South-west Denm

Demography and Disease of theNestvedHeUigc\ndshus Collection;

an A.D.15th to 19th Century Cemetery Population of the 'HouseoftheHolySpirit'inSouth-westDenmark

by JeannetteF.Macey,6.5c.

Athesis submittedtothe Schoolof GraduateStudies inpartial fulfilmen tofthe requirements forthe degreeof

Mas terofArts

Department of Anthropology MemorialUniversityof Newfoundland

May 1996

St.John's Newfoundland

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ISBN 0-612·13924-7

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ABSTRA CT

Togetherwith archaeologicaland historical information,demographicand palaeopathologieal investigations canprovide valuableinsightsinto aspectsofthe health andsocialbackgroundoftheotherwisesilentmembersofa pastpopulation.The Helligandshus cemeterycollection fromNestvedistheonlyburialpopulationofits kind which has beenexcavated inDenmark.Punctioningasacharitablereligioushospital duringthelatemediaevaland post-reformationperiods,theHelligllndshusprovided charity,healthcare andburialsfor povertystrickenand unfortunatemembersofsociety.

Theburialcollection.consistingof328definedinterments.provides arareglimpseof the age andgenderstructureofthe facility'sclientele aswell asthediseases whichposcd threatstotheir health andwell-being.

Althoughrcpresenting j ustasector ofsociety, theI-Ielligandhusburial population iscomprisedofindividualsofallages,frominfancyto oldage.Childhoodmortality appearstohave been high and lifeexpectancyfor adults was just32.5 ycursonaverage.

A slightgender biasmayindicateagreater need forcharityamongfemales.

Disease wasnotanuncommonphenomenonandOVI:rhalfof theburial population had sufferedfrom oneormorepathological condition.In accordancewiththe social backgroundofthepopulation, diseases ofanoccupational, nutritional and infectiousnature were the mostcommon whiletrauma,congen italdisordersand neoplasticdiseases were few.Whilepoverty anddisease placedtheir demands on the individual, theneedfor charity and heathcare made itsdemandson the greatercharitablesocietyofNestved.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research beganas an opportunity to take partin an exchange program between Memorial UniversityofNewfoundland,Canada andthe Un iversity of Copenhag en,Denmark. Therearethu s many peoplewho deservethanks onbothsides of theAtlantic.

Firstly,on this side ofthe Altantic ,lwouldlike tothankDr.Priscilla Renouf and Dr.Sonja Ierk ic for offeringme the oJ.port unity toparticipate intheexchange and for assisting meintheplanning.Dr.Rereufhas alsolent her suppo rtincountlessways throughout andDr.jerktc deservesmanythanks for directingthe writingofthisthesis andforproviding suggestionsand guidance.Dr.ErikBrinch Petersen,Institutfor Arkreologi og Btnologi,andDr.Hart Hansen,Unlveraitets Antropologiske Laboratoriu m, Panum lnstituttet, were my contactsonthe otherside oftheAtlan ticand 'owe them bothmanythanksfor their assistanceinmakingthe exchangea reality.

For providingthefinancialassistance which madethisresearchpossible,my appreciationis extendedtotheInstitute of SocialandEconomicResearch at Memorial Universityof Newfoundland.

Wha tevermerit thisresearch attains,it is verymuch owing tothekindn ess, inspirationand enthusiasmofDr.Pia Bennike. Ishould not havelearned somuchfrom thecollectionnor ofthe relevant history haditnot been for Dr.Bennjke'shelp;forall of this Jamextremelygrateful.Pia'sint erest wasalsoinvaluable,inthat.through her involvement, thisresearch was suppleme ntedwith x-rays. suggestionsand manyinsight~.

I am thank fulto the Radiology Staffat FrederiksborgAmt. Sygehusfor taking the bone x-raysandto BirgitteSorensen forprovid ing dentalx-raysfor two interestingcases.

lowemanythanksto PalleBtrk Hansen,directoroftheNcastved Museum who wasincharge ofthe 1982excavation of the Helligandshuscemetery.Palle dida great deal ofch artingandmapping ofthe archaeologicalinformation fromtheexcavation.All of thisinformation as well as some very valuable historicalbackgrou ndinformatio nwas generously made available to me.Forthis and thehospi tality of Palleand hisfamlily,I amverythankful. For the fundinganddevelopm ent of photographs,the assistanceof the Neostvod Museumwasinvaluable andIexpressmyapprec iationforthatas well1IStime andtheexpe rt photographic developme ntwor kofjens Peter Olsen.

Cope nhagen would nothavebeennearlyas"wonderful" without thefriendship of those at thePanum Antropo logiskeLaborato riumandalRegensen. Thanksto"Tilia~

and "Kyst Defension s'rcrtryingto teachme some DanishwhetherIlikeditor notand forlotsof fun on theside.To Margie/Mallhew,Ken,Jim,Jarrett, CindyandGrant...

thanks for droppingovertoCopenhagentoremin dmethat,nomatt erhowfar away you may go,the CapeBret on crowd areneverfar behind.Iamalsograteful toKen forthe generousloan ofphotographic equipmen t whichwas aninvaluable aid tothis research.

Sincere thank sto areextended to Chris tianAdamscn whowent outof hisway to search for obscure articles onmy behalf, to putme intouch with people workingon related top icsandforcontinu ing tosendme inform ation overseas.Also toAage And ersen,Grete Jacobsen,LizTrabjerg, Dr.PeterBartlett andDr.Pau l Walsh,tomention a few,I amgratefulforhistorical and pa thological infor mation.

ToPeter Bruce forhismapping anddigitizingskills and Michael EI-Goha ry and John Wieks fortheirgreat help with alot oftedi oustasks,Iexpress myapp reciation.A warmandspecial thankstoRon andEthel,who arcwithoutadoubt theworld'sfinest neighbours,theembodiment of kindnessandcaring...ensu ringdaily thatI wouldnot devel op anyofthe nutritionaldeficiencies ofwhich Iam tospeak.Finally,thankstomy familyandfriends fortheirsupport and unders tanding andfor not mentioning the dreaded"T"wordatthe end ofalongday!

ListofFiguresandTables Figures:

Figure1.I:

Figure2.1:

Figure 2.2:

Figure 2.3:

Figure 2.4:

Figure2.5:

Figure5.1:

Figure 5.2:

Figure5.3:

Page HelligdndshusetExcavation and BurialPlot ...5 Location Map; DenmarkandScaniaca. AD1500 . . . ..9

Location Map;Town of Nestved. 10

Helligdndshuset SiteMap;Plan Viewofthe Excavation Fields. 17

Archaeolog icalComposite: 22

Schem aticPlan Viewof Burials 29

G·79; SchematicIllustrationofEnamelDefects (Linearand Pit).. 84 0-39 ;Schematic Illustration

or

G-8;Spondylolys isofL-5. 210

237 222 235

238 238 239 262 263 270 271 306

... 310

314 315 319.3 20

Explanationof Age Categories 68

CategoricalAge Compositionofthe G-Se ries . 69 Compos itionofthe Ske letal Po pulation 71 Metabo lic Conditions ... . ... . ... . ... 78 Metabolic Disease:Age andGender Distribution. 79 Vascular(Circulatory)Diso rders. . .. .. .. . 116 Vascular(Circulatory)Diso rders:Ageand GenderDistribution. 117 InflammatoryandInfec tio usConditions 133 Inflammatory andInfec tio usDisease:

Age and GenderDistribut ion. 134

Traumatic Conditions• .. 202

Traum atic Conditions:AgeandGenderDistributio n. 203

GrowthDisorders ... . 217

GrowthDisorder s: Age andGender Distributio n 218

CongenitalAnomaliesand Disorders 222

Conge nital/Deve lopmenta lDisorde rs:

Ageand GenderDistribution... Minor CongenitallDevelopmenta lDefects. Arthritis:VertebralArthritisand/orLocalisedPeripheral JointInvolvements .

Ve rtebralArthrit isandGeneralised PeripheralJoint (OJD)Combined.. ..

Arthritis:LocalizedJointInvolve ments . Arthritis: Age andGende r Distribution. . . Ne uro mechanicalConditionsand Deformities.. Ne uromecha nicalConditions:AgelindGender Distribution DentalConditions

DentalConditions:Age and GenderDistribution. Severityof DiseasesintheHelli gandshus Collection Age-Ge nder Breakdown oftheHelligdndshus G-Se ries.. LifeTableof theNestved Helligdndshus 81:300G-Series

Average Life Expectanc y by Gender .

