Exten sible Hierarch ical Object-Or-iented Logic Simulation with au Adaptable Graphical User Interface
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Canada
Abstract
SilJlula lofspruvlrl«HII('l:lJllOmi':lll1lI1~;IIISof1lIIlIIll"Sla udi ll).!;i1/1I1c\'aillilliligthe pNfof m Htll'l'ofIm!,I]ahsl.nH:1andrt-atworldsysuuns. III nddition10 lJdll).!; ('llid('lLl illul('iIS.y1,0II,~( ',modern rlay simlilal.oJ"l; rJIIls l1]('il hh~10I:ll[W with 111(' dl'lllalldsor iUlTl'HSirrl-\l'Olllpl"xilywitlliusysnuus.Shuulntors must alsolu-enslly extensibleso
!,hall.Iu'hr-huviouruu-IIWfforlllillll'l'ofIIwirh' vari"I,1"ofsystems tnaybostudied.
This n'[Jort.willrml.lim'1.Il1'dl',~iglland imph-meurntionofnIII,ilil,y whichinte- graI l'suninterrn-tive,).!;l"iIpllkald('si).!;JI tool wit h adisl:]"('l,l' event simulutlen(:nll;illl' tluu "lIIlIlo,\'s till'ollj Pd-oril'rl!",1 pa1"iu liglllas 11 menus of conrhal.illg1"01llpl('xily,Cpu- traltoll.. ,shuulatlonll~ :hllilllll'isl.IH·I:Olln ~Jllof10m/lime,inwhich eachentityIJf'illg SillIIlIHIr',jumlurninsilsO\\'11 1101ilU!of tltunthroughout thostnmhulon. This concept 1I1"I1I11I11('sI'lJtlrpo lll' llt l·lIl :allSulal .iol1 ll rrdself-contalunnntthcrdl ,\' fu('ilit.a1iug tltr'im- pll'1ll1'nl atioll ll frlist.rihnted l'H'lIl,·,lri\·pl1xlumlntors.:\1thou~hIlrt'simulatio ndoma in lll's ni lH'dinthis reportwill('(Insist primarily ofdigitallogt«circuits, the simu lation t.(~:hrrill1lf·sshouldalso Ill'amcnublcto the slmulaurmor nnydiscwt eevent system.
Tln-grnpllin llusorbuorfuco Iront- nnd tot111~simulatorengine isdesig lledtl)he l'asy toIISl',IIl!llt '('umkiugthomull'r!y ing shuulator engineac{'{'ssih!l~to uwide 11l1- ,!il'tl l'!','1'111'illlpll'lrWlltal,imlofI.IH'illll'r fa('(!isloosdyilltl'gml('l lwitht.lresimulator cnghu-,Illl'fl'l ),Vprovidluga high dcgreo nl'xihilit.rIwl w('(\!ltheinterface 11]1(1theshuu- lnturitself.TIll'inll'f flll: l'fillettbesinmlator cnueachopera te asdistinct,self-contained apll!iI'lltio lls, As11result,t.lll~simulatorenginecoul dheconfigur ed 1.0crnploy adlf- fl'n' ll!.grnphirnlintl'rfll(:('uudtill'graphicaliutcrfaccrUI1he adap te dfora \'fuictyof l'xistilll(Il' xl-ll11s('(1simulutorenglues.
Ack nowledgements
OIlN'Il~lIin,I\\llulcllikt,tllllmu!.:my Sllpt'n'jSllr,Ill'.l'nnl(:iU;\I'11.f"r hisI'alil'u...•
andsu pportovertilt'1~lst11\1'1'(':\l' arsandfu r"'1tlillllill~asIll.\'SIlIH'n iso,r.Illrill~his Sllhhlllkal.Hi..(,llli~htt'lI ju~CIi~·IIS...illll...illlllll.'xil,ll·sl)'lt'ma.I.,m.\·~r;llhl;ll.'I'Tl,~r;U n botheduearkmnlnuclt'llj oyn hll'.
fortheir~I'l1Cfl)ll:-tlilllllll'illi lillp pnri durin;!;IIII' lil'S"hm .\'I'ars..fmyJ,;n1t1unll'l'rol!.rmll.
Iwouldalsolikc~tothankbuill:\trs..JlIl1C '\-,u111.IIUtI Dr, \\'Imh'kZulll'n' kf..r for mally approvillj{Ill.\'ndlll i.~sillll10 Grnchm1.l'Sdllml.Inacltlil.iull,l'dlike IIIl.hnuk Dr,Zubcrck forgl'lItly (hiltfirmly) Tl'll1illr1inp;ittI'IIfIlly ,wWlt'l llit'fl'Slltlll"iloilil,l.'S;lfl"l"
Ilmdrt~llllll'tlfllll-lillll' I'llljllo)"1IlI'1I1(l1I1.:;itll'Uu'UlIi\"l'rsil.\"priurlu t h.'l'UIll I'Il'Iiun ofIllythesis.Hisrllrllll TlI~c'lI11'lIt1'ClIIl rih lll.'t1 hitill'nn...ly11' IllI,I.·ti 'l/I.,fIllisn·l'tlr t.
Tha nk... AlsogotoSt'\l'TIlIother1il1' IIlIM'n; IIf lil t·1:lf'par lll lt'lI1.of~~ll llplll t'rSI"i.·lI."'·.
includi ng Dr.Rodrigul' Byrnewho mat!(':;t'wm lSllAAt'llli u llSfurillLl'tll\'i llJ;all1';11'- lineversionortheillll'l(,llll'lllaLiCiIll\lldMi~Flailll'H' M'Il.',wluee-I'ru" fn';lIlilll-\~kills helpedeliminateSl'wrnl typoJ;rIlphil'lllllllllh'lllll1ll1;llit'III.,Ttul1iillau('<ldil'rIInlfllOf thisthes is.Of course,Itllkt!fullrc'SplIlIsihiJil..vIorlUI}'mistakl'SCITtlV< 'rsiAhL" n'U1aill- iugillthisrepo rt ,
Finally, Iwould liketo I'XIJres...Illy /.:ntt.il,u,!l·IIIthl't.1t< lIlsa mlsofiwlivi,lll1lls respons ible forthedl'vdoPllIl'lllundllislrillillillll
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ttlhll~l.uurllUt!XllI'IISivl'sun,- waretools. Freely nvnllnhll1(J!Wral.illgsysl,('lrlSaud.son,wan'IHWkllJ;l'S SIIf:1Jas{,jlll/.t.XFrcc86 ,Tel/Tk .~'(.tlwGNU C++l:ulllpilc'rawlWllll,I...1tuuls1:1'lI l.ril mt,,~1sip,- ulllenntlyto till' Slll1:llS...Iulenmpletiouoft.his pm j.·d.
iii
Contents
Ahs trlll~ t
Ackuowledgemcuts
LifitofTahles
List of Figures
1 Introduction 1.1TIll'NI~~1for Simulation
1.1.1 ..\d l'l\II11l1!;('!i of SiIl 1llIal iflll r. t.z DiSillh·ll1llill-\l'S OrSiul1llfll ioli. l:l Chul.'iilil'nliliIIOfSi lll\llnlinllS~·SI.I'Ill:-;
1.:1SiUlIIIlllinll111ol! pls 1.:1.1 COIlI,itI1l0IlSSimulnr.ion. 1.:1.1 Dilil'fl'll'· E\'('HtSimulation .
1.·1 Abstrur'thm L('\'('lsforCin-uitSimulation . 1..1.1 Circuit-levelShunlauus.. J..I.2 LtI~i(·.k\"t'lSimulators
iii
xi
11
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15
1..1.3 Funruonal-;\l1t1 1.khm·itlurlll·lt'nolSiltlllial tln;. 1.5 TIlt'PllqHL""llfIhis1l"!Nlrl
2 TheSimulatorUs erIn ter fac e 2.1 :\Iolinlliull ..
2.2 CUIP\;ufn rmnll( l lInlllt'11lt 'lll ali nll l.a ll~lIa~I·. 2.2.1 Gt,;1Pla t fo rm.
2.2.2 11lI1Ih'lI1l'1Ilnlill11La ll/.:lla J.:t' .
2.3 Onordl~\\'ofnu'ShuulntorGUI
2.3.1 Cir('lli, Edi lorWindo\\".. 2.3 .2 Siguul Displ llY\Villl!IJII·. 2..1COIIIlJ.:ur lllill uOpl inlliiIUII II1lo:-;(lIln"('DlllallaS!'. 2.r. GUILitnilaliu ns
3 GUI Im p le me n tati o n
3.2 Pull-Down;\h'llll Mud llll'S 3.3 Too lh:u;\Iollull':'l 3.-1Worlmrcn:\10111111':'1 3.5 C()lIIJ)( lIIl~lI t~1()dll 1t':'l
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zu
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3.5.1 ComponeuCn'al.ioll ,.
3.5.2 C1JI1l1l0l 1l'1I1HI~I,n'SI'Il I, nl, illllI\ rrnys 3.5.3 CO/llPOIIl'IlI.;\llllliJlIlla t,illll 3.6 Netlist~10111l1f.,..,.
3.G.1 N(~t1istCrmt iu ll.
fj l It!
lifj
;j.G.2 ~l'llislljl'jJrpS'~lIlalinllAHIl.\'S
;jJi.:1 ~!!llist~illllifllllalioll . :1.7 .\Iulli l>ux;v!ot!ulr·s.
:U~ SigllalDisplayJ\1odull's. :UJ ~Jisrl'lIall!~llus.\'Imhllr'}; . :1.111Silllllllll.i"u.
4 Sirnu llltor F,llgill C
,I.t Sillml llt,iullUsilll!;11GlobnlEvnnr.QUI'III!
,1.1.1 Drawllad,s
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till!Glolml Event QW!1J(!,1.2 {)hit~:l-()ri l' lI l(~1ApPl'tlflehTowar dsSimulation
·1.2.1 ExallJplPsofDigital ShuuhnorOI'sill;J1S
·l.a 1\11J\IIN lla !.i'lI'AIJIIf()m:hTowardsSimulation
·1.:1.1 TIll'C()lIn~pl.orLocalTime
·1.:1,2 Dist rihntl'tlE\'(~lIl.QIH'UPS
'[.a.a
Cin-uit.ClnssltiratfonandRpprl'S('uta f.ioli.La..! GlllssDcsign.
·1.:I.fl Till!SilJlllhll,itl [lAlgorithm. {)Syste m Integr-at ion
5.1 Svsu-mlntegrutiou Techniques .
5. 1.1 11lt.t'}!;ratingModulesUsingComma ndPipelines
G8
81
&1 87 88
8.
0 "
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95 95 07 08
so
10l io 115
11'
110 121 fl.2 A,!I'lllllaw'sorUsiUIl;Conuue ndPipelines... . .• • • .. ... ... 123
fl.:1O\'('r\"iI'wOrl,hl' huuructlonPro t orols, 126
[1.a.1 TIl('Component Protocol 127
vi
5.3.2 TIll' :\'{'flislProtoeol 5,-1 Itnpleuu-ntntinnof tlu-S.\'SII'lllluu-g nuion
5.01.1 Sll'pI:eelPm lu l'ul Trallslllis.",ion. 5..\.2 SIl'l'2:Simulato rProlllw[ lll'l'l'pliull 5...J.3 SI(~P3:SilllU[lltOI'Pnlllll"lliTnlll."'lllis:,hlll 5A,.j Step,I: CUI Protlll'olHPIT]ltilill•
6 Conclusion s
6.1 Applimlin:".uulFuturoWork .
Bibli gr ap hy
AInstall atio nGuide .'\.1 Extractingtill'Arrhivl~Fill' A.2 Compilingt.ln:StmuhuorEngiue. A.3 EnvirounmutVariables. AARunningtheDig iTdCircuit Erlitur
BCir cu itFile Form at B.l The compone ntStallza. B.2 The pointStanza. 8.3 The lab el 8111Il1.a.
CSimu lat orEngineClassDictiona ry C,I TheComponentClass.
C.l.I PublieMmlllll~rs.
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(:.:1TIIl' Wire CI.L...
