• Aucun résultat trouvé

User interaction and performance evaluation in content-based visual information retrieval

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "User interaction and performance evaluation in content-based visual information retrieval"

Copied!
211
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

Thesis

Reference

User interaction and performance evaluation in content-based visual information retrieval

MULLER, Henning

Abstract

Cette thèse donne une vue détaillée sur la recherche d'informations visuelles basée sur le contenu, un secteur d'étude actif dans le domaine de la vision par ordinateur. Les principaux objectifs de cette investigation sont la recherche d'images ou d'autres documents visuels dans les archives, basée sur le contenu visuel uniquement, et, en général, sans l'usage d'annotations textuelles. Les deux thèmes principaux sont l'interaction avec l'utilisateur et l'évaluation de performance. L'interaction avec l'utilisateur, et l'apprentissage à long terme en particulier, s'est révélée être la clé pour obtenir de bonnes performances. L'interaction de différentes méthodes améliore les résultats des recherches de manière significative.

L'évaluation des résultats de recherche a été largement négligée dans la recherche. Ceci est pourtant extrêmement important puisque seule une évaluation correcte permet de montrer les progrès que certaines techniques peuvent apporter. Un benchmark complètement automatisé et basé sur des tests effectués par de vrais utilisateurs est mis en oeuvre sur la base de langage de communication MRML.

MULLER, Henning. User interaction and performance evaluation in content-based visual information retrieval . Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2002, no. Sc. 3363

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:150

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

[ Downloaded 01/06/2012 at 14:58:59 ]

1 / 1

(2)

!#"

$&%('*),+,$&-.$0/1+32456/87:9;)-<'=+,5?>A@B$ CD)9*7:$FE,E,$&@B)HGJIKCL@B/

M NPORQ STU#OVQPWYXZU\[]^T W_Ta` bcOVQ<de]Qgf W_TaXO

hjikW_lnmoWpUq[]^T [rT s ]^TUPOtTUvuvw WxNPOV`

y [NqmoW_lzST{d|]QPf WpUq[]^T } O~UQP[OikW_l

€Vƒ‚„…„

%B)

"

$0E,$&/A+

"

$&$.†'‡?'.ˆK'1‰Š@B‡‹+

"

$28$FE3E‰Š56$&/K‰&$0EŒ28$J‡4Ž /B5‹1$&)E‘5‹+

"

$28$“’$0/†$0;$

%”9;@B)391•8+,$0/B56)Œ‡‹$J–;)';2B$J2B$

!

98‰—+$&@B) 2B$0EŒE‰Š56$&/K‰&$0E0˜8-$0/A+,569;/P5‹/B7:9;)-.'*+,5?>A@B$

%K'*)

V™›ššœ,šJŸžz 

¡¢¢

™n£

28$

¤

$&/K2BE,•B@B)–#¥§¦ ‡‹‡6$&-<'*–1/B$F¨

GH©†$0E,$Jª «J¬­¬A¬­¬

’J®Lª

†

®L¯ ®

°*±1±1°

(3)

'ZˆK'1‰Š@B‡‹+ $\28$0E E,‰&5‹$0/K‰Š$FE&˜ŒE,@B)v‡6$q%B)$F' A5?E.28$$0EE‘56$&@B)EGH©B56$&))CL@B/˜A+ $&%B©('*/B$';)‰©('*/K2 ';5‹‡6‡‹$&+

‰&9­2B5‹)$0‰Š+,$&@K)E28$.+©†$FE‘$.$Š+“¬A¬­¬˜n';@8+,91),5?E,$‡456-.%B)$0EE‘569;/ 28$<‡?'P%B)

"

$0E,$&/A+,$+,©†$0E,$;˜rE'*/(E$Ь8%B)5‹-.$0) 2491%B56/B5‹91/

E,@B)Œ‡6$0EŒ%B)9;%”91E,5‹+,569;/KEH>A@B5vE,9;/A+

"

$0/B9;/K‰

"

$&$FE&I

’$0/†$&1$;˜­‡6$

±

-<'*5˜

°*±;±A°

"!#$

˜&%1'1‰&>A@B$0E('V®*)e®

¤

(4)

"!#!

$%"&')(+*

),-

&. /0"!#!

132

&.'

,

4!5'6&7&

,78

'9!:;!5'6&<

1

1I3=/A+),9828@K‰Š+,569;/IJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

1I

°

9*+,56='=+5‹91/ IJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

°

1I> GH©K$0E,56EH9=1$&)A56$? IIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >

1I@ B‰Š56$&/A+,5BA(‰‰Š91/A+,)5‹•B@B+,569;/KEe9*7›+,©K56EH+©B$0E,5?E IJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @

CED '6&.

&.GF"HI9

),KJ

!#*

2

&LM'N O;!5'6&

!

* P

° I3=/A+),9828@K‰Š+,569;/IJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Q

° I1I 'R©('=+35?EŒ-“@B‡‹+,56-.$0285?'SR#IIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Q

° I1I

°

¦e+Œ+©B$ ‰Š)91EE,5‹/B–9*7 -<'*/ vE‰Š56$&/K‰&$0E{IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI T

° I1I> ’9A'*‡?EŒ'*/K2 %B)9;•B‡6$&-<EH56/PA5?E,@K'*‡56/87:9;)-<'=+5‹91/ )$Š+),56$&='*‡ IJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ±

° I°

¯ 56E,@K';‡%($0)‰&$&%8+5‹91/IJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° I° I GH©K$©A@K-.';/ ­5?E‘@('*‡E ­E‘+,$0- IJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° I° I°

CL),$F'=+,+,$&/A+5‹1$JE,56-56‡?'*)5+ IIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >

° I° I> C $0)‰&$&%8+@K'*‡–1),91@B%B56/B– IIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >

° I> U|91-.%(91/B$&/A+EH9;7›'U()V=

¤

IJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI XW

° I>KI CL),$0%B)9­‰&$0EE‘56/B–9*7›+,©B$­5?E‘@K';‡2898‰Š@B-.$0/1+ IJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Y

° I>KI

°

ˆK$0'*+,@B)$0EŒ';/K2P‰©K'*)';‰Š+,$&)5?E +56‰0EL$&¬A+)'1‰—+$02v7:),91- 5‹-<';–;$0EIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z

° I>KI> [ @K$&)<7:9;)-“@B‡?'=+5‹91/ IIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° @

° I>KI@ [ @K$&)%B)9­‰&$0EE‘56/B–.'*/K2PE,5‹-.56‡6';),5‹+ <-.$0'1E‘@B)$0E IIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° W

° I>KIW ˆK$0'*+,@B)$ ';‰0‰Š$0EEH'*/K2g2B'*+'.E +9;)'*–1$“IIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° Y

° I>KIY [ @K$&)%K'*)';2B5‹–1-.E0˜­),$FE‘@K‡+EŒ2856E,%B‡?' ;˜8)$&‡6$&='*/(‰Š$7:$&$F28•K';‰]\ IIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° Z

° I@ ®D¬B'*-.%B‡6$E 8E+$&-<EVIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° Z

° I@(I [ )V=^U`_a[ @B$&) )(b=-<'*–;$';/K2gA5?28$09bU|91/A+,$&/A+ IIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° Q

° I@(I

°

¯ 5‹)'*–1$IIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° Q

° I@(I> CL56‰c3@B/A+$&)F˜BCD©B9;+,9;•”9­9\˜8$Š+‰*I IIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° Q

° I@(I@ q¦

¤

IIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° Q

° I@(IW )e‡69;•)?e9;)‡62 IJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

° T

° I@(IY d +©B$&)3E 8E+$&-<EcIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI > ±

° IW ¤

$&‡?'=+,$F2v5?EE‘@B$FEIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI > ±

° IWBI qCL®|’e_9Z IJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI > ±

° IWBI

° ¤

$Š+,)56$&='*‡9;7n9;+,©B$0)Œ-$F285?'IIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI > °

° IY [email protected].';) IIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >@

(5)

>KI ­E‘+,$0-'*)‰©B5‹+,$F‰—+,@K),$ IJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >SY

>KI1I ’‡69;•('*‡E‘+,)@K‰—+@B),$ IJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >SY

>KI1I

° !

5?E +),56•B@8+5‹91/IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >SY

>KI1I> ®"!‰Š56$&/A+Œ7:$0'*+,@B)$';‰&‰&$0EEgIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >)Z

>KI1I@ c '*)2;?H'*)$^IJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >ST

>KI

° #%$&#('

IIIIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >ST

>KI

° I B‰Š9;%”$ IIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @ ±

>KI

° I°

'R© () 7:91)H+,©B$ 28$FE,‰&),56%8+5‹91/NR IIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @ ±

>KI

° I> ®D¬B'*-.%B‡6$

#%$&#('

‰&9­2B$ IIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @&

>KI

° I@ ¦ %B%B‡656‰0'=+5‹91/KE IJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @ >

>KI> ˆK$0'*+,@B)$0EIIIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @S@

>KI>KI U|91‡‹91) IIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @S@

>KI>KI

°

Gn$Ь­+@B),$ IIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @)W

>KI>KI> ¦ /B/B9;+'=+5‹91/ IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @ Y

>KI>KI@ ˆK$0'*+,@B)$ ‰Š91-%('*)56E,9;/ IIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @ Y

>KI@ ˆK$0'*+,@B)$ ?|$05‹–1©1+5‹/K–E‰©B$&-.$FE.IIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @;Z

>KI@(I )H'1E‘5?‰ ?|$05‹–1©1+5‹/K–56/+*-,.0/21<IIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @;Z

>KI@(I

°

U|91-.%K'*)5‹/K–.E,$&1$&)'*‡(7:$0'*+,@B)$ ?|$05‹–1©A+,56/B–1E IJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @ Q

>KI@(I> 8$&%K';)'*+,$&‡b?e$&56–;©A+,56/B–+,©B$J7:$F'=+@B),$–1),91@B%KEIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI W ±

>KI@(I@ 8$&%K';)'*+,$&‡?e$&56–;©A+,56/B–R%”91E,5+5‹1$ '*/K2/B$0–1'=+5‹1$ >1@K$&)‰Š91-.%(91/B$&/A+E¥

¤

98‰&‰©K5‹9(4E

-.$&+,©B982891‡‹91– B¨PIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI W ±

>KI@(IW ¦ 2B285‹+,569;/K';‡7:$0'*+,@B)$ ?|$05‹–1©A+,56/B–7§';‰—+9;)EH‡‹$F'*)/B$027:),91-@KE,$&)Œ56/A+,$0)'1‰—+,569;/ IJIIIJI W

>KIW ®L='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/v9*7›+,©K$*-,.0/21E 8E‘+,$&- IIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI W>

>KIWBI G ¤ W

±;±

2B'=+'*•K'1E‘$oIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI W4@

>KIWBI

° G ¤ ° W

±1±

2B'*+';•K';E,$JIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI WSW

>KIWBI> ' ';E,©B56/B–*+9;/P2B'=+'*•K'1E‘$ IIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI WSW

>KIWBI@ U|91),$0‡2B'=+'*•K'1E‘$ IIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI WY

>KIWBIW U|91-.%K'*)56E,9;/ 9*7›+,©B$$0='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/KE IIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI WY

>KIY [email protected].';) IIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI W Z

354 2 &.

4!5'6& 06

@(I Ž E,';•B56‡‹5‹+56/g56-<'*–1$)$Š+),56$&=';‡ IIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI WT

@(I1I = /A+$&)';‰—+5‹91/gE,%”$&$02xIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Y ±

@(I1I

°

8$0'*)‰©g%B),@K/B5‹/K–ŸIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Y ±

@(I1I> d +©B$&)Œ@(E,';•B5‹‡65‹+ v5?E,E,@B$0EzIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI YSQ

@(I

°

[ @K$&)E +'*),+,56/B–.%(915‹/A+ IJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI YSQ

@(I

° I Gn$Ь­+F˜K'*/B/K9*+'*+,569;/ IJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI YST

@(I

° I° = -<';–;$J$ЬB'*-.%B‡6$1¥E¨3IJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI YST

@(I

° I> = -<';–;$E‘$0–;-.$&/A+EH9;)Œ)$&–;569;/(EIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z ±

@(I

° I@ ;\;$Š+‰©xIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z ±

@(I

° IW d +©B$&)3E‘+';)‘+5‹/K–%”9;56/A+E IIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z ±

@(I>E=/A+$&)';‰—+5‹91/v%K';)'12856–;-<E IIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z

@(I>KI [ @K$&)• <+,$&¬A+@K'*‡n'*/B/B9;+'*+,569;/ IJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z

@(I>KI

°

[ @K$&)• $ЬB'*-.%B‡6$1¥E¨<IIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z °

@(I>KI> = -<';–;$J•B)9?3E‘56/B–9;)H+';),–1$Š+ŒE‘$F'*)‰© IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z °

@(I>KI@ d +©B$&)Œ%('*)';2856–;-<EIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z °

@(I@ CL),$FE‘$0/A+'=+5‹91/v9;7r+,©K$ E‘$F'*)‰©v)$0E,@B‡+EIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z4>

@(I@(I Ž E‘$0)Œ5‹/A+$&),7§';‰Š$FEe7:9;)7*8,.9/:1 IIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z4>

@(IW ¤

$&‡6$&='*/K‰&$7:$&$02B•K';‰]\ IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ZW

@(IWBI ­+,)'=+,$0–;56$0Ee7:91)Œ%(9AE‘5‹+,56;$'*/(2 /K$&–1'*+,56;$),$0‡‹$0='*/K‰&$ 7:$0$028•(';‰]\kIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z4Y

@(IY $0';),/B56/B–9=;$0)HE,$&1$&)'*‡”+,$0-.%(91)';‡E,‰0'*‡6$0EIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Q ±

@(IYKI ¦ /K'*‡8E‘5?EH9*7 @KE,$&)Œ‡69;–AK‡‹$FE IIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Q

°

(6)

@(IYKI> ®D¬8%($0),56-.$&/A+';‡%($0)‘7:91),-<'*/(‰Š$J9*7n+,©B$‡6$0';),/B$F27§'1‰—+9;)vIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Q@

@(IZ ¦ ©K5‹$0)';)‰© 7:9;)Œ‡6$0';),/B56/B– IJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Q)Z

@(IQ [email protected].';) IIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI QSQ

*5;!5'6&`'6L

!