The Presenceof Diseasein Relation toGender andAge. Table5.1.4a;

Table 5.I.4b;

Table5.I.5a;

Table 5.1.5b;

Table5.1.611;

Table~.1.6b:

Table 5.J.7.1b;

Table5.1.6c;

Table5.1.7.1a;

Tables:

Table 4.2.3a ; Table4.2.3b;

Table4.2.3c ; Table 5.l.Ia;

Table 5.J.I b;

Table 5.1.2a:

Table5.1.2b;

Tabb 5.1.3a;

Table5.1.3b;

Table 5.J.7.lc;

Table5.J.7.1d;

Table5.1.7 .2a;

Table5.1.7.2b;

Table5.1.8a;

Table5.1.8b;

Table6.1.2a;

Table6.2.la;

Table6.2.lb;

Table6.2.Jc: Table6.2.2a;

List of Plates

Plates: Page

Plate 65-1:0-65: DentalHypoplasia LinearandPitDefects 82 Plate229-1:0-229;Dental Hypoplasia Linear DefectswithSecondaryCaries . 83 Plate 116-1:0- I J6; DentalHypoplasia;Localised EnamelDefect 85 Plate52-I: 0-52; Dental HypoplasiawithSecondary Caries 88

Plate 251-1:0-251; Post-RachiticDeformities. 94

Plate251-2:0-251; X-rayofLegBones 94

Plate74-\ : 0-74; Post-RachiticDeformity oftheLowerLegBones . 97 Plate 74-2: 0-74; Post-RachiticDeformityof the Femur 97 Plutc 85-1: 0·85: Osteomalaciaand/orOsteoporosis. 101 Plate5-1: 0-5; Osteomalaciaand/or Osteoporosis. 101 Plate 85-2: 0-85; Anterlc-PosteriorBowing oftheFemur. 102

Plate99-1: 0-99; Scurvy;Dental Changes. 108

Plate 99-2: 0-99; Scurvy: Dental Changes.. 109

Plate99-3: 0-99; Scurvy;Post-CranialChanges lID

Plate 130· 1: 0-130:Possible Scurvy;DentalChanges 113 Plate15-1: 0-15: CribraOrbitalia:Healed or "T ruce" Condition(0). 121 Plate 72-1; 0-72; Cribra Orbitalia;Active Condition... 122 Plate 81-1; 0-81: Cribra Orbttalia: Severe Healed Condition. 122

Plate 8-1: 0-8; Osteochondritis Dtssccans 128

Plate 240-1:0-240; Circulatory;Avascular NecrosisoftheFemoralHead 130 Plate 53-I; 0-53; Periostitis:SurfaceMorphology ofInflammatoryBone 137 Plate79-1: 0-79; Periostitis;Bilateral!MultipleInvolvement ofLongBones . 139 Plate 252·1:0-252;Osteomyelitis;ChronicandSevere FocalInfection 143 Plate85-3: 0-85; Focal Osteomyelitis;Localized PyogenicInfection 144 Plate310-1:0-310; Osteomyelitis:Focal Infection. 145 Plate273-1:0-273;OssifyingPeriostitis/Osteomyelitis (?) 145 Plate 274-1: 0-274;Osteomyelitis; Non-specificPyogenicInfection 147 Plate 136-1:0-136: Congenital Syphilis;RadiographicFeatures .... 156 Plate136·2:0-136;CongenitalSyphilis:MultipleBoneInvolvement. 156 Plate136-3:0· 136;CongenitalSyphilis;Periosteal Cloaking 157 Plate 39-1: 0-39; venerealSyphilis: Cranio-FacialLesions. . 158 Plate 280-1:G-280;TreponemalInfection;MultipleBoneInvolvement 160 Plate280· 2:0-280: TreponemalInfection; FacialLesion ... 161 Plate 280-3:0· 280;Treponemal lnfection;RibLesion. . . .. . ... .... 162 Plate 280-4: 0-280;Treponema! Infection; Lesions Adjacent to aJoint 162 Plate186-1;0·186;Treponemallnfection; GummatousOsteoperiostitis 163 Plllle186-2;0- J86;Trepcnemal Infection; Gummatous Osteoperiostitis 163 Plate313-1;0-313;TreponemalInfection;MUltipleBoneInvolvement 165 Plate227-1:0-227;Treponema!Infection; MultipleBone Involvement !66 Plate227-2: 0-227;Treponema!Infection:PathologicalFracture 167 Plate170.1:0-170;Tuberculosis;Pott'r,DiseaseoftheSpine 174 Plate170.2:0-170;Tuberculosis;venebraland Rib Lesions 175 Plate177-1:G- I77;TUberculosis;Thoracic Lesions 117 Plate 177-2:0-177;Tuberculosis;Pleural Mass? . 178 Plate 194-1: 0-194; (a and b top andbottom)TuberculosisInfection? 179

Plates: Page

Plate16-2: 0~16; ActinomycosisInfection 187

Plate72-2: 0-72; Actinomycosis; RibLesions.. 189

Plate129~1:0-129;Actinomycosis;RibLesions. .... 190 Plate129-2:0-129:Actinomycosis; X-ray ofRibLesions 191 Plate129-3: 0-129;Actinomycosis; Rib Lesions... 191

Plate 72-3: 0-72; Actinomycosis; Rib Lesions. 192

Plate 72-4: 0-72: Actinomycosis;Post-Cranial Lesions. 193 Plate 72-5: 0~72; Actinomycosis;Dental Origin (1) 196 Plate129-4:0-129;Actinomycosis;DentalOrigin (7) 196 Plate149-1:0-149;Fracture:HealedRibFractures . .,.. .. 205 PlateII_I: 0- 11; Fracture; Clavicle Fracturewith Adjacent Complicalions. 207

Plate11~2: 0-11; Fracture:CallusBon e .•.. . 208

Plate 246-1:0-246:Fracture:IliacBlade 209

Plate 246-2:0-246;Fracture:CallusBone 209

Plate 8-2: 0-8; Spondylolysis;L5,... . . ... ... 210 Plate299~1:0-299;Spondylolysiswith SpinaBifida. 211 Plate 85-4: 0-85; PathologicalFracture;SecondarytoMetabolicBoneDisease 213 Plate 227-3:0-227; PathologicalFracture;Sccondaryto Treponemal Infection. 214 Plate145-1:0-145;Amputation;SecondaryInflammation 216 Plate 87-1:0-87; Congenital MetaphysealDysplasia. 224 Plate 87-2: 0-87; MetaphysealDysplasia;X-rayofthe Long Bones. 225 Plate130-2:0-130;BilateralSacralisation; Supernumerary L6 229 Plate299-2:0-299;Neutral ArchDefects. .. . . . .... .... 230 Plate299-3:0-299;Bifid SpinousProcess with MedialPscudoarticulution. 231 Plate270-1:0-270 :Congenital Malformationof the Hip Joint 232 Plate182-1:G-182;Arthritis;Osteophytosis andDJD 244

Plate91-1: G-91; verrebretOsrcophyrosta.. 246

Plate117~1:0-117; Ankylosing Spondylitis(7). ...,. 250 Plate 36-1: 0-36; Arthritis:LocalizedSevereDegeneration inaJoint . 256 Plate101-1:G~IO I; Arthritis:DegenerativeChanges ofthe HipJoint. 257 Plate85-5: 0-85; DJD of the Hip JointwithSecondaryContracture. 258 Plate80~I: 0-80; Localised Degeneration oftheHipJoint.. 259 Plate80· 2: 0-80; 90°contracture of theHip Joint 260

Plate273-2:G~273;ThoracicKypho-Scoliosis. 264

Plate109-1:0~109; Vertebral Wedging and Scoliosis .... 266

Plate85-6: 0-85; Post-ParalyticDeformities 267

Plate39-2: 0-39; DenialAbscess AccompaniedbyPeriodontalDisease 277 Plate11-3: 0-11; DenialAbscess,Toothloss and AlveolarResorption. 27K Plate72-6: 0-72; Denial Abscesswith LocalisedAlveolar Osteitis.. .,. . 279 Plate24·1: 0·24 ; DentalAttrition and PeriapicalDentalAbscess . 280 Plate129-5:0-129;Dental Attrition: MechanicalAbrasion. 282

Plate 24-2: 0-24; Dental Attrition:UnevenWear 283

Plate24-3: 0-24; DentalAttrition with Caries.Abscessing and Tooth Loss. 284 Plate 117-2:G-117;GeneralizedDentalAttrition... 285 Plate 5·2: 0-5; IntravitalToothloss and AlveolarResorption. 288 Plate12~ 1: 0-12; MildGeneralized Alveolar Regression.. 290

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Abstract.

Ack nowledge ments List ofFigu resandTab les List of Plates .

CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION

. .. . . ii ... ... ... ... iii .. . ... iv .vi

CHAPTE R 2:HISTORICALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA. 8

2.1Project Location:Development andGrowthoftheTown. 8 2.2HistoricalandArchaeological Background ofNzestved 12

2.3HclJig:1ndshuset Excavation... 16

2.4 Osteolog icalMaterialRecoveredbythe Excavation . 28

CHAPTER3:SOCIO·ECONOMICSETTING.. 33

3.1 The Char itableSociety. ... 33

3.2The Esta b lishmen t and Function ofHclliglind sh usciin Nresrvcd 34

3.3 Povertyand its Victims. 43

CHAPTE R4:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 51

4.1Data Collectio n.. 5I

4.1.1 Age Dctcnni nation . 52

4.1.2 Gende r Dete rmination. . 57

4.1.3Patholog icalDiagnoses. 62

4.2Dat aTreat ment.. 63

4.2.1TheRe searchSample. 63

4.2.2Dat abaseAnalysis. . . . ... . ... 65

4.2.3DemographicCompos ition; Age and Gender Breakdown. . 67

CHAPTER5:PALAEOPATHOLOGY .

5.1Pathologic alCa tegories. Descrip tionsandRelations hips..

