]ZcjbWZgd[gZ[j\ZZh [djcY ^c jgWVc VgZVh ldgaYl^YZ ]Vh

^cXgZVhZY Xdch^YZgVWan Vh XdbeVgZY id i]dhZ ]dhiZY ^c XVbeh dg heZX^[^X hZi"

iaZbZcih! bV`^c\ i]Zb i]Z dW_ZXi d[

\gZVi ViiZci^dc [gdb JC=8G VcY [gdb V \gdl^c\ cjbWZg d[ hX]daVgh! l]dhZ bZi]dYdad\^Zh! [^cY^c\h VcY VcVanhZh jcYZge^ci]^heVeZg

+

#

ÆJgWVc gZ[j\ZZhÇ ]VkZ WZZc YZÒcZY Wn JC=8G VcY di]Zgh ^c V cjbWZg d[ lVnh!

nZi bdhi Vaa X]VgVXiZg^hZ jgWVc gZ[j\ZZh Vh \ZcZgVaan bdgZ ]^\]an ZYjXViZY! [gdb jgWVc WVX`\gdjcYh VcY hZa["hZiiaZY ^c jgWVcVgZVh

,

#7ZXVjhZd[i]Z^gWVX`\gdjcY!

i]Z Vhe^gVi^dch VcY ZmeZXiVi^dch d[ i]^h edejaVi^dc[gZfjZcianY^[[Zg[gdbi]dhZd[

gjgVa gZ[j\ZZh! VcY bVcn ÒcY i]Vi jgWVc hZii^c\hd[[ZgWZiiZga^kZa^]ddY!hdX^VaVcY hZa["hj[ÒX^ZcXndeedgijc^i^Zhi]VcgjgVadg XVbehZii^c\hb^\]i#

JgWVc gZ[j\ZZh VgZ d[iZc cdi \gVciZY V aZ\VahiVijhjcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVadgYdbZhi^X b^\gVi^dc gZ\^bZh VcY VgZ ^ciZgb^mZY Vbdc\i]ZedejaVi^dcd[i]Z]dhiXdjcign!

gZcYZg^c\ i]Z ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc d[ cZZYh VcY i]Z egdk^h^dc d[ Vhh^hiVcXZ ZheZX^Vaan Y^["

ÒXjai!^cVYY^i^dcidXgZVi^c\VheZX^ÒXhZi d[ egdiZXi^dc X]VaaZc\Zh# 9^[[ZgZci^ViZY [gdb^ggZ\jaVgdgjcYdXjbZciZYb^\gVcih WZXVjhZd[i]Z^g^cVW^a^inidYjgVWangZijgc idi]Z^g]dbZXdjcignYjZidXdcÓ^Xi!\Zc"

ZgVa ^chZXjg^in dg k^daZcXZ ZmeZg^ZcXZY WZ[dgZ Ó^\]i! bVcn jgWVc gZ[j\ZZh cdcZ"

i]ZaZhh ÒcY i]ZbhZakZh ^c h^ijVi^dch d[

kjacZgVW^a^in XdbeVgVWaZ id i]Vi d[ di]Zg

^ggZ\jaVg dg jcYdXjbZciZY b^\gVcih!

a^k^c\VcYldg`^c\^cediZci^VaanZmead^iV"

i^kZ^c[dgbVahZXidgh#KVg^djhVji]dgh]VkZ higZhhZY i]Vi jgWVc gZ[j\ZZh XdjaY WZ V igZbZcYdjhVhhZiidgZ\^dcVaZXdcdb^Zh^[

aZ\VaVkZcjZhlZgZdeZcZYidVaadli]Zb id ejghjZ egdYjXi^kZ a^kZh l^i]^c [dgbVa [gVbZldg`h# 6h Vg\jZY ^c i]^h eVeZg! i]^h

^hegZX^hZani]ZXVhZ[dgVaVg\Zedgi^dcd[

i]Z hZkZgVa ]jcYgZY i]djhVcY >gVf^h l]d ÓZY id ?dgYVc WZ[dgZ VcY V[iZg i]Z '%%(

>gVf^ gZ\^bZ X]Vc\Z VcY l]d XVccdi gZ"

ZhiVWa^h]i]ZbhZakZh^c>gVfjcYZgi]ZegZ"

kV^a^c\hZXjg^inXdcY^i^dch#

EgdiZXi^dcVcYÅ\jZhiÆ hiVijh/6gZ\^dcVa eZgheZXi^kZ

Cdi ZkZgn >gVf^ cVi^dcVa ^c ?dgYVc ^h cZX"

ZhhVg^an V gZ[j\ZZ# 6adc\h^YZ i]dhZ l]d ÓZYeZghZXji^dc[gdb>gVf^gZ\^bZhYjg^c\

egZk^djh eZg^dYh! VcY i]dhZ l]d ]VkZ bdgZ gZXZcian ZhXVeZY l^YZhegZVY ^chZ"

Xjg^in ^c i]Z Xdjcign! >gVf^ b^\gVi^dc id

?dgYVc ^hÅVcY ]Vh WZZc [dg YZXVYZhÅV b^mZYb^\gVi^dc!dg^\^cVaand[bZbWZghd[

i]ZjgWVcZa^iZ!VcY!bdgZgZXZcian!d[i]Z jgWVcb^YYaZXaVhh#;dgVaVg\ZcjbWZgd[

>gVf^h!^i^haZhhVeegdeg^ViZidiVa`d[jc^"

Y^gZXi^dcVa b^\gVi^dc i]Vc d[ V X^gXjaVg b^\gVi^dci]VibVnZciV^ahiVnhd[hZkZgVa bdci]h ^c ?dgYVc WZ[dgZ gZijgc^c\ V\V^c id >gVf# I]Z YncVb^Xh d[ >gVf^ b^\gVi^dc id?dgYVcbjhiWZjcYZghiddYl^i]^cild heZX^ÒXXdciZmih#

X]Ve iZg> @:N8DC8:EIH/

9:;>C>I>DCH6C98=6AA:C<:H

+ ;dghdbZd[

i]ZbdhigZXZcihijY^ZhhZZ/

heZX^Va^hhjZhd[?djgcVad[

GZ[j\ZZHijY^ZhKda#&.!Cd#

(!'%%+VcYd[GZ[j\ZKda#

')!Cd#&!'%%,!<gVWh`V '%%*0'%%+!?VXdWhZc'%%&0 '%%+!@^WgZVW&.-.!HeZga '%%&!;VWdh@^WgZVW '%%,#

, HZZ![dgZmVbeaZ!

i]ZYZÒc^i^dcegdedhZY^c ÆEda^XnVcYEgVXi^XZgZ\VgY^c\

JgWVcGZ[j\ZZh!VY^hXjhh^dc eVeZgÇ!JC=8G!&..*]iie/$$

lll#jc]Xg#dg\$gZhZVgX]$

G:H:6G8=$(WY)'*)Z,#]iba#

(12)

X]V ei Zg> @ Zn hX dcX Zei /YZ[ ^c^i^dchV cYX ]V aaZc\ Zh ,

Dci]ZdcZ]VcY!i]ZZXdcdb^Zhd[i]Zild Xdjcig^Zh]VkZWZZc^ciZg"YZeZcYZcih^cXZ i]Z&..%"&..&<ja[LVg#Dci]Zdi]Zg]VcY!

]jbVc^chZXjg^in^hjcZkZcanY^hig^WjiZY

^ch^YZ>gVf^iZgg^idgn#;dgbVcnjeeZg"VcY b^YYaZ"XaVhh >gVf^h! ^c eVgi^XjaVg gZh^YZcih d[ 7V\]YVY! 6bbVc gZegZhZcih Vc VXXZh"

h^WaZjgWVcXZcigZl^i]VcjbWZgd[hZgk^XZh ]ZVai]XVgZ!]^\]ZgZYjXVi^dc!aZ^hjgZ!Xdb"

bZgX^VadjiaZih!ZiX#!l]^X]VgZjcVkV^aVWaZ dgYVc\ZgdjhidVXXZhhVi]dbZYZeZcY^c\

dcl]ZgZdcZgZh^YZh#>cVYY^i^dc!X^gXjaVg b^\gVcih XdbZ id ?dgYVc id XVggn dji ZXd"

cdb^XigVchVXi^dchdgeVgid[i]Z^gegd[Zh"

h^dcVa VXi^k^i^Zh! id gZXZ^kZ igV^c^c\! dg [dg eg^kViZ! egd[Zhh^dcVa dg eda^i^XVa bZZi"

^c\h! ^cXajY^c\ l^i] bZbWZgh d[ i]Z >gVf^

Y^VhedgV#I]ZhZVXi^k^i^ZhldjaYWZ^bedh"

h^WaZdgjchV[Z^chZkZgVaeVgihd[>gVf#

6ai]dj\] ^i bVn WZ X]VaaZc\^c\ id Y^hV\"

\gZ\ViZ XViZ\dg^Zh VcY ZkVajViZ egZX^hZ cjbWZgh ^c i]Z VWhZcXZ d[ V XdbegZ]Zc"

h^kZ YZbd\gVe]^X hijYn d[ i]Z XdcXZgcZY edejaVi^dc

-

!^igZbV^ch^bedgiVci[dgheZ"

X^Va^hZYV\ZcX^ZhidY^[[ZgZci^ViZVbdc\/

X^gXjaVg b^\gVcih l]d bdkZ WVX` VcY

™

[dgi]WZilZZc?dgYVcVcY>gVfVcYZciZg

?dgYVcdcVk^hV0

i]dhZl^i]VgZh^YZcXnhiVijhi]ViV[[dgYh

™

i]Zb aZ\Va egdiZXi^dc jcYZg ?dgYVc^Vc b^\gVi^dcaVl0

i]dhZ l]d VgZ V[[dgYZY egdiZXi^dc

™

i]gdj\] gZ\^higVi^dc l^i] JC=8G Vh VhnajbhZZ`ZghdggZ[j\ZZh0

gZ_ZXiZYVhnajbhZZ`Zghl]dVgZi]ZgZ"

™

[dgZ cdi \gVciZY egdiZXi^dc jcYZg JC=8GÉhbVcYViZ0

i]dhZl]dbVnWZ^ccZZYd[egdiZXi^dc

™

WZXVjhZ d[ \Veh ^c ?dgYVc^Vc b^\gV"

i^dcaVl!Wjil]dYdcdi[VXZa^kZa^]ddY X]VaaZc\Zh0

i]dhZ l]d cZZY Wdi] egdiZXi^dc VcY

™

Vhh^hiVcXZ#

L^i]^ci]ZhZWgdVYinedad\^Zh!^i^hXg^i^XVa [dg heZX^Va^hZY V\ZcX^Zh id [jgi]Zg Y^[[Zg"

Zci^ViZi]Z^YZci^ÒXVi^dcd[VcYegdiZXi^dc gZhedchZhVcY$dgVhh^hiVcXZid/

i]dhZl]daZ[i>gVfjcYZgi]gZViVcYk^d"

™

aZcXZVcY$dgl]dbVnWZaZhh^cXa^cZYid Xdch^YZggZijgcVcdei^dc0

i]dhZ l]d aZ[i >gVf! cdi WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z

™

hZXjg^inh^ijVi^dc!WjiWZXVjhZi]ZnlZgZ V[[dgYZY i]Z edhh^W^a^in id igVkZa V[iZg nZVghd[hZXajh^dc^ch^YZi]Z^gXdjcignVcY bVnWZaZhhdeedhZYidi]Z^YZVd[gZijgc0 i]dhZl]d]VkZ[Vb^andgdi]ZgXdccZX"