C.:tl I'uh)j(:Membr.rs . C.:I.1 I'rnll'tll 'lIhkll1lll'r~ . C.:I.:I l'dvilI.C'MI'llllu'rs
c.:
TIll'POJt Class CA.I I'uhlk~1''11l11l'r.;. G..I.2 l'mu-ct....IMc'lll IM'nl•. C..l.3 !'n\71I('Mi'lu!w'r.-;C.:'"I'11M'InputClass. , . , . C,[,.I I'llhlic'~",nl....rs. C.r,.2 rnJlI'{~l('11A1l'lIlhcfl'i . e.5.:1Pn" Il ~"Ml'lllh('nl C.lil'h.·Output CIH....",.
e.6.\ Puhlir1\11'lIlhf·!"S .
e.G.2 Prnl.•'rl.!'dl\I.'mlw!"S. C.fi.a Pril'iltl·MI'l1ll)('n;
C.'j'TIll'Runtime_ComponentClnN; .
C.i,1 Public~Irlllll(' n;•..•. . . . ... . . .. . .. . .•..
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I6:J 163 I~I 113;') reo
"'6 icc 167 168 168 168 166 1711 17. 170 IiI 171 171
172 172 1i3
173 173 173
C.l.:'!Pro1l'~:I''l!:\1,'mh,'('S . C.7.3 Pnvnte~1"IIII", n;
C.BThoParserCIa...
C.8.t Puhlie~It'lJl lll'n;. C.8.2 ProlN"It'l!:\h,tu1K'OI. C.8.3 Privnlr~"'lIIll.'n;
e.9TIll'SignalClaM. C.9. l rllhlil:~It'lIIl11'n;.
e.n,:.! Prol.f'(:t .~1i\h'lIJltn s,
C,1OThe ListClass,, C.lO,jPublic~1('lll lK·I'll.. C,1O,2Prohodrdl\1C'llIb.'n;, C.IO.3 Prlvnte).lcl!lht,rs.. ..,
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List of Tables
:1.1 I'ull-downj\·II'lItiXltllllll.,Hf~p(lIIsihilili(,;. :t :! 'J'lIl1l1»Lf IIlm11l1.,1l.-'llOIiSihiliti.'S .
;!A ('UIlI I'OlU'nlCn·;,tlnuandMnnlpulatkm:\lodu !I'S•.
;U", !'i.-llb tCn'lI li lllllLlIIlMallillulat,iull;\ltlflllll'S :Ui Ndl i...1ll" llrf~'lltlll i llll:\rTl~'':' . :1.7 I'uilllT;I~'ifHTIIII'Gin'uit inFigll", J.!J.
5n 52
ss
69 7\
;!Jl Win-Tn~fllr1111' Cin:uit illFigure 3.1).... . . .•. .. . . ...• 72 :I.!JI'uint:\rrayV'llul'Sfor IIIl'CirruilillFlgun-J.!J•.
:UlIN,'!Arl'il~'Vn!lu'llforlilt· Circuit in Fij!;lIn' 3.9.. :U 1Mulliho3lCn'lilitlllmillAlallipuilltiull ;\lo' )lIlrs :1. 12Si~lml
m..
pla,\'MlIclnlrs ... . . • ... ... . .:\.1 Fill'Slm-ludedin
uu-
Dj~i'IHDistribution75 82
87
151 ,\.:.! l-nvironnn-ntVnrinhlt'."USt'l1hyTrl/ T k... . ... ... 152 :\.3Ell\'iroll l1ll'lllVnriahlt'SliSt'llhyDi~i T'" 153
List of Figure s
1.2 Graphnl'pn'l'I'lllill~Coutluuousfll'] Ill \, iuIl T. 1.3 SimpleDi~i1.1l1LUI-\il'Cirl~llit
1.'1Graph[lc'p n'SI' lllinJ,CDbe-reu- Ill'h.\\'iulir.
r.s
Simulation:'!.lodl·ls2.1 CircuitE,lilnrWinduw.. 2.2 CircuitEletueuts
2.3 NetlistlabelDill!0lo: Dux 2.-1 Signal Display Window 2.5 ConfigureDin!ogDux
3.1 ~'lodlllnri;mtilllLofthe!CUISWI"" . 3.2 Invoki ng thepullDle nu_createPmC'l'fIUT1' 3.3 Till' tb_buttonsAi'i.~lI(:iHli\'l'Am I)'
3..1 Est,IIIJlishillJ.; Cllm'lIs BiJIIlitlJ.;s illtb_se t_bindin gs. 3.5 Creating SI,Tm:tllTC'(1GrHl'hi ( ~'lfillIICall\'1IS. 3.6 PrhnirivoCompositlunof/IN.·~NIJGall' • • .
xi
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:1.7 'I'd Codl!tnBuildILNAND Galf' GO :I.1iIlola tillllE'lUlll.i/JlI~furCHIIVl\SPrinutlvcs G~
;I.!/ EXJllllpl!'O{ JI(Iirt-ujtLayo llt j'(J
:l.I HSpliitilll!;a!Ii/'t,!i:-;l 78
:1.1JTnm~l'l'ill KHIllJ11f'hll,W;illV; aNdJi~ 1. 70
;1.12 SllIlm'COf!l,l) lliti llg'1'11'0Nl'l.list~. 80
,1.1Di;::ilaJSiul1IhltiollUs i n~iI011l1);\1Event Q1\1'1I1'. 92
4.2 System IjvarviewofIIIllnrarchhalSimulator. 97
,1.:1Dil4it.alShuolaucuU~illgDistribut.edEvent.QIll'lICS• 100
·1..1llqll1'Sl'ul.llliulIof IISituph-Cmll]losill'Circuit 103
·1':, Thne-dimenslonalHil'lmd lil'nlCircuitI'll'pl'f'Sl'lll.a t.irJIl I{):j
Hi ComponentCln»..Diagram HI;
·1.1 ConnectorCJilS.~Diagram, III
·1.11 S/'lIlliug-HsignnltonPort 1l.1
·1.9Sl'ndillgasigrmlt,lJ il Wire 114
.r.lu ClassIlilll{l'n111of /13.inpu tAND gate. 11&
ri,l COlllllllll1i{~atiml1)('11Il'l.'1Ithe GUIallilSimulatorEngine 121
rl.2 'I'd~kri]ll.Ojll'lIillgIIPipc10IUl EXI'cllulhlll,. 122
r,.:l 'I'll('('HProgramaddnum. 123
:i,,1A2·il1plll.NANDCnU'nud itsCorrespondingProtocolStamm, 128 :1':. 11l1I'f1llCll!u l/'('~Jl llllll1 l1il'llti(J1IBetweentheGUInndSimulator 131
5.1i EXilllljlh'»luCircult. 132
[1,7 EXillll llleufIlllllltSigllHIWa\'l' fnrms. 132
xii
5.8 Protocolfortill'Circuit lindInputsill l-tgun-:UinndFi~llrl':,.j . l:l:l 5.9 The mai n OFIIlWliolloftheSimulator!\lud\llt·. \:If, 5.10 Theebov.ergne ts()~11'lIllll'rFuurtinnof11U' Wire('lnss I;Ui 5.11TIH~display_signals()~.Il'lllll('rFunction(IfI Ill'Wire('Ias.~. 1:1'; 5.12Slllllpll'P1'Ol.omifornu Uutput.Si~llnlWnwlil1'lll. 1;1';
5.13 OutputSignalWm'l{orm Displfl.\'\'(l Grnphkll ily I:IX
D.l Exampleof a componentSlnllza . 1:,7
fl2 Exampluof11 poin tSlflllZU I:,S
113 ExampleofIIlabel Stanza J:,!)
xiii
To nu; parents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Advaucosinll'ChllOlo11I'inva riablylendtut111' (~lIl:-;l ,l"I ldjllllll rs.I'SII'II11"with;lOldilinmil layt·n; of(Xlllllllc x i t,ylifting '\'n!PI)('d amllll dllllln'l'dlllili\'l'hill'~lllnll.\''~'"lplt,,~ ~lIh·
S'\'1'U'lllS. lu tlu'rlll ure,ll u'l'ol' systemsIlIny111l'1I.ill turn.IM~'IIIII'snh.sy :·;I I·/lISIlf
la-haviouroft1lCscs)'sll'lllst1mmghhnttlwnrefindI'OfiWiln'. FUf llllllly.\It'I'an,1t~ ill"
silllula ti oll ll S:
"...theprocessof designing amodelof areal systtmandconduc t ingexperi- mentswiththis modelfOlthepurposeeitherof under;,tandinr.the beh.wiour of the systemofor evaluatingvariousstrategies(withinthelimitsimposedby acriterion or asetof criteria)fortheop erationoftilesys tem."
I:' WI
Simulators1II11st"dnp!.Iuhlcn'aSl~iusyslt~ll1c:flltllll,·xil.yh,l'pl~J"lllil ti llJ.;IIM'rs to simulateII liYlitClLlatseverull~Olll~(~lltllalh~vl'\s. Ullful'I,ll llulf'ly,1.11I~Ilr·si J.\tl un.l itupleruentutiuu orsimulatorsiiiah llulilus(:1I1l11111!X lL'ltill'IiYSI.I~lIISiJdul\ liilil lll:lll'l i.
Asnresult,therehasbeenlll:fllf(:c~rtl~lldrurlhyUll'surtwll rl'11111l1ll111lily.."HW1y
till!IHl.l~ r.adVllllCI~lIJ!!lItsillsufl.wa rt!tr~:I LrI(jI(JIlYinallauompt10counteract tbis nverilll:f!!a~illl(I:Olllpll!xi1.:y.TIH!ireJrortshm1~bidto simulatorswhichare {'lIsyto lIlainlainilUfI(~x l.l~lId \l'hjl (~utlIwSalrlf:tinu-)In'*il~r \'illgtheir..rlntlvodlidell cy,TIll' pnullirll'lll. ]mrmJig;1Ilf:Ilrl'l'IIt.lyIll'iug;IISl~11.0implementsilllulntllfsis thf!ubiquhnus ohj N:l.rn'i lm!r:ll l:l ]IJHfadig;lll,illwhich~lrt\\'ll1'1!I'utitj esrkllid ymodelrhclr rl'alworld 1:(1I1111.1'rpml.s. ThisINlr,l!1ig;lIIhasbl!PIIsIH'11'ssfnlly(~lI\pl(}yedtohuplomont awldo va ril'I,,\'ofsimulators rilligingfromsnwmillprOfllllt inn[22110alr has<' lugistics[201, lhbI.hl'Sisw!'l'I'sPlilsalIIajorenhancement10Ill](~xis tiug!iisl'\'e1.!"'l'11'lltslmu- la liulIl:llj.(illl'li'! wbir:hl'lllplnysdistrihuled1'11'111.qUCIIl'S liSils )lrim aryntcchanism fo rl'I~'llt1I11111111!,1'lIIl'lIl.iustl:;ul
o r
t.lr«mon- (:0111111011 1,\'Il~('(lglobalovontqueue.13,1' 1LI11'l ~,illg11rulWl'PI.of1/)f:fJ,1lilli/;.itwillIll' shown howIJlI'glolmleventIIUI'IWlimy Ill'tl'J1I1Wl'dbysl'v(~ra]llisl l' ihlltl:d(llIl'UPS,caeb ufwhichIII'I'selfmllt ailll~1withinit~ill llll;I1iIHl1'11l1111011C'1I1.ThesysunuI)l'ill~sillllllntl'dcantln-n1)('dt'compcsedhiemr- r-hicallylUlll!ij'I'l'ra lslldl{~OIllIKJIlI'Ilt.Slhrrllhypromot.ingextonsihllityumlmodulunty (I(thrsimuhuionsy stl'lIl .Detailswilln1'i11he'pmvkk-drlogard i ullhowthisslmuhuiun 1.( 'dlll il [lll'addn's~('sthl' 11(' ('(1furI'X!f'IISihilit ynndhowIhesimulationentit ioslIIay
I..,n~lsl '(1Iromsystnmto systemso lIS10avoidneedlessdup licationofdfortwhen
('(lll~t rul: tilignIII'\\'S)'Sll'lll. Theadatntugcsnndchsmlvautages ofusing a glohlll quem-vcrxus dislrill1lLrdquelH'S willbediscussed asthe twoshaulationtechniques aI'('c~llI1pn n'(lfrom adesign,implementationandphilosophic a lpm'Spcct ill!,
IIIluldi l.iolltodc'sfI'il.illgnnd emllJmrillgt.he twosimulati on~tratcgil'Sdescribed 1IhOI'I',thisrupnrt,will al'!Odisrussthedl$ignmillimplemen ta tioniss uesasso ciated wnh[l1'll\'it li UIlthesimulntor('"~ill('SwithItgraphical userinterface. Sud1\11Interface runIll'IIst'!ltilla;\'o llt. nut! (:Olllll'l:ttill'simulation enti ties,observetheIIYIII\lnk~
or
l!l(' syslelllduring~iml1lali\l1landl,llll'1"\\-ariUHsrt11urls IlJlIlIlc'C'IllIlIt'litI IlUrlllt"sim- ulationfor vcritiratiouIII'\'t'ffu r11lallrc'C'\1Ilml1JUII. 1'h,'nhililrIn ull';!'l'\'c'tlll' ll~'mllllit' int eraction bctwren C:Ollll'tlflc'lllsmakc'S lhrsilll lllal llrallj,It';!ll ."11fliT1I11tIt'n'l1l1l.lilll:,
hcl u wiuUTUf{'1C'I l"'lltl\~' II~,;tC'IIlS"
Beforeprcenungtlrtailsnhnuillu 'tltosif!;11aurlillllll"lIl1'lIlll lilll1'Ifa,lisirilllllt,1 queuesimu lat or,tilis I'1mptp rwill!H'(l\'illl'a I-:c'ltl'ml O\"t'l"\'it·wufsil1llllalillH. TIll' needfursimulatorswill hi'uxplainre]aswill I lwJllIl, 'n lilllIITohlt'IllsI,ha llila,"ari."Il·
thr o ught.heirimpnuleruuse. Afh'rc1isc'Il~,illll;soUl"clilr"Il'1l1SiIllUI;ll iolllllll.I" ls, II fewprartleallist 'Sof silllulnl.o rswillhI' d.OSITilu'(!.