5.1.1MetabolicDisorder s

5.1.1.1 Dent alHypoplasia ... ... 5.1.1.2 Condi t ionsof Redu cedQualily ofBone . 5.1.1.3Scurvy

5.1.2 Vascula r(Circu latory )Disorde rs..

5.1.2.IAnae mic Disorders 5. 1.2.2Localis ed Circula toryDisorde rs . 5.1.3 Inflammatory and InfectiousCondition s 5.1.3.1Non-SpecificInflammation andlor Infection 5.1.3.2Speci fic Inflammationandl orInfection

71 71 77 77

&9 106 114 ... liS 127 131 134 150

5.1,4Traumatic Conditions 5.1.4.1Primary Fractures . 5.1.4.2PathologicalFractures. 5.1.4.3 Other.... . 5.1.5 Acquired Disorders of Growth. 5.1.5.1 Neoplas ia .. . .. , .. 5,1.6 CongenitalDisordersof Growthand Development. 5.1.6.1Congenital Dysplasia

5.1.6.2 Loc alisedCongenital Defects . , . 5.1.7Neuro mechanicaland Degenera tiveDisorders 5.1.7.1Arthritis

5.1.7.2Neuromec hanical Deformities.. . 5.1.8DenialPathology

5.1.8.1 Carie s, 5.1.8.2Abscesstng ... 5,1.8.3Attrition 5.1.8,4Tooth Loss 5.1.8.4 PeriodontalConditions . CHAPTER 6:DISCUSSION... . .

6.1 Theoreti cal andMethodological Consideratio ns . 6.1.1 Consider at ion of Assumptions andMissin gData 6.1.2The Significance ofPalaeopathological Data 6.1.3 TheNature ofDiseasein theHclligandshusCollection. 6.2Demographic and PalaeopathologicalInterp retation..,.

6.2.1Demography ; Age Patterns,LifeExpectanc yandGender . 6.2.2 ThePresence of Disease;Age andGenderAssociations. CHAPTER7:CONCLUSION

7.1 Demography and Disease; Associations and Implications

LITERATURE CITED. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS APPENDICES•. .... . .

AppendixI-A:AgeDeterminationRecord..

Appendix I-B:Gender Determination Record Appendix II:DatabaseCodeDescripti onsfor PathologyTables

Page 20 1 203

. 212

215 217 218 220 223 226 236 239 261 268 272 276 281 285 288 293 293 295 300 304 308 309 318 333 333

34 1 354 355 356 358 360

CHAPTER 1:INTRO D UCTI ON

A skeletalpopulationprovidesa "wtndow"to thepastandtherebyan oppo rtunity 10 view someof the rangeofvariationoccurring inaparticu lar group of ind ividuals:the irages,theirgend er,andaspects oftheir morb idity and mortality.The absolute range or exten tofpossiblevariationin the living counterpar tof thecollectionmayonlybe asubjectforspeculation.Nonetheless, thedata providedby burial populationsis valid and itCOIn contributemuch in forma tionon past populations.

This researchisaninterp retation ofosteo logicaland pateeopath clogtcal datacollectedfromaninvestigation of 328 skeletons.Theskeletal materialwas excavated from a cemeteryoftheHtlligdlldslllls(House of theHoly Spirit)in Nestved.sou thwestSi~II::md,Denmark. Asthe first systematicstudy ofthese skeletal remainssincetheirexcavati onin1982,the intentof thestud y was two fold:1)to ga inan understa nd ingofthebasic demogra phy of the research populationand2) to focusthedata collectiononindicato rsof health andlor diseaseinthe popul ation , in lightof thefact that theHelligAndshus wasa charitab lecha pelhospit alwhichcatered almost exclus ively tothepoor.Therefore, aside fromestablishingademographicprofileforthepopulation,thestudywas aimedat describing andquantifying theoccurrenceofpathology in the!skelet al material.

Thereisno writtenhistory forNestved'sHelligAndshus noristhere any information from other HelligAndshuspopulations in Denmark.Tothis end,the Helligdndshus collectioncanbeviewedasuniqu e and the reforeable10provide informationwherelittleisknown of thehistory andsociety within thehosp itals 01such establishmentsin Denmark. Although the reisadistinct shortage 01 information on the activities and policies of the Helltgandshu s.the little knowledgethatisavailablehas provideda basislormaking some assumptions tofacilitate theinte rpre ta tion ofthepresent da ta.Inturn,theinterp retationof the data hils shedsome lightonto the Helligandehus and its residents.

Data compiledloreach skeletonincludedage,gender andpathological diagnosesaccord ingtoestablished diseasecategories .At theinterpretative stage, path ologicalind ications, namely skeletallesionsand anomalies,wereconsid ered interms01thei r represen tation of different diseaseprocesses.Thedisease processes were thenesslgned todiagn ostic categories.Finally, allinform ationwas ente red into adat abase (dBASE IV) catalogand then sortedon the basis01disease categories.Each category01diseaseisdiscu ssed separately in relationtothe manilestation01thediseaseprocessanditsdemographic associations within the researchpopulation .Casedescriptions arc provided for each category of disease to illustratethe manifestati onof the disease processin the individualas well as todem onstratetherange ofvariationoccurring withinthepopulat ion.

The final interpretationstage,afterprelimi narycorrespon dencesof disease occurrence were consid eredand discussedin relationtoage, gender and

associa ted disease processes, entailed aconsidera tionof the significanceofthe findings . Inparticula r,the presence of pathologicallesionswasconsidered in termsof its significanceas an indicatorofthe levelofhealt h in theindividua land within theresea rchpopul a tion as awhole. Atthis stageofinterpr et ation a numberof problemareashad tobe cons idered.

Severalproblemareas, apparentat the outset,certainlyshapedthe focus andscope ofthe ensuing investigation.Thuslit-tits were set as to the type of study and therelative degree of reliab ilityattainab lefor any conclusionsmade.

Two of the mostsignificantproblem areas inthis respectweretheconsiderable timespan,i.e.approximately400 yearsof interments, and theincompl ete and possibiybiasednature ofthe rescue excavation.Some of themany factors which required considerationin this studyincludedthe differentialpreservation of individualskeletonswithin the researc hcollection,the var iabilityinage and gende r determin ations,the ambiguityandlimitsofdiagnostic successon skeletal material especially when incomplete,and the represenuvttyof the burial populati on to_1living counterpart.

Therepr esentlvtty oftheresearch samplewas animportant factor to be considered,both in termsof its relations hip to the"entire" cemeteryandinterms ofits relations hiptothe "living"society and the time spanfromwhichit was derived .Inthe case of thecemetery,itis known that theresearchsample is only a port ionof thecemetery whichwas excavated from atrench going throu gh the graveya rd.Itis difficultto say whatpercentageofthetotalcemetery ispresent in

theexca vated samplesince theentireextentofthe cemeteryisnot known.Yet,it was impo rtant to consid er towhat degreethe researchsamplewas either representative or biased toward the greatercemeterypopul ation .Inorde rto investigatepossib le biasing within the excavationtrench.all palarod em ograph ic and palaeopathol ogi calinformation was plotted onaburialplanto dete rmine:f therewas anypossiblepatternin gonthebasis ofage, gende ror disease presence.

Ifclusteringofgra ves wasobserved , in relationtoanyof theafo rementioned factors,itwouldsuggesttha tburia lswere patternedinrelatio nto a givenfacto r within thegrave yard.From the burial plot (Fig.1.1),itappea rs that clusteringof age groups,gender groups or pathologicalskeletonsdoesnotoccu r. Hence,it is suggestedthatburialpattern ing was not practised in relationtothesefactorsand thus,for all intentsandpurposes,the excavated sample hasbeenconside redas arepresen tative sa mpleofthe entire cemetery.

Withrespectto the relationshipoftheHelli gAndshu s researchpopulation to otherpopula tionsofthetime,the issueofrepresentabtlitybecomesthat much more complex.Thisaspect ofthe investigation isdifficulttoresolve. Initially,the problems of dealingwith a time period of appro ximately 400 years ofcemetery use needed to be accommodated inorder 10 facilitate population-based interpretations.Interms ofsocietalrepresentation itis said that,at least during the Mid d leAges, villageburialpopula tionscanbeconside red represent ative of their livingpopulations;Ireg ren (1992) notesthatitwastheno rm forindivid uals tobeburied intheirhome parishesalongwith the ir ancestorsandfamilymembers

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Neverthele ss,this viewof burialpopulationsmustbeconsidered withcaution.

Current opinions on burialpopulations wouldsuggest,and quitelogically so,that burial populations can neverbe said tobe trulyrepresent ativeof a society as there isalmost unequivocallysome inherent bias (Ortnerand Putschar,1985;

Wood et.al., 1992). Such biases would obviously include religiousor parish affiliation bias,but also included maybe biases onthebasis ofwealth, povert y or dise ase.

Iregre n(1992)acknowled ges theexceptional biasesthat hosp italand monastery populations present to the idea ofcemetery versus societal represent ation .In thisresp ect,theHelligAndshu s population clearly fallsinto the category of excepti onalpopulation s.However, rather thanmirrorin g society in general.the Helllgs ndshus populationcan be seenasreflecting a sectorofsociety, i.e.namelythe poor or lower classof society thathasbeen associatedwith the fac ility. This is notto say thattheHelligAndshu s burial popu lation canbe con sideredan unequivocal represen tationof the lowerclass orof thetrue resident s andlife intheHelligAnd shus.Therearetoofew skeletonscovering loa longa timespan forit tobeconsideredQrepr esentati vepopulation . Nevertheless, inste ad ofcomparing this"special" population tothe norms of societyingeneral, it hasbeenilluminating to considerand to attempt toexplain itscontrasts.