™

i^dch id igVchcVi^dcVa cZildg`h ^c i]Z Y^VhedgV VcY l]dhZ hiVn ^c ?dgYVc ^h iZbedgVgn! eZcY^c\ hZXdcYVgn b^\gV"

i^dc eVgi^XjaVgan l]Zc i]Zn Yd cdi ]VkZ [Vb^an bZbWZgh aZ[i WZ]^cY ^c

>gVf! l]^X] ^h Vahd i]Z XVhZ [dg bVcn 8]g^hi^VchVcYBVcYZVch . #

9^[[ZgZci^Vi^dc bVn [jgi]Zg WZ bVYZ l^i] gZ\VgY id gZ\^dcVa XdcXZei^dch d[

egdiZXi^dc VcY cVi^dcVa^in# L]^aZ egd"

iZXi^dc gZbV^ch Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa! aZ\Vaan Zch]g^cZY egZXZei

&%

! ^i Vahd XVgg^Zh V eVgi^XjaVg jcYZghiVcY^c\ l^i]^c ^ciZg"

6gVW eda^i^XVa hZii^c\h \^kZc i]Vi Æ6gVW hiViZh ^ciZgVXi ^c V lVn i]Vi ^h jcjhjVa dcVXXdjcid[i]Z^gXadhZi^Zhd[aVc\jV\Z!

gZ\^dc VcY XjaijgZÇ

&&

# Egdb^cZci ^c i]Z VaadXVi^dc d[ bjijVa gZhedch^W^a^in

&'

! i]ZhZ gZ\^dcVa a^c`V\Zh h]VeZ Wdi]

gZ\^dcVa VcY ?dgYVc^Vc VeegdVX]Zh! VcY V[[ZXi i]Z deZgVi^dch d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Vhh^hiVcXZegdk^YZghVcYV\ZcX^Zhl]dhZ bVcYViZ^hegdiZXi^dc#

I]Z eZgheZXi^kZ d[ ?dgYVc l^i] gZ\VgY id i]ZegdiZXi^dcd[i]Z>gVf^h]dhiZYl^i]^c i]ZXdjcign^h^chZeVgVWaZ[gdbeVgi^XjaVg gZ\^dcVa X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh! cVbZan! 6gVW cVi^dcVa^hb dg EVc"6gVW^hb Vh V eda^i"

^XVa ^YZdad\n! dg Æ6gVWcZhhÇ Vh V hZchZ d[

Xdbbdc ^YZci^in# =dlZkZg ^chigjbZciVa"

^hZY [dg cVggdl YdbZhi^X ^ciZgZhih! i]^h

- HjX]VhijYnbVnVahd WZ^bedhh^WaZidegdYjXZ!YjZ idi]Z]^\]aneda^i^XVacVijgZ d[i]Ze]ZcdbZcdc#

. HZZ8ZciZg[dg

>ciZgcVi^dcVa<dkZgcVcXZ

>ccdkVi^dc8><>ÆHeZX^Va GZedgi!B^cdg^i^Zh^c>gVf/

I]ZDi]ZgK^Xi^bhÇ!e#+#

]iie/$$lll#X^\^dca^cZ#

dg\$ejWa^XVi^dch$'%%.$&$

b^cdg^i^Zh"^gVf"di]Zg"

k^Xi^bh#

&% >i^hWZndcYi]ZhXdeZ d[i]^heVeZgidZciZg^cid VY^hXjhh^dcVhidi]ZaZ\Va bZVc^c\d[egdiZXi^dc#

Hj[ÒXZidhVn!i]ZaViiZg]Va[

d[i]ZilZci^Zi]XZcijgn l^icZhhZYi]ZjcegZXZ"

YZciZYYZkZadebZciVcY XdY^ÒXVi^dcd[^ciZgcVi^dcVa aZ\VahiVcYVgYh[dgi]Z egdiZXi^dcd[^cY^k^YjVahVcY

^cXajYZYcjbZgdjhjc^kZghVa VcYgZ\^dcVa]jbVcg^\]ih

^chigjbZcih!i]Z&.).<ZcZkV 8dckZci^dchVcYi]Z^g 6YY^i^dcVaEgdidXdahd[&.,, VcYi]ZkVg^djh^chigjbZcih d[gZ[j\ZZaVlhjX]Vh i]Z&.*&8dckZci^dc$&.+, EgdidXda#9Zhe^iZi]^h

^cY^heZchVWaZhiZe[dglVgY^c i]ZYZ_jgZegdiZXi^dcd[i]Z

^cY^k^YjVa!^cY^k^YjVahÅVcY gZ[j\ZZh^ceVgi^XjaVgÅ Xdci^cjZidhj[[Zg[gdbWdi]

^cY^k^YjVaVcY\gdjeeZghZ"

Xji^dc!d[iZc^ch^ijVi^dchd[

VgbZYXdcÓ^Xi#

&& DlZc!ÆG#HiViZ!EdlZg VcYEda^i^Xh^ci]ZbV`^c\

d[i]ZbdYZgcB^YYaZ:VhiÇ!

CZlNdg`/GdjiaZY\Z!e#,&

'%%)

&' H]Vb^!H#

ÆIgVchcVi^dcVa^hbVcY GZ[j\ZZHijY^Zh/GZi]^c`^c\

[dgXZYb^\gVi^dcVcY^YZci^in

^ci]ZB^YYaZ:VhiÇ!?djgcVa d[GZ[j\ZZHijY^Zh!Kda#.!

Cd#&!e#)&..+##

(13)

Eg di ZXi^dc!bdW^ a^inV cYa^k Za^]dd YX ]V aaZc\ Zhd[Y^he aV XZY> gVf^h^cj gWV ch Zii^c\h^c? dgY Vc -

hjegV"cVi^dcVa ^YZci^in h]VeZh ^ciZg"6gVW gZaVi^dch VcY ^h WVaVcXZY Wn ^cY^k^YjVa 6gVWhiViZhÉXdcXZgch[dgi]Z^ghdkZgZ^\cin!

l]^X]^hd[ÒX^VaangZXd\c^hZY^ci]ZX]VgiZg d[ i]Z AZV\jZ d[ 6gVW HiViZh# I]Z 6gVW AZV\jZVhhZgihi]Vi6gVWhiViZhh]djaYXdc"

YjXii]Z^ggZaVi^dcheg^bVg^andccdi^dchd[

Wgdi]Zg]ddYgVi]Zgi]VcegdidXda

&(

!nZi!^c iZgbh d[ VXijVa egVXi^XZ! GZVaeda^i^` ]Vh

\gZVian ^cÓjZcXZY i]Z eg^cX^eaZh d[ 6gVW jc^in ^c YdbZhi^X eda^X^Zh i]gdj\]dji i]Z gZ\^dc# >c ?dgYVc! i]Z eg^cX^eaZh d[ 6gVW Wgdi]Zg]ddYVgZVY]ZgZYid^chd[VgVhbdhi 6gVWcVi^dcVahVgZVaadlZYZcignl^i]djiV k^hV! nZi i]Zn VgZ YZc^ZY VjidbVi^X gZh^"

YZcXn VcY VXXZhh id i]Z aVWdjg bVg`Zi!

ZmXZeijcYZgheZX^ÒXW^"aViZgVaV\gZZbZcih hjX]VhVcZm^hi^c\dcZl^i]:\nei &) # BdgZdkZg!i]ZEVaZhi^c^VcZmeZg^ZcXZ]Vh YZZean V[[ZXiZY i]Z gZ\^dc dc bjai^eaZ aZkZah! l^i] dcZ gZhjai WZ^c\ i]Vi i]Z cdi^dcd[ÆgZ[j\ZZÇ]VhXdbZidWZ^chZe"

VgVWaZ[gdbi]ZEVaZhi^c^VcXdciZmi!^YZc"

i^[n^c\ dcan ^cY^k^YjVah l]d ]VkZ WZZc YZc^ZY cVi^dcVa Zm^hiZcXZ# 6iiZbei^c\ id Veean i]Z gZ[j\ZZ aVWZa id di]Zg \gdjeh d[ Y^heaVXZY eZdeaZ ldjaY i]ZgZ[dgZ cdi dcan gjc V\V^chi gZ\^dcVa ejWa^X de^c^dc VcY 6gVW \dkZgcbZcih! l]^X] Xdci^cjZ idWZ_jY\ZYWni]Z^gX^i^oZch^ciZgbhd[

i]Z^gXdbb^ibZciidi]ZEVaZhi^c^VcXVjhZ VcYidi]ZÆg^\]id[gZijgcÇ[dgEVaZhi^c^Vc gZ[j\ZZh! Wji ldjaY Vahd Vbdjci id V hiViZbZci d[ [dgZ^\c eda^Xn k^h"|"k^h i]Z

\dkZgcbZci d[ i]Z gZ[j\ZZhÉ Xdjcign d[

dg^\^c Wn Xdchi^iji^c\ V XaV^b i]Vi i]^h Xdjcign ^h jcVWaZ id egdiZXi ^ih dlc X^i^"

oZch# >chiZVY! cdc"EVaZhi^c^Vc Vhnajb hZZ`Zgh VcY Y^heaVXZY eZdeaZ VgZ l^YZan XdcXZ^kZY d[ÅVcY \ZcZgVaan XdcXZ^kZ d[

i]ZbhZakZhÅVh b^\gVcih dg Zm^aZh! Wn l]^X]i]ZnZmegZhhVXdci^cj^c\a^c`idVc Zm^hi^c\hiViZ#

8dch^YZg^c\ i]Vi dcan hdbZ **!%%% d[ i]Z

*%%!%%% >gVf^h Zhi^bViZY Wn i]Z ]dhi \dk"

ZgcbZciidWZegZhZci^c?dgYVc

&*

lZgZgZ\"

^hiZgZYl^i]JC=8GVii]Zi^bZd[lg^i^c\

V gVi]Zg hiVWaZ Ò\jgZ Vh cZl gZ\^higV"

i^dch WVaVcXZ i]dhZ l]d aZVkZ [dg gZhZi"

iaZbZci! ^i ^h ^bedgiVci id VX`cdlaZY\Z i]Vi i]Z VYdei^dc d[ V aZ\Va YZÒc^i^dc d[

gZ[j\ZZ dg Vhnajb hZZ`Zg WVhZY dc i]Z bVcYViZ d[ JC=8G ldjaY WZ id cVggdl i]ZXViZ\dg^Zhd[eZghdchd[XdcXZgcidi]^h eVeZg#EVgVYdm^XVa^cgZ\VgYidgZ[j\ZZaVl!