1.1 The Ne ed for Sim u latio n
Asimulatorisaeotlecuonuf hnnlwan -ulldS()ft Wll "'S~'slc'Il~~\\·I, ic'lIart-IISI'IllnUlillli.' III!'! boharlouroffi(IIlICc'ulil)'orl"lI'IlClliJMlun.'I)'/'it·a ll.\',tl,,·I·util,\"urplll'Uflllll'lllll1 beingsimulat edisrromtill'c1Olm,inofIIIl' bmp;iIJlc· r;lll~ill~fr om till! "1,,'mLiflllll(
inLC'grll.t~1rirclliOitohdm\"iollrIl( IIli~lllain'm ftdurin/.!; wi!"ll<ilu'('f"Sillllll;lt"rs1ll;ly al'iObe'1~~'(1toaualy ze'Mild\'('rifyt!l("(mofil'lll1l111lh-fSwhirllmuy111'l.fllI,IillklllLI"
graspfroma pUfl'lyconceptualIrl1~1.SuchflllI'Ill IlIN'Il U Il;,III!?,"fn NIl"xalll ilmlioll"f blnckllOlcs1.0tllCSlllflyorhilthlynbstrnct 1lI11f1I'isu r mllllllllIlLil'll.A.~slldl,SiUlttl;,I",r,~
provideII«ruci nlroll'illbothindustr ya1111ac:a clc'luia.
Despite thcillc:rcasillllTI~:fJ/.!;ll i tjUliIll'silliulal.clrslI,~uvluhle 111111Ul~:(:SSIII'}'],(~" lln'l l tool, onemusteonst un tlyhi!aWIIn~of till!Ill,I.I~lllililjlruIJlplIIs ,vllidlSim llllllursmuy Intro duce. NInuyIlftilt:Jlrohll!lllsml're-lutol1.11till!l'IIlI' lllllllli'1ll1111illlil.al.iUIIS"I'I'X-
isl.ill~hunlwarepl;l!Jo r lllshut am quicklylJeill~overrrnne us mnrc powerfu lplatforms iIIt! iUI,I'W)IICI!<!.tnherPWIJJI~lII S ,unfor-tunately ,areinherentwlthlnsimulatorsnile!
lUI!rr-lntedr.othe mlUp lexit.\'flJ';stldatedwil.hthoS}'S1tllllsbeingsimulated.This soc- l.iullhil(lilil;ht.s,.,..III I!'ofl.llt!maj or"llvH lltnl(~linddlsadvantuges POl;('()hy modern rlaysilllulato rs.
1.1.1 Advantagesof Simulation
{)111~ofrhnIlriulilrymlvHlll.llgl'S or Sillllilatlll'siJ';l!JILt theyarenblotuprovideusers with prlwtimlfl~~lhaekWIiI'1ld{'.~il(lIil1p;rcnlworldSrstr)!IlJ';.This allowsthe designer tnII!·tl'r lllirwUJ(~ C~II"rI'c:tIll~SandclJkielll:r of 11(lc)si!lllbefore the svseuisnctuallv 1:f!lIst rllrll~1. CUIIS(~ll leUl.l'y,tho usermayexploretlu~meritsof alternativerbigns withoutadultll)'physically Imildi lll(thes.\"l'trllls.Dr inveRtigntingthoeffectsolspc- rilir-dtosil(lIdl'd siuliSduri lllll.)II)dtosignphaseratherL111111the construction phase,the II' Nallt1151,ofhuildiup; tlu'systemdimlnisbrssip;lliliclIlll.ly.A~nuexample,couslder (III'Iksil!,l1andfubrkutlouofinteg ratedcircuits .Duringthedesignphase,
nc
de- sil(l1l'ris presented wit h amyriadofdecisionsregardingsuchthtugs as theplacement ufc:oIll IKflll'lI l.Sandl1wroutingofthoconoccilngwin'S.ItwouldbeveryCO.'itlyto mtlll\lIyrahrkatl~allof theputcntlaldesignsasamenusofcvaluati ngtheirrespecti ve pl'rfllrlllalll:c~.Throughtllf~liseofIIsimnlntnr,however,thcuser may lnvestigatethe 1'l'lal.iwsfltJt'riOlil.)"uf ,·a d ldt'sig nwithou tactually Iabricut.iugthccircuitsthemselves . II)'llIilllirkiligUlI'behaviouroft.h,~lIl's igns,thecircuitsi mulator is able toprovide tIll'd"sij;lll'rwithinforll l11 tiollpertainingtothecor rctucssandefficiencyofalterna te tllosip;ns.:\flt' rrlm,rlllly\\1'ighi n~tlwramificationsof eachdrslgri,thebestcircuitmaythctr hufabr lcuted.
AnotherIM'lll'fitursimulatorsis thnttilt""pl'l'lllil.s,I"sll'lllIho:;ij.\1It'fS111 Sllld,"II problematSl','erflldifferentlevels
or
ahsr rurtion, 13ynppn lBl'liill~nS,l'Sll'lIlHI u higherleveluf abstraet lon,till'dl'sigw'r isln-uernble InIl1h l c'rsl ;l1ldthe Ill'hn\'i nursbetter('qlliPIII'(1tocouutomcttin'(~lJlllph'xit.;'l·nfllU' IJwrnlls....sll'lll.This1'lIm p h'xil,\"
mnysimp ly overw helm rhoIlpsilllll' l' if tlil'pn lhh'rn111\(11)1'1'1) llll llrlmdu><!rW111;1It,\\~'r level.As t.hcdcsiguerbcuorundnrst.nudstill' opcrat.ionoitlu-Ili,L!;lll'f11'\'I'II'lllllplllll'IIIS t.hrenghthe IISC' ofthesimulator, t.ho1001N'Il'I'1'1('OlUplllll'lIl.silia,\'t.honhl'tlps iglll'd and subscquculy simulat edfur,'eriril:nliOlIundpnrfonnnncr-l'\'Hlllal.illl1 .Till '1'lIli n' system maybebuilt!lasedU[lOIlt.his "lop-clown" t,c'dllliqlll'.ThisapJll"oill'hisUnl'lI referredtoliSlJicJ"fm:/liculden mqlO.'Iiti lm[3 2]111111isI'SSt'III,iill itrnny,ll'sigll 1,111,111111 1 simulatorwhichdealswiththeellns t.r l1di ollofmmpll'xsys1.c' lI1s.ForI'xlI1IIp l",with respecttoeireuir.s.itisof tI' ll usefulto thinkofIIULir roP!"O('I~'iUl"illtl'flll Sor jls registers,urltlnuet.ic logic1I11il s,1I\11 11.i )l1(~xorsalldelJ ll t wlul l i l.s.ASilllllll,t,Wwhidl permitsthoconst.ruction,int.l~n:()lIIWdioli111111snllSNllIl'!ltsilrl' II:I1illll
I.r
Ihl'sl' Ili).\lwr levelenti t.iesislIIu chmomusefult.hnnn simu latorwidth Hillyll~1.sL111~dl'Siglll'rhnild andconnec tsimp lelogicgates.Working at ahi,l(Ill'1"l(!\'l'lahs t.nu'liIHi alsofadlil.llll'S mllid[!rotolypinf]Inwhlchpreliminarys,ysl.C!IIlSnredl~~iRJII~1quil:klyIi.!"llll'PUI"]IIl.'il' ofst udyingtbeIcusluilityandpraet.i t'alit),oft.1whi/l;h-ll~wldf'sigll.Third ly,stmulatcrscuube usodas Hudf('cl.iwlIWallS furl.l:lU~hiIiRIII'rll'lIIIlIlS1.ral.illg COIlCCIJt.~tostudent s, Thisixpnrtiuu lurlytr'u uursillllllaturstlll11.lImkl'ill1.I'Iliv.I~lrl. lISI' ofcomput c rgraphlcsendunimatiou.Suchsil llulal,on; dyrnuuirvrllyshow1.111' lx-huvhrnr andrelat.ioushipofallthesirnulntedsysu~m 's(;llIn[JOJ(l~1I1s,1.Iw rd lYprfJvilliJl,l(1.111'11,,1'1'
wi thnmeunlngfulundrrsta ndlugofthesysle m'suaillre ,Consideregain,forexample, 11dn:nitsimlilator .Bysli owiu~tll{:pal,llstak enhysiglllilsH..o.;input...arcconsu me d hy(:IJ1I1)HIJII:nL~andoulputs arcpro ducedover tlleirrespec tive fanout,the stu dent
1:1111uetuulfyS(~~what is ha p lHmi ngwithinthocircuitntulistherefor elrftwitha
het.ter1I1J(krslallrli ll~Iurth edynam icsofth eelrcuit .Such11simula t o rshouldnlso
!'(!rllliLSI,IIr1 I :IIL~toSIJl ~~llIp,slowdOWII,stoporewnrevers ea. ainmlationns1\IllCaI L~
ofajdi ll~umhrstandiug.This isparl.il:1I1nrly true whnn silllulating circuitswhich 11:ml,nillb'd llllCkloo ps ocother0llcra tiollswhich11l'Cnotimmcdillt{']yilJtuitil"~upon 1II1initlnlillVl~l igat ioll ,
Dllringthe!pros eni euonofther1()sigll andimplementatio nofthesimulatorin r.hlx rt'purf.,iI.will he
smwn
howtheabovepositive attribut e shlll'libeenorcallhe iJll:(Jqmm t.<~rlIHlt hilltilt' simulutnrengil iliandit~IlS1!r interfac e ,1.1.2 Disadva ntages of Simulati on
DC's pitl'tlwudvantagesof sinmlaslonpresentedabo ve,simu la tors,likemosttools, do IHm:theirdrawbuds.Manyof theseproblemscallheattrlbu cdtothecom- putruionallyiU1.cns iw procosstngreq uired by somesimulators. Asnconseque nce, th e1l'Slll ko;of11m simulationmay 1I0tbereadilyava ilableaft er
nc
simulation lias sturtcd- 11neventthatmay occurinstantanenuslyilltherealworldmay act ually rukeIUllirs1.0 mimi cin IIsimulatedeuvimnment.Thcdelaysmay be duetoanex- 1'('(~dill~lylarg('numberorentitiClibeingslmulatodordue tothecomplexinteract ions that.occurbetweenthe entitieswithintilesystembeing simulated.Conseque ntl y, th{$l~simulatorsaref(~tcicterl l1Ylimit edhard warepla t forms whichcannotmeet tilecompu tationaldemands of thesinmlato r, HOM' n ·r.l\.'lIllnn'\MI\\1.·rfulpialrurms111\1\
impro vedsirnulationtcchnlquesI)('("(lllll'nvailabh-,Lhi"!I'mhll,nisIM'nllllill~11'!>.'iIlra
OneoCtileWAYSofcomhatingtill'aroTCIlK'ul io lll'll nllll JlII'l ilyistn iul,r u th",'si m- plifyingassumptionsor1K'llrioili('lIintrrt.hesilllllllltl1fellll;in'·.\\'hil "this lc"imi,tllt, candra maticallyreducetill'simuladout.ilUf',itIIllly 1I1s.1/{iI, 'it s1lS!'r:;11fillS!' St'IISC' ofsecu ri ty reg a rdingthr.arcurm-ynftb.lsillllLla l.iulI«'SlIlls.I:llrI'X;IIII(lI."11l1lS;. lt'f acircuitsimula torwhichmakestill'sitllplifyiulI;l\~Il111Ilt.inlltha t.a\'Ilm'll~.passin/{
throughonewir e!duesnotIlIlve!fl'id ,vnffoctcurrentlIulI'illl(illnilIHUnl'l'lIl.wire.Silt'll nnussumptlonrunyindeedreducethetime M'<lllil'f'Clfur1.111'circuitsilllul n t.orInAI'Il- craterCS\lIL'l, Hce evc r ,iftheIlSI~rplacestwowin s uf al'in'lIit.t~)Odo s<'I.HII,I'I,llI' r during the design,the circuit,whenfallrirlll.t!t:1IIIl1yfailtil'J[le'flll~'mm ,, 'lly,h,,,I...