Allof the aforementi oned considerations make it impossible toest ablish completecontrol overany one aspect of theresearch population, beit the time periodorthelifes tyleandsocial stratumassociated to those interred.Complete

certainty isnot,howev er, someth ing thathistory,archaeology orphysical anthropo logy has everclaimed.Therefore ,likemany studies beforethis and perhaps likemany of thosetofollow,this study is atest ofconside ra tions, assump tions an dproble ms.Keep ingall theseobstaclesbetweenthe bare fact sand thederi vedconclusion s inmind, thegoa lof this investig at ion istoprovid esome new ideas on the past residentsof the Helllgandshus.

Inshort, themai nfocus of this researchis todescribeth e pop u lation characte ris ticsof theHelltgandshus collectionand toattempttoplace these characte ristics inaso cialconte xt. Con s ideringthe hospitalfunctionof the Helhgandshus,the occurrence of pathologyinthe colle ct ion wasan intere sting andimp or tant area onwhich to focus. Therefo re,asidefrom age andgende r dete rminations,patholo gical investiga tio nbecameasign ificant foc usdue tothe prevalen ce ofgross morp hologicalbonech angesoccurring in thecollection . More than one third of Iheskeletalresear ch populatio nhad been affecte dbyone or morepathological cond ition.Durin g thecollectio nofdata , muchtime was spent examinin g each of the328skeletons forany observa blesignsof patholog y.AU pathologic al con d itions werenoted and, where ap propriat e,detailed descr ip tions were made .Thus,this researchfocuses on thedesc r iptionof thetypesof pa thologypresent in thepopulation.At theinte rpre tive stage,thesefind in gsare placedintothecontextua lsettinginorde r toestablisha betterunders tanding of the vital statistics, levelof health and possibleindications of lifestyleforthe Helligdnd shuspopulationin Neestved.

CHAPTER 2:HISTORICALANDARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA

2.1 Prolec t Location:Developmentand Growth of the Town

Thetown ofNestvedisloc a tedin thesouth-west ern par tof Sieel land, De nmark (Fig.2.1).It isthe presentday capita lof Sou thSjcelland andhas a populationof approximate ly45,000inhabitants.The townis situated on a moraine pla teaualongthe SusRive r approximately5 km from themouth of the Kar re be k Fjo r d.Duri ngVik ingtimes there we re two villages, LesserNeswedonthemore exposed west bank ofthe River SusandGreate r Ne stvedonthe eastbank.

Owing toits preferredshelteredlocation forharbourdevelopmentand itsready access tofres h water supp ly,GreaterNestvedbecamethe area of concent rated dev elopmen tthroughoutthe MiddleAges andbeyond (A ndersen,1987).Given itsnavigabl e riveraccess,itsprotec t ed har bouran dits dose proxim it ytotra ding townsinNorthernGerma ny,in particular the lownofLubeck,Nsestvedquick ly deve lopedinto aninfluen tialtradingcentreduringits ear lyhistory(ibid.).

With the establishment of a trad ingcentre and conseq uent urban developme ntcamethe op po rtunity for ecclesiasticalactivities. Theearly Middle Ages(mid-12th century) witnessedthe esta b lishmen tof aBenedicti n e monastery and its paris hchu rch in thecentre of themediae v al streetnet (Andersen, 1987).

While themonast e ry,SanktPedersKlosk r(Saint Peter'sMonastery) , eventually moved justoutsideof town, Le-emin g know nasthe'Skovkloster'·fores tmonastery or monastery inthe fores t,theparish churchof SanktPeder rem a ined in the

cen treof thetown.The growthof the town,from a pre-existi ngvillage com munity, islar g ely attributedto the establish mentan dinfluenceof the Benedictin emonasterycommunity(Andersen,1987),withthe parishchurch and anadjacent market placepro vidingth e nucleus forits development(Fig 2.2).

~De nmarkandScania

ca.

c~) /

:i2.~

i

Figure 2.1:LocationMap;Denmarkand Scania ca.AD 1500

In time,esthe town continued10grow, friaries ofthe twoMendica nt Orders wereestablis h ed,AroundA.D. 1270the Franciscanssettled tothe nort h

Figure 2.2:Location Map; Town of Nestved.Modifie dafter Andersen(l987:49~Thelate med iaeval street sareemphasiz edInblack.Known streets namesarelabelled;othersareeither unnamedor they cannotbelinkedtoexistingstreet names.TheHelligandshus landregistryblock 246Is shownwiththe existing HelligAnd sh u5inblack and the excavation lrench andfeatu res sha ded.

ofSank tPeelers Churc handthe Dominicanssettledonthesou theasternedgeof thetown.Both friarieswerelocatednear busythoroug h fares.

Inadditi o n10theestab lishment ofmon as teries andpa ris hchurch es,the religious com munity establis hed two chapel hosp itals.The first, Sankt jergensgeard,wasmentionedas earlyasA.D.1261,aro u ndthe sametimeasthe mendicant friarscame to Nestvcd(And ersen, 1987).Thishospitalandchapel comple x waslo cated justouts ideofthetowninAderu p.Itwas anexclusive hospita lfadlitydedicated10Sankf lurgen(51.George),thepatronsaintofleprosy suffere rsandused sole ly(ortheisolatio nandtreatmentofleprosypatients.

Thesecondchapelhospitalwases tablishedbythe Orderof the HolySpirit.

Thech ape l wasnamedVor Fmc Kirkt(theChurchofOur Lady)but togetherwith itsinfirmary itbecameknownasHclligtll1dsJlUS(Ct),(the)HouseoftheHolySpirit.

Thehospitalwas a cha ri table facililyloc a tedonRingstedgade,oneofthebusy thoroughfaresinthecentreof themediaevalto wn.The firstmention ofthe Helligande hus,inA.D.1398.wasjust50yearsaftertheoutbre a kof theBlack DeethinEurope .Theestablishme ntof the HelligAndshu s inthelate14th century aswellasotherrenova tio nand rebuildingprojects whichwerewere carried out in thelate 14th and early15thcen tury,ind icatethatNcestved recoveredquickly andcontinued to prosperevenafter the devastation of theBlackDe athin Denmar k(Andersen,19 8 7).

2.2Historical and Archaeological Background of Nlestved

ThenameNeuue d,mean ing 'clearin g' or 'felled forest', is oneof th e oldest townnames inDenmar k (Ande rsen, 1987).Tow n nameswith the suffix,"tved", arethoughttohave originatedatthe beginning of theMiddle Ages.However, urban settlement mayhave preceded theesta b lishme ntof thetown'sname (Ieppcscn ,1978).

Recent arch aeologicalwor kplaces the anti qu ityof settlementcontin uityin Nestvedwell befo rethebeginnin g of the MiddleAges. NestvedMuseu m's1991 excavationsin the southwestsectionof thetown, alongBrogade,have un covered layersthat dateback tothe Germanic Iron Age ca.A.D. 400.Wit h this evidence, Ne erved can now claimover 1500years of settlemen tcon tinuity up to thepresent (Orduna,1991).This isperhapsthelongest continuoussettlementspanof any townin Sj.:el1and(Schlerri ng, 1982).Altho ugh thisnewinformation does not push back thedat e for the beg inningof an urbansettlement in the town,itwou ldseem to confirmtheexistenceof a very stable hab itation baseprior tothe establish ment ofanurban centre.Itisbelievedthatthetowndevelop ed fromthe Vikingage village,cen tred west of where Sank tPeders Churchnow stands (Andersen .1987).

Thehistori cal backgroundofNestvedhasbeengreatly expa nded in recent years,prim arilydue to a govern mentprojectiniti atedforthe promotion of work onmediaeva larchaeologyin Danishtowns.Neestved wasoneof tentowns selected for study underthe project,ProjektMiddelalderbyen(the Mediaeval Town Project), lau nched by theDanish State ResearchCounci lfortheHuman it iesin

1977.The projectfollo wed fou r phases:1) registrationof archaeological, geological. carto g raphicand literary source materials; 2) coll a tion ofsource materials andfonnationofresearchquestio ns;3) archaeological excavationaimed atanswe ri ngsignificant researchquestions;and4)comp il a tionandinterp retation ofallinformationfor thepurposeofpublica tion.The fou r th phasewascompleted forNestv edinthepubli ca tion:Middtlalder bytn :NiESlvtd(Andersen,1987).

Priortothe discov e ry ofcultu rallayers datingback toca. A.D. 400.The MediaevalTownProject in Nestvedplacedsettlementcon tinuity back tothe 10th century (Andersen, 1987).Excavationsin the regionof the river crossingbet ween GreaterandLesserNasrv cd,sou th of Farvergade expose da10thcentury layer withtracesof blac ks mith activity andan overlying11th centuryla yer containing Balt icceramics (Sc hlerrl ng, 1982).Ukethe Genn anicIronAgecultural layers.

these 10thcenturylayers secure settlemen tcontinuityveryearlyoninthe history ofNestved.However,no ercheeo logkal indication of an urbansettlementcanbe de rivedfrom anyof the early cultural lay e rs.