[dg^chiVcXZ!>gVf^hl]d]VkZiV`ZcgZ[j\Z

^c ?dgYVc VcY ^c V cjbWZg d[ di]Zg 6gVW Xdjcig^Zh VgZ [gZfjZcian [djcY id ijgc id >gVf^ Y^eadbVi^X gZegZhZciVi^dc ^c i]Z Xdjcign d[ gZ[j\Z [dg b^c^bjb hiVcYVgYh d[ Y^eadbVi^X egdiZXi^dc! XdaaZXi^c\ eZc"

h^dchVcY[dgdWiV^c^c\dggZcZl^c\^YZc"

i^in YdXjbZcih! YZhe^iZ ]Vk^c\ ÓZY i]Z^g XdjcignWZXVjhZd[i]Z\dkZgcbZciÉh[V^ajgZ id bV^ciV^c YdbZhi^X hZXjg^in# >c 6bbVc!

bVcngZi^gZYX^k^ahZgkVcihl]d]VkZVahd ÓZY ^chZXjg^in XdaaZXi i]Z^g eZch^dch [gdb i]ZadXVaWgVcX]Zhd[i]Z>gVf^\dkZgcbZci"

dlcZY6a"GVÒYVnc7Vc`#BdgZdkZg!ZkZc^c XVhZh^cl]^X]i]ZnbVnfjVa^[n[dgVhnajb!

hdbZ^cY^k^YjVahbVncdil^h]idWZ^YZci^"

ÒZYVhgZ[j\ZZh!dgi]ZnbVnl^h]idVkd^Y XdciVXi l^i] d[ÒX^VaYdb# I]^h ^h V ine^XVa [ZVijgZd[jgWVcgZ[j\ZZh^cdi]ZgeVgihd[

i]ZldgaY!VcYVeeZVghidWZi]ZXVhZl^i]

VaVg\ZcjbWZgd[>gVf^h^c?dgYVc#

>c Vcn ZkZci! gZ\^higVi^dc l^i] JC=8G cZ^i]Zg d[[Zgh WZiiZg VXXZhh id i]Z [dgbVa aVWdjg bVg`Zi jcYZg ?dgYVc^Vc aVl cdg Vaadlh >gVf^h id aZVkZ i]Z Xdjcign VcY gZ"ZciZg l^i]dji gZfjZhi^c\ V k^hV# Cdg

^h gZ\^higVi^dc cZZYZY id VXXZhh hZgk^XZh egdk^YZY Wn ?dgYVc^Vc ejWa^X ^chi^iji^dch dgVhh^hiVcXZegdk^YZYidkjacZgVWaZXVhZh Wni]Zcdc"\dkZgcbZciVahZXidg#Id\Zi]Zg l^i] i]Z [VXi i]Vi i]Z ?dgYVc^Vc Vji]dg^"

i^Zh gVgZan ZmeZa ^ggZ\jaVg >gVf^h WVX` id

>gVf!^i^hedhh^WaZidhZZl]naVg\Zcjb"

WZghd[>gVf^hl]d]VkZXdbZid?dgYVc^c hZVgX]d[hZXjg^in]VkZcdigZ\^hiZgZYl^i]

JC=8G!VgZhjaii]ViVaadlhi]Z?dgYVc^Vc

\dkZgcbZciÅVcY di]ZghÅid Vg\jZ i]Vi VbV_dg^ind[>gVf^h^c?dgYVcVgZcdigZ[j"

\ZZhWji^ggZ\jaVgaVWdjgb^\gVcih#

&( DlZc'%%)/,&0de#X^i#

[ddicdiZ&&#

&) HZZ9Z7Za"6^g!;#'%%, ÆHiViZEda^X^ZhdcB^\gVi^dc VcYGZ[j\ZZh^c?dgYVcÇ#

]iie/$$lll#VjXZ\nei#ZYj$

GZhZVgX]Vi6J8$gX$Xbgh$

gZedgih$9dXjbZcih$[gVc"

Xd^hZ'%YZ'%7ZaV^g#eY[#

&* ;dgYZkZadebZcih!hZZ DalVc!B'%%,#ÆI]Z AZ\Va;gVbZldg`d[;dgXZY B^\gVi^dcVcYGZ[j\ZZ BdkZbZcih^c?dgYVcÇ#

]iie/$$lll#VjXZ\nei#

ZYj$GZhZVgX]Vi6J8$

gX$Xbgh$9dXjbZcih$

Bd]VbZYDalVc#eY[#

X]Ve iZg>

(14)

X]V ei Zg> @ Zn hX dcX Zei /YZ[ ^c^i^dchV cYX ]V aaZc\ Zh .

>i ^h l^i]^c i]^h XdciZmi i]Vi i]Z \dkZgc"

bZcid[?dgYVcVeea^ZhVc6gVWXjhidbVgn Wji cdc"aZ\Vaan W^cY^c\ [gVbZldg` d[

Æ]dhih"VcY"\jZhihÇ gZaVi^dch id Vaa >gVf^h l]dVgZcdijcYZgVb^\gVi^dcgZ\^bZVcY ]VkZdkZghiVnZYi]Z^gk^hVh!^cXajY^c\i]dhZ gZ\^hiZgZY l^i] JC=8G# I]^h VeegdVX]

WZhidlh V cjbWZg d[ gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh d[

egdiZXi^dc jedc i]Z ]dhi VcY! ^c i]Z k^Zl d[bVcn6gVW\dkZgcbZcih!bV`ZhV[dgbVa gZ[j\ZZ[gVbZldg`jccZXZhhVgn#>ci]Zdgn!

6gVW \jZhih h]djaY WZ \gVciZY egdiZXi^dc id\Zi]Zg l^i] hdX^Va VcY ZXdcdb^X g^\]ih ZfjVa id cVi^dcVah# 9Z [VXid VcY YZ _jgZ!

]dlZkZg! i]^h egdiZXi^dc ^h eVgi^Va! \^kZc i]Vi ejWa^X de^c^dc ^c i]Z B^YYaZ :VhiÅ

^cXajY^c\ i]Vi d[ >gVf^ cVi^dcVah VcY ]dhi XdjcignX^i^oZchÅgZbV^chWgdVYanViiVX]ZY idi]Z^YZVVcY^YZVahd[6gVWcVi^dcVa^hb#

>cYZZY!i]Z?dgYVc^Vc\dkZgcbZci]VhWZZc

\ZcZgdjh ^c lZaXdb^c\ aVg\Z cjbWZgh d[

Y^heaVXZY >gVf^h Vh 6gVW \jZhih! \ZcZgVaan gZ[gV^c^c\[gdbgZ[djaZbZciVcY!dkZgi^bZ!

WgdVYZc^c\VXXZhhidZYjXVi^dcVcY]ZVai]"

XVgZ# 6XXdgY^c\ id Ò\jgZh egdk^YZY Wn i]Z B^c^hign d[ >ciZg^dg ]dlZkZg! gZh^YZcXn g^\]ih ]VkZ id YViZ WZZc \gVciZY id dcan VWdji'*!%%%>gVf^h!Vh^ckZhidgh!hijYZcih dg[dgZ^\cldg`ZghjcYZgi]Z?dgYVc^VcAVl d[GZh^YZcXZVcY;dgZ^\c6[[V^gh0dcani]Z [dgZ^\c ldg`Zgh ÅaZhh i]Vc &+%% ^cY^k^Y"

jVahÅ]VkZaZ\VaVXXZhhidi]Z[dgbVaaVWdjg bVg`Zi# Di]Zgh! ^cXajY^c\ i]dhZ gZ\^hiZgZY VhVhnajbhZZ`ZghdggZXd\c^hZYVhgZ[j\ZZh Wni]ZJC=8G![VaajcYZgi]Zegdk^h^dchd[

i]Z &..- BZbdgVcYjb d[ JcYZghiVcY^c\

BdJ WZilZZc i]Z ?dgYVc^Vc B^c^hign d[

>ciZg^dgVcYi]ZJC=8G#

&+

I]ZBdJhiViZh i]ViVhnajbhZZ`ZghVcYgZ[j\ZZh[VaajcYZg i]Zegdk^h^dchd[i]Z?dgYVc^VcAVWdjgAVl a^`ZVcndi]Zg[dgZ^\cZgh#

KjacZgVWaZ>gVf^h

I]Z dkZgVgX]^c\ ]dhih VcY \jZhih [gVbZ"

ldg`XaZVgan^bea^Zhi]Vii]ZhiVnd[>gVf^

Æ\jZhihÇ ^h iZbedgVgn! eZcY^c\ gZhZiiaZ"

bZcidggZijgcid>gVfl]Zci]Zh^ijVi^dc eZgb^ih# 6cY l]^aZ gZ[j\ZZ VcY di]Zg b^\gVi^dc gZ\^bZh dgY^cVg^an kVgn ^c cVijgZ!^beanXZgiV^cY^[[ZgZcXZh^cZci^iaZ"

bZcih VcY Yd cdi ZfjVaan VYYgZhh hdX^Va VcYZXdcdb^XkjacZgVW^a^i^Zh!i]ZVWhZcXZ d[VcnYZÒcZYaZ\VahiVijh^hd[eVgi^XjaVg XdcXZgcid>gVf^Æ\jZhihÇ &, #

>cXgZVh^c\ i]Z^g ediZci^Va dg gZVa kjacZg"

VW^a^i^Zh!i]ZaVX`d[hiVijhWZndcYÆ\jZhiÇ

^hegdk^c\idWZVh^\c^ÒXVciZmXajh^dcVgn dWhiVXaZ ^beZY^c\! ^[ cdi egZkZci^c\!

VXXZhh id hdX^Va VcY ZXdcdb^X gZhdjgXZh l]^aZ ^c ?dgYVc# Dc i]Z dcZ ]VcY! >gVf^

Æ\jZhih!Ç a^`Z di]Zg [dgZ^\cZgh ^c ?dgYVc!

gZiV^c i]Z edhh^W^a^in id add` [dg V ldg`

XdcigVXi!l]^X]^hVegZ"XdcY^i^dc[dgWZ^c\

\gVciZY V ldg` eZgb^i [gdb i]Z B^c^hign d[AVWdjgVcYVdcZ"nZVggZh^YZcXZjcYZg i]Z aVWdjg gZ\^bZ# 7ji ?dgYVc^Vc AVWdjg AVl! a^`Z i]Vi d[ bVcn di]Zg Xdjcig^Zh!

\^kZheg^dg^inidcVi^dcVah!VcY[Zl_dWh^c i]Z[dgbVaZXdcdbnVgZdeZcid[dgZ^\cZgh l]ViZkZgi]Z^gcVi^dcVa^in#6iegZhZci!dcan hdbZ &!*%% >gVf^h! bdhian egd[Zhh^dcVah!

VgZ jcYZg ldg` XdcigVXih# BdgZdkZg!

Æ\jZhiÇhiVijhYdZhcdi\jVgVciZZi]Zedh"

h^W^a^in d[ gZijgc^c\ id ?dgYVc [dg i]dhZ l]dldjaYa^`ZidiV`Zh]dgik^h^ihid>gVf

^cdgYZgidZkVajViZi]Z^gedhh^W^a^i^Zh[dg ZkZcijVagZijgc#

I]ZgZhjai^c\Y^[ÒXjai^Zh^cgZjc^i^c\l^i]

[Vb^an bZbWZgh hXViiZgZY Vbdc\ hZkZgVa Xdjcig^Zh d[ i]ZB^YYaZ:Vhi!bV^ciV^c^c\

i^Zh VcY VhhZih l^i]^c >gVf! Xdci^cj^c\

ZYjXVi^dcVcYVXXZhh^c\i]ZaVWdjgbVg`Zi

^c ?dgYVc VgZ YgVbVi^XVaan ^beV^g^c\ Y^h"

eaVXZY >gVf^hÉ XVeVX^in id eaVc [dg i]Z [jijgZ# GZXd\c^h^c\ i]Vi >gVf^ Æ\jZhihÇ

^c ?dgYVc [VXZ i]Z hVbZ kjacZgVW^a^i^Zh gZ\VgYaZhh d[ l]Zi]Zg i]Zn aZ[i >gVf eg^dg iddg[daadl^c\'%%(VcYbVnWZZfjVaan Vig^h`^[i]ZngZijgcZYid>gVf!i]ZYViZd[

YZeVgijgZ[gdb>gVfYdZhcdiVeeZVgidWZV kVa^YZaZbZci[dgXViZ\dg^h^c\>gVf^h[VX^c\

egdiZXi^dcX]VaaZc\Zh#

&+ JcYZgi]^h

BdJ!JC=8GXdcYjXih gZ[j\ZZhiVijhYZiZgb^"

cVi^dcVcYi]Z?dgYVc^Vc

\dkZgcbZci\gVciha^b^iZY egdiZXi^dcidVhnajbhZZ`Zgh VcYgZ[j\ZZh!^ceVgi^XjaVg cdc"gZ[djaZbZci#