*

O 6"1

WBI ®L='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/v56/ +$Ь­+3)$Š+,)56$&='*‡ IIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI T °

WBI1I c 56E‘+,91) IIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI T °

WBI1I

° G ¤

®VUK_GH$&¬­+

¤ ® +,)56$&='*‡<U|91/87:$&)$&/K‰&$ IIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI T °

WBI1I> d +©B$&)32B$&;$0‡‹91%B-.$&/A+EaIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI TSY

WBI

°

®L='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/v56/g­5?E‘@('*‡56/87:9;)-<'=+,569;/g)$Š+,)56$&='*‡ IJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI TSY

WBI

° I c 56E‘+,91) IIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI T)Z

WBI

° I°

CL),91•B‡6$&-<EaIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI TST

WBI

° I> !

98‰Š@B-.$0/1+ ‰&9;‡6‡‹$F‰—+5‹91/KEeIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI TST

WBI

° I@ [ @K$&)<+'1E\8EPIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ± >

WBI

° IW ¤

$&‡6$&='*/K‰&$ @K28–1-$0/A+E IIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ± >

WBI

° IY C $0)‘7:91),-<';/K‰Š$-.$0';E,@B)$0EtIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ± W

WBI

° IZ $0';E,@B)5‹/K–+©B$%”$&),7:9;)-.';/K‰Š$9*7 )$&‡6$&='*/K‰&$ 7:$0$028•(';‰]\ IIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ± T

WBI> ¦7:@K‡‹‡ ';@8+,91-.'*+,$F2v­5?E‘@K';‡5‹/B7:9;)-.'*+,569;/g),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \ŸIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ± T

WBI>KI )e$0/K‰©B-<'*) \­5‹/B–.E,9*7+?H'*)$cIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ±

WBI>KI

°

U|91/;AK–1@B),56/B–+,©K$•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \.7:9;)39;+,©B$0)Œ5‹-<';–;$J2B'=+'*•K'1E‘$FEŸIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

WBI>KI> ¦ /P$ЬB'*-.%B‡6$$&='*‡6@K'*+,569;/ IIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

WBI>KI@ ˆK),91-56-<'*–;$FE|+,9<-“@K‡+5‹-.$02B56' IIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI °

WBI@ ¦ ?e$&•;_A•K'1E‘$F2•”$&/K‰©B-<';)^\­56/B–E 8E+$&- IIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI °

WBI@(I d 1$&)­5‹$? IJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >

WBI@(I

°

U|91-.-“@B/B5?‰&'*+,569;/ 7:)';-.$?e9;) \ IIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >

WBI@(I> U|91/;AK–1@B),56/B–+,©K$•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \oIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @

WBI@(I@ ¤

$0E,@B‡+EzIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @

WBIW GH©K$ / aIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI XW

WBIWBI 'R©('=+ ‰&';/P-.'\;$J'•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \vE,@K‰&‰&$0EE 7:@B‡R IIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI XW

WBIY 'R©('=+3$&‡?E,$J‰0'*/g•($•”$&/(‰©B-<'*) \;$02NR IJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI XW

WBIYKI 9­9\­5‹/K–7:91)3'.E‘%”$0‰&5A(‰J56-<'*–1$\IIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Y

WBIYKI

°

9­9\­5‹/K–7:91)3'/A@K-“•”$&)Œ9*7 E,5‹-.56‡6';)Œ5‹-<'*–1$0E IIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Y

WBIYKI> 9­9\­5‹/K–7:91)3'.E\1$Š+‰©g9*7 '*/P56-.';–;$ IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Y

WBIYKI@ G›'*)–;$&+3E‘$F'*)‰©\¥:91)3‰&';‡‹‡6$02 5‹-<';–;$J•B)9?3E‘56/B–A¨ŒIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Y

WBIYKIW CL)'1‰—+56‰0'*‡'*%B%K‡‹5?‰&'*+,569;/ +,$0E‘+E IJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Y

WBIYKIY $0';E,@B)$+,©B$ E‰&';‡6';•B5‹‡65‹+ <9*7 '+U()V=

¤ E ­E‘+,$0- IIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z

WBIYKIZ Gn$0E‘+EŒ7:9;)3E,%($F‰Š5?'*‡'*%K%B‡‹5?‰&'*+,569;/P'*)$0'1EjIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z

WBIYKIQ ®L='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/ 9;7 U()V=

¤

5‹/A+,$0)‘7§'1‰Š$FE IJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z

WBIZ GH©K$ +),@B+,©#'*•”9;@8+ U|91),$0‡#IIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Z

WBIZ8I )H'1E‘5?‰%($0)‘7:91),-<'*/(‰Š${IIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI Q

WBIZ8I

°

d %B+,56-5&56/B–.+©B$ >A@B$&)56-.';–;$#IIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI T

WBIZ8I> ¤

$&-.9=­5‹/B–.•K'12v56-<'*–1$0E IIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI T

WBIZ8I@ ¤

$&-.9=­5‹/B–.•K'12 ‰&‡6'1E,E,$0E IIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

°;±

WBIZ8IW U|)$0'*+,56/B–<'/B$?˜KE,-<'*‡6‡‹$0)H5‹/­;$0)‘+$02AK‡6$ŸIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI °

WBIZ8IY ¦,%($0)‘7:$F‰—+%”$&),7:9;)-<'*/K‰&$IIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI °

WBIZ8IZ ®D¬­+,$&/(E‘56;$J‡6$0'*)/B56/B–9*7›7:$0'=+@B)$ ?e$&56–;©A+E#IIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI

°1°

WBIZ8IQ U|91-.%K'*)56E,9;/IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ° >

WBIQ [email protected].';) IIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ° @

*5!#;!5'6&<

1C

YKI Gn)';28$0-.';)^\8ERIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ° Y

YKI1I c 56E‘+,91) v9*7›+,)';28$0-.';)^\8EIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ° Y

YKI1I

° ' 9;) \K9?V7:91)H+,)';28$0-<'*) \E‘$F'*)‰© '*/(2v–191'*‡?Ee9*7›+,©B$)$Š+),56$&=';‡”%K),98‰Š$FE,E IIJIIIJI ° Z

YKI1I> U|9828$FE3'*/(2 ‰&‡6'1E,E,5A”‰&'=+5‹91/KE|7:9;)H+)'128$&-<'*) \8E IIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI ° Q

(7)

YKI1IW Ž E‘56/B– *8,.9/:1 7:91)H+,)';28$0-.';)^\<)$Š+),56$&=';‡aIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >

°

YKI1IY ¦7:)'*-.$?|91)^\.7:91)H+,)';28$0-.';)^\<)$Š+),56$&=';‡IIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >SY

YKI1IZ U|91/K‰Š‡6@KE,5‹91/ IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >SY

YKI

°

$0285?‰&';‡0=-.';–;$FEIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >)Z

YKI

° I ¦ %B%B‡656‰0'=+5‹91/$A($&‡?2BE ?Œ5‹+,©B56/g+,©B$-.$02B56‰0'*‡2891-.';5‹/ IIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >)Z

YKI

° I° ¦ %K),9 $0‰—+H7:91)Œ‡‹@B/K–<5‹-<'*–1$J),$&+,)5‹$0 ';‡IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >)Z

YKI

° I> U|91/K‰Š‡6@KE,5‹91/KE IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >SQ

YKI> [email protected].';) IIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI >ST

P D '6&<S*5!#'N& 1 3 1

Z8I [email protected].';) IIJIIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @&

Z8I

° ¤

$0‰&';‡‹‡9;7r+©B$-<'*56/P'1‰©B56$&;$0-.$&/A+E IJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @

°

Z8I> ˆK@8+,@K),$)$0E,$0';)‰©v2B5‹)$0‰Š+,569;/KExIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @S@

Z8I>KI *8,.9/:1 IJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @S@

Z8I>KI

° ¦ =';),56$Š+9;7›-.$F2856'ŸIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @S@

Z8I>KI> ¤

$0'*‡n'*%B%B‡65?‰&'=+5‹91/KE IJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @S@

Z8I>KI@ ˆK$0'*+,@B)$0EPIIJIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @)W

Z8I>KIW q'*/K';–;$&-.$0/1+H7:@B/(‰—+,569;/(E3'*/K2gE,$0‰Š@K),5‹+ IIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @)W

Z8I>KIY Ž E‘$0)Œ5‹/A+$&)';‰—+5‹91/ IJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @ Y

Z8I>KIZ ®L='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/ IIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIIJIIJIIIIIJIIJIIJIIIJIIIIJIIIJI @ Y

'N;!5'6& 1 3 6

*#'N

190

!5 '6L !-

<

19

P

!5 '6L

; * 1 "1

H !: *5!#'

-

1

2 &

,

/

1

(8)

GH©B$L–;)9?Œ5‹/B–3';-.9;@B/A+r9;7BA5?E,@K'*‡15‹/87:91),-<'*+,569;/•”$&56/B– %B)9828@K‰&$02'*/(2-<';28$L' =';5‹‡?'*•B‡6$ 9;/ +,©B$ ?|91),‡?2 ?Œ5628$

?e$&•g'*/K2 9;/ 9*+,©K$&)H-.$0285?'E,@K‰©g';E 9;@B)/K';‡6E

/B$?3E‘%('*%”$&)ED9;)e­56'“+,$0‡‹$0­56E,5‹91/ ‰&),$F'=+,$FE|+,©B$J/B$0$02<+92B$&;$0‡‹91%

+9A91‡6E37:9;) -.';/K'*–15‹/K–.+,©B$FE‘$2B'=+'BI3¦ E3+,©B$@KE,$“9*7 +$Ь­+,@K';‡›';/B/B9;+'=+5‹91/KEŒ-<' g5‹/A+,)9828@K‰&$ /B$?p';-“•B56–;@B5‹+,56$0E

';/K2<$&))9;)ED'*/K2vE‘56/K‰Š$ 5+H5?EL1$&)I?e9;) \S_A56/1+$&/KE,56;$;˜1‰Š9;/A+$&/A+ •K';E,$02.­5?E‘@('*‡K56/87:91),-<'=+5‹91/)$Š+,)56$&='*‡›¥MU()e¯e=

¤ ¨

©K'1E •”$&$0/q%B)9;%”91E,$02g+9 ';@8+,91-.'*+,5?‰&';‡‹‡ $&¬­+,)';‰—+-.$0'*/K5‹/B–;7:@B‡›5‹/87:91),-<'*+,569;/#7:)9;- ­56E,@K';‡›2898‰&@B-.$&/A+E0IGH©K$

7:$F'=+,@K),$FEL9;7+,©B$FE‘$ ­56E,@K'*‡2898‰Š@K-$0/A+EH'*)$ E‘+,9;)$02v'*/K2‰0'*/•”$@KE‘$F2<7:91)e>A@B$0)­56/B–KI d 7+,$0/˜A+,©B$J>A@B$&)­5‹/B–56E

2891/B$•K'1E‘$F2v91/ $&¬8';-.%B‡‹$J56-<'*–;$FE¥M[ )H® _ [ @B$&)<• ® ¬B';-%K‡‹$ ¨—I

'R5‹+,©B56/ +,©K$<7:)';-.$?e9;) \#9*7e+,©B5?E+©B$0E,56E0˜ '#‰Š9;/A+$&/A+ •K';E,$02\56-.';–;$.)$Š+,)56$&='*‡3¥U() = ¤

¨E8E‘+,$0-g˜›/K';-$F2

*8,.9/:1“©K'1EH•($0$&/#‰Š)$0'*+,$F2˜;?Œ©B5?‰©g5?EH%K';)‘+Œ9*7›+,©K$“’Jª Ž =-<'*–1$Jˆ›56/K2856/B–Gn9A91‡D¥

¨ŠI

GH©B$J-.91E‘+356-%”9;),+';/A+Œ‰&9;/A+,)56•B@8+,569;/(EH%B),$FE‘$0/A+,$02 56/ +©B5?EH+,©B$FE‘5?EŒ'*)$

/:1 , /:1 ,56/ U()V=

¤

˜F7:)9;-p56-%K),9=­56/B–3+©B$H),$FE‘%”9;/KE,$D+5‹-.$e9*7' E ­E‘+,$0- 7:9;) •”$Š+‘+$&) 56/A+,$&)';‰Š+,56

5+ v+,9‡6$0';),/K5‹/B–.9=1$&)3E,$&;$0)';‡+,$0-%”9;)'*‡nE,‰0'*‡6$0E3';/K2P='*)5‹91@KEH@KE,$&)3–1),91@B%KEH@KE,5‹/K–v285”$0),$0/1+3-.$&+,©B982BE