Thelayersfromthe10th and Ilt h centuries arcsaid to represen t senlement based on agrarian produc tionrathertha n the urbanactiv it iesof tradeand craft (N ielsen,1982).Ho wever,the next cultural laye r.datingtothe12th century exh ibits signs01 both trad e andcr a ftsmans hip andis tak e n asthefirst evidence of an urba ncommunity inNestved (Schicrring, 1982;Andersen,1987).Historica l sources su pportthisfind in gand Necetvedis firstconsideredas a market to wn In A.D.1140(Olsen.1981; An dersen , 1987).

Among theelementsresponsible forth e growth of Neestvedarc:itslo ng- stan d ing andstable populationbase;itssheltered but navigableharbour;its strategic loca tionasa connecti onpointbetw eenNor th ern Europeandthe Baltic trade network and the establishmentofavery powerfulmonastery.As earl yas the 12thcen tu ry ther eis evid enceofeconom icand occupation al speci alizatio n ,in the form of metalforging,potterymanufacture and combmanufactu re.At the same time,the Ceihol tcchu rc hmust havese e ngreat potentialinthis populati on base, andthereforeestablished themonastery ofSankt Pedersduring the mid-12th century.The subsequentgrowth and prosperit yof thetownisgreatly attributed totheestabli s hment of the monastery (And ersen, 1987,Johansen andNiels en, 1988 ). Marketprivilege s were grantedtothe townand producti onand trademad e itaveryprosperousurban centre.

During the13thand14th cen turiesNeestved wasthe leadinghade centre otSjselland(JohansenandNie lsen,1988).Thesignificanceof itsrolein Baltictrade isnot questioned;it is ofte n cited thatNeesrved'sown separate column in LUbeck'spound-dutybooks attests to itspa stimpor tanceas atrading cen tre.

Ne s eved'e earlytrade statusWIISputon parwith Copenh agen,Sca niaand the who leof Denmark(Andersen,1987).By the endof the 14thcenturyNrostvedhad establisheda highlevel of economic prospe rity, butthiswas not tocontinue.

Perh aps asearly as the first halfofthe 15thcentury; whilethemonarchywas being firmlyestablishedIn Copenhagen,the 0resundregion(Fig. 2.1)became differentiallyfavouredand Neetved lost much ofitssignificanceasa trading

centre.TheNorth Germanto wns, whichhad beenchiefintemationaltrading partners with Nestved,began topass itby.AlthoughNaswed probably continuedto be an importan tcentre forlocal trade,the economic growth of the 13th and 14thcenturies werenotto continueinto the15thcenturyor beyond (Andersen,1987).

TheCatholic Churchwasaveryimportant force, during theto w n'searly history (Miche lsen,n.d.,Andersen,1987).In Iact,theabbotof Sankt Peders MonasteryessentiallyruledNeesvedduring the MiddleAges (Anderse n,1987 ).

Thereis moreevidenceofNeeswed'simportanceasearlyas thc13 th century (Michelsen,n.d.).Michelsen(n.d.:21observes that,"as a rule only one of the two mendicant friars[friaries]wererepresented in a provincial Da nish town.But in Nestved we findboth[the FranciscansorGreyfriarsandthe Dominicansor the Black fr iars]...".Anderse n(1987) assertsthat, in additiontotheBenedictines of SanktPeders Monastery,thepresence of thetwo men dican tordersby ca.A.D.

1270inNesrved,indic ates boththeexpectationsforgrowth an dprosperity and thepossibilitiesof the townand itsfuture. 1n addition,he adds,thepresenceof ,111 thr ee ordersandthe ir pursuantactivities mustha v e added greatlyto the developmentandprosperity of thetow n.

In additiontothe establishmentof the monasteries,two parishchurches andtwo hospitalchapelswere set up inNestv eddurin gthe Middle Ages.The earliest knownchurch is thatof SanktPe ders,wh ichwas alreadypresen tasearly asAD. 1135(Trap,1955).Rec ords alsoindica te that SenktPedcrsAb beyha d

plannedtobuild a monas terychurch,namelyVorTrueKirke(The Church of Our Lady), where the Monks could holdservices.However,Michelsen (n.d.:l) notes tha tinsteadoffollowi ngthrough onthe monasterychurch,theAbbeydecidedto erect a new parishchurch, ded icatedtoSt.Ma rtin(SanktMortens Kirke).Itis thoughtthat thischu rchexisted as farback asA.D.1200but itisnot mention ed byname until A.D.1292 (Trap,1955;Michelsen,n.d.,Andersen,1987).Lastly,two hospitalchapels,Sankt[e rgensgaard andHelllgendshuset, we re builtin the13th and14thcenturies (Andersen. 1987).Theseinstituti on swere essocletedwith cha rityand the care ofthesickand theymay be viewedas pa rt ofacommon trendwhichoccurredintheestablishedtowns ofMediaeval Europe.

2.3Hellidndshuset Excava tion

In 1982,two fieldtrencheshavingatotal area ofapproxi rnetely48metres by4met res wide weredugthroughthe cemeteryoftheHelligAndshu s aspart of a rescue exca vation.The excava tion waspre-plannedbut quickly carried out so that municipal works couldcomplete drainage operationsonalong stand ingand problemat ic wetareabehindthe ground sof theHelligAndshus.

The skeletal mi1terialforthis investigat ion was exca vatedfrom the two field tren ches andwithinthe eas t andwest limits of thecemetery walls(Fig.2.3).

Throughouttheperiod during which the cemeterywas used, theHelhgandshus functioned asacharitablefacilityfor thecareoforphans,theelderlyand others who were infirm and/or need y.Thepresent building housed both achapeland

a hosp italandreplaced an earlier15thcentury churchafteritlikely burne dca.

A.D.1510(ibid.).The siteofHelligandsbu seton Ringstedgad eis ina retaildistrict in thecentre ofthetown. TheHelligandshu s stillstandsand now functio nsas the tow n'smuseum.The cemeteryliestothe southandtothe eastofthebu ild ing (Fig.2.2andFig.2.3).

Figure2.3:HelligAndshusetSiteMap;PlanView ofthe 1982ExcavationField s.

Schematicillustrationof theoutlineand extentofthe excavationfields iIJ'Id sub-divisionswithinthe HelligMdshusgrounda/ cemctery.NumerousclO5('ly spacedand/or overlapp ing burlalswere excavatedfromthe darker shaded sub-divisions(A·FandK)withintheeast;mswest limitsof the ceme to.>ryinexcavationFicldsAandB.

Although little is knownof the detailed historyand function ofthe HelliglndshusinNeestved. archaeologicaland historical evidencesup po rts that the cemetery was usedbetweenca.A.D.1400andA.D. 1804 inconjunction with either theearly15th centurychu rch or the laterHelligand shu s chape l hospital.

The first mentionoftheHelltgand shu sappearsinawilldatedA.D. 1398wh ile thelas t burialisrecordedasJanuary 12th, 1804 (Trap,1955; Helllgand shu set e Burial Records A.D. 1796-1804,n.d.).

The 15th centurychurch.discoveredfor thefirsttimeduring the 1982 excavation ,was believed tohavebeenerectedon a previouslyusedreside ntial plotwhich had beengutted byfire at the endofthe14thcentury(Ha nse n,pers.

comm. 1992;Hansen,1984; Ander sen,1987).The period of usefor this chu rch is thought to exte ndfrom ca.A.D. 1390until ca. A.D.1510.Acoinda tedto A.D.

1380,whichwas found on levelwith thechurch foun dation, supp orts the earlies t date and a fire datedto ca. A.D. 1510,whichleft only the stonefoundationof the church,supportsthe latest date fortheuseofthe church (Hansen,1984and pers.comm.1992).Constructionof the morerecent churchand hospitalfacility begansoon afte r thefire in thenew and presentlocationjusttothe northofthe 15thcentury ruins(Hansen,pers.comm., 1992). Since theskeletalcollection directlyrelatesto theecclesiasticaloccup ationof this plot.thetimeperiod of concernisca.A.D.1390to A.D.1804.This occupa tion period will be thetemp oral focusof thefollowingdiscussion.

Findingsfrom the 1982Helligandsh usblock excavationoutlinealong period ofuse forthe property anda number ofdifferentoccupations. The entire excava tionwasplann ed alonga 63 metreline extendingfrom the street,Nygade, tothe middleofthe Helllgsndshu slan dregistry block, #246(Fig.2.2).Two field s, A andH,were opened; FieldA,in theHelllgandsh usyardand FieldH,southeas t of theyard (Fig.2.3).

Approxima tely48metresby4metresofground was openedbythe A and Bfieldexcavations.Thesetwofield trencheswere furthersubdividedinto a total of 14sub-fie lds, designated by lettersAthro ugh N.Wellover 150 differenl laye rs were id en tified , indudi ngvariouslycolouredandtextured soils,post holes, ditches,building foundationsandotherstructures(Hansen, 1984).

BetweenMarchandJuly,1982,cultural layers and feature construc tions were uncovered andlaterincorporatedinto a ninephaseexplanatoryscheme,as follows(Hansen,1984: p.l7) :

Phase Events/Features TimeFrame(A. D)

Phase 1; agricultura lperiod 1000-1100

Phase2; dra inageditch 1100-1150

Phase3; ashpits and heart hs

(residential lots) 1150-1250 Phase4; wellsand residen tial lo t? 1250-1350 Phase 5; ash pits,two roomdwelling

and houselo ts? 1350-1400

Phase6; chu rchwithgreves.d ratnege canal,and ho uselots? 1400-1450 Phase 7; wall near churchand

house lots? 1450-1500

Phase 8; churc hya rdand pavin gs. 1500-1600 Phase9; churc hyard, lane and

pavem ent. 1600-1700

Asdiscussed in Section 2.2,in relation toarcha eological research in Nestved, excavati ons inother areasofthetownhaveuncovered cultural layers which areequallyas old and/orolde r than those onthe site ofthepresen t Helh gandshus,bloc k #246 (Fig.2.2).Allofthisinfo rmatio n provides aframew ork for thehistory ofthe townand togeth er enablesanundersta ndingof the occu patio nal history andthe seque nce ofurbande velopm en ts that were to govern the socia l andeconomicbasisof thetownand itsworkings.