olectromageericInterference bctwrentl u-twn\\'irl'l'l,Ew-nth(lu~hl.lwliirllulll t illll!ll1I.\'
hint!shownnoanomaliesinII.dcsjgn,thecin:lIi tlimyl<itillhawIImvs. Ano t hermea nsofdealingwiththe colll\mta tiullRI(:tlllllllt'xityillt..l'II1II~)YlIw hierarchicalapProll.dltodrsigll and simu la tionso;L';tn1~'T1l1iltill'(I(o:;i~rll'rtlluj),'ra t l' atahigherleve lofdesign.How e ve r,th is tcd m icauc IIIlIyillt"" II!l'I' iL'l II\VllIlml,lc'llls as""el l. Byoperatingattoohigballahsl mctioll II'vd, theII('si/{lll~rlIlay 1.t'1I1\til oversimplifyorevenomitsomeof tirelo wer levelcHllil:i"ftIll:l'iystl~lU. Iftilt·II'vI'1 ofnbs rractlon istoohigh,themit may he:illlpos.>;ihlc,tu ueundlyIJilildI,ll c~IIt:Vil·f·
physlcallyuuc to theluckohllUiciclltlydctnil,~lill forllla1.iullwit !l11lt.11C:clr.~;;~IJ.Ac:1,ua l eoustr uc tlouoftim syst.emwillnut.Ileab lutilnc(:uruutil 1.111'Ilst:rpruvidc:slowll~vd information concerningthe syst e m'ssuhcomponuntx,Withnos!'I..:!.Iudn:uir.,1c'Si~/l andfabrication,workif;current lyongoing inthnfield"f.IlilimllmUIllill,r."[1111wl,id l
all~lIbl,!""1:1'111\'1'1'1.hiWl levelII~iWL'"0;cin:ui tsnud translatethemaccnmtely and l'frid l'nllyilltllI"w11·..,,1 .""i Jl; lIssuilah lC'furIah rication.
1.2 Class ification of Simulat ion Systems
1"'fIflillJ:UJlOIlIhl'Ih'J;m!
II r
rundonmessll~:illlf'dwith the lehavicnrofthesys tem illitssimlilatl'(lruvimmneru.FOf example,oons il!l'rIIsimulatedsystemconsistingo r
nSf'rips(Ifhankldh' ~who mustpmvidetmusnctionSl'Tvil;ffitoincomingcustomers.
'I'heII'lIJ:th oftiull'ruquir«!for a tellertilIll"OI:I!liSIIcustnmor'sunnsactiou1~llll ll(lt
uhulous.vsll'lIIIllilstill~ru(hwl'randombehaviourtosimulatethedurationofeach LfmlSlwlinu.Dllrin~till' analysisofa rea lworld1"1nkingsystemitmaybediscove red 111:l.t thl'titlll!""Iuin'llflJfa rrausacuon occursO'o"CfSOIlICwellknownprobllhilit,·
d~"'_ril"llilln.HI'fII'I'thl'duratiollofeachtransactionmayIX!genera tedfromthisdis- trib ut ion"Asimi!:lfsl l'llll'&)'ruay hradoptedforIhrrate atwhichcusto mersenter
~hank.Thmll~hiiII'illtrorluctionofthisraudomncsr....tberesultsofIIstmnlanou
IIUl.\·1U"...r IK' lhl' lllUlll'n~R!'Tf'\;OUSsimulation.Asys tere,suchas this OIlC,lhill n'lic'S ht'll\'i1yllJMln random!J"'ul\'iouris referredtoIl'iastochll8tic system123).The n'SIlIl,~J.,'f'I1l'r n t.NIfrolllllsllK:hll~li(~syst emnrctypicnllyanalyzedstatlstica llyin order 111ma k.. tundusil1l1stt'gardillgt11('behaviouroftile system.
CCIlI\'I'l'l:t~I~"addr~"fIIiui.~lif;eimulationsystmll illt:orll0l"lllrsabsolutely110 rnndom la-huvionrwhats oever.Assuch,thesimulationl<'liultllfor Rgivensetof iUIJllUlwill
al ll"H)'SIII'klonrlrnl,Simulationsinvo lvingcircuitbehaviourareexamplesofdeter -
millist.icsvstom».SUPIJlyillf(hi~h ~if(lIalsto bnthinputsofu:!-illlllliS.·\SI)~llt., willalwayspro du«.alowsij!;ll alOilIIU'~1\tl"~uiu.put,n'j.!;nl"(lll'~surwlu-n-till'~alt' islocated illrhodtCl1 i t.'~dl'Si~1lIlil'rarehyIll'wlu-nIiu-iuputxlin '1'1'l"l'i vl'dI,yIILl' gate,Intill' context ofcircuitsimuhninn.dl'h'rlllilli~lksim ulationIslI~I'dtilwril\ ' thatapnl't h:lIln r circui tdesignislIl'havin g;l,~('xlll'd('d WIt"11 till' elu-nlt.issup- pliedwitha givensrt,ofinputs,thecircuuIJrodlll'l'S11ll'I'XI'I'('ll'd11111I'llIs alllll' correct.time.Alt.houghthisrepor t willFoc-usprlmnrilyupondou-rtuluistirsi lllil ial iull system s, st ochasticsystemsranalsohesi ll1nlall '<lwlthIHOI!I 'SLllllldilil'ati o lls IIIth,' implnmcutntic n.
1.3 Simu lation Models
DuringthedClliglllllltlimp lcmeutn tinnofaslmulut.or,\'uti"l1~1,1'1'llll i'l liC'Snu t!Nt.l'lIl,I'- gil'Smayheudoptc dtomodelthl!IJl'havinllr ofa V;i\'l'lIsysl.t'llI,D"pl'ud ill!!..11'1111UIl' system tobeslmulrned,S01((11 tf'dllli(!lll'smnyIll'morefnVlJlll'HIJ It,Ihallot.lll'l"s.HU' I.III" I'i includ ingthele velolubstrnctionnne]thuc!t'si n"II\I:(!IIrIW,Vallll SIlC'I'llllfUll'Sillllll!lI.iIJll shouldhetaken intocons tderntionwhen(lc'Siglliu~11msillllllnllll'('Tll!;illl','Frudulun- ally,simu latorsarcdt'liigJl(~lllsi llgnitln-r(;rlllljll1wll,~Ill'dj,W! n:tl~- r ~1It:JlI[1'('llIli(!lIf'S1.0 simulatea givensystem ,
1.3.1 Con tinuous Simulat ion
Contin uoussim ulators{<IIurn(:harlll:teriz('(1bythl'I~XI.I'IlNi VI~1IS1~ufulllr.l ll~lIIulir::d formulaewhichdescribehowasiltllllat,l~d(:tI1l1I' OllC'lll.n~JlllndsWIIC!1lslllljl !('\.!~'!.o variouscondluons.Forexnmple,consider Hcircunrh~SI:ri 1JI'(Jattill!tnillsiSl.flJ'.r1OSiN-
torandf:apadl.fJrIl~vd.'1'111' behuvlnnr ofallthrso compnnents are wellunderstood
1:lJuUnllOllssiHlula lllr1I'IIIIIdapplythoseequntinusilltlmcontext of 1I1eCHIiIPOIU!lltS' I'llvirlU1IJIf'lIt andl:lullll~:r,i vit)'andprodur-eat1Jt1ti11l101lSgraphwhlehat1:lIratelyre- 1I1'f:lJihowUll~l:oIrlIMIIIl~lltswllulilrI'adiftheywereuctnal lyhookedIll'illrenlit.\'.
'Till'I:rapll.~usually rdJI'(:I,thl'l:IJllIlW~illthl' stat eofthes.y:;Lmllwithrespectto
"illll!;however,l,1IH:rn'lationshillsilia}'also IJI'l!1'11l011slrar,('dliSwell.Uniort.uuntely, till'nmt.hr-tuatk-a]11ltla1.iolls f'I1I]1l nyl'dby111~llli t illil Ol ISsimulatorrun makethe shu- 11J;II,iuli Vl:rycm Jlll UlJlti lllu l llyintensive,cspocially illIhe ])J"(!Sl'lI('CofthonsnndsIlf illtl'rr:llll l lc'I~J c'ddl'llll'nts,AsSIIl'h,crnuinuoussimulatorsIllay1)('slowmillarcCOIlSl!- quentlylm l}'usefulIVIIl'IIsimnhuiug1\mlatively smnllnurubnr ofcomponentswhich 1111'dl~l:ri I H1 1 IltIIInwIc~vl' lll rnbsf.ractkm.
I\Sall I'Xa11l1)1(,
fir
mntillUll\lSsimulatio n.considerIIdepletion1II0dl'transistor ad.i ll~liS" pull lip(or a(~lIlmcit i\'(~ ll~l(l[Ii'].Thesdwl1l1ttil:forsuchadovieeis pn'St,Jltl'dillFlgurol.l.TII(!tmusieutbehaviourofthe systemis governedbytile l'qllat~Jll1; ..Vj)[){l- r - I/(IIC,.)),Fi~1l1'l'1.1:I)I!pll't.illllModeTrnusismrPullingUpCapacitiveLOIIII
10
produ ct"IllI" graph~i\"f'nI~'Fir:urr1.2.
lim - - --- - - - - -::.:...:..:..:.- --
\;=Ii ,ll ( l-,'1/, 111',, )
1.3.2 Discrete-EventSimulat ion
Discre te-eventsimulation131]is IL>;('(l lnsilliUla ll'mWl' l lI ll' lIlsWllid llI11rJIl;,II., "I"' nl ll' I\tahigh erlevelo('l hslrndin lllimnellllljlnul'u b .si lllul lltA .I I~·t".mlirullllIS SiUlU!;,I . ,n<.
I\'h ichcausesthe SystCllllodum"n,itssllltrillSIIIIlI' WII)',Fllr")(illII l,It', ;,111'\\'0' \'1'111 lscreatedWI U'UC\'l' f1\simula ti on('lJlIIIKllll'/:lw' w'mlA 'S11111pili.. /\sun "'ss iUIiuftill'S!' eventsprovide allclk'dh~~c1Yllllmit:Illlll ldllf tl l(~syslt'I11IIl'iul!: Silll1ll11t,I..I. WlmlSI'I';I- rillesdiser ut o-o ventsimnlatioufrom(~lJlJ limlollssimula tiouistill'f:ll'ttlmltlll' l' \'/' lIls in n discrete....eventSi lllll rn l,nrrnuotl:urlIur.\'duriugIItli.~I,ilJl't1I11iloftinn-.turill).:
the simulati o n- CVI!lltSlin'lJOI,pl!rJllitl edtnfJlT urillIwl w' '''11!iUI!'units .Ilisrn-l r' eventsimulationisK(~nl!rnllyIllOWpopnlnrtha nl'fllltili UlItlSsillllliatioll 1""'fIlISl' itis
"
Fi~nrr1.3:SilJlplr Dil(it.llUl$lifCirt'llil
,,~(),
0, I,
Imsa,lc·Ja,\'ufmu'tilll" Huitttill' ahfl\'t'lu~krirenitwilll lnMlnn·tlLcoutputsW\'(!llill
CUlI\1'lItiUl1i1l1)',l\Clllillstruetnn-knownill'aglobnlevcrll. queueisusedto proc'l-"iS mKI IJ I;IIIi1~" IIll'"\"'11."amiWlll·ti\<lU·IUIIlIKJllr I1ISa...requireddllring thesilllulatitKl.