7:9;)Œ%”91E,5+5‹1$'*/K2 /B$&–A'=+5‹1$ 7:$0$028•(';‰]\q¥ ­$0‰Š+,569;/a@A¨ŠI

, g56/v­5?E‘@('*‡K56/87:91),-<'=+5‹91/<),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡(';/K2.+©B$ ‰&),$F'=+,569;/<9;7r'“‰&9;-.%B‡6$Š+,$0‡.'*@B+,9;-<'*+,5?‰3•”$&/K‰©

-<'*) \.7:9;) U()V=

¤

\¥­$F‰—+5‹91/ W1¨—I

d @B)e56-.';–;$),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡E8E‘+,$&- *8,.9/:1"!5?E|•(';E,$02<91/ E,$&;$0)';‡(-.$&+,©B982BEH'*/(2 ';‡‹–19;)5+©B-<E +,©('=+3'*)$3+'4\;$0/

7:)9;-^+,©B$‰Š‡691E,$&‡v)$&‡?'=+$02 AK$0‡62P9;7 +,$Ь­+¥§9;) 5‹/87:91),-<'*+,569;/(¨H)$Š+),56$&=';‡L¥§G

¤

˜6=

¤

¨ŠI0d @B)E 8E‘+,$0-^%B)9=;$F2+©K'=+

5‹+“5?E@KE,$Š7:@B‡ +928$&1$&‡69;% '#E­E‘+,$0- 9;7H‰&9;-.%(91/B$&/A+E ?Œ©B$&)$<%K'*),+E‰0'*/ •”$),$0%B‡?';‰Š$F2q$F';E,5‹‡;I ˆB@B),+,©B$0)0˜r+,©B$

@KE,$J9*7?|$0•v+$0‰©B/B91‡‹91–;56$0EHE,@K‰© '1EŒŽ

¤

Ee+,9.562B$&/A+,5‹756-.';–;$FEŒ'*/K2%) '1Ee'‡?'*/B–1@K'*–1$3+9.2B$0E‰Š)5‹•”$2B'=+'

©K'1E ';‡6E,9<E‘©B9?Œ/P+9<•($5‹-.%”9;),+';/1+F˜('1EH+,©B$FE‘$ +,$0‰©K/B9;‡69;–15‹$FE ?Œ5‹‡6‡r•”$“E,@B%B%”9;),+,$02g7:91) '.‡69;/B–.+5‹-.$'*/K2 +,©K$

%”$&)-.5+Œ+©B$ 285?E +),56•B@8+$02g@KE,$9*7r+©B$ E ­E‘+,$0-PID¦p28$Š+'*56‡‹$F2 28$FE,‰&),56%8+5‹91/P‰0'*/g•($J7:91@B/K2g56/ 8$0‰—+5‹91/ >

¦_7:@K/K2B'*-.$0/1+'*‡e%K'*),+ 9*77*8,.9/:1P56E +,©B$ #@B‡‹+,56-$F285?'

¤

$&+,)5‹$0 ';‡#';)^\­@B% '*/B–1@K'*–1$

#%$&#('$#

I GH©B56E

‰&9;-.-“@B/K56‰0'=+,569;/v%B),9;+,98‰Š91‡(/K9*+H9;/B‡E‘$0),1$02<'1E|'E‘$0%K'*)'=+5‹91/<9*7+©B$@KE‘$0)H5‹/A+,$0)‘7§'1‰Š$'*/K2+,©B$J';‰Š+,@K';‡”>A@B$0)

$0/B–;56/B$;˜|•B@8+'*‡?E,9q-<';28$g%”91EE‘56•B‡6$PE,$&1$&)'*‡L7:@B)‘+©B$&)2B$&;$0‡‹91%B-.$&/A+EE,@K‰©~'1E‡6$0';),/K5‹/B–\7:)9;- @KE,$&).‡69;–4A(‡‹$FE

';/K2 +,©K$ ‰Š)$0'*+,569;/ 9*7 '#7:@B‡‹‡ '*@8+9;-<'=+56‰•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \­5‹/B–7:)';-$?|91)^\I­@K‰©Z'%B),9;+,98‰Š91‡|';‡‹‡69?3EJ7:9;)“+,©B$

E‘+';/K2B'*)285&$F2 '1‰&‰Š$FE,E|+9.+,©B$ E 8E +$&-PI

%'&)(+*-,/.102(+*436508791.

Ž E‘$0) 56/A+,$&)';‰Š+,569;/ '*/K2q@KE,';•B56‡‹5‹+P5‹/K‰&‡‹@(28$.-.';/ 285:$&)$&/A+';E,%($F‰—+E 56/ U()V=

¤

IGH©B$.56/A+,$&)';‰Š+,56­5+P9*7e'

E 8E+$&-x5?E ©B56–;©B‡“28$0%($0/K28$0/1+|9;/+,©B$Œ)$0E,%(91/KE,$HE,%”$&$02I d 7+$&/˜A' )$0E,%”9;/KE,$e+,56-$Œ9;7"ŒE,$0‰Š91/K256EDE,$&$0/'1E›+,©B$

‡65‹-.5‹+ 7:91) 56/A+,$&)';‰Š+,56­5+1I GH©B5?E3+©B$0E,56E %B)$0E,$&/A+E E‘$0;$&)'*‡r-$&+,©B982BE 7:9;))$028@K‰&5‹/K–<+,©B$>A@B$&)v+5‹-.$5‹/56-<'*–1$

)$Š+),56$&='*‡';/K2$0;$&/v–;56;$0E|+©B$ %”91EE,5‹•B56‡65+ .+9$&¬­$F‰Š@8+$>1@K$&)5‹$FE ?Œ5‹+,©P'“-<'*¬­56-“@K-k),$FE‘%”9;/KE,$3+5‹-.$J‡65‹-.5‹+0˜BE,9

+©B$@KE,$&)3‰&';/ •('*‡?'*/K‰&$•”$Š+?e$&$0/#';‰&‰&@B)';‰ ';/K2gE‘%”$&$F2 9;7r+©B$),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡)$0E,@B‡+E&I

¤

$0‡‹$0='*/K‰&$ 7:$0$028•K'1‰]\<56EHE,$&$0/ ';Ee91/B$ 9;7+,©K$ \1$ 8EL+,9•B),5?28–1$ +©B$E‘$0-.';/A+,5?‰ –A'*%v';/K2v56-.%B)9=;$ )$Š+),56$&=';‡

)$0E,@B‡‹+E0I d /K‡ +,©B$@KE,$&) \­/B9?3E ?Œ©('=+¥E¨ ©B$ )$0';‡‹‡?H'*/A+E '*/K2g+©­@KE&˜(),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡nE 8E+$&-<EŒ/B$0$02P+9v'*/('*‡0$

;=<>?>A@CBED?DGF?F?FCHJIAK?LCHEMON?IPDQAMOR>AFPSANPTDOIVUWR?>PD

XY<>?>A@CBED?DOZ[U\@PTAN]H^L?KVUWIT_Ha`Y<bD

c <>?>A@CBED?DGF?F?FCHdeNYdVfgH^KPTA>PD

(9)

+©B$@KE,$&)•”$&©K' ­569;)+,92B56E‰Š9=1$&)+,©B$v–;91';‡ 9*7Œ'#E‘$F'*)‰©I ­$&1$&)'*‡DE‘+,)'=+,$0–;56$0EJ'*/(2\-.$&+,©B982BEJ7:91) )$&‡6$&='*/K‰&$

7:$0$028•K'1‰]\ ';),$D‰&9;-.%K'*)$02'*/(2J$0E,%($F‰Š5?'*‡6‡ +,©B$D@(E‘$ 9;7­/K$&–1'*+,56;$›7:$&$F28•K'1‰]\ 5?E%B56/B%”9;56/1+$02'1E+,©B$ \;$ 3+,93–1$Š+‘+5‹/K–

•”$Š+,+,$&) ),$&+,)5‹$0 ';‡),$FE‘@B‡‹+E0IDCD)9;•K‡‹$0-.EV?Œ5‹+,©P$ЬB‰&$0EE‘56;$/B$&–A'=+5‹1$ 7:$0$028•K'1‰]\v'*)$ 7:9;@B/K2P';/K2 '.E,9;‡6@8+,569;/g@KE,5‹/K–

¤

98‰0‰©B5‹9(4EŒ';‡‹–19;)5+©B-_7:9;)3E,$&%('*)'=+,$0‡+?e$&56–;©A+5‹/B–.%”91E,5+5‹1$'*/K2g/B$0–1'=+5‹1$>A@B$0) v%K'*),+EH5?EH%B)9;%”91E,$02I

GH©B$.‰Š)$0'*+,569;/\9*7L@KE'*–1$“‡69;–$AK‡6$0EJ56/

#%$&#('

7:9;)-.'*+J';‡‹‡69?3E ‡‹$F'*)/B5‹/K–v7:)9;- @KE,$&)J•”$&©K' ­569;)J'*‡?E‘9 9=;$0)

E,$&1$&)'*‡+$&-.%(91)';‡›E‰&';‡‹$FE ';/K2'*‡?E,99;/P+©B$•(';E,56E 9*7LE,$&;$0)';‡@KE,$&)E ';/K2#9*7L2B5:$&)$&/A+ @(E‘$0) –1),91@B%KE0I )e'1E‘$F2

91/ +©B$ 56-<'*–;$FEH-<'*) \;$02v+,91–;$&+,©B$0)Œ• @KE,$&)E&˜B56-.%(91)‘+'*/A+3'*/K2g‡6$0EEŒ56-%”9;),+';/A+Œ7:$0'=+@B)$0E3‰0'*/g•($ 5?28$0/1+5A($02I

¦ /'*%B%B)91'1‰©+©K'=+ ‰&9;-“•K5‹/B$FEH+,©K56E ?e$&56–;©A+5‹/B–+?Œ5‹+,©g+©B$7:)$0>A@B$&/(‰ S_A•K'1E‘$F2b?e$&56–;©A+E39*7›+,©B$*8,.9/:1E 8E +$&-

5?E3E,©B9?Œ/v+9.–;56;$J;$0)<–19A982 ),$FE‘@K‡+E&I

3 3 087P9 .

®L ';‡‹@('=+,569;/©K';E.E,©B9?Œ/ +,9 •”$g$&¬­+,)$&-.$&‡ 5‹-.%”9;),+'*/A+.5‹/•K'1E‘5?‰&';‡‹‡ '*‡6‡e)$0E,$0';)‰©Z2B9;-<'*56/KE“+,9 %B),9=1$

E,@K‰&‰&$0EE 91) 7§';5‹‡6@B)$;I =/+$Ь­+),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡˜K+©B$<G

¤

®VU•”$&/K‰©K-.';)^\P©K'1EJ';‰©B56$&1$02#'gE+),91/B–)56E,$“56/\)$Š+),56$&=';‡

>A@K';‡‹5‹+.9=;$&)D+,©B$ +,$0/ ;$F'*)E 9*75‹+Ee$Ь85?E+$&/K‰&$;I =/56-<'*–;$ ),$&+,)5‹$0 ';‡˜A/B9•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \$&¬856E‘+Ee'*/K25+e56Ee'*‡6-.91E‘+

56-.%(9AE,E,5‹•K‡‹$J+9.‰&9;-.%K';),$'*/ .+?e9<E 8E‘+,$&-<EH91)Œ$&;$0/v+9 @K28–1$ +©B$&56)3%”$&),7:9;)-<'*/K‰&$ 91• $0‰Š+,56;$&‡;I

= /#+©B5?E3+©B$0E,56E¥­$F‰—+5‹91/ W;¨Š˜'<7:@B‡‹‡#'*@8+9;-<'=+56‰ •($0/K‰©B-<'*) \g7:9;) 56-<'*–1$ ),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡r5?E 2B$&;$0‡‹91%($F2#'*/K2q'

7:)'*-.$?e9;) \g56E%B)$0E,$&/A+,$F2P+,©('=+ ?|91@B‡62\'*‡6‡‹9? ' E‘56-.5‹‡?'*)•”$&/K‰©B-<';)^\­56/B–v$0;$&/A+J';E5‹/q+,$&¬A+J)$Š+,)56$&='*‡IGH©B56E

•”$&/K‰©K-.';)^\ '*‡?E,9 9 $&)E';‰0‰Š$0EE<­5?' ' ''' 5‹/A+$&),7§';‰Š$';/K2

#%$&#('