The sequenceofculturallayersuncovered at the site demonstratesthe changinguses of the land fromits agricu lturaluseinthe11th century(Fig. 2.4), the beginningsof itsresidential and craftsmen'soccupationin the laterpart ofthe 12thcentu ry,and its ecclesiastical occupationbythelate14th century. Resid ent ial and craftw ork occupationcontinu edon the site until the early 16th century, while ecclesias ticaloccupationbegan asearlyasthe late14th centuryon the southern part of the landbloc k,Finally.inthe firstdecade ofthe16th century , ecclesi astical occupatio nexpanded astheHelligsnd shus bough tout the residentialbuildings tothenort h andth usmaintained theentireblockfortheprovision ofcharityand sick carein itshospit al.The16th century hos pitalandchape lwereconvertedfrom theresidential!mercant ilehousingto thenorth, andburials continued tobe ad ded inthe adjacent cemetery tothe south.

Thus,followingtheagricultura loccupation,landuse on block #246 may be sum marised in termsof threemain occupationalperiods as follows:(alsoSL>eFig.

2.4,modified after Hansen,1982).

A) A.D.1200-1400;Phases2-5:Occupation byCraftsmen;house plots,hearths, work pns.Reside ntialhousingand workshoplots occupiedthe land where Helllgands husetnowstands to thenorth oftheexcavationtrench.

B) A.D.1400-1500;Phases 6-7:ResidentialandEcclesias tical Occu pation;Bothies (Bodcme) employed for residentialor retail workshopuseinthe northof the HelligAndshu sblock. Section Iwas stand ing from the previouscen turywhilesectionIIwasasequence of flatsbuilton to this st ructure duringthe15thcentury.

Ecclesi astical usewasconfinedto the south of theblockwhere the firstchurch of the Hellig3ndshus was builtca.AD.1390and burials were placedin itssurroundin g cemetery(Hansen,1984;Hansen, 1989).

CIA.D.1500-1800; Phase8-9:Ecclesiastical Occupation;byca.A.D.

1510thefirst churchhad burnt.TheHelligand shusthen bought the Bode m e complex,rebuilding and converting itinto aCh urch ofOur Ladyon the west cnd and atwo storybuilding whichbecamethe infirmary onthe castend (Trap,1955;Hansen,1981;Hansen,1989).

Figu re 2.4:

Archn ological Composit e:landUse, HelligWshu&et Block;

A.D. 1200-A.D.1800.

ModifiedafterHansen (l982).Ph a ses2 -5(a), 6- 7 (b)and g-10(c)are representedbythe ercbeeotog tcelJeetu res shownintheplanviewfor the period.Thechangin g U$t'of 'liellig1ndshU5et Blodl.-(land Jegistry bloc:k 1246Ii$iII~tra(ed . FoUowing agriculturaluse oftheland uptoA.D.

noo. la.n d UM'sh ifted 10 c:ombined residen tia land cn.rt ortrades ~ (a;

PhaSoe$ 2-5;A.D.1200· 14(0).ByA.D.1400, cccupattcnofthelandby craftsmenhad all but ceasedandecclesiastical occupatlo n hadbegun withthe conslructi o nand uscofthefirstChurchof

~:..._-.,.~~----....;...,;:----;~d~rai~~:~rq.

continued to!henorthof thischurch(b;Phases 6- 7;A.D.1400.1500 ).The lastsignific<ln t occupalioNlshiftprior10 thePl'I'5mtpublic (Museum)use oftheland (c:PhaHs8-10;A.D.1500 -l 800)u; w thel'ndof resid ent ia lusc and the sole ecclesiasticalusc.ThI!Sl!

la tter twoperiod sof eccrceresueet usc included L....l.. "'-" -_ _- 'theoccu pa tion ofthe land forthech u rch.hospital anrlcemcleryoftheHouse oftheHoly Spirit.

Htflig",",sll ustl.

Itis the latter two periods with whichthis investigationis concerned. The burials in thecemetery of the Helligandsbus block areall believedto have been dug duringtheseoccupationaJperiods.The majority of the burials were excavated froma soil layerdesignated as AC, kirkrgdrdsjord(cemeterysoil).One exception includedgraveG-135which was excavated from layer AY, described as a grey- brown sandy soil grave fill. This gravewas differentthan theothersinthat the few bonespresent fromth elower vertebrae down were oriented roughly north- south while in all other cases the grave orientationwas more orless east-west, or northwest -southeastand parallelto the church orientations.There is no indication of anearlierorlater thanaverage date forthis grave.The only deviationfrom the norm is in the orientation of the grave and thereis no dear explanationfor this grave orientation.

Dating the individual graves isprob lematic at best. Although,several consid erationshave been made to this end, none of the datingpossibilitieshas been successful in providing a reliablecomprehensivedating scheme for different periods of the cemetery'suse. Thein itialhope was that graves could be dated or atleas t correlated to either the early 15thcentury church or to the more recent, and presentlystanding,building of the Helllgandshus .The premise for this possibilityis the beliefthat churcheswere commonlybuilt on an east-westtrend and burialswereoriented accordingly,parallelto the church.This premisewas indeed anapparent and Wides preadpractice duringthe periodcoveredbyboth churches (Hanse n,1984;Hansen pers.comm.,1992), Theinterestingfinding isthat

the firstchurc hwas oriented strictlyeast-west, butsincethe second church was a renovation ofthe previousBodemecomp lex,itis orie ntedperpendicularto the street,Rlngstedgede,and thus slightlyoff the east-west axis.tothe northwest - southeast.Itwas proposedthatthe difference in the orienta tionof the two churchesmayprovide a basis forrelative datingby correlatingbu rial orie ntatio n to one or the otherchurch orientation and its known periodof use (Hansen,1984).

The second me thod, usedin concertwith the above, as supportive evidence,concerns gravedepth. As logic would dictate, thedeepestgravesshould bethe oldestgraves. This logicfollows that as the oldestgraves settleddown throughtime, as soil accumulatedand asthe cemetery becamefilled, laterbur ials wouldbeplaced aboveolder interments andthe most recentin terments would bethemost shallow.Thus,a deep gravewith a strict east-westorientationwould be expected to correlateto the olde r, 15th centurychu rchandlikewisemore shallowgraveswhich are oriented northwes t-southeastwouldbeexpectedto correlate to thepresentHelhgandshuswhich hasthe same axis of orientation.

However,theproblemisthat, although there are differences in theorienta tionand depth of the graves,the re isno unequivocalcorrela tionbetweendepthand orientatio n. Infad, for a periodof 400 years,the reisatotal depth differenceof just 60 em betweenthe deepest graveand the most sha llow.Taking into account such factorsasthenaturaltopographyofIhe cemetery and the difficultyof establishinga standardgrave depth for a giventime periodconsideringseasonal, soilandindivid ua lvariationsin digging..the difference in gravedepth has little

meaning. Similarly, there is ;'0 strict dichotomy of grave orientations,but instead arange of grave orientations that vary fromslightly southwest-northeast,through east-west tonorth west-sou theast, with onefalling almostnorth-south.

Studies completed on a numberof Scand inavia ngraveyardshave led to the conclusionthat commonlayer stratigraphy cannotnormally be used on the majority of graveyards (Kieffer-Olsen, 1990 and 1992¹). Alternatively, stratigraphical inte rrelationships, i.e. cross-cutting relationships,betweenthe graveshavebeen the basic dating tool. Thishas not been satisfactorily completed for theHelligAndhuscollectionanditmay not be possible due to the disturbed statusof many graves, thepossible lack of a conti nuousstratigraphicsequence for throughout the cemetery and/or any otherambiguity with respect to stratigraphic interrelationships. In any event, this is a possiblearea for investigationbutsince itwas beyond the scope ofthe present research endeavour, itwasnot fully investigated atthe time ofthestudy.

There are a few cases where datinghas been secured forindividua lgraves.

A number of coinswere recovered during the excavation.Fourof these coins were foundinthe AC, cemetery soil, layer and these provide a date rangeof A.D.

IAnunpublished transcr iptofJakob Kieffer-Olsen's(1992)pafl('r which was presented atthe Conferenceon Medieval Archaeology inEurope: September21-24, 1992 ...t the University of York.

England provided a discussionof cemeterystratigraphyand burial customs in Medieval Denmark.

Articlesfrom thisconference are to be found in several volumes published by:Medieval Europe 1992,tPavement, York YOI2NA, England. Kieffer-Olsenhas presented evidence for the dating of gravesonthe basis of ann placement typology;ho weve r, as his findings areconcernedonly wilhthe Medieval period, hehas expressed to the author during personalcommu nicationin October,1992that this method has not beenproven for the post-Medievalperiod. Hence,the methodre not applicableto theNeestvedcollectionsince no clear separation of Medieval and post- Medtevalgraves can be made.