This "'IMlrl\\'i11lklllllllstrnll'auil'lprml'll' rcillliljlll'foreventmanagememillwhid l
illll,1('lIll' II' HliIl1l(IfSUi'l lIIqueuingsys'l' llI isdiscns!wdilldl't.1lilla lerill thisreport.
Mmll.f'Cr171f1shnulntionisrclan-dtcdiscrr-tc-eventsimulation.Mente Carlnshu- ulnlof"!;u.~1l1l1I,\'ll1l1kf'"xlt'lIsi \'r111'('flfrando mnumbergClwmlOf"!; ill orde r to si mulate tll,'tll's ;!"!'(1s,\..~I,t'lII,Ulllikt~ tlist~Wlc'-t!\'l.'lltsimulators,which arc oftenusedtomodel IF" r th,-Illltl'l lIlf'"fthl~"'UIIIlI,II',itil;m;'llllul~1Llu,tI,rior10the~illmilltiun,IK>l.hK'llt'llun-
~rll''f~ l i ll~iml""'r111illnll'nlltl'1I1s,Th,"!I'ilKll11'fllliwlll'ull t lJllt~nn'"1Jr<'lll'llt"tlillth,>'llagTlIIIlby Ih,'hori>'l>l11nld; ~,IK'Il lirK'lI ,
12
Fi/.!;UH'1..1:GraphRI'Pfl'S('t11i Il~Disnl' ll'Ilc'lmvillllt
l{l=LH= · . : : : : .
(), -- -JLJLU~
·
. . . . .. .
(), - - -- ~---run
· . . . . ._s-
.terns illwhidrprobability and nondoterminlsmplaysamnjurmil',;\ssuch, MUllll ' Carloslmnlutorsare commonly nsed1,01I10d l'1sl,(ldlilsl.il~SySI,I'IIlS. Tlll'l'l'Ia l.iulish il' betweenthe\,htl~,typesofsimulationsisIlispla,Yl'11 in Flp;nn' l.rl.
Hierarchicalsimulation,ulthnughlin!. a sim u latjulltYIIl!hyil.l'iIM,nmy Ill'llSI~lin conjunction witheontlnuousordiSl~ n!l.l!I!VI'Usillllllnl,urs1.1I ,~ i lll p r i f'y 1111~.~i ll lllllltio ll l>l"l'- CI~'i.'i.Hierarchic a l sim ulat io nis11pr()(~I~~Swheruhyhiv,IINnnlor1~lJlJIPlJIIC'llt:-;df'II'J.\Il11' behaviournlwSI'0Il,'iibiti ty1.(1it s tOlll!,osil,f'SIlIWlllllIHHlI'III,S.'1'111'Iliv,III'1"lr-w-l1~,mrjlIJ' uent s nrcrcsll olIsihl(![or activa t illl{thelrf('Sjll'divl'childI~OJrl rIIJllI'lIl sillIIIIll!lIll iup;flll scqucuecsoastomodel thecorrectbehuvinurofthl!sysuuu. As1lI1'lItiUlll'd l'a rlil'l", hil~flll'chicaldesignandsilllulationis0111'
o r
till! l.i'dlllitj1J('SIIst'il ItlI~ClJlI~wlthUII' complexity ussocinted with av;i\'cmsystetn.Lutereh'l]JI.f'l'swilldl'IIUJlI~I,ratl~howtlll'1.4 Abstraction Levels for Circuit Simulat ion
This reportl\'iIIll,'!'(~rihf'till'designandimplclIll'lItl\tiollofItdigitalcircuitsimulator.
CtollSt'l.IIII·lltl,\',thisstd iUIIwilloutlinesomeofrhoaspects relatedto the stmuteuon ofcin-nits,indllllillJ;:till'dilfetl'lli.le\'l'lsat whichcircuitsimulators may operate.
Cirt'nitsillluintiullprovklcs1\IIICIUlS ofmodellingItcircuit'sresponsetoagiven Sl'tof inpnts.Thesimulutcrumy generateIJ1I111her.srepresentingthevoltuge, present ruspPI'ilklIud,'s\IfLIn't·in~lIi t.litccrtalntimesorit11m)' geucrntewnvclcrmdingru llls tlmtshow till'drl'uil.'lloutput(I\'(,Tthe durationufthesimulation. Whatisnctunlly
producedasa result of the simulationis ImW'lyclt'I11'IIt!('ntupoutlu- all:-;lnu-tinn h'wl atwhichthecircuitwas deseribcduudsnh~('q1\l'lIl1,vsil1LUla l (~1.For (·xalll pl.'.ximulnt- lugIIcircuit.,1'':'('fillel!inIcrue,ortrunsisto rs0111(1('np;1t'iwrswillconventiUlIall,\'show how theseco mpo nentsilltl'rndat.III,'clr'rtrh-nlIll"mmlng1" \"'1,wlll'rc'asshuulutiuga circuitdoscrlbodill terms uf gates , !IiP-lIoll:;andn'giskr:t willl!PnwllSlr;\1t'lilt',li/!;ilal interactio n amongstthe('Olll]JOIU'lIls,
CireultsmayhI'des erlbeduud shuulntcd ats('\'I'nd1" \'I'ls ofahslrm'l i"u
I:!:,I.
This socuonwill des crib etIm' !'ma j or ahst.rad iollIc'\'c'ls,."1I'h ofwhir-hom'rc·lal.'dInlh,' shuulat.io u modelsdescribedabove. Th('SI~levels aredl'SI'l'illl'll1)1'101\'ill'll',It'I'of lncrcnsingabs traeuoulcvct.1.4.1 Circuit-leve lSimulators
Circuit- levelsimulators{'M} nreusedtnmUlldtlll'\ll'lla\'io lll"uf neln-nltalils10\\'l's l conceptuallevel.Thecircuit is deserlbedillterms of Iruusistors,wire'll,,'ap:ll'ilm s;lIl d res istorsandtheir tesll edi velntercouneetlviw.Cireuit-lewlslmulutors mnulpulun- extensive de ta ilrega rdingthelnteructlonofalltl lf~eompunentsillt,hl~I'ire:llit.;l11,11I1S!1 ta keiutcconsiderntionsuh llet ic'HsuchItSwin'resistunecaudl-;1~ )IJII'I.ril:11I'UI'.'lti('s of the subcomponents.Theendgoaldrc:llit.l(!vdxhuulutlouisI,uI'fl llJll n'VI'I',Vd(·1.aill'd anal ogwnvcforlllswhichnccu rutelymuddl.ll(~lx-hnviouruf
un-
t:in:lIit, ',~ .I.'vk(',~ill therea l world, COIISI!(IUlmt.ly,eoutinuousslmulatlou1.I'l:lmill lJ('Sarc' of!.I'1lIIS''l110 implemen t circuit-levelsimulators,Cire nit-levelshuulatlonaan ' typicallylu'r fllrllwc!inSPVNll ls!.aw':-;. DurinI',till' first stage, refer red to,~'itl(Jlk-e:r.lmdilm,stllt.kanalysis oftll!~dn:uitdl'Sl~ r i Jlr, i IlJJ
15
ispnrfurmed.Fromthisanalysis,informationregnrdillgthecircuit'sdevices, their n!Sjlf'l:ti vP aUrilJlltl'slIlIlltheirI1HHI ~:Li v il.yisolunlned.This iuformntionissubs u- quenrlyr:lIl1lhilll'dwithmoduli'SknownllS,1r.llicI:7II()(ld.~thatdescrlbothobehaviour ofI'adl ,11'vin ' IIlrItmuthematicnlkivel.IIIorder tomodeltheeireuir'sbehaviour,the siurulnlor1tI1i"~lLimnsuiVI'IIliysll!lllofdilfrm!lltiallineareqnatlouswhichisd('riw:f!
frotrlaHt.IH~illforlllllt.ioll liUPplil!1I10it during thenode-extmctkm"hIlSI:.
Ah.lIUll~11thismdhodgl~rU'ra[,r.svery accurate results,thetechniqueis vcrv com- pul,aUiluallyinwnsive.wsult.illginpoorsimulationspeed.As aresult,circuit- level simulationis Hsnall.vnutfl'ft"ihlpforlarge(1('SigHsmHIis therefore conuunnly lIM'1Ito sillmllll~~(lillyt.ln:nmst cr:timllillhregiollsof a givencircuit.
1.4.2 Logic-level Simulat ors
Logi"-!r'vl'lsimulators1I1.t.NlIpt turf!lllcllytho mllllnrtationllll),intcnslvenature
fir
dreuit-II'\'l'1simulators hyraisillj:\UI(:level ofabstractionto thedomainof switches uud111j:\il:I:IlIrt!ltt!U'Ul,S.lnstcndoflllau iplilatill~couthmous,analogdata,lo~ic-Ievd simulatorssimplyIU'()C~('SSlogic values; t.hatis, 0,JHUllX. Inudrlltlon,logil:-lrvd situ- ulntnrs truditfoually simplify1.11I'simulationprocesshyassnrntngthutthecounrcting wireshnverwgligihll'm"ist.lIl1ct!,
Lugic' h'\'I'1xhnnhuorsCUllbesubdividedinto two further cat ogorles,swildt-lcvel and!'tll,!-I(,l!I~1silllflilltrn'.~"IIIswltrh-levolsimulators,transisto rsarcpromotedtoole- nu-ntary switchesnmlvnry lillie uucnuouis giventotireintricncicsolothertransisto r a[l rihutl'l:. IJllriliglireslmulntlonitself,equationsgoverningthebehaviour ofthecir- ruitaregrt'lIt.1,rnpproxlmated,therebyillcwasillgthe speed atwhichthesimulator
operates.Thedet ailthatisill('\'ilnbl~'11):;1llS II n-sull(IfIhisal'p n );whisIInl lIsll:llly vital.
Gate-level stnmlators(91ClI'N nl l'lll~'f'tnhi~hl'rnllSlrm'li c'uIc·\1'1.l..t>,," 1....
· 1 ·'
I'in'ni l devicessuch as transist ors,nlj);wit o Nlindn-si.'itursan'\"I'\llnt"t'tlwit hII~kj.:;ahosslldlcomponents. Effrdive11s(~(IfI~il'gatt'SI", flilitrt·lati\1'I,\·hiv.h. lc·\"t'l.\tosi~n sIII I... 1';I1\- Ilydescribe dandsubsequentlysinurlatcd.BI~';\llsl'till'C"lIlll pnm'nl,san'illlTI'asil1~ly nbs trnct morecomplexsystemslllll)"hi'(h'siglU'dmillsiUIIL!at c,1.uIii"Kalc'1"\·1·1 rathe r thallattheswitd l It,VI'1. Tnulit.iunal p;nli,-I"\'I'lsimulators unillll'\"IIII·nl.l'Il usingdiserute-event silllu\atioll:assurh,thlsn·pol"l.\\'ill l'ri l1l nril~'fllc'us1l1"'Udrl'llils uC!lcrihcdet thegnl.rlev el.
Therehave1J('('11S('\1'fIllSIlC(~"flllllu~'m!,lstu1I1I'rKI'Nwik h· !I·V!·\ sillm1:II"n-willi sillmlalorsthat operateat thegate-leeolaudaI M )\·I~ ,tllt·n·byallnwillKtl",cl.osiKlwrII>
havethe flexibil ityandslK'l'f1ofhigh-le velsillmblttln-.I\'hill'iltllll'Slllll i 'tiun-\"I'l;lilliJIK SOllieortheaceurary 1\.'i.'i()(:ial('l"1withswitdl-!t'\1'1 sillmla tllrs. Sud. silllullitun; an' commonlyn'fl'rn'f'1In11."mu r.tl·"wtl..silllulalll""(8J,
1.4.3 Functiona l.and Be hav ioural-l ev el Sim u lators
Funetlonal- and behnviournl-levelth~wri"tillll Janj.\III1~I'S1111I1silllUllll.llI's[I I]rl'!'I'IOSI' lIl thehig hestlevelsorSilllUIIl1.iclll uvailuhletoI:in:lli l,fll'sil\lIc~l's. 'I'hl!s('Il:w lsI'IIHI,ll' dcslguc rstomodI!!clrcnltsillterms ofiul.c:nu:l,illj.\ah, t,l'lwt.1l1lil,S1.lllLt11Ia,Ynol.I'VI'IIIll' capableof fabricat ion.Assuch,dnsi~llI'rs 1If(~11111.lirnitl'fllJytlll~n'St ri(:I.I'f!1J1,lmvilull'
17
of Innduumntuldn:uitIlt ~vi{:I'S. IIIIIllllilioll,thl'Sl'levelsalsoprovidedesignersa viahlt!IIll'lUlS of qulrklyl!xpllJriug altematlvuswithouthl~C(J lIlil lgoverwhelmedwith tlll~im pa ctthatdcosill;lI111'I:isioIiSwouldhaveOilthe nircutt atlowerle vels.