_­•K';E,$02R‰&9;-.-“@B/K56‰0'=+,569;/rI @K‰©

?e9;) \#E+5‹‡6‡ /B$&$F2BE+,9g•”$.2B9;/B$+,9P-<'4\1$E,@K‰©\'g•”$&/K‰©B-<';)^\­56/B–v$0;$&/A+J),$F'*‡65+ 1˜•B@8+J+,©K$ )e$0/K‰©K'=+©B‡69;/56E

28$AK/B5‹+,$0‡P'*/g5‹-.%”9;),+';/1+ E‘+,$0%g+,9?H'*)2BEH'*/g$&='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/ $0;$0/1+FILGH©B5?EŒ‰©K'*%B+,$&)3';‡6E,9<'*)–;@B$FE|+,©B$ /K$&$02 7:91)3'

E‘+';/K2B'*)285&$F2v56-<'*–;$2B'*+';•K';E,$ 56/K‰&‡‹@K2B5‹/B–>A@B$0) +,9;%K56‰0EŒ'*/K2g‰Š91),)$0E,%(91/K2856/B–),$0‡‹$0 ';/K‰Š$ @K2B–;-.$&/A+E0I

P75 3 04791.&

¦ ‡+©B9;@B–1©P+,©B$ *-,.0/21.E ­E‘+,$0-^©(';E3/K9*+ •”$&$0/q';2B';%8+,$F2 +,9v';/PE,%($F‰Š5BA(‰ 2891-.';5‹/r˜B+,©K$ +?e9'*%B%B‡65?‰&'=+5‹91/

$&¬8';-.%B‡‹$FE<28$0E‰Š)56•($F2Z56/8$0‰—+5‹91/ Y E,©B9?k+,©K$#%(9;+,$&/A+56';‡e9;7 ­5?E‘@K';‡Œ5‹/B7:9;)-.'*+,569;/~),$&+,)5‹$0 ';‡I 1 / 1

/ 1 Z56E'#/K'=+@B)'*‡L';%B%B‡656‰0'=+,569;/ A($&‡?2 7:9;) 56-<'*–;$v),$&+,)5‹$0 ';‡L';E“'>A@B$&)\E‘+';)‘+5‹/B–#%”9;56/A+'*‡6)$0';2 q$Ь85?E +E&I

A+5‹‡6‡˜1+©B$ ­5?E‘@('*‡87:$F'=+,@K),$FED/B$0$02+,9•($ ';2B';%8+,$F2+,9 +©B5?ED%K';)‘+56‰&@B‡6';)D%B)9;•B‡6$&-P˜­'*/K2.­5?E‘@('*‡KE,$0';)‰© ?Œ56‡‹‡”-.91E‘+

‡65B\1$&‡q/B$0;$0))$&%K‡6'1‰Š$+,©B$<@(E‘$<9;7V\1$ )?|91)2KE 91) ‰Š9828$0E“E‘@K‰© ';E+©B$<¯ 56$&/K/K'#‰Š9828$<•”$0‰0'*@KE,$+,©B$E,$0';)‰© 56E

•K'1E‘5?‰&';‡‹‡.E‘$0-.';/A+,5?‰3'*/K2.­5?E‘@('*‡B7:$F'=+@B),$FEL';),$3E‘+,56‡‹‡(7§'*)e'X?e' “7:),91-•”$&56/B– 9;7rE‘$0-<'*/A+,5?‰Œ/K'*+,@B)$;I=+|©K'1ED•”$&$0/

E,©B9?Œ/g©B9?|$0;$0)|+©K'=+Œ­5?E‘@K';‡E‘$F'*)‰©v5?E3'@KE,$Š7:@B‡r‰&9;-.%B‡6$&-.$&/A+Œ+99;+,©B$0)H+,$F‰©B/B5?>1@K$0E0I

­$0;$0)';‡A';%B%B‡656‰0'=+,569;/ AK$&‡?2BE ';),$e28$ AK/K$02“7:9;) / ,9, / 1 / 1 ,/ I ®LE,%($F‰Š5?'*‡6‡+,©K$|+$Ь­+,@K),$Œ'*/('*‡­E,5?E

9;7 UeGt‡‹@B/K–<5‹-<'*–1$0EHE,$&$&-<EH+9.•($ '%B)9;-.5?E‘56/B– AK$&‡?2 7:9;)H+©B$@KE,$9;7 ‰&9;/A+,$0/A+ •K';E,$02+,$0‰©K/B56>A@B$FE&I

9 .5 &8791.&

d @B) *-,.0/:1%B)9;–;)'*- 28$0-.9;/KE‘+,)'=+$0E +,©B$7:$0'1E‘56•B56‡‹5‹+ P+,9a?e9;)\a?Œ5+©\1$&)g‡?'*)–;$“7:$0'*+,@B)$E,%K'1‰Š$0E ?Œ©B56‡‹$

E‘+,56‡‹‡ %B)9=­562B5‹/B–7§';E‘+J'1‰&‰Š$FE,E3+,9g–;9­982P),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡›),$FE‘@B‡‹+E0IJ¦3‡‹+,©B91@B–;© ';$0) PE,5‹-.%B‡6$“7:$F'=+@B),$E‘$&+ ?H';E @KE,$02˜

+©B$ )$0E,@B‡‹+E9*73+©B$PE 8E‘+,$&- ?e$&)$vE'=+56E‘7­5‹/B– '*/K2~'‡?'*)–;$56-.%B)9=;$&-.$0/1+5‹/~),$&+,)5‹$0='*‡H>1@('*‡65+ ‰Š91@B‡?2 •($

)$0'1‰©B$02v+,©B)9;@K–;© E,$&1$&)'*‡285”$0),$0/A+3-$&+,©B982BE39*7n@(E‘$0)Œ5‹/A+,$0)'1‰—+5‹91/I

®L ';‡‹@('=+,569;/v%B),9=1$02.+9•”$+,©B$$0EE,$&/A+,5?'*‡%”9;56/1+H56/v7:@B),+,©K$&)Œ';28=';/K‰Š56/B– +©B$ AK$&‡?29;7n­5?E‘@K';‡(56/87:91),-<'=+5‹91/

)$Š+),56$&='*‡I '*/ #'*%K%B‡‹5?‰&'*+,569;/KE'*/(2q'*‡6–;91),5‹+,©K-.E $Ь85?E +J5‹/q+,©B$IAK$0‡62˜•K@8+5+J56E/B9?p56-.%(91)‘+'*/A+ +©K'=++,©K$

‰&9;/KE,9;‡6562K'=+,$'*/K2+,©K'*+%B),91-.56E,5‹/K–v)$0E,$0'*)‰©2856),$F‰—+5‹91/KE ‰0'*/\•($.5?28$&/A+,5BAK$F2#+,9 7:@B),+,©B$0)';28='*/(‰Š$+,©B$IAK$&‡?2I

¤

$F'*‡ ?|91),‡?2 '*%B%B‡65?‰&'=+5‹91/KE ?Œ56‡‹‡|/B$&$F2 E‘@(‰©Z'P–;@K';)';/1+$&$.9*73E,$&)­56‰&$'*/K2 -@K‰© -.9;)$<$0‰Š91/B9;-.5?‰.5‹/A+$&)$0E‘+

-<' •”$–;$0/B$&)'=+$02v+,©B)9;@B–1©+©B56E0I

A+5‹‡6‡˜-“@K‰© ?|91)^\P/B$0$02BE +,9g•”$2891/B$7:9;)J),$F'*‡ '*%B%K‡‹5?‰&'*+,569;/KE';EE‘©K9?Œ/q56/­$F‰—+,569;/ YBI ˆK$0'=+@B)$0E /B$&$F2

+9•($';2B';%8+,$F2g+,9vE,%”$0‰Š5BA(‰ ';%B%B‡656‰0'=+5‹91/289;-<'*56/KE3';/K2g+,©K$ U()e¯e=

¤

';%B%B‡656‰0'=+,569;/(E3/B$0$02g+,9v•($5‹/A+,$0–;)'=+$02

56/A+,9+©B$ ?e9;) \K9?IŒ¦ 1$&)v56-%”9;),+';/A+ –;9A'*‡7:91)3+©B$ 7:@8+@B)$5?E 28$AK/B5‹+,$0‡g+,9 –;$0/B$&)'=+$ '•”$&/K‰©B-<';)^\­56/B–

$0;$&/A+H7:9;)H+©B$ AK$0‡62I

(10)

3

7A02*4( ,/.102*49 504791.

4';@B–;-.$&/A+'=+,569;/\28$‡?'g>1@('*/A+,5‹+

"

$28$.289;/B/

"

$&$FE ­5?E‘@B$0‡‹‡6$0E/­@B-

"

$0),5?>A@B$0E ';‰&‰&$0EE‘56•B‡6$0E +';/1+E,@B)J‡4= /A+,$&)/B$&+

>A@B$ A5?'“24';@8+,)$0E|-

"

$0285?';ED+,$0‡6Ee>A@B$ ‡?'+

"

$&‡

"

$0A5?E,5‹91/91@v28$FE 91@B),/('*@8¬<'“‰&)

"

$ "

$Œ‡?' / "

$F‰Š$FE,E,5+ "

$328$2

"

$&1$&‡69;%B%”$&)e28$0E

91@8+,56‡6E 28$–;$FE +5‹91/P%($0),-.$Š+,+';/1+ ‡45‹/(28$ЬB'=+5‹91/P$Š+ ‡?'.),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$'*@B+,9;-<'*+,5?>1@K$J2B$“2898‰Š@B-.$0/1+E3-@B‡+5‹-

"

$F285?';E0I

4@8+5‹‡65?E,'*+,569;/ 24';/B/B9*+'=+5‹91/KED7:91@B)/B5‹$FEL%('*)H@B/v91%($0)'*+,$0@B)L©­@B-<'*56/v$FE +H@B/B$JE,9;‡6@8+,569;/ %K'*),+,56$&‡6‡‹$>A@B5%($0),-.$Š+

‡4'1‰&‰*†$0E3E

"

$0-.';/A+,5?>1@K$“'*@8¬P9;• $Š+E )$&-<'*)>A@K'*•B‡6$0E0I 4@8+5‹‡656E'=+5‹91/24'*/B/B9;+'*+,569;/KE %($0@8+ +9;@8+$Š7:9156E $&/B–1$&/K2B),$0)

28$FEv%K),91•B‡†$&-.$0E‰0'*) ‡‹$q+,$Ь­+$\2

"

$F‰Š)5‹=';/1+@K/B$q56-<'*–;$q$0E‘+v+,)F†$FEE‘@K• $0‰Š+,5‹72†$FE‡69;)E>A@456‡ ';),56$\E,$&‡69;/R‡6$0E

56/K2856­5628@(E&I 4'*/B/B9;+'*+,569;/J$0E‘+$&/91@8+,)$ +,)0†$0E‰&9@8+$&@KE,$;˜F$Š+rE,$&@K‡‹$FE‡‹$FE56-<'*–;$FE>A@B5;91/1+@K/5‹/A+

"

$&)$Š+‰Š91--.$0)‰&56';‡

19;/A+$Š+),$J'*/B/K9*+

"

$&$0E0I

!