&, 6hVg\jZYWn

?dgYVc^VcaZ\VaZmeZgiB#

DalVc'%%,ÆI]ZaZ\Va [gVbZldg`d[[dgXZYb^\gV"

i^dcVcYgZ[j\ZZbdkZbZcih

^c?dgYVcÇ!eVeZgegZeVgZY [dgi]ZBZZi^c\dcB^\gVi^dc VcYGZ[j\ZZBdkZbZcih

^ci]ZB^YYaZ:VhiVcY Cdgi]6[g^XV#I]Z6bZg^XVc Jc^kZgh^in^c8V^gd!;dgXZY B^\gVi^dcVcYGZ[j\ZZ HijY^ZhEgd\gVb!DXidWZg '("'*#P]iie/$$lll#VjXZ"

\nei#ZYj$GZhZVgX]Va6J8$

gX$Xbgh$9dXjbZcih$

Bd]VbZYDalVc#eY[R#

(15)

Eg di ZXi^dc!bdW^ a^inV cYa^k Za^]dd YX ]V aaZc\ Zhd[Y^he aV XZY> gVf^h^cj gWV ch Zii^c\h^c? dgY Vc

&%

X]Ve iZg>>

= dlZkZg aVg\Z ^c hXVaZ! i]Z edejaV"

i^dcbdkZbZcihdjid[>gVfi]Vi]VkZ iV`Zc eaVXZ h^cXZ i]Z '%%( gZ\^bZ X]Vc\ZÅje id ild b^aa^dc VXXdgY^c\ id JC=8GÅXVccdi WZ k^ZlZY ^c ^hdaVi^dc [gdbi]ZegZk^djhigZcYh!l^i]^cl]^X]i]Zn VgZ\Zd\gVe]^XVaan!hdX^VaanVcYeda^i^XVaan ZbWZYYZY# BdgZdkZg! ^i bVn WZ Vg\jZY i]VigZXZcibdkZbZcihid?dgYVcWZilZZc )*%!%%%VcY,*%!%%%h^cXZ'%%(VXXdgY^c\id i]Z?dgYVc^Vc<dkZgcbZciVgZVXdci^cjV"

i^dcd[egZk^djhigZcYhi]Vi]VkZadc\iV`Zc igVch"gZ\^dcVaVcY\adWVahXdeZh#

I]ZgZVa^ind[b^\gVi^dc[gdb>gVfXVaah^cid fjZhi^dci]ZXji"VcY"Yg^ZYY^hi^cXi^dci]Vi^h d[iZcbVYZWZilZZcZXdcdb^Xb^\gVcihVcY gZ[j\ZZh! igVY^i^dcVa VeegdVX]Zh id gZ[j\ZZ bVcV\ZbZciVcYi]ZegdheZXihd[aVg\ZhXVaZ gZijgcd[>gVf^h^c?dgYVcVcYZahZl]ZgZ#

=jbVc^chZXjg^in^c>gVf

LVgVcYedhi"lVgXg^hZhVcY^ciZgcVaXdc"

Ó^Xih]VkZWZZcegZkVaZci^c>gVf[dgcZVgan i]gZZYZXVYZh#6hVgZhjai!V\ZcZgVaZck^gdc"

bZcid[^chZXjg^in]VhÓdjg^h]ZY!egdkd`^c\

gZ[j\ZZ bdkZbZcih VcY Zb^\gVi^dc d[

>gVf^hÓZZ^c\[dgXdbeaZmgZVhdch!gVc\^c\

[gdbY^gZXieda^i^XVagZegZhh^dcVcY]jbVc

g^\]ih VWjhZh! id ZXdcdb^X YZeg^kVi^dc Yjg^c\i]ZhVcXi^dcnZVgh&..&"'%%(

&-

VcY!

ZheZX^Vaan [dg egd[Zhh^dcVah VcY ^ciZaaZX"

ijVahl^i]^ci]Zb^YYaZXaVhh!VcZmiZcYZY hZchZ d[ hdX^Va ^chZXjg^in hiZbb^c\ [gdb i]ZVWhZcXZd[egdheZXih[dgeda^i^XVa^ciZ"

\gVi^dcVcY[gZZYdbd[ZmegZhh^dc

&.

#

>i ^h ^bedgiVci id gZXVaa i]Vi i]Z 7VÉVi]^hi gZ\^bZ \dkZgcZY ^c [Vb^an eViiZgch!

ZmiZcY^c\ eVigdcV\Z VcY Zci^iaZbZcih id Zci^gZ [Vb^an VcY `^ch]^e \gdjeh hjX] Vh XaVch dg ig^WZh VcY! XdckZghZan! ]daY^c\

h^b^aVg hdX^Va \gdjeh gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Z VXi^dch dg de^c^dch d[ dcZ d[ i]Z^g bZb"

WZgh

'%

# 7ajgg^c\ XViZ\dg^Zh hjX] Vh ÆZXd"

cdb^Xb^\gVciÇVcYÆgZ[j\ZZÇ!i]ZZXdcdb^X gZVhdch [gZfjZcian \^kZc [dg Zb^\gVi^dc lZgZd[iZcVbZgZXdkZgje[dgZb^\gVi^dc l]dhZWVh^hlVhVXijVaan[djcYZY^cVWjhZh hj[[ZgZYWZXVjhZd[i]ZcVijgZd[i]Z>gVf^

eda^i^XVagZ\^bZ#GZegZhh^dc[dgdkZgidghjh"

eZXiZY eda^i^XVa deedh^i^dc hjX] Vh bZb"

WZgh]^e^c!dg^cXa^cVi^dcidlVgYh!Hjcc^VcY H]^É^iZ >haVb^X ^YZdad\^Zh! aZ[i^hi eVgi^Zh! dg

@jgY^h]cVi^dcVa^hblVhcdia^b^iZYidi]Z

^cY^k^YjVahjheZXiZY!WjigVi]ZglVhWgdVY"

ZcZY id i]Z^g Zci^gZ ZmiZcYZY [Vb^an! l]d lZgZ hjWhZfjZcian ]VgVhhZY VcY! ^c hdbZ XVhZh!iZggdg^hZYWnhiViZV\Zcih

'&

#

8DCI:MI

B^\gVi^dc!VcYl]Vi^hXdbbdcanX]VgVXiZg^hZYVh [dgXZY b^\gVi^dc! ]Vh WZZc V gZXjggZci eViiZgc ^c XdciZbedgVgn>gVf^]^hidgn!l^i]VXXZaZgVi^dchjcYZg i]Z7VÉVi]^higZ\^bZ!VcY[jgi]ZgVbea^ÒXVi^dcdkZg i]ZXdjghZd[i]ZaVhih^mnZVgh#

&- =jbVcG^\]ihLViX]

Æ>gVf^GZ[j\ZZh!6hnajb HZZ`ZghVcY9^heaVXZY EZghdch!8jggZci8dcY^i^dch VcY8dcXZgch^ci]ZZkZcid[

LVgÇ'%%(!]iie/$$lll#

]gl#dg\$WVX`\gdjcYZg$

bZcV$^gVf%'&'%($^gVf"

WX`%'&'%(#eY[#

&. EgZa^b^cVgngZhjaihd[V bjai^"h^iZgZhZVgX]egd_ZXi dcYZiZgb^cVcihd[Y^heaVXZ"

bZciVbdc\>gVf^b^\gVcih VcYgZ[j\ZZhWZ^c\XdcYjX"

iZYWni]Z;gZcX]>chi^ijiZ [dgi]ZCZVg:Vhi>;EDVcY i]ZGZ[j\ZZHijY^Zh8ZcigZ GH8!Jc^kZgh^ind[Dm[dgY ]ZcXZ[dgi]gZ[ZggZYVh Egd_ZXi>;ED$GH8i]gdj\]

^c"YZei]^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]&-%

>gVf^hY^heaVXZYWZ[dgZVcY V[iZg'%%(VcYXjggZcian^c 6bbVc!9VbVhXjh!8V^gd!

>hiVcWjaVcYi]Z@jgY^h]

gZ\^dcd[>gVf#

'% HZZegZhZciVi^dcWn9^cV G#@]djgnÆI]Z&..&>ci^[VYV

^ci]gZZ`ZnhÇ!EVeZg egZhZciZYidi]ZXdaadfj^jb

»Lg^i^c\i]Z=^hidgnd[

>gVf/=^hidg^d\gVe]^XVa VcYEda^i^XVa8]VaaZc\Zh¼!

<gVYjViZ>chi^ijiZ!<ZcZkV +"-Cdk#'%%-

'& >W^Y#

(16)

&&

X]V ei Zg>> 8 dci Zmi

6h deedhZY id hiViZ ^chi^iji^dch ^c Z^i]Zg egZ"dgedhi"'%%(>gVf!i]ZYdbZhi^Xjc^iÅ VcY dXXVh^dcVaan WgdVYZg jc^ih d[ hda^"

YVg^in VcY igjhiÅ]VkZ WZZc i]Z eg^bVgn egdk^YZghd[hdX^Va!ZXdcdb^XVcYXjaijgVa hV[ZincZih[dg^cY^k^YjVahVcY[Vb^a^Zh^c V aVg\Z cjbWZg d[ jgWVc XdciZmih# I]ZhZ gZhig^XiZY X^gXaZh WZXVbZ ^bedgiVci egd"

iZXi^kZV\Zcih^ci]Z[VXZd[hiViZk^daZcXZ idlVgYhcVi^dcVahegZ"'%%(VcYi]Z^cXV"

eVX^in d[ i]Z hiViZ id eda^XZ i]Z hdX^Zin edhi"'%%(0djih^YZd[i]Zb!b^higjhiVcY [ZVg ]VkZ egZkV^aZY

''

# CZ^i]Zg i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch JC cdg di]Zg ^ciZgcVi^dcVa

^chi^iji^dch ]VkZ WZZc ZmZbei [gdb i]^h b^higjhi0 bdhi >gVf^h WZa^ZkZ i]Vi i]Z JC hnhiZb ]Vh [V^aZY i]Zb dc hZkZgVa bV_dg dXXVh^dch dkZg i]Z aVhi ild YZXVYZh! VcY di]Zg^ciZgcVi^dcVa^chi^iji^dchÅ^cXajY^c\

C<DhÅVgZd[iZck^ZlZYVheVgiVcYeVgXZa d[i]ZhVbZhnhiZb#

Hi^aa idYVn! ^cY^k^YjVah [ZZa i]gZViZcZY ZkZcVhbZbWZghd[gZhig^XiZYdgZmiZcYZY hdX^Va\gdjeh!VcYZm^ihigViZ\^ZhidZhXVeZ [gdbk^daZcXZbjhiWZXdcXZ^kZYVhXdaaZX"

i^kZ ZcYZVkdjgh l^i]^c l]^X] i]Z [Vb^an!