FUlldi ulIal·li!velsirIlJJlat.or.sam ll;(!tH!rallydosr.l'totheactualhardwarercprcscn- tut.inn thanhohavlour-levcl simu lators.AllnllStrnt :tunlt in11 functional-levelsunu- latiollwouldll(~:t!pt.inputandproduceoutputjusttiki:
ns
enrr<-S]lmuliughardware compouent.However,utort'f11·xihilil.y ispr~rJllitl.('dwithrespecttolnrwtIll!input.is pnoslmwrll.utheunitandhowiti.s pmcosscd to produceoutpu t .For example, an aeldl'rut.!.Ill'j{lll.('-Il:vl'l mayt:ollsisl. of severalhalf-adderswhichadds to numbers by OPI!r.'lI.illg din 'c:tly ontheir hits ,The(!(I"ivIIII!ntfund.ional-lr.\'dunit,\\'Illlli1simp ly I,aketwo inl,I'g/'n;HlIIIaddthemllsillguruhmcuccons t ructs nvnllnblein thehardwareBdiaviu llral-h' vel simulatorsgo one levelhlghnrand JlI!rlllitdesigners tomodel ahsl,rat:t1:II(1 trolprocrssiugwhichlila)'nothel'l!alil.ah1c!ill hardware.TIll!purpose llftlll'srxitnnlatursis!ugivorhedesignerItgencmloverviewofthedesign and1.0 {':qll' rillU'lll,withhigh-levelaucrnauvcs.Theusefulness ofdesign toolsand simulators I.hal.operutoatthlslevelhas hl'f't1thosubjrdordebate duototheditfkllityin t.ralislatill)..!; sIWhhighII'\'{,Idesignsiutocom pnc t, high-performancecirc uits ,Howe ve r, advancesinsllieoneompilntionhave mndethe translationprocess eas ierand1II0rc l'ltidmll.IIIaddition,hi)..!;h level sim u la torsnrcstillusefulfor rapidprototyping,eve n
ir
(,III'Ih!si/-;II is nut. actually physleally fabricat ed .Rapidprototyping1\110\1'desig ne rs III slud.\·1-111'fl'asihilil,\'of ahlghleve ldesign beforeactuallydr.lviugint.othetedious, 10w-lr'\'I'1detnilssueh nsplucomontlind routing.Om' nf1,1ll'lJIlJ1'('popularla ngua geslor desc rthiug,simulatingand eventuallysyn- 18
thrsiaing circuitsnttlu-fnuclimmll\1It11"'!mvinuralll'wlis\'1I0!.ItiJlI}.
1.5 T he Purp ose of th is R ep o r t
Thesimulation l'1I1;i11(' pn 'l'l'IlII, 1illIhisn'l" 1I'1 pnwi ,lc'l' I'Xll 'us ihl,'~lIllpllrl[,'rani- riet)'ofcircuitscadi of whichIllI\ Yhet!c':'orrih,,1nttmr''f''1111t·1..t'I,~uflll~tnwljUlI,
Theclassstructureisparticu larlya1l11'lmhl,'Illwlln l~Ih,'~I',,'il ieatio ll
"r
hh.:.h-I,'wl Iunctionulblocksthutmilhi'rllsilyc!t'StTilJl,1ill(:'H lilt,11111':'11111-1"u,<;(,1IlS1111' basisforhardware simulationhy1,lwilllph ~ lII('t1t n t io ll ,h,:olt'rj l ll 'dlu-n-iu. ..\ IIst'l'-dl'lilWtl libraryconslstiugofIli,;h.undlow-levelWllI pUlI('IlI,1ieuuhI'(lP:;i~Il('(llllitlillll'':'1'I1 11'r\easilywiththe ecre library('OIllIlCltll'uls,Sube-quoutt'ilHplc'rsdist'liSIiullaIiIH~' h;
"r
thesimu lato rindetuil.TlLt'Sl!tll,tailsill dudt·illll'lt'm t'III11li,,"C~)l It'I'ruSwithn'!'iJlt ~'1 tothegrephlcaluserilllt'rfiln',theSilililh\tnr ''lIJ:;ill''"un'aswell ali thl'IIIl'i1l1S11)' whic hthesetwo majorIDIllIXlIU'lll'il:ll llllllllil ic'att ·wit hlill i'llllt.IIIl'r,19
Chapter 2
The Simulator User Interface
'1'111'illllli'.i\'('lU'S.';nne]rnhnsluc'ssof llwusc',int.crfm:c·llSl~1b.... 11 softwan'upplhntuur runslrnll~l.villthl" IIl~'t.ILI' prndlldh·it...oftill'p-oplouslugthaIupplk-atiou.This
!'IllIpll"rUfliS/OS(Ill11K',\(s il:;l1andlllM'mtiClIlufah'fllpllit"1l1userimnrfao- forIIdigitnl Silllllh,Wr1'IlJ,:;illl·.f)r·l.Itilswithn'SI>f't~t101111'dltN'1J1,l;ltf ofluamiimp!cllIc'Ullltioll hlllJ.:.mlJ;f'willnl<;(1hc·,l isrll...eeel nil'!jllslill,,1.IUltdditiull,soun-luuitationsolthc Gt.:I williII"ChOSl,;Ill'd:11111JllJll'lILial~ll lliiotlsloIIM'!'Cm;trirt ionswillI~1)fl'S('IIII'd.
2.1 Motivation
'1'1u-flln'uf1111-,liS('t!'t''' '>\'c'JlLSllllllllllnrengine tlN;(:ribt-c1in this paperWIlSpreviomd)' IllSi,LIlll'llalldillll,l"llll'lIt1'( llIspariof allHonoursprojeet.Despitethe{'lIJlllbiliticsor till' shuulatorcngim-,HIl'tmplemcntuuonwaslhultedfnll ll allenduser perspective.
(111l' urIll"biggc~t11I"(lhl(,1lI~or Ihe'huplomomntiou\\'Il~the1IS1'rilll('rrac'(~- nrrstber, til\'larklhl'TI'Ilf.Inonlerhllll'SC.~ril)('il(~lL lllit,till'llSl~r11IIcItodefinetileentirecircuit
lIS\\'1.'11liS 1111'ill\llll:lif.\lInl~illnC+'"soun-e 1lI(l1lu!I',Thecircuitdescription,inputs
andsilllllialo. engineitsrlfthenhadlulx' nllllllil.'li. lillkl'll:11..1""I'l'ult'l lill orrh-r todct t'tllliu t'tho0lltpll'"fromthl'r-ircuit.,TIlt'ullt p1l1fwmtl u'Silll11lal utl·ulIsl.'1h ..1 oftlmellt allllJ~'andsiftnalvalueswhkhwl're'llisl'l,I~,'t IIl'Xl n;\II ~'rnt lwrthnu ):,nll'hi- eally,Cons('qlll'lItl,Y, wri tiratio u of thl'!M'!mvinllr ..fIh,'!'in 'lIilWitSunt'n.lillil-1I1tmul tedlc us.Inaddit ion,IUI~'t1lHlIgl'SIIIIhl' <'ire'uildl'1\lTipliu llIlf illl'lli:.ip;n<lls,r''):,<lnl- lessofhowsmall,rrqutredm(Mlitit~ationmillsuhst'(llIl'lIl.n't'llIIp ilal.itlll..fIh.'snlln~
cod e.Nf'('tll<'SStoSil.\',this11't:llIli,l'u'fur
rtn-un
spt'dlkalillnnmlSilUU111liouS!'r;llIl sly compromis edh,',ht.he cvnluurionund ]mwlkulil)'uf1hI'simulutur t'll),),illt'it-e-H.111ordertogrt,aroundt.lll'St')lm bll'llls,11~rap li knl llsl'rilllt'l'flll't,[I!}l(01'ClUJ) , culled DigiTd,WIIS IIl'siguI'l11l1ll1implementerl fu rI,lll'Slllllllrtlnr "lll!;in,','1'111'1"'llt'lil"
or
suchanint.'rfllceliremuhifold. Firsl.!y, .hlC'l.u l llt'~ra pllil'alTt'pn'SI-l1lJ1liu tl .. fSllfl!1111interface,furth erin\'<'Sti~n tiollintoth.~fl'HsilJilit)"prlldin,li t,\'alld.UTltr.u',\·"ftill' sim ulator engilll'1}('('OIllI'Sl"ISII'r.Illst l"\l1uf\,'ri~vin~thl'11'liallilit.\, uftilt'sin mllll " r 11)'exam iningstf l' all L'Ioftl~ltl ualoutp ut.w1\wfut msruu II('~I 'III-mt l,1allilsl u<lil,l.
Secondly.iftheCUIis11.'Si~lIl,1allIlilllplt,ItlI'lIlt'll"lrn'l'lI,\',it. mil 1M'uSI't1liStilt, front endfor a1I1111titudeIICeirrult s;lIlllla lu nI,Thisfl'n tll l1'wllllldlIIi1kt,it siw lif.
kantlyeasiertocomparullw\", rfo rti llmt'·HIIII"allahililil'StiCa "It il'l)'IIfc1ilfl'r<'111 sim ulatorcnglnos.IIIordertnimpl ementthisfl'llltlrl',llllmc'n1uplill~127111(-1\\" '1111lf'
tionofcircu its I' llsi"rrur1III\'il'('r-nd1IS1'f'S,Ih'-ff'!JyltIllkilllJ;1111' siWlIla t,or1'J1~i lll'1J1l1I'f' llc·ccs.'iihle10IW(lph~whotrlll~'1101 Ill'Ianulinrwithrl 'lal,ivd,Y (-,'iol,l-ri, 'l'OlICI' pt,Ssuch 1\.'1scnreecode rmnpilntlon.Allinlllil.i", - GUIWIllllflrndlila ll'elmultsjll,:ilil,ltti" j(
anddesign,lumccinrr l!llsillgtheaeaclt'lIlielUlIlf~\'l'I1lmlustriulappli':llliull:'; lIftill' tiiullila t orclIginc.
2J
2.2 GU I Pla t form a n d Implem en t a tio n La ng uag e
Uliforl.llWlldy,llwf:h{Jil:f~HfII\'ill hll ~plil1formamiimplemontatlonlanguagefor filly
war"pllltJUrlll ll ll dilllph~IlWlltlltioll l11llglLlIgr~fortill!circuiteditorGUJseveralcriter ia, such as msl., availa bilityundlovelofsuppor t, weretaken intocousldnmtion.Thelist
theydo mpl'l'S('uLS(UIIC'of1.1u~ 1Il1)n~populnr opti onsnvnilablc.
2.2.1 GUIPla tform
I,;IIII.\:[2!J]WilS dUISl!1las theupe'rati ng s)'I\II'lI1/1llal.fo nliuponwhichthedrcuu editor wonhlIll'dt'\'I·JOpl'lI.UWIXis afm·I,\'distrihutublec101J(!oftheUNI.,\1operating s.vsl.c'l!IwhkhIta.slm' lIportc'!! toavaTic!.)' of hardwarearchitectur es .Tim oporati ug sysl.c'tr1olf"J1; stahilit..r,open-tevnlcpmcnt,SOUI1:Ccodeavailahility and a varietyof suilahlf's(lfI.war c!dl!vd oplllrnt. tools. Also,itrun son relntivelycheaphardware, Otherl'xI'c'I1I'lI 1.UNIX-li kl~(1!)l'l'IItillgsyst('llI,~,sin-hasfrecBSDandNct.BSD,P()SsC~
similarqualiflcutinnsandwerenlsn potential candidates,hutitWitsdecidedto go withLi/JUxdill!tofamilinrily with thls systemandaccompanying distributions.