$FEŒ-.5‹‡6‡‹569;/(EŒ5‹-<';–;$0Ee)$0E‘+,$0),91/1+ŒE'*/KEH-.9 ;$0/g24'1‰&‰*†$0E0I

'<),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$ 2456-.';–;$FE E04$FE + )

"

$0

"

$&‡

"

$&$$0EE‘$0/A+,56$&‡6‡‹$“2K'*/KE 28$0E289;-<';5‹/B$FEH+,$0‡›>A@B$‡‹$ 9;@B)/K';‡‹5?E‘-.$v¥§5‹‡6‡6@KE

+)'*+,569;/Z24'*),+,5?‰Š‡6$0E¨J$Š+2B'*/KE“‡‹$FE - "

$F2856'*+,©†$0>A@B$0EJ9†@ ‡‹$FE 56-<'*–;$FEJ7:9;/A+';@KEE‘5|%K'*),+,56$245‹/­;$0/A+'*56)$0E ‰&9;-.-.$

28$.‡65‹­)$0EJ2B';/KE‡‹$FE •K5‹•B‡6569*+,©†$0>A@B$FE&I 'v)$0‰©K$&)‰©B$2456-.';–;$FE $FE+ "

$0–1'*‡6$&-.$0/1+J/

"

$F‰Š$FE,E'*56),$“%(91@B)J‡‹$FE -@KE

"

$&$FE

¥§),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$L24@B­)$0E24'*),+¨Š˜=‡6' ‰Š)5‹-.56/B9;‡69;–15‹$3¥§$&-.%B)$&56/1+$0E›2856–;5‹+'*‡6$0E0˜ ),$F‰Š91/B/K'*5?EE,';/K‰Š$ 28$|A5?E'*–;$FE¨Š˜0‡6$0En56/KE

+5+@8+EH%”9;@B)H‡?'“%K),91%B),5

"

$&+

"

$Œ56/A+,$&‡6‡6$0‰—+@B$&‡6‡6$.¥§),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$28$ -<';)>A@B$FE¨D9;@v‡?'-

"

$028$F‰Š56/B$;˜82891-.';5‹/K$ 9†@ >A@K'*/A+5+ "

$

2456-.';–;$FEŒE‘91/1+Œ%B)9828@B5‹+,$FE¥:%K';)3$Ь8$&-.%B‡6$E,‰0'*/B/K$&) UeGJ˜8%B©B9;+,9AEŒ28$-

"

$&‡?'*/B91-.$0E¨—I

45?2

"

$0$28$‡6' )$0‰©B$0)‰©B$“%K'*)J‡6$‰&9;/A+,$0/A@q$0E‘+24$&¬A+)';5‹)$';@8+,91-<'=+,5?>A@B$&-.$0/1+J28$0EJ‰0'*)';‰—+

"

$&)5?E +56>A@B$FEŒ9;•

$F‰—+,56;$FE|>A@B5)$ r†$Š+,$0/A+|'*@-.56$&@8¬‡6$ ‰&9;/A+,$0/­@­56E,@B$&‡24@B/B$ 5‹-<';–;$;I U|$FE|‰0'*)';‰—+

"

$&)5?E +56>A@B$FE 9;@ 2B$0E‰Š)5‹%8+$&@B)E0˜

+$&‡6‡‹$FE3>A@B$28$0E3‰&9;@B‡6$&@K)Ee9;@#28$FEe+,$&¬A+@B)$0E0˜BE‘91/1+Œ$0/g–

"

$&/

"

$&)'*‡”24@K/g/K5‹1$0'*@PE

"

$&-<'*/A+56>A@B$J';EE‘$ J•K';E0I

'q285?E +),56•B@8+5‹91/‡698‰&'*‡6$v28$FE.‰Š9;@K‡‹$0@B)E“9;@~‡‹$FE‰&9;/A+,91@B)E2B'*/(E“‡6$0E56-.';–;$FE“E,9;/A+28$FE.‰&'*)';‰Š+

"

$0),5?E‘+,5?>1@K$0E

"

$0–1';‡‹$0-$0/A+3@8+,56‡‹5?E

"

$&$FE&I 'E‘$0–;-.$&/A+'=+,569;/#24@B/B$5‹-<';–;$ $0/)

"

$&–;569;/(EŒ' ;$0‰2B$0E '*+‘+),56•B@8+E E,5‹-.56‡6';5‹)$0E3%($0),-.$Š+

‡?'),$F>1@$Š+$ %K';)e)

"

$0–;569;/<9;@ %K'*)H)$&‡?'=+5‹91/v$&/A+),$%B‡6@KE‘56$&@K)Ee)

"

$&–15‹91/KE&˜­‰Š$J>A@B5

"

$0‡†$0;$3‡6$J/B56;$0';@ E "

$&-<';/1+56>A@B$28$0E

‰0'*)';‰—+

"

$&)5?E +56>A@B$FE&I

'P),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$<%K';) ‡‹$g‰Š91/1+$&/­@R¥§';@ -9 1$&/Z28$ ‰&'*)';‰Š+

"

$0),5?E‘+,5?>1@K$0E$Ь­+,)'*5‹+,$FE '*@B+,9;-<'*+,5?>1@K$&-.$&/A+¨/4$FE +

+9;@8+$Š7:9;5?EP%K'1E#E

"

$0-<'*/A+,5?>A@B$\$&+#@B/B$ )$0>A@$&+,$ '*%B%K';),$0-.-$0/A+PE,5‹-.%B‡6$ ‰Š91--.$ 9;/A+,)$G_­-915+,9;@B+,$0EP‡6$0E

56-<'*–;$FE >A@B5 ‰&9;/A+,56$&/K/B$&/A+P@B/‰©K'*+ ~/4$0E‘+g–

"

$&/

"

$&)'*‡6$&-.$&/A+%K'1E %”91EE,5‹•B‡6$;I U|$&+‘+$ %”$&),+,$ 245‹/B7:9;)-.'*+,569;/KE

E "

$&-<';/1+56>A@B$FE E&4'*%K%($0‡‹‡6$3‡6$

A

/

/ ,P0/¥:9;@

/ , .¨ŠI =‡K$0E‘+†'/K9*+,$0)L>A@B$3‡6$Œ7:91EE

"

$ŒE

"

$0-<'*/A+,5?>A@B$

7§';5+ E,@B5‹+,$v†'.@B/K$“'*@8+),$2

"

$&–;)';2K'=+,569;/g28$‡456/87:9;)-<'=+5‹91/g‡65

"

$&$'*@#‰0'*%8+$&@B)FIVU|$Š+,+,$“2

"

$&–1)'12B'=+5‹91/vE&4'*%K%($0‡‹‡6$ ‡6$

O/ / 1 ,/e¥§9;@ / 1 .¨Œ‰&9;-.-.$-.9;/A+,)

"

$J2B'*/KEH‡?'.ˆ›5‹–1@B),$ 1I

ª "

$0';/B-.9;56/KE&˜8‡6$0E3)

"

$FE‘@K‡+'=+EŒE,9;/A+ E,9;@B1$&/A+3E,'*+,5?E 7§';56E'*/A+E&˜B‰0'*)3‡6$0E3‰0'*)';‰Š+

"

$0),5?E +56>A@B$FE|2B$ •K';E _A/K5‹1$0'*@gE‘91/A+

7:)

"

$0>A@B$0-.-$0/A+H-.5?E‘$FEH$&/#‰Š91),)

"

$0‡6'*+,569;/' ;$F‰‡‹$‰Š91/A+,$&/­@PE

"

$&-<'*/A+,5?>A@B$J24@K/B$5‹-<';–;$;I

CL‡‹@KE,56$&@B)E+$0‰©B/K56>A@B$FE›‰&9;-.-.$|‡6$ 1 // /2/ / ¥:56/87:9;)-<'=+5‹91/28$e)$Š+,91@B)›;$&/('*/A+ 2B$|‡4@B+,56‡‹5?E,'*+,$0@B)¨

91@g‡4'*%B%B)$&/A+56EE,';–;$<†'%K'*),+,56)328$‡456/A+,$&)';‰Š+,569;/P' ;$F‰ ‡4@B+,56‡‹5?E,'*+,$0@B)39;/A+3%”9;@B)Œ•K@8+ 24'*-

"

$&‡6569;)$&)H‡‹$FEH)

"

$0E,@B‡+'=+E

28$FEŒ)$0>A@$&+,$0E0I

3 7A02*4( "! ( 5 ( *45 (#%$Y7P.'&9"*)( 3 04791.& 7P& ( ( & 36* P(5 9 .+*

08(+.

' E,9;‡6@8+,569;/%B),91%(9AE

"

$&$D%”9;@B) ) "

$&%”9;/(28),$|'*@8¬%B)9;•B‡†$0-$FEn2B$|‡4';/B/B9;+'=+5‹91/˜ +,$0‡6E >A@B$e‡‹$FE ‰Š9@B+E '*@B–1-.$&/A+

"

$FE

$&+‡?'vE,@B• $F‰—+,56­5+ "

$;˜$FE +J‡6'v),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$“2456/87:9;)-<'=+5‹91/KE ­5?E‘@K$&‡6‡‹$FE %K';) ‡6$.‰Š9;/A+$&/­@¥MU|91/A+,$&/A+_ )H';E,$02P¯ 56E,@K'*‡

=/87:91),-<'*+,569;/

¤

$&+,)5‹$0='*‡˜0U()e¯e=

¤

˜”91@ U|9;/A+$&/A+ _ )e'1E‘$F2 =-.';–;$

¤

$Š+,)56$&='*‡˜ U() =¤

¨Œ•K'1E

"

$0$“E,@B) ‡4$&¬­+,)';‰—+5‹91/

';@8+,91-.'*+,5?>A@B$28$0EŒ56/K285?‰Š$FEH­56E,@B$&‡?EŒ24@B/B$56-<'*–;$1I

(11)

Information

Abstraction Monde réel

Image

Caractéristiques Fossé sensoriel

Fossé sémantique

!" #"#%$&#"'%(*)+$-, .

/ 10'2()"!345$& 6 #)+$7)982 :3;# !" <) '$ =:>%!:% <:%((1"#?45$&($0)!<"2 A@.

<0'2()"! =0'1#-)7B4C-DECGFIHKJL+MNFIMO+CPHQL+RTS%U'MN%$V0' WRXML+CPRTS%YS%H!R=O[ZCPY*L%\SED]22$7 8-0' 2$^=;_2 =$2 '$&#

(_0'`a(*)+-b#)N #)+$K)982 :V0[c) '$ b0'(*)"4d;Q% $3e%$ ; !)+$.)fYhgS4OS^i>CPHjS $=b :% )"

;Q V#kc)+!)#"l'301#);mal'"2#"230'#Xc);;!) "#?8a- #[ma (*)+7;Q !V:>2(];! !0'3:%((%$&#"4<()4

$$^)+"$ 3;!)3#Xcn1"#X.*)KJ_DEoi^pFIqF\CGSr $1"(;Q$)+$];Q !A)"$;_ :%%;'$"2W8a- #"#`()

) !&;Q r)+!)#"l'%*#s:>2(];Q$ (%$70?c t '$"#)I$% 7)98 :u0 *$%G):% . / s0%" K0'2()"!

45$V;!!:>;!)#" (] $V#"%7v)*:%%# 0'A#Xc"CPH_RTS%MLi%RXCGFIHwpF+YxY*S>y2YL2ip'CPHQS%.dc"CPH_RTS%qPqzC{\S>HjiSKLIMERXC|}i%CGS>qPq"S]45$3)+ !

'$"#-' A;Q 3)+!)#"l'%<#Xc$%^):>$s)982 :#Xc '$"#-)+$% !V>$;_2 )(~%#"2 <#"4& #"$)I$^<0' :^m :^m4

;!)< 6;a:% _b0[c);;%$-)+2.)rMS^i^pS%Mip!SO[ZCPH >F+MEYL+RkCGF+HDNR€SRXU!S%qPq"SED $&+e ! (] $&#"10'2()"!

, < c);;a:^m!*#"r;# !x07#-)u :^m :^m70?c'2(*)I$"2!x8- %##"4A;!)x#7:%$ a [.W)s (N‚#-)+!:%

-0'30!)+!b# =2$%^):>$! `a#"4K%8I)+# !)+$! `a#"1$':^ƒI)+0'4<:%)+^):>$ -$-,2 ! 2 7#-)]:>_5$ !:>$60'

, [e%$4:%((]0)!3#"*l'5$ v%(~„CJS%MK0b :>"$30)!3#"*:^m!);{$] !"8I)+$4.x[0'2()"!]0'4*…LID%SEDfOS

O2FIH!HAgS S>D6 $(;_2$^)+$;_2 f5$':^ƒ%]# ]"(*) ]%$# *0 :>";'$% ^]0?c(*)+2 `}:>2(;'$7$ †0'6#-)

2)!0'>‡';= %_:>V 6()+$kv%0'145$"2r0'2)!0' =, !)2${$ <0[c'(*)I$"2!%.

ˆ‰)(‰# N0a:% (%$N8a %#- `% # A#"4A()4122$x;- 1 Š:>_-0b )+$W0!)+!A:%>$$f$m[v42`

(*)+-b#)x :^m :^m;!)+=#3:%$ a 7 c);;#, 1)+ _v)]0?c)+ '$4b(~ 0'-) . b$ :^m-, =0'2$b#? $}G){$

%$)+$b-:>[;Q !^)+%$<)+-' (%$e%$ $#"-'% < =# <0'':> !(] $b$%‡a$ # `!24‹G#"A[`'#-)](N !-,2 !4ŒE`

#-)38-0b %$#"4;!)+2 b%‚[. / ‰0' !kv 4;Q% !8%$d0?c)+##" :%$ "‰;!#" !% ^(~ 0'-)=‹G"(*)+2 `9$%‡$`

8a-0}%%`')"(*)+$[`' 6la!:^m-)I$K#"A: )74:^mb )$^ŒE.

†0'"ŽV $ $ :^m-, † $#"-'% ;Q †#-)‘4:^m%^:^m’;_)+†#"“:%$ `sl”:>2(;-#"4†:%)I•

^):>$ -5$, 4K8a- !%##"4%`3#"46( 4u0'–("#-)+"$2`V#Š5$a:^ƒI)W0 u0'2= r>$w0'46>‡'%(;# u0

l'5$ v%( ]0'r4:^m%^:^mK$*0b4:>{$ ]0)+!x#6:^m_)+;"$r@.Š[ 0'"ŽV%%$x(~ 0)2NlŠ$Š%2)#" (%$

(12)

CBIR

Caractéristiques

Traitement de requête Interface Stockage

Feedback

M decine é

Psychologie Interaction homme-machine Traitement

d’images Vision

par ordinateur

Recherche d’information

textuelle Bases de

données

Intelligence Artificielle

ˆ›56–;@B)$

° ')$0‰©B$0)‰©K$ %K';)H‡‹$ ‰&9;/A+,$0/A@g$0E‘+3$&/g)$&‡?'=+,569;/P' ;$F‰ %K‡‹@KE,56$&@B)EŒE,‰&5‹$0/K‰Š$FE&I

3 7A02*4( P . & &0( ( ( 9 * 3 *4( 5 ( *45 ( 36* P(

5 91.102(+.