VcY Vi i^bZh! WgdVYZg hdX^Va jc^ih! VgZ XZcigVa# L^i]^c i]^h XdciZmi! b^\gVidgn eViiZgch VcY YZX^h^dchÅVcY eVgi^XjaVgan X]VaaZc\Zh V[[ZXi^c\ kjacZgVW^a^in VcY$

dg a^kZa^]ddYh ^c jgWVc hZii^c\h hjX] Vh

?dgYVcÅh]djaYWZXdch^YZgZYdcV[Vb^an aZkZa! ^c i]Z hVbZ lVn i]Vi eZghZXji^dc ZmZgiZYdcdi]ZgbZbWZghd[V[Vb^anVcY$

dgVgZa^\^djhdgZi]c^X\gdjeh]djaYWZi]Z WVh^hjedcl]^X]^cY^k^YjVaVhnajbXaV^bh VgZXdch^YZgZY#

;Vb^ani^ZhVcYi]Z Y^VhedgVXdbbjc^in

6aVg\ZcjbWZgd[i]dhZ>gVf^hl]d]VkZ aZ[ii]Z^gXdjcignh^cXZ'%%(VgZZbWZYYZY

^ci]ZYncVb^Xhd[X]V^cb^\gVi^dci]Vi^h WVhZYdchdX^VacZildg`hheVcc^c\hZkZgVa Xdjcig^Zh^ci]ZB^YYaZ:Vhi!:jgdeZ!Cdgi]

6bZg^XV!VcYidVaZhhZgZmiZci!6jhigVa^V#

L]^aZ ]jbVc ^chZXjg^in XVc WZ ^YZci^"

ÒZY Vh V eg^cX^eVa ejh] [VXidg egdbei^c\

eZdeaZ id aZVkZ >gVf! VcY i]Z hZVgX] [dg hZXjg^in Vh i]Z bV^c ejaa [VXidg idlVgYh Vhnajb Xdjcig^Zh! Vcdi]Zg ^bedgiVci b^\gVi^dc YncVb^X ^h i]Z egZk^djh Zm^hi"

ZcXZ d[ aVg\Z >gVf^ Zm^aZ Xdbbjc^i^Zh

'(

# I]ZhZ Xdbbjc^i^Zh eaVn Vc ^bedgiVci [VX^a^iVi^c\ gdaZ ^c b^\gVi^dc! ÒcVcX^Vaan hjeedgi^c\ i]Z b^\gVi^dc d[ di]Zgh VcY [jZaa^c\i]ZhZXdcYVgnb^\gVi^dcd[>gVf^h dji d[ ?dgYVc [dg i]dhZ l]d Yd cdi ÒcY hj[ÒX^Zci \jVgVciZZh [dg ]jbVc hZXjg^in l^i]^c i]Z XjggZci ^chi^iji^dcVa VeegdVX]

idi]ZgZXZei^dcd[>gVf^b^\gVcih#

>c >gVf! Vh lZaa Vh ^c b^\gVi^dc eViiZgch bdgZ \adWVaan! i]Z [Vb^an Xdchi^ijiZh i]Z [djcYVi^dc d[ cZildg` VcY hjeedgi"

hnhiZb [dgbVi^dc VcY Xdci^cjZh id a^Z Vi i]Z]ZVgid[b^\gVi^dcegd_ZXihVcYhigVi"

Z\^Zh

')

# CdcZi]ZaZhh! Wdi] k^daZcXZ Vi ]dbZ VcY b^\gVidgn Y^heaVXZbZci ]VkZ Y^hVgi^XjaViZY hdX^Va gZaVi^dch/ [Vb^a^Zh ]VkZ WZZc [gV\bZciZY Wn i]Z^g Y^heaVXZ"

bZci! i]Z^g ^ciZ\g^in ]Vh WZZc h]ViiZgZY Wni]ZYZVi]!`^YcVee^c\VcYbV^b^c\d[

^ihbZbWZgh!VcYi]Zedhh^W^a^inidgZjc^iZ i]gdj\]WgdVYZghdX^Vajc^ihhjX]Vhig^WZh

'' HZZXdcig^Wji^dch^c 6WYja"?VWVg!;#9VldY!=#

ZYh#ÆIg^WZhVcYEdlZg/

CVi^dcVa^hbVcY:i]c^X^in

^ci]ZB^YYaZ:VhiÇ!AdcYdc/

HVf^'%%'#

'( HZZ9^YZb9Vc^h

»6iiZcYgZVjejg\Vid^gZ/

aZhg‚hZVjmgZa^\^ZjmYZ b^\gVcihX]g‚i^ZchYÉ>gV`

ZcigVch^i|>hiVcWja¼!

GZkjZZjgde‚ZccZYZh b^\gVi^dch^ciZgcVi^dcVaZh!

K#''(!ee#&%."&()!'%%,0 Bd]VbZY@VbZa9dgV^

Æ>gVf^gZ[j\ZZh^cHng^VÇ ]iie/$$]Va#VgX]^kZhdjkZgih#

[g$YdXh$%%$(($(*$.*$

E9;$B#@#9dgV^T6J8#

eY[0<ZgVaY^cZ8]ViZaVgY Æ@ZncdiZaZXijgZ#6fjZhi [dg[Vb^anegdiZXi^dc/i]Z [gV\bZciZYhdX^Vadg\V"

c^hVi^dcd[igVchcVi^dcVa

>gVf^b^\gVi^dcÇ!]iie/$$

]Va#VgX]^kZhdjkZgiZh#[g$

YdXh$%%$(($-)$%+$E9;$

7g^i^h]T6XVYZbnTÒcVa#eY[#

') 8dggdWdgViZYWni]Z ÒcY^c\hd[i]ZEgd_ZXi>;ED$

GH80de#X^i#![ddicdiZ'&#

(17)

Eg di ZXi^dc!bdW^ a^inV cYa^k Za^]dd YX ]V aaZc\ Zhd[Y^he aV XZY> gVf^h^cj gWV ch Zii^c\h^c? dgY Vc

&'

dggZa^\^djhXdbbjc^i^Zh^hcdicZXZhhVg^an VkV^aVWaZidVaab^\gVcih^ci]ZVWhZcXZd[

hjX] Xdbbjc^i^Zh ^c i]Z ]dhi Xdjcig^Zh#

BdgZdkZg! hdbZ ^cY^k^YjVah ]VkZ iV`Zc VXi^dchhjX]Vhldg`^c\l^i]i]Z6bZg^XVc VYb^c^higVi^dc dg eg^kViZ XdbeVc^Zh ^c

>gVf i]Vi VgZ gZegZ]Zch^WaZ ^c i]Z ZnZh d[i]Z^g[Vb^a^Zhdgi]ZWgdVYZgXdbbjc^"

i^Zh!l^i]i]ZgZhjaiWZ^c\i]Vii]ZnXVccd adc\ZgVkV^ai]ZbhZakZhd[i]Z^ghdX^Vaegd"

iZXi^dc# I]ZhZ VcY di]Zg [VXidgh i]gZViZc i]Z^ciZ\g^ind[>gVf^[Vb^a^Zh/

8daaZXi^kZ hjgk^kVa VcY a^kZa^]ddY higVi"

™

Z\^Zh Z#\#! WgZVYl^ccZgh \d id ÒcY gZhdjgXZhVWgdVYVcYhZcYgZb^iiVcXZh dg! XdckZghZan! WgZVYl^ccZgh gZbV^c

^c >gVf l]ZgZ ZXdcdb^X gZhdjgXZh VgZ adXViZY! hjeedgi^c\ di]Zg [Vb^an bZb"

WZghl]d]VkZb^\gViZY0

AZ\Va VXXZhh higViZ\^Zh Z#\#! l^[Z VcY$

™

dg jcYZg"V\Z X]^aY b^\gViZ Òghi! ^c Vc ViiZbeiid^begdkZX]VcXZhd[WZ^c\VWaZ id[daadlaZ\VaVkZcjZhWnaVjcX]^c\Vc VhnajbXaV^bVh[ZbVaZ]ZVYd[]djhZ"

]daYdgjcVXXdbeVc^ZYb^cdg0 8dcY^i^dchd[b^\gVi^dcZ#\#!idddaYdg

™

idd[gV^aid[daadlhV[Zan0

6XXZhh VcY gZXZei^dc eda^X^Zh i]Vi Yd

™

cdiXdbeanl^i]i]Zeg^cX^eaZd[[Vb^an jc^inVcYYdcdiVaadlZcigndggZ"Zcign id[Vb^anbZbWZgh#

;dg>gVf^hb^\gVi^c\djid[XdcXZgc[dgi]Z^g [Vb^anbZbWZgh!i]Z^gÒghieg^dg^ina^Zh^c Vhhjg^c\i]ViZVX][Vb^anbZbWZggZVX]Zh VhV[ZadXVi^dc!dghZkZgVahV[ZadXVi^dchÅ ZkZc^[i]ZnbVnWZ\Zd\gVe]^XVaanY^hiVci [gdb dcZ Vcdi]Zg# >gVf^ b^\gVcih ]VkZ hdj\]i id WZ gZjc^iZY ^c ?dgYVc! Hng^V dg ZahZl]ZgZi]gdj\]^ciZgbZY^Vgn!cdc"hiViZ

^chi^iji^dch egd[Zhh^dcVa VhhdX^Vi^dch!

XddeiVi^dc^cidVgi^hi^X!^ciZaaZXijVadgVXV"

YZb^X X^gXaZh! eVigdcV\Z [gdb bZbWZgh d[ egZk^djh \ZcZgVi^dch d[ >gVf^ Zm^aZh!

gZaVi^kZh VcY [g^ZcYh l^i] V aZ\Va hiVijh!

8]g^hi^Vc gZa^\^djh ^chi^iji^dch! Hjcc^

ig^WVah]Z^`]h^c?dgYVcVcYHng^V!dgH]^É^iZ

^chi^iji^dch ^c Hng^V! gVi]Zg i]Vc i]gdj\]

jc^kZghVa! hiViZ"Yg^kZc bZX]Vc^hbh d[

^cXdgedgVi^dc# >c bdhi h^ijVi^dch! Xde^c\

higViZ\^Zh Xdch^hi d[ jh^c\ i]Z Y^[[ZgZci hiVijhZhVii]Z^gY^hedhVa!h]^[i^c\[gdbdcZ idVcdi]Zg^cdgYZgidbVm^b^hZi]Zedhh^"

W^a^i^Zhd[egdiZXi^dc#

L^i] [Vb^an bZbWZgh hegZVY VXgdhh Vcn cjbWZg d[ Xdjcig^Zh ^c i]Z ^bbZY^ViZ gZ\^dc! ^cXajY^c\ :\nei! ?dgYVc VcY Hng^V!