As a rrsnltofthis dreisiou,ilwasdecidedthatthe circuit edit or CUIshould runonl.Ill'\\'illllll\\'ill~xyxtt-mmost prevalent011theUNIXplatf orm, namely,theX WindowSys1.l'lll~[211,Aslurk1\1111lclhaveit,XFr('('8G~isa fr;1Clynvnilubleamlrobust port!Iflhl:XWindow Sysl,l'lIItoPCImSI!!1UNIXs,\'stmns,Despite thedecisionto
IliN/XL_i\rt-p;isU'mllm<l"lllnrkofX/Op('JlCOUlJJIUl)', Ltd, 1X Wi",lu\\"Sysn-mis:Ilrml,'ulnrk uf X Consortimn, Inc.
~X"h.\~6isalnl,k'lllilt1(uf TIll' XFrI. il6Project,Inc.
22
useUNIXandXfor development,til l'chosen lmplcnu-ntnttou1;IIlj.i;mlJl;I'should[n- port a ble,the reby allowingtil('GUItnbeusedwithutlu-r\l1H'ralil1~s~'slc'msSIIOIlI,1 the n('('darlxo.
2.2.2 ImplementationLanguage
The chokeoflUIhnplnmontutioulall~l1aAl'issomewhntII'S."dC'lll'"III.TIII' lIIllsl obviouscont ende rwouldIll'C [HIillcnujnnr-fionwith1.111'SJi/llilwnr.\',1I11\\'C'\'I'l", itwasdeemedthat thislihrnry \\'l\Stun low-h"'c'lfor Tal' illapp]il'al inlldC'\'l'lol'"11'uL Anotherpossibility wastheuseofC++{28\ amI Llu-f'n~I'f'vluss lllunty. Whill'it.
is higher[nvol thnuXJibandshows~I'f'ill.prom isl·.it stilll'C'pl"l'SI'llls,nt.Iii"tinn-of writing,aworkillpro~ress;bonco,itspol.t'lIl.inlllsahi lil.,\'and sl,abil i l,yis'pu-Nl.iollahh'.
InterViews115],theforerunner ofFrI',"I'fJ, wasanother('llllSi,h'Tl'1!asnnut.ln-rpllssil,h' option; however,sll)ll'nr tforthisdas."librarylIlJJlI'Hrs10lim 'l'11l"'1l a],;IlHlnlll'flin favou r ofFresco.Finally,ascriplilll-\lal1,pmw~knownusTd/T k [:lI[IX[WlIS,'mlll a !.l'll nnd eventuallychosenas theclt'liin'flilllplc llu'lIl,a l,jo llla ll~Ulll!.l"
Tel(ToolCU1/lmtlllliLmllJ1IflfJf~ )isitsimplt'seript.ill/!;lall l!.llall;C'tim!.isIll'illl!.tI", volopcdbySun1\'lkrusysl,e/lls~ whichprovitll~~," lll' p lll'lfllfnllllll lll i ljll"llj.\l"allllllillj.\
conceptssuchas variahll'li,CUIII,wlflow,IJroC:I'c lllrc~IIlIfIi'ltrilll!,liial li liitlal,illll.'I'd snip !.scanbe used eitherliSasl.l\llll·alom~hlllll;lmlWorUwy mnyalsoIn'l'llI bl~dcll'flill Ccode, thereby interfacing with ('xis!.iul';lihra ril's andIf'lVll ~Ycwl,','l'k('/imll,"il)is;111 extension
or
Telwhichcnnhe usedforilJlJlh~l1ll'IlHllll;I-IflllJhil:lIII1St~rilll,l'l'fw:l'sfill'thl' asbuttons, list boxcs, ClU1Vll."I!Suudsl:l'Ollhars)whic: lleun ln-Cllillil-\llmdalld arrauW'f14SIII1Mil:rosystcmsislllrndell lilrk"rS llu:-'lkrosyS ll-lll,_,I",-_
inII.f1f~illlf~mannerto ImildII.robust GUI.
Adv3nt."1ges of Tcl/Tk
Oneflf1I1l!prilllnrylIdvnllt.ag'~IIfTd fTki.~thattill'sourcecode isfreelyava iluhle IlIIIIII'Inu-mrnfromSunMiM'OS)"!\WlOS.CoIl<;{'(}lIClltly, t1ICN!is noneedtodeal witllthe .eoncmle burden norIh"administrativeoverheulofpaying forthepackage inil.illllyalillpnyillg ligninforsullSl'(llIcntllpgrndr.!!and hug fixes. The authorofthe Ilar:kage,.lulm01lSll~rlrn1l1,has urlamantlys~lItedthatI,he Ttleorolind Tkextension willalwayshefrl'd yuvnllnble.lunddltlnu,neitherIkl'llsrsnorroyaltiesarcrequired whenIlis~r i ll1l1.illll:uppllcuriousbuiltwiththelangu:go.
By1lIl\kill~Ihl~SOllfl:er-odefreelyavailabl e,twootheradvant agesar ise. First, tll:\lfact that Td/Tk isfr(!I'hasundoubtedlycontr ibutedtoitswidespreadIISC.The T(~lrrknmllllllllityis~tirnatl~1to numberinthe lellllofthousands,thereforeprcvkl- illll;tl...11('\\'IISC'!'\Vith"Wl'1Il'l'ltahlishceI1l.'lCr-h..nsetofall hll.ck011for assist an ceand
~l1idallrr.ThisIL<;l'r-I»L'iCis('.asilyfI'./l.chcdviatheU5l'llr.lnewsgroup eeap.Laeg,tel. S.onMIII,fm~)'distrihulingrhosourcecod e Icad!itoope ndevelopmentofthepackage.
EmluSl'nIarc fn'Ctofix hugsandmakesuggestions andenhnncernentstctheexisting Telrom. '(1IC rxislrllCC'ofaclean,well-documented functionalinterfaceto theinter- lIltl llll'c·hani sl1\s(IfTclullIkl'S itrelativel y easy toextendTelloIncludefentu res which are('illll'rtoosluwurlintt1itldlysupported illTel, Ifthe extens ionsarcdecmol IIst'ful lll tho'I'drruumunity as nwhole.thent.!ll'se extensions maybeintegratedlnto
nil'
roreintill'nextrl'll'IIs('forthebeuofitofallusers.Prognuumingl\GU!ran heaveryarduousnuddcrunndlugchore.Tcl/ T khelps ma kr l.h('tnsk1'/lSil' rhy misingthe1""1'1of abstractionfortheprogrammer,thereby
makingtheimplement at ionofnserlnterfuccsI'a sil'r IIl1dIlllk\~.l'T.Grnphil'lllillh'rfal"C'S writtenusingTclfTkt~·pknll,·"'{lllin- siV;lIilkalltlyIl'SSt'l,,,lt,tha nallc't\lIim l"\lliu, tcrfaccwrittenillC.Telis rdll ti\1'[yril.'l)·to h-arnaru]prtl\"illt'S1II" l<tnfillt'(1'l11n,,'S onewouldexpect(milln genera l Imrpllst'I'nlV;riI11Llllill~lall~w').\l" SinwTclis;\11 interpretedscriptinglallgllllj1;e ,therei..noIIN'tlfnr 1lit',1"\'I'Inpl"In11.lllll'i\t'III""Mll'.
Thismakesrapid!lro to lYilillgmort'(l'lISihll'with Tdfl'k.
TclfTkwas origlnullyimplementedforllll'X Willllll\\'Sph'lIl:as a
n-sun.
il runs sunmlcssly1I11 c1(~r11 whle \'nril't.\"IlfUN' Xplat.(urrus,illd llllill~Urn/.,\:,..\1till' timeofwritin g,ports\\'(~Win\ll"\1l;rl 'i'lSt.tIol lU'!"\lop uhl !"'1Il,'ml.iUl/:1'1)'1'111'1111'1,111I·I"I'h.,·onabltngnil applicat ionwrittoulISill~TdfTkttlhi'rdll t.iI'f' I,\'11Urlllllh·;11']"11:-;'''a '·ilri,·I)' ofdi fferentarchitecturesnndopl'mUIi/!;s.\,sl.f'llIs.TIll'[mtr-utinl IlSf'r-lmsl'Ilf1'1111'11all applicationis,therefore,cillil~lerg«
Disad vant a ges
o r
TclfTkDespite thenumerousI\lh'nlltHh'T'Suf
Tdrn.
tllf'rt,an'Ills"nfl'WSl lllrll"1l lll i lL~"'If thelanguagewhichmustbehl b- nintoeUllsidc'mt illllwhenwriti\l~Sol'ripls, S"UII' ofthesepro blemsCAnI>r.u~rt'(l lIll'by;ulnpli/lj( clist°i" liw't'l"n~mllllllill~pr;lI"lkt'S, whileother.;may 1)1'eorreeu...1hy1':<11'll siflllPUl'IuI~t'S,IIllIII.\' of wllidl un-al~.fn ...·I.\"available.Thissection olllliuf'llmall}'ofthl'pull'l\lilllllmw hlwksIlfTdfTkillIIII' contextof the circuitI'ditoraUIimpll'lIIf'll1.atio llo
BecauseTels(:riptsnrcint,f'fl'f(·I.('diIlSI,I'UlI
"r
I'orupill'd ,I'XI't:ll li " nofrllt·~:r i l' ls willobviouslybeslowertlmnan t!q ni vall!lll.C nr CtIiIl1Illt·lIll'lll.alit m.1II'\\" 'I'I'f,ml theImplementationorthl~circui t{'(litorpl1.lj(I1.'!i.<;l...I,itwast!isc"1l\'t·n...lthl'n·IIWt·/lilly two situ at ionsill which spl'('t'lpIH}''t'1ilmnjurflll:lnr UII~I'xl.rm:l.itl/l l,f1I"llis L,11111125
mOVI'IJIt'ntoftnnlt.iplecircuitdl~rrH~llts,To alleviate theformerproblem,1\feat ure
k/HJII'IIasrl!jllII7IIi,:1Idfi~lidf:'llijir:fllifmWIlSlmplenrcutedfind isdiscussedillSec- titJII'l.rl.LTlil~sloww~srr!su)liIlJtfrom1.111' tauerproblemrouklhavebeencorrected b.vlliUVillJt nnly an'(:IIIIIA"lIlaruntlill(:r'lId{Jsill~11lf'clroultclementsbeillgIIm\'(!!I,hut 1.Ilisf"al,ur(!wasnot.yr'linrplememcdurthetilll!~of writing,Ofcuurse,theoption to rewriu-theseSill1\'O!)l'rlIt.iOl1SillCandhulklIInew Telinterpruter isalwl\~'spossible shulllelllll~fl(~~Iarise',
"\ III)I,h"rllUc,enli alprnhlomhils1,0 dowithIIII.'fact.thatthc sinmlator cngino\\'1\S nln-adywrinenill
ett
and1101,Tel.B~'adcptiugTd/ Tk <ISthelanguageforthe nUl,11'1'llltlsl1'Slalllish.'irJliwmeans oreonuuuuteatlonlJl't\\'f'r'l1llll~twodim~n!lltlm- pll'lIll't1l.11C.iOIllall~llagl'1isoI,hattheGUl('It11iufnrtnthe simulatorwhatcircuit to Silllllllll.l'111111,Ii(~liirllllliLl,urrnuldreport flu!shnulauonn~llltshack tothoCUI for!1l"l'l;('II!.aC,io llhit,lll!1'11rlllsr~r.Ahholl~htherean!ways oiembnddingTcI/T kwit hin
It(:1-1HPlllir::llilJll.ther1l'dsiOllWIISmadetokel'[Jtill'GUInndtbuslmulatcr1II0d-
ull'Sr1isrindIrum011('nnntlmratnliusund 1,0link themlo).(ethervinII bidirectional pip('.CUllllllllllir'H!iOIlbetween\.Ill'two moduleswouldthentukeplace usingitwell ddi nl'llprotoml. IIIuddltion10 solvillgtheinter-moduleconuuunlrutionproblem, Ihispll,l'sil'llls('para l ion ofabstractions encourages (Indeed,enforces)loosecoupling 1l('1'\'I~' 11tlll'CUI nudtilesimulatorcngiuo,therebyrcsnlrlng ill Il moref1m.:ihleami 1lI'c,IHlj!;()I lillimplnncntauon.The deta ilsofthisprotOCO\IIJ'(!described ill Chapte r5, Um-Hfthemore serious s!lurlfOllIiugsofTcl/Tkisthelack of arichsetofdatil
,~I [i/l~IJlll'i~'alsolls(~ll0providesuppon,forintegersandfloatingpoint numbersand
2fi
for lists 11Swell.Thel-ickofag-p;rl'p,att'datasln ll'lu rt':lim·t('llS\'S1111'"''I'dfor p;llIhal mrfnble,11Salllcans ofilllt'l'- ptot'l'dllral amilnn-r-suoduh-cuuutunlratinuillSIIII:1- tlonswhere proccdurnlpnnuuotersnre !luIpossibh-.This prubll'lIlis\'OIlLPlIllILI[.'I1 by the lackof nnurcspuceswhichrnnlit'riOllsl~' (~1l111protll isl' lml'lf l't'!.in'uunlulnrIII'·
sign, AllII result, Telscriptadunotsl'lIlI'VI'l'y \\1,11, IIUII'"I't'T,tlu-u- an'1l1'1',' ml possiblewo rkaroundsto theseInherent.pl'llhll'llls.III'11'(Il'I'Illfllll ll ll'llsal,'rill'till'lack of!HUlIl 'Spaces,II[JfefixillJ!,sdH'IIWW1ISdl'\'isl'tlfm lIrtn'"dllft'S;1\111I!,I1Ihal mriab h's which 11'011111reducethopotcntialfor dllsllt'sbetwrs-nvariabll'alllllll'(\('l'tllll'l'llallll'S ucross differentnnxluies .Also,saworalextension patkn p;I'S[or'I'd('xist.whkliIIlf,'1' better support.fordar.aahst,flld iollUTIlI,'tIIHlIll: ('dS('OpillP;,Ah,I'rWIU\,,'I,\'.llr~lll'i UIIIlS involving a richsetoftlal,1tst.l'l1l:lltr"smull!hi'WriUI!1l illCIIIltIlinkl'tlwiththl''I'd corelibrary.