$e%K),9 $Š+ *-,.0/21¥§¯ 5?E‘@('*‡=/87:91),-<'*+,569;/CL),98‰&$0EE‘56/B–37:91) ®D/B©K';/K‰Š$F2

¤

$Š+,)56$&='*‡¨n$0E‘+ •(';E

"

$eE,@B) %B‡6@KE,5‹$0@B)E

+$0‰©B/B5?>A@B$0EŒ2B$ )$0‰©B$0)‰©K$ 245‹/B7:9;)-.'*+,569;/KE|+$Ь­+,@B$0‡‹‡6$0EŒ‰&9;-.-.$J‡‹$FE A”‰©B5‹$0)Ee56/­;$&)E

"

$0E ¥:=/­;$0)‘+$02vˆ›56‡‹$FE¨|%”9;@B)

‡6$E‘+,98‰]\='*–1$ 28$2891/B/

"

$0$0E0˜1‡6$),$0‡‹$0 ';/K‰Š$ 7:$&$F28•K';‰]\<%”9;@K)e‡45‹/A+,$0)'1‰—+5‹91/v' ;$F‰3‡4@8+5‹‡65?E,'*+,$&@K)e$&+Œ‡6'“%(91/K2

"

$0)'*+,569;/

7:)

"

$0>A@B$0/A+,56$&‡6‡‹$28$FEŒ28$0E‰Š)5‹%B+,$&@K)E0I U|$Š+‘+$%(91/K2

"

$0)'*+,569;/ $0E‘+H•(';E

"

$&$JE‘@K)Œ‡‹$FE328$&@B¬ ‰Š91/KE+'=+'=+,569;/(EŒE‘@B56='*/A+,$FE

@B/B$‰&'*)';‰Š+

"

$0),5?E‘+,5?>1@K$e%K)

"

$0%(91/K2

"

$0)';/A+,$Œ2B'*/(ED‡456-<'*–;$289;/K/B$3@B/B$ •(91/B/B$J28$0E‰Š)56%8+,569;/28$‰Š$&+‘+,$ 5‹-<';–;$

‡6'v7:)

"

$0>A@B$0/K‰Š$“24';%B%K'*)5‹+,569;/q28$<‰&$Š+‘+$‰0'*)'=+

"

$&)56E‘+,5?>A@B$ 2B';/KE‡45‹-<';–;$;˜/K9*+

"

$ ¥:+,$&)- 7:)$0>A@B$0/K‰ B¨ $0E‘+

'*‡69;)E

"

$&‡

"

$&

"

$0$

@B/B$ ‰&';)'1‰—+,$0),5?E‘+,5?>1@K$7:)

"

$0>A@B$0/1+$\2B';/KEg‡6'‰Š91‡‹‡6$0‰Š+,569;/V/K$ %”$&)-.$Š+P%K';Eg@B/K$ •”9;/K/B$ E "

$0‡‹$F‰—+,569;/rIŸ¥:‡?'

7:)

"

$0>A@B$&/(‰Š$J2B'*/KEH‡?'.‰Š91‡‹‡6$0‰Š+,569;/˜8/B9;+

"

$ ˜K‰Š91‡‹‡6$0‰Š+,569;/ 7:),$F>A@B$&/K‰ $0E‘+

"

$0‡

"

$0

"

$&$ ¨

$0EŒ28$FE,‰&),56%8+,$0@B)EŒ' ;$0‰ @B/ "

$&‡

"

$&

"

$ $Š+3@B/ P7§'*56•B‡6$ E‘$0),91/1+H7§' 19;)56E

"

$0E|‰&';)e56‡?E3E‘91/A+e+)0†$0EH285?E,‰&),56-.5‹/K';/A+E0I

4$FE‘%K'1‰Š$28$FE“‰0'*)';‰—+

"

$&)5?E+56>A@B$FE $FE +.'*@KEE,5LE‘56-.5‹‡?'*56)$v'*@8¬ 2898‰Š@K-$0/A+E+$Ь­+,@K$&‡?E&˜ ‰&';)“56‡# '#@B/Z–1)';/K2

/B91-“•B)$ 2B$ ‰&';)'1‰—+

"

$&)56E‘+,5?>A@B$0EJ%”91EE,5‹•B‡6$0Eg¥ Q W

±;±;±

¨—˜›-<'*5?E‰©K'1>A@B$56-.';–;$ $&/‰&9;/A+,56$&/A+E,$&@K‡‹$0-$0/A+@B/B$

%”$Š+5+$ %K';)‘+5‹$\¥

±1±;± °;±;±1±

¨—I $v•B@8+.28@Z%B)9 $&+ *-,.0/:1g$FE + "

$&–A'*‡6$&-.$&/A+“28$ ‰Š)

"

$&$0) @B/B$g'*)‰©B5+$0‰Š+,@B)$

-.9828@B‡?'*56),$Œ>A@B5B%K@B56EE,$ $Š+,)$Œ285?E+),56•B@

"

$0$e7§';‰Š56‡6$&-.$&/A+0I $3E 8E +0†$&-.$e-.9­2B@B‡6';5‹)$H%B)

"

$0E,$&/A+,$e@B/';@8+,)$Œ'  ';/A+'*–1$+

‰©K'1>A@B$|‰©B$0)‰©K$&@B)n%($0@8+n+)' =';5‹‡6‡‹$0)e†' @B/B$|%K'*),+,56$e2B5:

"

$&)$&/A+$L28@“‡69;–156‰&5‹$0‡˜ ‡6$|%K),91–;)'*-.-.$D),$FE +'*/A+r/

"

$0'*/K-915‹/(E

@8+5‹‡65?E,';•B‡‹$ = ‡ $&/)

"

$FE‘@B‡‹+,$‡‹$%B)9 $Š+ .0/ 1 /P¥ ’Jª ŽF¨ '*%K%($0‡‹‡

"

$’ = ˆ Gg¥’Jª Ž= -<';–;$ˆ›56/K2856/B–PGr9­9;‡¨—I

U|$0‡‹@B5_­‰&5|$FE+7:9;),+,$0-$0/A+'*/(‰Š)

"

$2B'*/(E ‡6$0E“+,$0‰©K/B9;‡69;–15‹$FE ?|$0•˜ +,$0‡6E>A@B$v‡6$v‡?'*/K–1'*–1$28$ 2B$0E‰Š)5‹%8+5‹91/)

%”9;@B) ‡‹$FE A(‰©K5‹$0)EŒ‡69;–v$Š+ ‡?'‰Š91-.-“@B/B5?‰&'*+,569;/#$&+ ‡‹$FE Ž

¤

E¥§Ž3/K57:91),-

¤

$FE‘91@B)‰&$ 98‰&'*+,91)¨e%”9;@B) 562B$&/A+,5BAK$&)

28$FEŒ56-.';–;$FE&I

'ˆ›56–;@B)$ >-91/A+,)$‡6$0EŒ2B5:

"

$&)$&/A+EŒ‰Š9;-.%”91E'*/A+EH28@#E 8E+0†$&-.$ *-,.0/21$Š+3‡6$&@B)EH‡‹56$&/(E&I

$0EJ)$0>A@$&+,$0EE,9;/A+$$0‰Š+,@

"

$&$0E †' %('*),+,56) 24@K/B$ , /:1 / ,, /P 1\¥5= Ž ˜r91@ ’JŽe=—˜›’)'*%B©K56‰0'*‡DŽ E,$&)

=/A+,$0)‘7§'1‰Š$ ¨—I^Ž /B$ %K'*),+,56$\7:9;/K2B';-.$&/A+';‡‹$ 28@ E 8E‘+0†$0-$ $0E‘+P‡‹$ . 1 / / 1 0, ,

#%$&#('

<>?>A@CBED?DOZ[U\@PTAN]H^L?KVUWIT_Ha`Y<bD

G<>?>A@CBED?DGF?F?FCHJIAK?LCHEMON?IPD

<>?>A@CBED?DGF?F?FCHJIAK?LCHEMON?IPDQAMOR>AFPSANPTDOIVUWR?>PD

(13)

Indices stockés Méthode de

stockage

Sch ma de pond ration

é é Paradigme

de requête Algorithme

de feedback

Machine de recherche Extraction des

descripteurs

Interface Analyse MRML

Analyse MRML Interaction avec l’utilisateur

et nouvelles images soumises

MRML Nouvelles

images

Génération de la requête

G sultats énération des ré Pr sentation

des r é

ésultats

Addition des nouvelles images

Nouvelles images

Collections d’images

!‰)]$ !:>$ 10' h)98 :V$2 !<:>4<:>2(];Q2)+$^%.

‹u #"$(]40'-)<%$" 89)#s)ƒa ;–#-)+! !)4Œ>. / f;+$':%#*;_ (>$0'K'%;_)+%1#Xc$%G):%K0'f#-)u(*)I•

:^ms0'6 :^m :^m!7%$*r$ 82Šv)W#-) ‚!)u0' *0b%82%#;;Q%(%$^]0b :%"$0)!#"4*:^m!)+;!{$4 %$

A#Xc);;%$-)uv)6;!)+$A0'f#Xc$ )2:E$ )984:]#kc '$#)I$% A%$N !A#kc 89)#" _)I$. †;_ (>$

):%:+v N5$^)+!0)0'>$)+ '$(*)I$, K) Šl'$ v (.s)s()2:^mK0'74:^m%^:^m:>2{$N#-)u , [e%$K0

#Xc$ G)2:>>$N:% x !*4, ?e>$x$ *‚!)2)2$1 1#"4A:%))2:E$%$-, 5$':^ƒd% 0)!#-)7‚_)

0'A0=% =2 6>‡a$^)+"$4<0'" :>$ (] $V#kc"(*) !2 1;_)=%_:>10)+_<#)*:%##"4:E$"2[.d[1!4 #"$)+$

45$%! "$7‰ b%!* N#-)s‚!)2r0?c 7!:>$~0'r;Q!0b%^)I$` ;!)+^)0"2(]70?c$ )2:E$~>$x !

)#"2{$m(3;Q !<#"3%40'‚!)2:^ƒQ.

ˆd#" !% ^"$%G):>4$%$<0b 8 #"2;;= 0)+!#"V: )0'<0' *;5%$ `;_)+‰>‡' (];!#"&#Xc"$ G)2:>=%)98I)

_)+ƒ

/

m!)+(%1‹G Œ>`!)+![,2 c !A)+ '$2$%G):%3‚_)'%3 <# <$ :^m!#2"4}b%‚r%uˆ Vˆ.

:^m_)+;"$!r0b4:>{$% 0b%$)"##l'5$ v%(„CJ!S>M7>$A4:%)+^):>$ -$-,2 ! .Ac5%8I)+# !)+$w0'†„CJS%M

45$&%ŽQ4:E$ =1 <;!#" !% ^=‚!)10'A0'2= =0?c"(*)+2 <)!r01(]2$%=#), !)#""$10'4= #{$^)I$^%.

"$#%'&(*),+.-0/214365!)7-8+.%9:)7(<;5=%?>-890@BAC)7(<@D(FE,%G),-HC+I-J)K%'&&+.-H5L)7(FE,E,%MN-0O-

@PAQ(<5L),-8+.%9:).(F;5

dc$%^):>$w)982 :1#Xc '$#"-)I$ [c $3;!)2% !#" (] $3#"("$ rv)7#kc2$%G):%x0?c '$#)I$"2w(*)+-:%'•

$" 2$;# !" x);_4:E$^%.RV0'4A;Q$x#"4N;# !x"(;Q$)2$^A45$]#)w8"$4K0?c2$%^):>$Š0?c ~;!•

2)(]("$ )2:E${5..S&2(*)#" (] $ `j :%!0'3:>2(]($ (];_b0%;Q_&45$=%2)0b&:>2(](3#)N‚_2!

(*)I‡'(*)+#3;Q !< ul'$ v (]8a^)+(] $b$%^):>$"5.

/

%$$$m[v4;;Q2;#" _% ^<(%$m'0'4=;_2 & 0' 3#$ (;!V0'1! ;_2!0'A#-)]4:^m%^:^m2.[

$ :^m-, 1$‚!) 3 # 3(~>$m'0' 0'#-)K :^m!%^:^mx0?c'(*)I$_V$>‡a$ !%##"4%.[43$^)I$%2"4

;!:>;!)+# =;Q !&)+(~%#%b#)]8a{$ 1$A

T

4:^m%^:^m6 !f “HQF+Y…%MSwMS>D^RXMS%CPH!ROS iL+MLi%R!gS>MEC-DERXCVU>U!S>DBW3#"4f0' :>;'$ *$*$> ;_)+f#%

"(;Q$)!:>K‹G;_2!0b )+$_Œ& #"2~iGW>$]RXWQ# !0'-:> 8a #&$ v =!4,2 !%$&0!)+!#)K:>## :E$"2

;_2$%$&;!)2=‚_4)+ !:% ;60?c"'2(*)+$6W

T

4:^m%^:^m !& –HQF+Y…%MSNMS>D^RXMS%CPH!R<O[ZCPY*L%\SEDPW_# <(*)+2 &, $& r‚_)&0'A:%#)2%( 2$4`!)+;! v4

, [c !W;Q ^:> $)+2x0'*: )+^):E$%-5$, 4&)+"$W>$N 89)#" =`j[c$1;^)I$-, %( 2$;# !#-)7;Q2"‚#{$

0?c"e>$:>#-)'% b0)!<# &@Y]2 BYx;! (]%^b #{$^)I$^b)Zf:^mb 1v)]#Xc54:>^)+[.