VcY$dg hea^i VXgdhh Y^[[ZgZci Xdci^cZcih!

hjWhZfjZci Z[[dgih id gZWj^aY i]Z YZZean V[[ZXiZY ^ciZ\g^in d[ i]Z [Vb^an XdbZh Vi V hZXdcY hiV\Z# I]Z X]d^XZ d[ V eaVXZ id gZ\gdje^hd[iZci]ZgZhjaid[VXdbegdb^hZ WZilZZc Wdi] i]Z hV[Zin dei^dch d[[ZgZY id >gVf^ b^\gVcih ^c ]dhi Xdjcig^Zh! VcY i]Z XVeVX^in d[ [Vb^an bZbWZgh id VXXZhh i]dhZ Xdjcig^Zh# GZaViZY higViZ\^Zh ]VkZ egdkZceVgi^XjaVganXdbeaZm^ci]Z[VXZd[

X]Vc\^c\ Zcign gZ\jaVi^dch ^c ]dhi Xdjc"

ig^ZhcZVg>gVfVcY!^ci]ZZkZcii]ViÒcY^c\

[Vb^anhZXjg^in^cVh^c\aZadXVi^dcYdZhcdi hZZbedhh^WaZ![Vb^anjc^inbVnV\V^ciV`Z eg^dg^indkZghZXjg^inXdcXZgch#

L]^aZ hdbZ ^cY^k^YjVah gZijgc id jchV[Z adXVi^dch ^c >gVf ^c dgYZg id gZjc^iZ l^i]

[Vb^an bZbWZgh l]d ]VkZ WZZc jcVWaZ id gZVX] cZ^\]Wdjg^c\ Xdjcig^Zh! di]Zg

^cY^k^YjVahVcY[Vb^a^ZhbVngZbV^chXVi"

iZgZY VXgdhh cjbZgdjh ]dhi Xdjcig^Zh [dg ZmiZcYZYeZg^dYhd[i^bZgVi]Zgi]VcgZijgc id >gVf# I]^h [Vb^an [gV\bZciVi^dc XVgg^Zh hZg^djh ^bea^XVi^dch [dg i]Z dkZgVaa lZaa"

WZ^c\d[^cY^k^YjVah!l]dbVnÒcYi]Zb"

hZakZh[VX^c\VcVWhZcXZd[[Vb^anhjeedgi [dg i]dhZ l]d ]VkZ WZZc igVjbVi^hZY! Vc VWhZcXZd[hjeedgi[dgh^c\aZldbZc[gdb bVaZ gZaVi^kZh! Vc VWhZcXZ d[ eVgZciVa hjeedgi [dg jcVXXdbeVc^ZY X]^aYgZc! Vc VWhZcXZ d[ Xdbbjc^in [dg BVcYZVch dg YZkdji H]^É^iZh ^c ?dgYVc! VcY$dg V Y^gZXi i]gZVi id a^[Z [dg i]dhZ YZZbZY ÆXdaaVWd"

X]Ve iZg>>

(18)

&(

gVidghÇ#:k^YZcXZhj\\Zhihi]Vii]dhZl]d VgZjcVWaZidgZjc^iZl^i]i]Z^g[Vb^anVcY Xdbbjc^inhigjXijgZhVgZi]ZbdhikjacZg"

VWaZVbdc\>gVf^hY^heaVXZY^ci]ZgZ\^dc#

AZ\VaXViZ\dg^hVi^dch

^c?dgYVc

;daadl^c\i]ZdjiWgZV`d[i]ZXjggZciXdc"

Ó^Xi^c>gVf!JC=8GYZXaVgZYVIZbedgVgn EgdiZXi^dc GZ\^bZ [dg Y^heaVXZY >gVf^h#

I]Z gZ\^bZ! ]dlZkZg! lVh cdi VXXZeiZY Wn ?dgYVc ZkZc V[iZg i]Z 6eg^a '%%, JC 8dc[ZgZcXZ dc 9^heaVXZY >gVf^h! ]ZaY ^c

<ZcZkV# Dg^\^cVaan! >gVf^ cVi^dcVah egZ"

hZci^c\ i]ZbhZakZh Vi i]Z WdgYZg lZgZ

\^kZc i]gZZ"bdci] idjg^hi k^hVh! l^i] i]Z edhh^W^a^ind[Vi]gZZ"bdci]ZmiZch^dc#>c dgYZg id dWiV^c V cZl idjg^hi k^hV! >gVf^h lZgZ gZfj^gZY id Zm^i VcY gZ"ZciZg i]Z Xdjcign0 i]dhZ l]d [V^aZY id Yd hd VcY

^chiZVYgZbV^cZY^c?dgYVcadhii]Z^gaZ\Va hiVijhVcYWZXVbZhjW_ZXiidYV^andkZghiVn ÒcZh#6[iZgVhbVaa\gdjed[>gVf^cVi^dcVah eZgeZigViZY iZggdg^hi ViiVX`h dc ]diZah ^c 6bbVc ^c CdkZbWZg '%%*! ]dlZkZg! i]Z gZcZlVa d[ idjg^hi k^hVh ^hhjZY id >gVf^h WZXVbZ aZhh hnhiZbVi^X! VcY ?dgYVc^Vc Vji]dg^i^ZhWZ\VcYZcn^c\ZcignVii]ZWdg"

YZgh!ZheZX^VaanidbZcWZilZZci]ZV\Zh d[hZkZciZZcVcYi]^gin"ÒkZ#

6hd['%%,!i]Z?dgYVc^VcVji]dg^i^Zh]VkZ gZfjZhiZY i]Vi >gVf^h egZhZci i]Z cZl

<"hZg^ZheVhhedgi^hhjZYWni]Z>gVf^\dk"

ZgcbZci[dgZcigndggZcZlVad[gZh^YZcXn#

>caViZ'%%,!WdgYZghlZgZYZXaVgZYXadhZY id cZl >gVf^ Vgg^kVah l^i] a^b^iZY ZmXZe"

i^dch! eZcY^c\ i]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ Vc VYkVcXZYk^hVegdXZYjgZgZfjZhiZYWni]Z

>gVf^ \dkZgcbZci# =Vk^c\ iV`Zc Z[[ZXi ^c BVn'%%-!i]ZcZlk^hVgZfj^gZbZcih\gVci Za^\^W^a^iniddcanhZaZXiXViZ\dg^Zhd[^cY^"

k^YjVahÅ^c eVgi^XjaVg Wjh^cZhh eZdeaZ!

\dkZgcbZci d[ÒX^Vah! hijYZcih! i]dhZ ^c cZZYd[bZY^XVaigZVibZciVcYdi]Zghl]d

]VkZ Vc ^chi^iji^dcVa \jVgVcidg ^c >gVf dg

?dgYVc!l^i]i]ZgZhjaii]Vii]Zk^hVhnhiZb Y^hXg^b^cViZhdci]ZWVh^hd[^cXdbZ!XaVhh VcYhdX^VagZaVi^dch#I]ZhZk^hVegdXZYjgZh ZciV^aVaZc\i]n!XdhianVcYY^[ÒXjaiVeea^XV"

i^dcegdXZYjgZidWZjcYZgiV`Zc^cVYkVcXZ VcY[gdb>gVf#I]ZegdXZYjgZhlZgZZVhZY Vhd[;ZWgjVgn'%%.!]dlZkZgdcan[dgWjh^"

cZhheZdeaZVcYY^eadbVih!idl]dbk^hVh XVccdlWZ\gVciZY^bbZY^ViZanViWdgYZgh jedcegZhZciVi^dcd[gZaZkVciYdXjbZcih#

GZh^YZcXn hiVijh ^h di]Zgl^hZ a^c`ZY id V ldg`eZgb^ii]Vi^h\gVciZYWni]ZB^c^hign d[AVWdjgdcanjedcegZhZciVi^dcd[Vldg`

XdcigVXi h]dl^c\ i]Vi V ?dgYVc^Vc XVccdi WZZbeadnZY[dgi]Viedh^i^dc!cdgbVaan^c YZh^\cViZYhZXidghd[i]ZZXdcdbnl]ZgZ i]ZgZ^hYZbdchigViZYh]dgiV\Zd[cVi^dcVa bVcedlZg# 6aiZgcVi^kZan! gZh^YZcXn l^i]dji V ldg` eZgb^i bVn WZ dWiV^cZY i]gdj\]

egdd[! ^c^i^Vaan! d[ V JH9 &*%!%%% YZedh^i gZXZcian YZXgZVhZY id JH9 *%!%%% ^c V

?dgYVc^VcWVc`dgi]ZVXfj^h^i^dcd[gZVa"

ZhiViZ egdeZgi^Zh l]dhZ kVajZ Vbdjci Vi aZVhiidi]Vihjb!dgVhVhijYZciVidcZd[

i]Zeg^kViZjc^kZgh^i^Zh#

9Zhe^iZi]Z[VXii]Vii]ZbV_dg^ind[>gVf^h l]dlZgZ^c?dgYVcVii]Zi^bZl]Zci]Z Zcign gZ\^bZ lVh bdY^ÒZY ]VY ^c^i^Vaan ZciZgZY i]Z Xdjcign i]gdj\] aZ\Vaan gZX"

d\c^hZYX]VccZah!bdhi]VkZWZZcjcVWaZ id gZcZl i]Z^g gZfj^gZY eVeZgldg`!

gZbV^c^c\^ci]ZXdjcignVh^ggZ\jaVgdkZg"

hiVnZgha^VWaZidÒcZhd[?9&!*eZgYVnd[

dkZghiVn jedc Zm^i# 6bdc\ i]Z *%%!%%%

>gVf^hXjggZcianZhi^bViZYWni]Z?dgYVc^Vc

\dkZgcbZci id WZ egZhZci ^c i]Z Xdjcign Vi Vcn i^bZ! ]jbVc^iVg^Vc VcY VYkdXVXn dg\Vc^hVi^dch\ZcZgVaanWZa^ZkZi]ViVh^\"

c^ÒXVcicjbWZg!^[cdii]ZbV_dg^ind[i]dhZ l]d VgZ cdi k^h^i^c\! VgZ ^ggZ\jaVg dkZg"

hiVnZgh '* #>i^hi]^hedejaVi^dci]Vii]Z\dk"

ZgcbZci ]Vh XViZ\dg^hZY Vh Æ\jZhihÇ! VcY l]dgZbV^ckjacZgVWaZjcYZgXjggZciaZ\Va egdk^h^dch ZkZcl]Zci]ZnVgZgZ\^hiZgZY

'* HjX]dWhZgkVi^dchVgZ Xdch^hiZcianZbe]Vh^hZY!

[dgZmVbeaZ!^ci]ZgZedgih cdiZY^c[ddicdiZh&Ä(#

;dgVY^hXjhh^dcd[i]Z Y^[ÒXjain^cZkVajVi^c\

^ggZ\jaVgb^\gVi^dcid

?dgYVc!^cXajY^c\i]Vid[

>gVf^h!hZZ6gdjg^'%%- de#X^i#[ddicdiZ&-VcY 8]ViZaVgY!<#'%%.

ÆL]Vik^h^W^a^inXdcXZVah#

GZ"ZbWZYY^c\gZ[j\ZZ b^\gVi^dc[gdb>gVfÇ!]iie/$$

]Vah]h#VgX]^kZh"djkZgih#

[g$YdXh$%%$(,$%.$-%$

E9;$8=ViZaVgYT7g^i^h]T 6XVYZbn#eY[#

X]V ei Zg>> 8 dci Zmi

(19)

Eg di ZXi^dc!bdW^ a^inV cYa^k Za^]dd YX ]V aaZc\ Zhd[Y^he aV XZY> gVf^h^cj gWV ch Zii^c\h^c? dgY Vc

&)

l^i] JC=8G Vh Vhnajb hZZ`Zgh dg gZXd\"

c^hZYgZ[j\ZZh#I]ZgZbV^c^c\^cY^k^YjVah l]dgZbV^c^ci]ZXdjcignadc\"iZgb]daY Z^i]Zg V h]dgi"iZgb k^hV VcY VgZ i]ZgZWn ediZci^Va dkZghiVnZgh dg V dcZ"nZVg gZh^"

YZcXn l]^X] ^h cdi ValVnh gZcZlZY#

'+

7ZXVjhZ d[ i]Z Y^[ÒXjain ^c Y^hZciVc\a^c\

i]dhZl]dVgZX^gXjaVi^c\WZilZZc?dgYVc VcY cZ^\]Wdjg^c\ Xdjcig^Zh! VcY i]dhZ l]dVgZhiVn^c\^c?dgYVcadc\"iZgb!^i^h

^bedhh^WaZidZkVajViZi]ZcjbWZgd[i]dhZ l]d[VaajcYZgÆ\jZhiÇhiVijh#

GVi]Zg i]Vc [Vkdjg adXVa ^ciZ\gVi^dc l^i]^c ?dgYVc Vh V YjgVWaZ hdaji^dc [dg

>gVf^ Æ\jZhihÇ l]d Yd cdi ]daY gZh^YZcXn eZgb^ih! i]Z ?dgYVc^Vc \dkZgcbZci ]Vh ed^ciZY Zmea^X^ian idlVgYh Z^i]Zg gZhZi"

iaZbZci! i]gdj\] JC=8G VcY di]Zg egd"