Asmentioned eurtlcr,~1'\'I'ralfrt'I'I)'nvnllnblel'xll'IlSiollStu Td/Tk('xist.whis-h helptuovercome manyof theaI1(1V{~prnbll'llls.llowl!vl\r , Ill!',!t'l'isitlll WIlSl1Iwh'Hul tolISCthemduetotherelative\·olal.ilityofTd/TkIIHl'i l1~t.11I'1l1l11h'llll'nt,al,itlllof thecircuit ed ito rGUI. Duringthis tillll\Tkwas1lIIdt'rw)i ll~aurajurrI~\'isiHtlFnun 3.6to4.0,whichrende re dsctun ofthe'~XI' ~Il Si(J lJpa,~kagl ~snnusnbletill"t.tIt.11I'lll:llly backwardlucompatihle ehnngeslutroduoslIntot.lH' newvl'I'.~iol ufTk.Wltih'~CII 11I' oftheext ensionpackages bravelyk'\]Jt.IHU:f'wit.ht.IH~1lIlrtll'I'OilSdl1lllW~1.0I.lll'Trl/'l'k core,ot hereXlCllSiolll' 1Ickagi':lha vcadapt.ecl llJlJn~sluwly,1-1lJ\\'t!vl~r,ast.ll'''~'\pm:kaw's arcupgradedtoadoJ)!'thenew fca tlln 's uf Tk-l.n allcl bl!/:rJllII'trll)f( \mutnn-,alldill!'!.
maybemadetoreeva luat ean d]Jossililyn·illlpll'lIlf·nt1.1lf'Gill Ilsiul!;1Ill!'lIfUII'Sl' extension laugunges .
27
2.3 Overview of t he Simulat.or GU I
At 11mImlliulIiullofthischapter, t.he importance of theCUIwas emphusizedfrom the Pf!l':'il]('ttiv(~ofboththenoviceuserknming about digita l circ uitstotheexperienced user who llIaywish Inexplore r1iUcnmlovum-drivensimulat io ntecunlqncs .TheGUl llIuslthl1rf.fomIwf!l\.o;yto IIstl forboth1tI~\\·usersandexper t salike.
This secuonpnwidesa hlghloveldescrip tlonof tileCUIas seenbythe end user;it eensututesau abhwvial<!{]mer'smnnunl,whichdescribes howthe user Interactswith theCUII~Jlayolltlogiccircuits, specify thecin.11itinputs andgenerate simulation output.SUllielowerlevel delui):;IIfCalsopresented todescribe the implementation ofJ;lHIIl:oftill:loplevelinterface elements.Moreimplement a tion details,especially withrl~lwc ll.()internalrc p reentatlousareprcentod in Chapter 3.
TIll'simulato rGU[employs1-\\1)windows- thecircllitedi l of'windolJ!(alsoknown lL~till'wainwindow)lindthe.~i9naJdisplaywilldow.Toget her,thesetwowindows providetill'norrssuryfuner.ionality whichletsthe userconstructandsimulatedigita l r-in-uits.DothofthesewindowsarediscllsS(~1illfurtherdetailillthesubsequent SlIIJS('(:tilIIIS.
2.3.1 Circ uitEdit o r Window
The eircuit(!l!i1.or windowservrs asthe main windowof the entireapplic at ion.Using thef('a\.lI n~provided bythiswindow,tIleuser callcreat e, modify,S/lVC and load
~1l1.1..1('\'1'1circuit.diagrams.In ordertomakethecircuiteditor easytousc,the main windowallnptsn prescntntlonformatwhichhas beenadoptedby numerousotherGUI applications --itemploysapull-downmenu bar, toolbarandworkarcearranged as
28
showninFigu re2.1.U)·ueinga.GUl la.)lllltwhirhis nlmltl)·prt'\'llII'UIillhulust ry, IISCrswhohaveexperiencewithRmlll ilarillt('r(al"l'In)1J11tshulIllIIlud 1111't"in1lil!'t li tllr rela tivelyeasytousc.
Figure2.1:CircuitEdihlrWinduw
Pu llDawnMenu 10lcIIllBnr Wor karm li llilha f
. "rd-RSLotch. t
'~O
~----,
O'.--~
Thefollowin gsubsectio nsbrieflydescribethe11S11riIl IA!rral~l l11h~lUl·Il t.Swhkhr-um- prise the mainwindowdisplay.Inpa r til:lllnr,alluv(!rvimv willhi:[JllIvid l!lI ll'lI;llrd iul\
their purpose,usage and Implementation.
Pull-DownMenu
TII(~lml/. dm m l "WlllllIS1'rillt{'rfi\(~'(~nlllll(lIll'lItis ubiquitous illl'ofLlI'are applicutions Imlay.II.is(:lJllIpriSl~dof a rxrw of IIW/Ill buttons, calleda 1l1l'1I11har,alongtil l'top ofI.h(~rHsplnyl'adlofwhichisH....,llc:iatndwithIIpull.downmenu.Thepull-down 1l1(~lIlL(ur sll IHlU'IIU) isdisllhty(,([whentIll' userdirks t.b« !loftmos t mOllS{'hutto n 011 tlUltrumubuuun.TII(~IIS1'rrnuthen<IntI-:tlU!mnllSl~pointer 1.0theIhsin~doptionill L11l'pull-down tJU!1Il1uudreleasetIlt!1lI01 1 ~ebutton1.1'1act h~lt(!thefeature.
Pull-down!IIC'IIll Solf1'J' usnrsbothIamilinrity ami caseofuse.Asusersbecome 1l1:'1l1ainl.c'r! with 1.111'Ientun'sofferedh,Ytill'pull-downmenus,nccclcrntor keysmay
hI'IlSI~1illsl,I'lld of rhn nHllISI!tonl:1ivll l,(~submenuoptions.Theal:(~IHat.orkeyfor 11 given uplioll isindientedtot,lll'ril;"litof the npt iouluhelinthePllll.,[OWIImenu,In l\l!dil.iulI,t.I11~pull-downmenulIlayhea~ti"nt.~ll1sillgthe keyb oardbyprl~~ingthe Altk,'y(tJf(''lllj\'il1l~llt)and11l1'underline dletter of the menu buttonilltliemcuu hur.Thl' left 1lI1l!riAlll,arrowkl'Yswilltmvorscmljaec iltsubmenuswhilethelip lindduwnarrows run Ill't1S(>{1!,Oselect optionswithinthesubmenu.TIll!current illlpll'llll'lIl_alio li uf1,lll' (·in:llil.(',ditoroflors threepull-downmenu s:File,Debugg ing luulHelp.Byronvont.ion,l.Il1'Helpmenubuttonisdisplayedtothe rightoftheothe r 1ll1'lI l1 hIlUU !lii.
Thl!Filepull·downmenuCOIl~ist~of six opt ions,mos tofwhic harc relatedto the kuuliugandsavlng ofcircult,tles(:rilltiolls. The Newoptio n leI,Stheusercreate11Hew rin-uith.I'c'rasiugnnrcirenit currently beingeditedenthedisplay.TheOpen...option di.~p!a.rsadialogboxwhichletstheuse rrestor ea circuittbathallbee npmvlonsly Slll't'd. Tln-Save...feal nn' willSlI\'(!the circuitilln filepreviouslysclecttdhythe
user.The Ccnfigure..op t io ndisplay~11tli aln/ihexwhichll,t~IIll'Il~t'l'll"ldil\cetuiu aspects rC!il\rllillg:t.helooknnd1)('!l1winllroflin' GUI,TIll' "\H1!igurationtlial' l!-\box iii discussedindetailill Section2...1,Ftnallv.tILl'ExitoptiunIt'l'lllil1;11I'~Ihl'applh-athm.
TheDebuggingpull-do wlL1lIl'1\I1wasust'lllll'illlnril,I'lluringtlt'\'I'!0llllwlllunden- nbles theusertoobtaindetailsn-gardin v;:theilll.<'rllnl"lJlIlill.uratililtIlftilt'drcutt currenrlybeingconstructed.lufo rumtio n nWLnlilLg:tln-l'OIIIII'l'lil"ily nndtlu-r-in-uit dcscip uouitselfcanbeobtainedIll'illg()pl.iOll~pH'SPIII,illt.hismcnu,A[sll,t.hislIll'llll canbeusnlltldisplayhOlLlitlill 1l;hOXI~ofvnriousdn'uitdl'lIlt'1I1sill11U'worknn-n whichis1IS1!fulfor\'t'l'ifyillgthatoverlapd('1wlinllisII'llI'killJ,!;IWl"l'{'l.ly.
TileHelppu ll-downmenuprcs I'nll,\'r-ontains0111,1'OIWopf.iou,uilulI'l,\".About.,;
whidldis playsadialogbox fllilla illinp;thelUlllll'awlvcrstuuofthe-alllllir'atillll,III thefuture, thismenushou ldofferfullh.nJ(~Ttt'l\1.1II'Ip IIItil<' user.
TheoptionsoiforcdhyIln:pull-down1Il1'IIUan~S!mrSI'.upn'SI'Ilt.;hUI\'I'\'I'r,III'W optionscallhe made availabletot.11('lISl~1'rolutivclyl'IL~i1.1'thmughtill!IISI'uf ;1111111- downmonumodulewrit te llinTel/Tk,Det l\ilslh'S(~l'illi llp;S(lllll!uf1.llI!illlph'IIII'IIl;tlilJtl detailsaswellashowtoaddnewoptionsispl'l's(ml.l'flillChnllll'T:\.
Workarea
TIIt~most.dominantpnrtofthedl'l~lLit[!{li l.or windo wistill'1fI<II'k tll1 '1I.wh~~hishWill~'11 underthepull-d own menu. Thewo rkarenis1IH'T(~l.!;ilm wlu~l'I~till!ill1.I'I'IWI,ivl']aytrtl1 and placementofvariouscircuitcompenents nnrldl!lII(!lIl.st.ak('~pl;lf~l "TIlt! wnrknn-a curre nt lyprovid essupportfottlll~ plHl:e"lI~ll1.of(~lJIIlJJ(JllI!lltS,win's, wimpoillI.S,!;
6Wircpolnta serverorirl111rilylIS'''m rJlr..,wlridl1II11k" IwuliplilaliollfIr Iii""wIIHlirrt.s fIr win'S oasne
r o r
tlmcnduser.31
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