N0 :>";'$% ^1)984: ’ik #" 8d r‹G>$N !f;_2!0b )+$WG)+‚#4Œ1;! %$A‚Q ) !:>2 ;–;# !A0'*$%(;!

;Q N#kc5%8I)#" !)+$W;!)+^:>*, [c"#-A:>2$% $N0' 1#-5$ A0?c()4;#" _1#"2 ! .Kˆ 1:%>$$f^)+-2[`[#

)+W0'8a{$ 45$1(%#"#% !A,2 !x#"= )".N[ 3$ $; !8%$1, [c !W)+ 0'8a"$ x(;_2$^)+$1 $

(14)

ˆn56–;@K),$ @C 456/A+,$0)‘7§'1‰Š$ ­/K'\;$XU|©('*)-$0)0I

$0E<E‘+,)'=+

"

$&–;56$0E245‹/A+,$0)'1‰—+5‹91/' 1$0‰ ‡4@8+,56‡656E'=+$&@B)E,9;/A+.@B/R'*@8+),$g%(915‹/A+56-.%(91)‘+'*/A+0I Ž3/ @8+5‹‡656E'=+$&@B)

$&¬­%

"

$&)5‹-.$0/1+

"

$ '*)),56;$ /B9;)-<'*‡6$&-.$&/A+†' 9;•B+,$&/K5‹)q2B$0E#)

"

$0E,@B‡‹+'*+EP/B$&+‘+,$0-.$&/A+-.$&56‡‹‡6$&@B)E>A@4@B/p@8+5‹‡656E'=+$&@B)

-.9;56/KEv$Ь8%

"

$0),56-.$&/A+

"

$P28@ 7§';5+ 2B$#‡4@8+,56‡656E'=+5‹91/V28@ 7:$&$F28•K';‰]\I®D/R%K';)‘+56‰&@B‡‹56$&)F˜e‡‹$#7:$0$028•(';‰]\/

"

$&–A'=+,5‹7J$0E‘+

E,9;@KE_A@B+,56‡‹5?E

"

$q%K';) @B/@8+5‹‡656E'=+$&@B)2

"

$&•B@B+'*/A+F˜ $&/A+)' ‹/('*/A+v@B/B$ ) "

$&%”9;/(E‘$\5‹/K'12B'*%B+

"

$0$\28@ E 8E‘+0†$0-.$;I C 9;@K)

%K';‡‹56$&)#†' ‰Š$g%B),91•B‡†$&-.$;˜ /B91@KE%B)9;%”91E,9;/KE24' ”$F‰—+$&).@B/B$g%(91/K2

"

$0)'*+,569;/V¥§‡

"

$0–K†$0),$0-.$&/A+¨/

"

$&–1'*+,56;$v';@8¬Z56-

';–;$0E /B91/q-<'*)>A@

"

$&$FE3%K';)J‡4@8+,56‡656E'=+$&@B)FI

!

$FE

"

$&='*‡6@K'*+,569;/KE 9;/A+J-91/A+,)

"

$“>A@B$<‰Š$&+‘+,$+,$F‰©B/B5?>A@B$2B9;/B/B$0/A+2B$

•”9;/P)

"

$0E,@B‡‹+'=+E&I

¦ @o‰Š91/1+)';5‹)$;˜ @B/K$@8+5‹‡656E'=+5‹91/ $ЬB‰Š$FE,E,56;$ 28@ 7:$0$028•(';‰]\{/

"

$&–A'=+57R%”$&@8+_‰Š9;/(28@B56),$ †' %(91/K2

"

$0),$0)

/ "

$&–1'*+,56;$0-$0/A+“28$0E‰&'*)';‰Š+

"

$0),5?E‘+,5?>1@K$0E%($0)‘+5‹/K$&/A+,$FE %K';)“)'*%B%”9;),+ †'#‡?'#),$F>A@ $Š+$;I 4'*‡6–;91),5‹+,©K-$2B$

¤

98‰&‰©B5

%”$&)-.$Š+ 24'*+‘+

"

$&/­@B$0)›‰&$L%B)9;•B‡†$0-$1IU|$Š+ '*‡6–;91),5‹+,©K-$e‰&';‡6‰&@B‡‹$eE

"

$&%K';)

"

$0-.$&/A+‡‹$FE›%K'*),+,56$0En%(9AE‘5‹+,56;$FEr$&+›/

"

$&–A'=+,56;$FE

28@P7:$0$028•(';‰]\g%(91@B)3‡6$0E 915‹/(28),$v†'‡6' AK/rI $0E )

"

$FE‘@K‡+'=+EH91•8+,$0/­@KE3E,9;/A+ E,@B%

"

$0),56$&@B)EH'*@8¬#'*@B+,)$0EH+$0‰©B/B5?>A@B$0E

%”9;@B)Œ56/A+

"

$0–;)$&)H‡6$ 7:$0$028•(';‰]\/

"

$&–1'*+,5‹7I

U|91--.$ 9;/E‘+,98‰]\;$+,9;@B+,$0E‡6$0E';‰—+5‹91/KE“2B$ ‡4@B+,56‡‹5?E,'*+,$0@B)2K'*/KE“@B/OA(‰©K5‹$0)28$ 7:9;)-<'=+

#%$&#('

˜ 56‡H$0E‘+

%”91EE‘56•B‡6$ 24@8+5‹‡656E,$&)<‰&$Š+‘+$ 56/87:91),-<'=+5‹91/Z%”9;@B).'*-

"

$0‡‹569;)$&)‡6$0E)

"

$0E,@B‡‹+'=+E E,@B)@K/B$

"

$0‰©B$0‡‹‡6$<+,$0-.%(91),$0‡‹‡6$v%B‡6@KE

‡69;/B–1@B$;I U|9;/K/K'*5?E,E'*/A+3+9;@8+$0E‡6$0E 5‹-<'*–1$0E>A@B5›E,9;/A+-.';)>A@

"

$&$0E $&/KE,$&-•B‡6$0E2B'*/KE @B/B$

"

$Š+'*%”$28$7:$&$F28•K'1‰]\”˜

91/g%”$&@B+ ‰Š9;/(E+'=+,$0)H‡‹$FEH7§'*5‹+EŒE,@B56 ';/A+E6

28$0E 56-<'*–;$FE -.';)>A@

"

$&$0E\‰Š91--.$%($0)‘+5‹/K$&/A+,$FE 2B'*/KE ‡?'- $&-.$

"

$&+';%($ 28$7:$&$F28•K';‰]\p91/A+ 28$FE ‰&'

)'1‰—+

"

$&)56E‘+,5?>A@B$0E|56-%”9;),+';/A+,$0EH$0/g‰&9;-.-“@K/ ¥‰Š91/B/B$Ь8569;/g%(9AE‘5‹+,56;$ ¨

E‘5 @B/B$#56-.';–;$P$0E‘+-<'*)>A@

"

$&$P‰Š91-.-$P%”$&),+,56/B$&/A+$#$Š+v@B/K$'*@8+),$#‰Š91-.-$#/K9;/%($0)‘+5‹/B$0/A+,$2B';/KE<‡?'

" "

(15)

¥§‰&9;/B/B$&¬85‹91/ / "

$&–1'*+,56;$ ¨—I

)H';E

"

$#E,@B)v‰Š$FEv28$0@8¬7§'*5‹+E0˜e91/R%($0@8+ ‰0'*‡?‰Š@B‡6$&)@K/ 7§';‰—+$&@B)g245‹-.%”9;),+'*/(‰Š$#%”9;@B)g‰©K';>A@B$#‰&';)'1‰—+

"

$&)56E‘+,5?>A@B$

$0/t%B)$&/K';/A+v$&/‰Š9;-.%8+$\‰&9;-“•K5‹$0/t28$7:9156Eg‰Š$&+‘+$ ‰0'*)';‰—+

"

$&)5?E+56>A@B$

"

$&+'*5‹+ 2B';/KE @B/B$ ‰Š9;/K/B$Ь8569;/R%”91E,5+5‹1$

$&+v‰Š9;-•B56$&/~2B$P7:9;5?E2K'*/KE.@B/K$‰Š9;/K/B$Ь8569;//

"

$&–A'=+,56;$1I $g7§'1‰—+,$0@B)‰&';‡6‰&@B‡

"

$ %”$&@B+'$Š+,)$#‰Š91-“•B56/

"

$g' ;$0‰ ‡?'

%”9;/K2

"

$&)'=+5‹91//B91),-<'*‡6$P28@E8E +0†$&-.$ *-,.0/21\>1@K53$0E‘+<•K';E

"

$&$gE‘@K)<‡‹$FE7:)

"

$F>A@B$&/K‰&$0E V$Š+ I $0E)

"

$0E,@B‡+'=+E

E,9;/A++)0†$FE.%($0)‘7:91),-<';/1+EE,5 ‡456/A+,$&)';‰Š+,569;/ $0E‘+7§';5+$q' ;$F‰ ‡?' -'$0-$#•(';E,$28$q2891/B/

"

$0$0E0I $FE+A(‰©K5‹$0)E

2456/1+$&)';‰Š+,569;/<9;/A+

"

$Š+

"

$Œ$&/B)$&–156E‘+,)

"

$“†'%('*),+,56)|24@B/B$J28$&-.91/KE +)'*+,569;/+?e$&•28$ *-,.0/:1$&+|91/%($0/KE,$ 9;•B+,$&/K5‹)H28$0E

) "

$0E,@B‡‹+'*+Ee$&/K‰&9;)$J-$05‹‡6‡6$&@B)EŒ' ;$F‰ 28$FEH­)';56EH@8+5‹‡65?E,'*+,$&@K)E0I

Requête

Session

Utilisateur

Groupe d’utilisateurs

Sur tous les utilisateurs

ˆn56–;@K),$ W_ Ž /B$©B5

"

$&)'*)‰©B56$ %”9;@B)Œ‡4';%B%B)$&/A+,5?EE,';–;$;I

¦ ;$0‰ ‰Š$&+.';%B%B)$&/A+,5?E,E'*–1$\†'‡69;/K–+,$0),-.$1˜D9;/Z%K),91%(9AE‘$g28$ ) "

$F'*‡656E,$&) @K/~E ­E‘+0†$&-.$v24'*%B%K),$0/1+56EE'*–;$ E‘@B)

%B‡6@KE,5‹$0@B)En/K5‹1$0'*@B¬“‰Š9;-.-.$Œ2

"

$F‰Š)5+ 2B'*/KE ˆ›56–;@B)$ WBI›Ž /B$e+,$0‡‹‡6$e+,$0‰©K/B56>A@B$H%”$&)-.$Š+D28$e%B),$0/K28)$e‰&9;/B/('*5?E,E'*/K‰&$

28$FEJ5‹/B7:9;)-.'*+,569;/KEJ2B';/KE@B/B$<E,$&@B‡6$.),$F>1@$Š+$$&+2K'*/KE@B/B$<E,$0EE‘569;/ 28$.),$F>A@ $Š+$ ¥' ;$0‰@B/ E‘$0@B‡ •B@8+—¨—˜n-.';56E

';@KE,E,5nE,@B)%B‡6@KE‘56$&@K)E

"

$0‰©B$0‡‹‡6$0EŒ+,$&-.%”9;)$&‡6‡‹$FE3•K'1E

"

$&$0E E‘@B)‡4@8+5‹‡65?E,'*+,$&@K)E0˜”E,@B) @B/B$‰&$&),+';5‹/B$“•K';E,$“28$289;/B/

"

$&$FE

2456-.';–;$FEH$Š+3$&/AK/#E‘@B)H+9;@8+$0EH56/A+,$&)';‰Š+,569;/KE¥§-“@B‡‹+,5_A•(';E,$;˜8-“@K‡+5_­@8+,56‡‹5?E'=+,$0@B)E¨ŠI

Gn9;@8+$0EL‡‹$FE +,$F‰©B/B5?>A@B$0E|2456/A+,$0)'1‰—+,569;/2B@289;-<'*56/B$ 2B$ ‡?'),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$H%K';)L‡6$ ‰Š91/1+$&/­@<$Š+e28$0Ee2

"

$&+'*56‡?ED28$0E

+$0‰©B/B5?>A@B$0E 2

"

$0‰&),5‹+,$FEH2B'*/KEŒ‰&$Š+,+,$ E,$0‰—+5‹91/ %”$&@K;$&/A+ $&+,)$ +),91@B

"

$0Ee2B';/KEŒ‡6$ U|©('*%B5‹+,)$ @KI

3 7A02*4( 3 3 0479 . ( & & &/0( ( ( & ( *4( 5 ( *45 ( 36* P(

5 91.102(+.