\gVbbZhdeZgViZYY^gZXianWnV[Zl^cYjh"

ig^Va^hZY Xdjcig^Zh! dg gZeVig^Vi^dc! dcXZ hZXjg^in ^h gZ"ZhiVWa^h]ZY ^c >gVf# 6h dcZ d[ÒX^Va ^ciZgk^ZlZY ^c ?VcjVgn '%%- ]Vh WZZc X^iZY Vh hiVi^c\! ÆI]Z hdaji^dc ^h ^c

>gVf#LZgZ[jhZidVXXZeii]Vii]Zhdaji^dc l^aa WZ djih^YZ >gVf#### :kZgni]^c\ lZ Yd idlVgYhi]Z>gVf^h^hiZbedgVgn!h^beanid bV`Zi]Z^ga^kZhZVh^Zg#LZXVccdibV`Z^i P?dgYVcRVcVijgVaeaVXZidhiVnÇ

',

#

Adhhd[]jbVcXVe^iVa

BVcn b^YYaZ XaVhh >gVf^h ^c^i^Vaan Vgg^kZY

^c ?dgYVc WZa^Zk^c\ i]Vi i]Z k^daZcXZ ^c i]Z^g ]dbZ Xdjcign ldjaY WZ dkZg ^c V [Zl bdci]h VcY i]Vi i]Zn ldjaY hddc WZ VWaZ id gZijgc# Di]Zgh WZa^ZkZY i]Vi

?dgYVc ldjaY WZ dcan Vc ^ciZgbZY^Vgn hide dc i]Z^g lVn id V i]^gY Xdjcign# ;dg i]Z bdhi eVgi! i]dhZ l]d idd` VYkVciV\Z d[i]Zdeedgijc^inidZm^i>gVf^bbZY^ViZan V[iZg i]Z gZ\^bZ X]Vc\Z [daadl^c\ nZVgh d[ hZXajh^dc Vahd WZa^ZkZY i]Zn ldjaY WZ VWaZidgZijgcid>gVf^cVbViiZgd[V[Zl bdci]h# 6h i^bZ ]Vh ldgc dc! [Vb^a^Zh ]VkZWZZcaZ[ihigVcYZY!jcVWaZid\dWVX`

WZXVjhZd[l^YZhegZVY^chZXjg^in!Wjgc^c\

i]gdj\] i]Z^g hVk^c\h VcY [VX^c\ eV^c[ja cZlegdheZXihVcYgZVa^i^Zh/hdX^VaYdlc"

[Vaa!^hdaVi^dc!edkZgin!aVX`d[gZhdjgXZhid bZZiWVh^XVcYaZhh"WVh^XcZZYh!i]ZcZZY idadd`[dgVaiZgcVi^kZbZVchd[a^kZa^]ddYh!

[Vb^an WgZV`"je dg hZeVgVi^dc! XdchiVcian X]Vc\^c\eaVch[dgi]Z[jijgZ!ZiX#

>ci]ZhVbZlVni]Vi?dgYVc^Vch]VkZWZZc [VX^c\^cXgZVh^c\^cÓVi^dcgViZhVcYVh^\c^["

^XVcig^hZd[eg^XZh[dghiVeaZ^iZbhh^cXZi]Z WZ\^cc^c\d['%%-!hdidd!]VkZ>gVf^ha^k^c\

Vbdc\ i]Zb# L]^aZ i]Z ?dgYVc^Vc \dkZgc"

bZci]VhbVYZZ[[dgihidXjh]^dci]ZWadl!

i]gdj\] i]Z Veea^XVi^dc d[ ejWa^X hZXidg lV\Z^cXgZVhZhVcYi]ZZhiVWa^h]bZcid[V hdX^Va hV[Zin cZi! i]ZhZ ^c^i^Vi^kZh l^aa cdi WZcZÒi Æ\jZhi hiVijhÇ >gVf^h# BZVcl]^aZ!

eZghdcVa ÒcVcX^Va gZhdjgXZh VgZ WZXdb^c\

Zm]VjhiZY!^cXgZVh^c\i]ZcjbWZgd[eZdeaZ l]dVgZ![dgi]ZÒghii^bZ!add`^c\idJC=8G VcY di]Zg ]jbVc^iVg^Vc dg\Vc^hVi^dch [dg Vhh^hiVcXZ# ;dg i]dhZ l]d lZgZ gZan^c\ dc hVk^c\h!VcYeVgi^XjaVgan[dg[ZbVaZ"]ZVYZY ]djhZ]daYh!i]Zh^ijVi^dc]VhWZXdbZXg^i"

^XVa# 9jZ id Xdci^cjZY ^chZXjg^in VcY i]Z h]Vgeg^hZ^ceg^XZh!i]ZÓdld[^cXdbZ[gdb

>gVfÅl]Zi]Zg[gdbWjh^cZhhZh!egdeZgi^Zh dg gZb^iiVcXZh [gdb gZaVi^kZhÅ^h ^cXgZVh"

^c\anXdb^c\idV]Vai#8dchZfjZcian!bVcn

>gVf^hVgZWZXdb^c\bdgZVcYbdgZgZa^Vci dc i]Z ^c[dgbVa ZXdcdbn! Zc\V\^c\ ^c i]Z aVWdjgbVg`Zil^i]djiaZ\VaegdiZXi^dcVcY Vi]^\]g^h`d[Zmead^iVi^dc#

;dgbVcn!YV^anhjWh^hiZcXZ^hcdlh]dja"

YZgZYWni]Zl]daZ[Vb^an!^cXajY^c\X]^a"

YgZc# HdbZ >gVf^ ldbZc VgZ ldg`^c\ Vh YdbZhi^X ldg`Zgh YZhe^iZ i]Z [VXi i]Vi i]Z^g ^ggZ\jaVg hiVijh aZVkZh i]Zb kja"

cZgVWaZ id e]nh^XVa VcY$dg hZmjVa VWjhZ VcY cdc"eVnbZci! VcY VcZXYdiVa gZedgih

^cY^XViZ ldbZc WZ^c\ [dgXZY ^cid hZm aVWdjg#H^b^aVgan!>gVf^bZcldg`^c\VhYVn aVWdjgZgh ^c i]Z XdchigjXi^dc hZXidg ]VkZ gZedgiZYcdc"eVnbZciVcYZmead^iVi^dc#

'+ >G>Ci]Z

]jbVc^iVg^VccZlhVcY VcVanh^hcZildg`d[i]ZJC D[ÒXZ[dgi]Z8ddgY^cVi^dc d[=jbVc^iVg^Vc6[[V^gh!'&

;ZWgjVgn'%%-#

', FjdiZY^c

HVhhddc!?#'%%-/8]Ve#' I]Z>gVf^gZ[j\ZZh/I]ZcZl Xg^h^h^ci]ZB^YYaZ:Vhi#

AdcYdc/>#7#IVjg^h#

X]Ve iZg>>

(20)

&*

>gVf^h VgZ Vahd ^chZXjgZ ^c i]Z^g ]djh^c\

VggVc\ZbZcih!XVjh^c\eZdeaZidbdkZ[gdb dcZ VgZV id Vcdi]Zg ^c hZVgX] d[ X]ZVeZg VXXdbbdYVi^dc VcY Vcdcnb^in# I]^h! ^c ijgc!a^b^ihVXXZhh^W^a^inidediZci^VaWVh^X hZgk^XZh^ci]ZVgZVhjX]Vh[ddYY^hig^Wj"

i^dc! l]^X]! YjZ id ^cXgZVh^c\ Y^[ÒXjai^Zh l^i][ddYhZXjg^in!^hdcanegdk^YZYi]gdj\]

Xdbbjc^in XZcigZh VcY gZfj^gZh eg^dg cZZYhZkVajVi^dcVcYegZ"gZ\^higVi^dc#

>beZYZYbdW^a^in

GZedgih Wn cjbZgdjh V\ZcX^Zh ]VkZ hj\"

\ZhiZY i]Vi i]Z cVijgZ d[ jgWVc XdciZmih

^beZYZh i]Z ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc d[ >gVf^h hXVi"

iZgZY i]gdj\]dji kVg^djh cZ^\]Wdjg]ddYh VcY Vbdc\ i]Z \gZViZg ?dgYVc^Vc edejaV"

i^dc#>c[VXi!bVcnY^heaVXZY>gVf^hl]dcZ^"

i]Zg]VkZWZZc[dgbVaangZXd\c^hZYVhgZ[j"

\ZZhcdg]daYVaZ\VagZh^YZcXneZgb^i]VkZ egZX^hZan hdj\]i hjX] Vcdcnb^in! ^c dgYZg id WZ aZhh k^h^WaZ id ?dgYVc^Vc Vji]dg^i^Zh#

7ZXVjhZi]Ze]nh^XVaVcYhdX^VabdW^a^ind[

bVcnjcYdXjbZciZYgZh^YZci>gVf^Æ\jZhihÇ

^c?dgYVc^hXjggZciangZhig^XiZYZ#\#^cVW^a^in id[gZZanigVkZaWZilZZc>gVfVcY?dgYVc^c dgYZgidZkVajViZXjggZcih^ijVi^dch!ZiX#!dg id VXXZhh i]Z aVWdjg bVg`Zi ZmXZei l]Zc XZgiV^cXg^iZg^VVgZbZi!VXXZhhidhZgk^XZh^h hZg^djhan]^cYZgZY!Vcm^Zi^ZhVWdjihZcY^c\

X]^aYgZcidhX]ddaVgZZmVXZgWViZYVcYiZc"

YZcX^ZhidlVgYhediZci^VaanbdgZZmead^iV"

i^kZ^c[dgbVaaVWdjgbVg`ZihVgZ^cXgZVhZY#

>cYZZY! i]^h hj\\Zhih i]Vi i]Z YZa^kZgn d[

hZgk^XZh^hdWhigjXiZYWni]Z^bea^XVi^dchd[

YdbZhi^X eda^X^Zh idlVgYh Y^heaVXZY >gVf^h i]Vi^c]^W^ie]nh^XVaVcYhdX^VabdW^a^inVcY i]Z aViiZgÉh eZgXZei^dc d[ ^chZXjg^in! gVi]Zg i]VcWni]ZjgWVcXdciZmieZghZ#

'-

9Zhe^iZ^ihh^\c^ÒXVcigZaZkVcXZVcYadc\"

iZgbXdchZfjZcXZh!]dlZkZg!Xgdhh"WdgYZg bdW^a^in hZZbh id ]VkZ aVg\Zan ZhXVeZY VcVanh^h

'.

#7ZXVjhZd[kVg^djhZcignegdXZ"

YjgZheji^ceaVXZh^cXZaViZ'%%*!VhlZaaVh

i]ZÒcZhi]ViÆdkZghiVnZghÇVgZgZfj^gZYid eVn^cdgYZgidZm^ii]ZXdjcign!bVcn>gVf^h ]VkZ[djcYi]ZbhZakZhXdcÒcZY^c?dgYVc!

jcVWaZidbV`ZgZijgck^h^ihidi]Z^g]dbZ Xdjcign l^i]dji _ZdeVgY^o^c\ i]Z^g h^ijV"

i^dc ^c ?dgYVc# ;dg [Vb^a^Zh l]d WZXVbZ hXViiZgZY VXgdhh hZkZgVa Xdjcig^Zh ^c i]Z gZ\^dc! ^beZY^bZcih id bdW^a^in ]VkZ! Vi i^bZh! gZcYZgZY gZjc^ÒXVi^dc ^c Vc 6gVW Xdjcign XadhZ id ]dbZ cZVgan ^bedhh^WaZ!

aZVY^c\ hdbZ [Vb^a^Zh id add` Vi gZhZiiaZ"

bZcihX]ZbZhVcYdi]ZgVkZcjZhaZ\VaVcY

^ggZ\jaVg[dgZb^\gVi^dcidLZhiZgcXdjc"

ig^Zh!l]ZgZi]Zn]deZidWZVWaZidWZcZÒi [gdb[Vb^angZjc^ÒXVi^dcegd\gVbbZh#

BVcnY^heaVXZY>gVf^h]VkZaZ[i[Vb^anVcY$

dg Wjh^cZhhZh VcY VhhZih WZ]^cY ^c >gVf!