1699-1766,whichfallsintothehistorically knownperiodofuse(Hansen.1984).

Inaddition, anA.D.1524coinwithtextileattachedtobothsurfaces.wasfound indirect relation toindividualG-53and an A.D.1563shillingwassifted from the gravefillof G-240.Theoneanomalous datefrom acoin relatestothesimilarl y anomalous north-southorientedgrave. G-135.This coinwas alsosiftedfromthe gravefillanditdatestoA.D.1259~1286.whichisbefore the timeofknown cemetery use (Hansen,1984).How directlythis coin relates tothe individu al,l.e.

whether it may beerratic,is not known.Sinceallother historicaland archaeologicalevidence indicatethat A.D.1390istheearliestdatefor cemetery use,thiscoin maybelittlemorethananisolatedandaberrant find.Therefore, asidefroma very few graves where a date is indicated,absolute dating of singulargravesIsalmostcertainly impossiblefromstratigraphic data aloneand relative dating ofsingle graves orgrave groupsisnotreliableforthe purpose of thefollowingpelaeoeptdemiologtcelcons ideration of diseasein thecollection.

Therefore,the cemetery andits individual remains will be considered as a whole inthisreport.

A final discussionon the subject ofthe excav ation isnecessaryto consider howcemeteryconditions and burialpracticesmay haveaffectedthequalityofthe skeletaldata which wascollectedandin terpreted.Thefactthatthe entire cemetery wasnotexcavatedandthefullextentofitssizeis notknown mayhave resulted in a biased skeletalsample.Since theexcavationwasarescueoperation theintentwas nottoexcavate all graves buttoclearanareaformunicipalworks.

A numberof graveswere cut by the profile wallsand it wasclearthat the cemeterycontinuedinto theseundisturbedwalls.ltis believed, byexcava tor and museumdirector,PaUeBirkHansen,thatthe north west andeastlimitsofthe cemetery were definedbythesouthwallofthe HelligAndshu s,the east side of Ringstedgadeand thewest side ofthe17thcentury cobblestreet respectively (Hansenpers.comm.,1992).Itis thesouthernextent of thecemete rythat isnot knownfor certain(ibid.).In anyevent,it mustbeunderstoodthat theskeletal collectionis buta sampleof thetotal cemetery.

Thereare severalwaysinwhichthis'sampling'of thecemeterymayhave affected the representivity of the datacollected.Theseaffects couldconceivably includethefollowingbiases:agegroup,gender,disease affiliation,statusorsocio- economic group,and temporalassociation,amongothe rs.Themainreasonfor biasdue to samplingofthe cemeteryis historic culturalpatterning ofinterments.

Areasofearlymediaevaland to alesserextent later mediaevalcemeteries oflen have specific usepatterningsuchasfemaleareas,children'sareas orstatus areas.

Although,Kieffer-Olsen(1992)notesthat gende rsegregation wascommon practice in earlymediaevalDenmark,itwasabandonedby the mid to end ofthe 14th century.However, since the earliestuseoftheHelligAndshus inNeestved post-dates Ih ispractice,it is notsurprisingthatacorrelationof all physical anthropo logicaldata totheburiallocationsforeachind ividual docsnotindicate any patterningon thebasisofgender,age grouporthepresence ofinfectiousor other disease stales(Fig.1.1).The determinationof whetherpatterning occursin

relationto other factors such as socio-economicgroup or time periodisnot possible fromthe phys ical evidence, yetsince Helligan dshu sis well known asa pauper'scemetery wemay essentially ruleoutall but the lowe rsocio-economic class inth is cemeteryand,thus,anystatus biases inburial patterning.

Theremaining possibility forburial pattern ing to be considered hereis tha t oftempor alpatterning.Thereis apossibilitythat a tempora l biasmay existinthe sample; Kieffer-Ol sen(1992) notesthatthe oldestgraveswereoftenplacedaroun d the church andthe cemetery then grewin acentrifug al manner.Hansen (1984and pers. cornm.,1992)has expressed histhough tsconcerning a roughpatterning differential in relationtothetwo churches. Thisproblemhasbeen discussed in det ail abovein relati onto E-W burial orienta tions.The onlyconclusionfor dealing with thisunresolved problemistoconsider thatallgravesbelongto a four hundredyearperiod . Hence,ithasbeen importantthroughoutthisinvestigation not toplacetoomuchemphasisonisolated,time-s pecific de tails but,rather,to consider thesimilar aspects of thesoda-economicsituation of thepopul ation in relationto thephysica l remains.Although notideal,sim ilarcircumst ances involvingprehistor ic remains thaispan evengreaterperiodsof timehavebeen stu diedas a sing le population .Therefore , some meaningfulinterpr etation of de mograph yand healthissues canbemad efromthisstandp ointinthiscase,

2.4OsteologicalMaterial Recoveredbythe Excavation

Theconditionofthe collectionreflectstheburi al situat ion;during the excavationitwas found thatexisting graves hadbeen disturbed or destroyed so

A1045

Figure2.5:Schem aticPlan ViewofBurials; Mod ifiedfromPalleBirkHansen 's

"Skematisk Pla n" (H a n sen,1982).G-l .lndG-t 3 illustrateremains designated as graves (G- series)onthe basisofcontext.These are theminimumreq uirementsforgrave designation;IIskull inassociationwithinsitucervicalvertebraeorwithpost-cranial remains andagravecamnc.

Remainsgiven"Z"designation indicateremalnscutof a gravecontextandAC remains are mixed and broken bones and refuse.

that newintermen ts could bemade.Allskeletal ma terialthatwas believedto be insitu,i.e.inits originalgravecontext,wasdesignatedasagrave andgivenaG- seriesnumberfromIto 332(Fig2.5).Threeof theG-seriesnumbers, G-63,G·64 andC-I 22,were omitted during the excava tion andone,G-88, waslaterfound to bepart of anothergrave, G-86.Therefore,the totalnumber ofindividual graves excavated was 328.This wasoneofthree categoriesofexcava ted remai ns.

Th esecondcategory ofremains was ofthoseisolated butnotinsitu. In many cases loose skeletalelements werefound completely outof theiroriginal contextand included inalater graveas "grave fill".Much of this 'outofcontext' materialconsistedofloose isolatedskullsorindividualbones occurringinsuch afashionastoindicatethey were nolong er partoftheirorigi nalgrave;this material wasdesignat edasnon-gravemateri al andgivena z-serfes numb erfrom 1to163.

Athird categoryofmaterialhasmuchto sayabout thecondition of the cemeteryandperha pstheattitudeofthepeopletowardit. Fifty-oneboxes measuring approximately SOx 30 x20 centime treswerefilledfrom areas ofco- mingledhuman remains fou nd asref use-likedepositsmixed with anima lbones, ceramic,glassand thelike. Asthismaterial wasfoundscatteredthroughoutthe cemetery and relatedsoil layers ,itwasgivenonlyalayer design ation,e.g."AC", cemete rysoil.Thismaterialisprobablya resultof the long pe riod of use and reusedescribedabove.Howe ver,itsayssomething morestheadmixtureofanimal bonesand cultural debris indic ates thatsomegarbage dum pingwas also

occurringonthecemeteryland. This, onemightadd,portrays theambienceofthe pa u per'scemetery and,indeed,thisphenomenon ofgarbage dumpingwasnot observed at the morehighlyregarded SanktPede rs cemetery(Hansen,pers. comm.,1992).Ofcourse,itmustbe rememberedthaipeople were residing on essentially the samegroun ds whe re burialswere interred atHelligAndsh uset.

Therefore there was a direct source of refuse created on thegrounds.

Nevertheless, whatwas observed atHellig!ndshusetcemetery was alargenumber of closelyplacedinterments,almostexclusively withoutevidenceof grave markers,burial withandwitho ut coffins,interrupted graves,gravesdisturbedby rod ent activ ity,endgarbagedumping.Thisma kes it decidedlydifficult and inaccurate todatethegravesbyrelativemeans,resultingin aheterogenous assemblageof skeletal materialforthe represented ind ividuals.

Thecharacter oftheburialseffectivelyredu cedthe size of thesample whichwouldbesuitab leforthis study.Because of themanyproblem s inhere nt instat istical analysisofthe latter two categoriesof material,they were excluded fromthe pre liminary investigationof theHellig!ndshus skeletal population.The G-se rieswas thus selectedforosteologicalinvestigation because ,unlike theother materialcollected,eachnumbe rof the Geenes couldbe saidtorepresentasingle ind iv idual. The·'C"thusdesign a tes a singlegrave(Fig. 2.5) where the boneswere foundin a context sugges ting theiraffiliation to asing leindividual.Eventhough definedas graves,muchofG-series was representedbyincompl eteindividuals.

In some case s, there we revery fewbonesIndeed.Thedefinition used to establish

theminimumrequirem ent for grave status duringtheexcavation was a sku llwith atleastthe first cervicalvertebraeinplaceor alternatively acomp le tehandorfoot in place (Fig.2.5). Theheterogen eityor theGeerieswou ldobvious lycom plicate the compa rab ility of the collectioneleme nts and thusa further sampling of the collection was necessa ry for interpre tati on of population cha ra cteristics.This sam plingand the resultant"research popul ation"willbe discussedin the section on data treat ment.In any event, theprelimina ryprocedurewasto exam inethe entire population of the G-seriesandto recordallpossibledata foraging, sexing, patholog icaldiagnoses and suitabihty for detailedandcomparativeinterpretation.