4"

$0='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/~E‘+'*/(2B'*)285?E

"

$0$ 28$FEE ­E‘+0†$&-.$0E.28$#)$0‰©B$0)‰©K$g2456-.';–;$FE$FE+@K/ 2B9;-<'*56/B$#>A@B53/4$0E‘+%K';E

$0/K‰Š91),$ +)0†$0E$0;9;‡6@

"

$1Ir®D/–

"

$&/

"

$&)'*‡˜&‰©K'1>1@K$LE 8E‘+0†$0-.$ $0E‘+n$&=';‡‹@

"

$LE‘@K)n28$FEn2891/B/

"

$0$0E‰&9;-.%B‡†$Š+$&-.$&/A+n2B5:

"

$&)$&/A+$0E0˜

‰&$ >1@K5$&-.%$F‰©B$+,9;@B+,$ ‰Š91-.%K'*)'*5?E‘91/I

C ';)D‰Š9;/A+),$1˜1$0/‰Š$ >A@B5‰Š91/K‰Š$0),/B$Œ‡6$ 2B9;-<'*56/B$ 28$ ),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$328$FED56/87:9;)-<'=+,569;/(E +,$&¬­+,@B$0‡‹‡6$0E0˜1‡4

"

$&='*‡6@K'*+,569;/

E‘+';/K2B'*)285?E

"

$&$e$0E‘+D+,)0†$0E ‰&9;@B)'*/A+$J¥28$&%K@B56E|‡6$0ED';/B/

"

$0$0E TSY

±

¨r$&+L•”$0'*@(‰Š9;@K%.2B$ ‰Š91‡‹‡6$0‰Š+,569;/KE0˜=+,$FE+ED$&+L%B@B•B‡65?‰&'

+5‹91/KE E‘91/A+ 285?E,%(91/B5‹•K‡‹$FE&I

!

$0%B@B5?E TT

°

‡6$

/ $ 1 ,/ 2/:1 / / ¥G ¤

®VUF¨r%K),91%(9AE‘$|@B/B$H%B‡?'=+,$&7:9;)-.$

24

"

$0 ';‡‹@('=+,569;/ ¥§•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \B¨Œ%”9;@B) ‡‹$FE3-<';‰©B56/B$FE 28$ )$0‰©K$&)‰©B$ 28$ +$Ь­+,$1I U|$Š+ •($0/K‰©B-<'*) \ $FE+J28$&1$&/­@#‡6$

(16)

E‘+';/K2B'*)2“2K'*/KE ‡6$Œ289;-<'*56/B$H$Š+ ‡6$0E ) "

$0E,@B‡‹+'*+E›%B)9;@B1$&/A+ >A@B$H‡6$0E %”$&),7:9;)-<'*/K‰&$0E›9;/A+D'*@B–1-.$&/A+

"

$ "

$&/K9;)-$0-.$&/A+

%”$&/K2K'*/A+3‡‹$FEŒ285‹¬g28$0),/B5†$0),$FEe';/B/

"

$0$0E0I

ª 91E#$P”91)‘+E#%(91@B)q‡4

"

$&='*‡6@K'*+,569;/ 28$0EE 8E+0†$&-.$FE#28$Z)$0‰©B$0)‰©B$ %K';)‡6$‰Š91/1+$&/­@pE‘91/A+•K';E

"

$0E#E,@B)‡6$0E

$&¬­%

"

$&)5‹-.$0/1+'=+5‹91/KEŒ2B'*/(EŒ‡‹$289;-<'*56/B$ 28@P+$Ь­+,$“$Š+ E,%

"

$F‰Š5?'*‡6$&-.$&/A+3E‘@K) G

¤

®VU I $FE3‰Š91-%”91E'*/A+EH$0EE‘$0/1+5‹$0‡6E

%”9;@B)Œ‡4

"

$&='*‡6@K'*+,569;/P24@K/B$-<';‰©B56/B$28$J),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$JE‘91/A+

@B/B$+ / / / / , / E‘+';/K2B'*)285?E

"

$&$0E0˜A‡‹56•B)$$&+3–;)'=+@B5+$

28$0E 28$3)$0>A@$&+,$1˜1>A@B5K%”$&@K;$&/A+ $Š+,)$328$FED56-.';–;$FED28$3)$0>A@$&+,$Œ91@<@B/B$ 28$FE,‰&),56%8+5‹91/.+,$Ь­+@B$&‡6‡‹$ 24@K/

•B@8+ 24@B/B$)$0‰©K$&)‰©B$

28$0E?/ / /.0/21 , / /“%(91@B) ‰©(';>A@B$+ '1‰©B$ $Š+ •K';E

"

$0EHE,@B) ‡?'.•K'1E‘$ 28$289;/B/

"

$&$FEŒ2456-<'*–1$0E K‡6$

-.5‹$0@8¬“$0E‘+D24' ;9;56)›%B‡‹@(E‘56$&@B)E @B–1$&-.$&/A+E %”9;@K)›%K),$0/K28)$e$0/‰&9;-.%8+$e‡?'JE‘@K• $0‰Š+,56A5‹+

"

$e28$FE @8+,56‡656E'=+$&@B)E

28$0E / 1 / / .0/:1 1 /P>A@B5D%”$&@K;$&/A+“-.$FE‘@B)$&)“‡6'#>A@K';‡‹5‹+

"

$2B$0E)

"

$&%”9;/(E‘$FE ›5‹‡|$0E‘+“56-%”9;),+';/A+

24' ;9;56)L@K/v/B91-“•B)$ 28$-.$0E,@B)$0E|%(91@B)e2B5:

"

$&)$&/A+E|'1E‘%”$0‰Š+Ee28$ %”$&),7:9;)-<'*/K‰&$ -<'*5?Ee'*@KEE‘5”@B/B$-.$0E,@B)$

-<' ‹+,)$0EE‘$¥:‡6$0'12 -.$F';E,@B),$ ¨e>1@K5%B@B5?E,E,$ $Š+),$J‡?'•(';E,$J24@B/#‰&‡6'1E,E,$&-.$&/A+328$FE3E 8E‘+0†$0-.$0Ee%K'*),+,5?‰Š56%K';/1+E&I

C 91@B)“@B/•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \\91%

"

$0)'*+,569;/B$0‡D5‹‡e-<'*/K>A@B$ $&/K‰&9;)$@B/B$ , 1 1? 1 // 0,P0/P>A@B5|%”$&)-.$Š+,+,$v@K/

'1‰&‰*†$0ELE‘+';/K2B';)285?E

"

$ '*@B¬.-<'1‰©B5‹/K$0EH28$),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$;I›®D/g‰Š$-91-.$&/A+

#%$&#('

$0E‘+e‡6$JE‘$0@B‡

"

$&)5+'*•B‡6$ E‘+';/K2B'*)2

2B';/KEe‰Š$ 2B9;-<'*56/B$;I ' . 1 ,:,. ,28$FEL–1),91@B%($FEL28$ ),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$Œ$FE +H'*@KEE‘5”56-%”9;),+';/A+,$ >A@B$ ‡4';‰0‰Š$&%B+'=+5‹91/

‰&9;-.-.$vE+'*/K2K'*)2\24@B/ •”$&/K‰©K-.';)^\IPC 9;@B) ';@B–;-.$0/1+$&)‡4'128©

"

$FE‘569;/ 56‡L$0E‘+ 56-%”9;),+';/A+28$E,9;@B‡65‹–1/B$&)>1@K$

‰;4$FE+3@B/K$)

"

$0@B/B569;/g'*-.56‰0'*‡6$ %”9;@K)3%B)

"

$0E,$&/A+,$0)e2B$0EH+$0‰©B/B5?>A@B$0EH$&+3/B9;/g%K'1EH@B/B$ ‰Š91-.%($&+,5‹+,569;/I

Ž /R•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \‰Š91-.%B‡†$Š+,$0-.$&/A+v'*@8+9;-<'=+56E

"

$g$0E‘+),$F'*‡656E

"

$#2B';/KE<‰Š$&+‘+,$+,©†$FE‘$' 1$0‰ ‡4'*5?28$q2B$

# $ #%'

‰&9;-.-.$‡6';/B–1';–;$P%”9;@B)‡?' 7:9;)-“@K‡6'*+,569;/R28$0Ev),$F>A@ $Š+$0E<';@8+,91-.'*+,5?>A@B$0E0I $qE,‰©

"

$&-<' 28@R•”$&/K‰©B-<';)^\~$0E‘+

%B)$0E,$&/A+

"

$2K'*/KEH‡?'<ˆ›5‹–1@B),$ YBI

Jugements de rélevance

Collection d’images

Images de requête Groupes de

jugement Mesures de

performance

Machines de recherche MRML Serveur de Benchmark

Données du système

ˆn56–;@K),$ Y] A+),@(‰—+,@K),$ 28@P•”$&/K‰©K-.';)^\ '*@8+9;-<'=+56E

"

$;I

$HE,$&);$0@B) 28$Œ•”$&/K‰©B-<';)^\ $FE +DE

"

$&%('*)

"

$|28$FE -<';‰©B56/B$0E 2B$Œ),$F‰©B$&)‰©B$e%K'*)

#%$&#('

‰Š91-.-$H‡?'*/B–A'*–1$|%”9;@B)

‡6$0E ),$F>A@ $Š+$0E0I '<•K'1E‘$28$2891/B/

"

$0$0E32456-<'*–;$FEŒ$Š+‡‹$FE -.$FE‘@B)$0E 28$ %”$&),7:9;)-<'*/K‰&$“E‘91/A+ '*@KEE,5r­56E,56•B‡‹$FE3%”9;@B)

+9;@KE‡6$0EE 8E‘+0†$0-$FE&I C '*).‰Š91/A+,)$‡‹$FE+ ';‰©K$0E28$ )$0>A@$Š+,$v$Š+<‡‹$FE @K–;$&-.$0/1+E.28$ %”$&),+,56/B$0/K‰Š$g/B$PE‘91/1+%K';E

­5?E‘56•B‡6$0E %(91@B)

"

$0­5+$&)3+9;@8+$';-“•B56–;@+ "

$;I '<•K';E,$2456-<'*–;$FE3–1)'*+,@B5‹+,$FE 28$‡4Ž3/B56;$0)E,5‹+

"

$“2B$ ' ';E,©B5‹/K–*+,91/

$FE+ @8+5‹‡65?E

"

$0$‰&9;-.-.$.•K';E,$.%B),56/K‰&5‹%K';‡‹$1I

!

$0E“'*@8+),$FE •(';E,$0EJ28$2891/B/

"

$0$0EJE‘91/A+J';@KE,E,5 @8+5‹‡656E

"

$0$0EJ‰Š91--.$1˜%K'*)

$&¬­$0-.%B‡‹$1˜B‡?'•(';E,$J2B$IU|9;)$&‡9;@P‡?'•(';E,$J2B$‡6'.G

"

$0‡

"

$0­56E,5‹91/ ­@B5?EE‘$

¤

91-.';/K28$<¥§G ¤

¨—I

C 91@B)3%”$&)-$&+‘+),$‡4';‰0‰*†$FE“†'‡4

"

$&='*‡6@K'=+5‹91/28$“/r456-.%(91)‘+$>A@B$&‡›$&/(28),915+F˜(@K/B$“56/A+,$&),7§';‰&$ ?e$&•q'

"

$Š+

"

$ ‰Š)

"

$ "

$&$

>A@B5”289;/B/K$ ';‰0‰*†$FE '*@.•($0/K‰©B-<'*) \I›¦ %B)0†$0E @B/K$ ‰Š91/;AK–;@K)'*+,569;/.28$ E'J-.'1‰©B56/B$ 28$3)$0‰©K$&)‰©B$;˜*‡6$Œ•”$&/K‰©B-<';)^\

Références

Documents relatifs

Le fait qu’un article n’ait pas nécessairement de résultats pertinents dans la collection de vidéos nous a fait reconsidérer l’évaluation d’un point de vue classificatoire

The second component estimates, given a query, a score for each document and for each modality (textual and visual). Finally, the last component combines linearly the score obtained

Method A is identical to the approach we have chosen for the medical retrieval task, except that here no textual information was available, and that we used appearance-based

Our experiments showed that it is possible to achieve good retrieval performance on a medical image collection using a CBIR approach.. We used global features, which is in contrast

This project aims to address these discrepancies by attempting to develop novel means of recommender systems evaluation which encompasses qualities identi- fied through

allowing users to anticipate the impact of a modification, we allow them to simulate what happens when you change the ranking of a given document for a certain topic not only in

Content based retrieval typically is not performed using the visual content itself, rather visual features are extracted and retrieval is performed searching by

Even though active learning allows dealing with small training sets, we developed an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) that helps the user to quickly and easily label