]dlZkZg! VcY i]Z bV_dg^in Xdci^cjZ id bV^ciV^c gZ\jaVg XdciVXi l^i] [Vb^an VcY XdaaZV\jZh Vi ]dbZ l]d bVn WZ hZcY^c\

bdcZn!iZbedgVg^anXVg^c\[dgi]Z^g]dbZh dgWjh^cZhhZhdg!Vh^hi]ZXVhZ[dghdbZVXV"

YZb^Xh!_djgcVa^hihVcYdi]Zgegd[Zhh^dcVah!

bV^ciV^c^c\ZbeadnZg"ZbeadnZZXdbbjc^"

XVi^dch [dg Xdci^cj^c\ YZh`"WVhZY ldg` ^c

?dgYVc#>gVf^hVWgdVYVahdhZcYgZb^iiVcXZ bdcZnWVX`id[Vb^anbZbWZghgZbV^c^c\^c i]ZXdjcign!VcYd[iZcjhZXdciVXihVi]dbZ VhVhdjgXZd[cZlh[dg[daadl^c\i]ZaViZhi YZkZadebZcihVcY\Vj\^c\cZmihiZeh#

L]^aZ bVcn Y^heaVXZY >gVf^h ldjaY a^`Z idWZVWaZid`ZZedcZ[ddi^c>gVfVhlZaa Vh ^c ?dgYVcÅVXXZhh^c\ i]Z^g eZghdcVa VcY egd[Zhh^dcVa gZhdjgXZh ^c >gVf l]Zc"

ZkZg i]Z hZXjg^in h^ijVi^dc eZgb^ih! VcY gZigZVi^c\ id ?dgYVc ^c gZhedchZ id hZXj"

g^inXg^hZh!XjggZcieda^X^ZhidlVgYh>gVf^h YdcdiVaadl[dgi]^h`^cYd[bdW^a^in#6hV gZhjai!^cY^k^YjVahl]dldjaYdi]Zgl^hZWZ

^cXa^cZYidiV`ZVXi^kZhiZehidgZ"ZhiVWa^h]

i]ZbhZakZh^c>gVfVgZ^cXgZVh^c\anadd`^c\

Vi VkZcjZh [dg hZXdcYVgn Zb^\gVi^dc id LZhiZgc Xdjcig^Zh! ediZci^Vaan [jZaa^c\ V WgV^cYgV^c[gdb>gVfl^i]ZcdgbdjhXdc"

hZfjZcXZh[dgi]Z[jijgZd[i]ZXdjcign#

'- 6cjbWZgd[

^ciZgk^ZlhXdcYjXiZY^c ZVgan'%%.XdggdWdgViZi]^h egdedh^i^dcZkZcVheZgXZe"

i^dchd[^chZXjg^ina^c`ZY idjcXaZVg\jZhihiVijh ZkdakZ#I]Vi^h!Vh^cXgZVh^c\

cjbWZghd[>gVf^Æ\jZhihÇ ]VkZXdcXajYZYi]Vii]Z^g egZhZcXZ^hidaZgViZYWn i]ZVji]dg^i^ZhÅegdk^YZY i]Vii]Zn`ZZeVadlegdÒaZ VcYYdcdiZc\V\Z^ceV^Y aVWdjgi]Vi^hejc^h]VWaZ Wn^beg^hdcbZci!i]Zn ]VkZYZbdchigViZYi]Vi!

l^i]^ci]Za^b^ihd[i]ZhZ XdchigV^cih!i]ZnVgZgZVYn id\ddjid[i]Z^g]djhZVcY cZ^\]Wdjg]ddYhidVXXZhh hZgk^XZhegdk^YZYWnC<Dh#

'. I]Z^bedgiVcXZ

d[Xgdhh"WdgYZgbdW^a^in

^hWVhZYdc^ciZgk^Zlh XjggZcianXdcYjXiZYl^i]^c i]Z[gVbZldg`d[i]Z>;ED$

GH8Egd_ZXi0de#X^i#[ddicdiZ '&#;dg[jgi]Zg^bea^XVi^dch!

hZZ8]ViZaVgY'%%.de#X^i#

[ddicdiZ',#

X]V ei Zg>> 8 dci Zmi

(21)

Eg di ZXi^dc!bdW^ a^inV cYa^k Za^]dd YX ]V aaZc\ Zhd[Y^he aV XZY> gVf^h^cj gWV ch Zii^c\h^c? dgY Vc

&+

X]Ve iZg>>>

I ]ZhZ VeegdVX]Zh ]VkZ dkZgaVeeZY dg h]^[iZYVii^bZhVcY^ibVnWZVg\jZY i]Vi i]Z ?dgYVc^Vc \dkZgcbZci ]Vh gZXZcian^bedhZY^ihdlcYZkZadebZciXjb hZXjg^inVeegdVX]jedcVaa^ckdakZYV\ZcX^Zh#

>c [VXi! ZkZc Vh i]^h [gVbZldg` ]daYh

\gZVi ediZci^Va Vh V YjgVWaZ hdaji^dc! i]Z VeegdVX]Å^c ^ih egZhZci hiViZÅedhZh

^bbZY^ViZX]VaaZc\Zhidi]ZlZaa"WZ^c\VcY hZXjg^ind[jcYdXjbZciZYgZh^YZciÆ\jZhiÇ

>gVf^hl^i]^ci]ZjgWVcXdciZmi#

I]Z]jbVchZXjg^in VeegdVX] (%

I]Z ]jbVc hZXjg^in eZgheZXi^kZ lVh

^c^i^Vaan VYdeiZY Wn i]Z bV_dg^in d[ ^ciZg"

cVi^dcVa C<Dh >C<Dh l^i] egd\gVbbZh heZX^ÒXVaanV^bZYVibZZi^c\i]ZVhh^hiVcXZ VcYegdiZXi^dccZZYhd[>gVf^h#7VhZYdcVc jcYZgan^c\ Xdbb^ibZci id i]Z eg^cX^eaZh d[ jc^kZghVa ]jbVc g^\]ih hdbZi^bZh l^i]^cVgZa^\^djhZi]dh!i]Z^gegd\gVbbZh ]VkZaVg\ZanWZZc[gVbZYWnVXdcXZgc[dg i]Z kjacZgVW^a^in d[ >gVf^h Vh ^cY^k^YjVah!

gZ\VgYaZhh d[ i]Z aZ\Va XViZ\dgn l^i]^c l]^X]i]Zn]VkZWZZceaVXZY!Z^i]ZgWni]Z ]dhihiViZdgWn>gVf^Vji]dg^i^Zh#

Ldg`^c\ ^c eVgicZgh]^e l^i] adXVa C<Dh VcY Vh ^beaZbZci^c\ eVgicZgh d[ JC=8G"

[jcYZY egd_ZXih! Vh lZaa Vh ^cYZeZcYZcian!

i]ZhZ >C<Dh ]VkZ V^bZY id ZmiZcY i]Z^g Vhh^hiVcXZidi]ZZci^gZgVc\Zd[kjacZgVWaZ

^cY^k^YjVahÅ^cXajY^c\gZXd\c^hZYgZ[j\ZZh VcYVhnajbhZZ`Zgh!jcYdXjbZciZYgZh^YZci Æ\jZhiÇ>gVf^hVcYVji]dg^hZYh]dgi"iZgb>gVf^

k^h^idgh dg adc\"iZgb gZh^YZcihÅWVhZY dc VcVhhZhhbZcid[cZZYhVcYkjacZgVW^a^i^Zh

(&

#

;gdb egZk^djh VhhZhhbZcih d[ hZgk^XZh VkV^aVWaZ! ^i hZZbh i]Vi bdhi XdckZc"

i^dcVa VgZVh d[ egdiZXi^dc VcY Vhh^hiVcXZ VgZ d[[ZgZY Wn cVi^dcVa VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa C<Dh!nZihdbZV\ZcX^ZhWZa^ZkZi]ViXddg"

Y^cVi^dcWZilZZci]ZkVg^djhVXidgh^ci]Z ÒZaY XdjaY WZ ^begdkZY# L]^aZ hdbZ ]VkZ [dXjhZYi]Z^gZ[[dgihdch]dgi"iZgbgZa^Z[[dg eg^bVgncZZYhhjX]Vh[ddY!XVh]dgeg^bVgn ]ZVai]XVgZ!di]Zgh]VkZWZZcbdgZ[dXjhZY dcadc\Zg"iZgbcZZYh!^cXajY^c\ZYjXVi^dc!

dkZgVaa]ZVai]hiVijhVcYehnX]dhdX^VaXVgZ#

>chZkZgVa^chiVcXZh!>C<Dh]VkZejghjZYV ild"igVX`VeegdVX]!hjeedgi^c\Wdi]h]dgi"

iZgb gZa^Z[ VcY adc\Zg"iZgb YZkZadebZci cZZYh# I]Z aViiZg! ]dlZkZg! ]Vh WZZc Xdc"

higV^cZYWnaZ\Vaa^b^iVi^dchdcldg`deedg"

ijc^i^Zh[dg>gVf^h#

6EEGD68=:HID

6HH>HI6C8:6C9EGDI:8I>DC

>cVcZ[[dgiidegdk^YZVcY$dgVYkdXViZ[dg^begdkZY Vhh^hiVcXZ VcY egdiZXi^dc id >gVf^h ^c ?dgYVc!

^chi^iji^dcVa VXidgh VcY V\ZcX^Zh ]VkZ \ZcZgVaan iV`Zc [djg bV^c VeegdVX]Zh! [gVbZY ^c iZgbh d[

Æ]jbVc hZXjg^inÇ! ÆgZ[j\ZZ g^\]ihÇ! ÆYZkZadebZciÇ VcYÆcVi^dcVahZXjg^inÇ#

(% ;dg[jgi]Zg

YZiV^ahdci]^hVeegdVX]!hZZ 8]ViZaVgY!<#!LVh]^c\idc!

@#:a"6WZY!D#de#X^i#

[ddicdiZ(#

(& 7ZndcYi]Z

>gVf^hi]ZbhZakZh!bdhiC<Dh ]VkZVahd^cXajYZYkjacZgVWaZ

?dgYVc^Vch^ci]Z^gegd_ZXihÅ

dg^\^cVaanhdbZ'%d[i]Z^g

WZcZÒX^Vg^Zh!Wjil]^X]]Vh

gZXZcian^cXgZVhZYid*%^c

bdhiXVhZh#

Références

Documents relatifs

analyse de F ourrier que les polynmes trigonométriques sont denses dans L 2. Soit E un espae préhilbertien réel. L'espae orrespondant est-t-il omplet ?.. Les espaes préhilbertiens

[r]

[r]

[r]

Donner une interprétation du module et d'un argument de z' (lorsque celui-ci existe).. Déterminer, en utilisant la question précédente, les ensembles

Reconnaissant la nécessité de prendre certaines mesures constructives et efficaces dans ce sens, le .Gouvernement de l'Inde a décidé de créer deux hôpi- taux pour le traitement

[r]

[r]