CHAPTE R3: SOCIO-ECONOMICSEl ilNG

3.1.TheCharitab leSociety

WhilethetownofNestved was developing asaprosperous urba ncentre, ideas concernin g char ity andpiety were circulating and becom ingprevalent throug hout Europe.The dominatin greli gious principlethat ledtothis widcspread practice ofcha rityadv ocatedth a t thepoor man wassomehowcloserto God;this is abu n dantly clearin chalkpaintingsand woodcuts fromthe perio d(Pen tz, 1989).Itis nowgenera llyackno w ledged thatMediaevalsociety,and espe ciallythe latterpar t of theperiod, was cha racterise dbyadeardistinction betweenrichand poorwhich canbeeas ily detectedthrough outMediaevalliterature(Graus,1988).

Thisgreatdiffer encein the distribution of wea lth wasa definiteproble mwith which the Church wasobligedtodeal.Tothisend,poverty wasglorifie d bythe churchand considerednext to Godliness .

Thus sin ce thepoor were, bynature, holy andpure and,byextrapolation, therich were inherentlysinful,it wastherichwhower ecompell edtoredeem their sinsbyabundantalms-giving and otherforms of charitableassistance (New Cath.Encl.,1980;Oreu s,1988;Horden,1988;Pentz,1989;Hansen,pers.ccmm., 1992).Harden(1988:367·368)statesthat prayers and monetaryor othersupport did asmuch for religio us absolu tionforthebenefactorsasthey did to alleviate the physicalsufferingofthe poor.However,these 'gifts'should notbe seen,in Horden'swords,"...as originatin gin self-regard rather than genuinecom p assion

forthepo or."Welfarepro visionwas notsometh in gsepa ra ble from itsreligi ous exp ressio n."Such, itseem s, wasthebirthofinstitutiona lize dcharity.

In the ea rly Middle Ages in Neestved, itwas SanktPedersKlos ter (Skovkloster)thatprovidedcharityto thepoorbyway of instltutionalisingalms- giv ingan dserv ingthe commun ityinmany waysincludingthefollow ing monasticroles:herbarium ,hospital,asylum , poorhouse,pensione rs/seniors home, schoolan d medicalresiden cy (Helms,1940 ). Oneofthemajorfuncti ons wasthe monastery's ope r a tionasan annu ityinsti tution;i.e,thewealthy, whoforyears madedonationstothemonastery , would be gra nteda "payback"in old age sec urityfor the m selvesand theirfamilie s andsometimes this incl uded their servantsaswell.Thispaybackincludedfoodandreside nceeithe rwithin the monastery or in some of the monas t icholdi ngs withintheenv irons ofGreate rand Lesser Neestved(ibid.).Ca reexten d edtothe poor, the inju red andthe orpha ned would foll owthesamegeneral princip leof food,sh elterand'health c a re',(He lms, 1940; Ku l tu rhlst. Leks.,1959:202-208).

3.2,The Establishment and Function of Helligo\ndshuset in Na!stved:

Quitepossib ly,witha sus ta ined demandfor the careofthe poor and infirm,theHelligAndshus was es ta blishedto spec ialise in this sectorofSan kt Pedersch a rityse rv ice.Itis notedthat theHelligandshuewa soriginall y unde r the suzerainty ofthe Skovklos ter(Nielsen, 1925:39).lnfact, McGuire(1988) notesthat the 'Hosp ital Brothersof theHolyGhost'(the Orderof theHolySpirit)did not cometoDenmark until A.D.1451.Furthennore,itwasn' t until A.D.1514that

Neeetved'e Hellig Andshu s wasofficiallyadmitted totheOrder ofthe HolySpirit (Trap,1955;Hansen,1989).Yet. itisknownthat Nes wed'sHelligdndshrls(House oftheHolySpirit)waspresentasearlyasA.D. 1398,as itismentionedina will pledgingmoney tothe institution(Trap,1955).Whythe smallchapellinfirmary wasnamedafteriheHolySpirit HospitaUers andyetnotunderitsdirectcontrol isnotknown.However,itis suspected tha ttbe answertothis question relatesto the projectedmandate oftheinstitu tion,i.e.thedesiredregulationswhichwould directtheopera t ionof the facility and governitspractices and policiesin the administrationof charity.Rubin (1987:156 )subm its thathospitalrulesregu lated thelives of both'staff'(includingservants,lay groupsan dpriestlygroups)and inmates.

Na mingordevotingahospital10aspecificorde rorsain t, suchasthe

"Houseof theHolySpirit~,servedtodefine the institutionandthefacilitiesit

offered",Forexample,hospitalsnamed after Sanktlergen,thepatron Sai nt of leprosysufferers,were widespre ad in Denmarkand thesewereexclu sively associatedwiththetreatmentofleprosy.10eHou ses oftheHoly Spirit would seeminglyfollowthemand ate ofthe OrderoftheHolySpirit,aswasthe case throughout Euro pe.This order,es tablishe d asanorderof hospttallersca.A.D.

1180in Montpellie r,France,isdescribed inHug (1980:103):"Medically progres sive

IForadetaileddiscussion of thl'Idea,seeClay (1986).Her book, TheMedia!val H0 5p ital.

of England, providC!lad~la iledaccountof the many hospital,of England lind discusses thelr correspond in g diversityofpcbcies fortheadmission andca n:ofpallents.A cursoryoverv iewof hospitalpatron.yintsisal50presentedand reference ismade to ..detail edtreatmentollhe subjfd in..bookbyAmold·F om ter(1899);Stud iesIn ChurdlDedlCl.tlons .

in it s careof the sic k,it exp anded Christianhospitalityto embracethewor ksof Merc y in gen eral." Simila r ly,Rubin(198 7:156)observes theord e r's attitude towardsthepooras appa re ntin thefollow ingexce rptwh ichshecitesfromits rule; "...theyaretobe received willingly andtrea ted charitably.;".Indeed ,the KulturhietorfskLeksi konfor Nordis k MiddelalderVI(1961:407)cites themottoof the DanishHelligAndshusas being:"deloUige,sygeogsdrede mcnnesker,somillde er",i.e.,thepoor,sickandinjuredare thosewithin .

InthecaseofHelli gAndshuset in Denmark,the rulesfollowed essentiallythe sam e as tho sethatgoverne dtheHeliegengiest (TheHoly Gho st) Hospital in Lebeck.. Germa ny(Trab je rg,1993a; 1993 b).These were,namely,the Aug usti nianrule and therule ofSe.joh n of Jer usalem (Trab jerg, 1993 b).Trabjerg (ibid.)addsthat an unders tand ingof the go ve rning principles of these rulescan provide uswith an indicati on of the organ ization a lbasisof theHe lligfnd sb us operati on.Accordin g toHorden (198 8:367),the histo riograp hy ofthe pre-modem hosp it almustbeconsideredas muchinlightof its religioushistoryas its social history,as any hospit al wit ha cha pe lwas "...abovealla religiou shouse ". By consideringnot onlytheru lesofthe Augusti n iansandofSt.John of Jerusalem but also oftheOrder of theHolySpirit,itmaybe possib leto su ggestwh at thegoals and policiesof th.ees tablishedHelligAndshus were aspiredtobe.Furthermore, it maybe theseprin ci ples of religious guid a nceth a tgive us some idea of the char it able functions of theHelllgandshus in Nestved and the peoplewho were thus served.

TheAugustinianrule was apopul a rrule for hos p italsas itprovided guidelines for thein teractionofrelig iouscommu nitiesand layperson s .In fact, the ruleof theorder ofSt,Johnof Jerus a lemwas a branchofthe Augus ti nian the me wh ichwasspecifica llytailo redto thetreatmentof the poo rand the sick (Rubin.

1987:155),The mainprincip lesof theseruleswereaninsistence upon comm unal living,thelack ofprivateproperty,kindnes s to inmates,chastityand obed ie nce (Ru b in,1987:156).Theserules were th us aninspirationto or dersan dinstitu tions devo tedtccharity and hos pitalcare.

The policyof the Ord erofthe Holy Spiritwasto emp loyboth brothers and siste rsto fo llow thesamerule and"...to ca r eequallyforthe sick,theindigent, orp hans,foundli ngs,unmar riedmothe rs,theaged,the insane,andthehomel e ss."

(Hug, 1980:103),Againitmu st be emphasized thatthere were agrea tnumber01 hosp itals, andall did not followthe samerulesnor did they have the sa me policies,Porexamp le,theearlymed iaeval Ho s pital ofSI.John, which la terbec a me St.Io hn'sCollegeatCambr idgeUniversity,ha d a str ictrule which prohibitedthe admissionofpregnant wom en, lepers, the wounded,crip plesand the insa ne (Ru bin,1987;Horden,1988) . Manyho spitals did notacceptwomen,foundlings, andseriousinfectious cases;i.e.cases thatcould pl ace too greata st rainon the resourcesof thehospi tal (Harden, 1988;Kult.Hlst.Leks, 1959: 206).

The mouo oftheHell tgandshus wou ldsuggest amuchmor e openand non- d iscrim i natory policyonadmissionsthan thevastmajori tyofsma ll hospitals, Forexample ,Rubin (1987)no testha tthe ru leoftheHospital oftheHoly Spirit