• Aucun résultat trouvé

Report on differences in reading performance

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N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Report on differences in reading performance"

Copied!
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Texte intégral

(1)

Pan-Canadian Assessment Program

PCAP- 2007

Report on Differences in

Reading Performance of 13-Year-Olds Based on

Language and Minority/Majority Status

(2)
(3)

Pan-Canadian Assessment Program

PCAP-    2007

Report on Differences in Reading Performance of 13-Year-Olds Based on Language and

Minority/Majority Language Status

(4)

The Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC) was formed in 1967 by the provincial and territorial ministers responsible for education to provide a forum in which they could discuss matters of mutual interest, undertake educational initiatives cooperatively, and represent the interests of the provinces and territories with

national educational organizations, the federal government, foreign governments, and international organizations. CMEC is the national voice for education in Canada and, through CMEC, the provinces and territories work collectively on common objectives in a broad range of activities at the elementary, secondary, and postsecondary levels.

Through the CMEC Secretariat, the Council serves as the organization in which

ministries and departments of education undertake cooperatively the activities, projects, and initiatives of particular interest to all jurisdictions1. One of the activities on which they cooperate is the development and implementation of pan-Canadian testing based on contemporary research and best practices in the assessment of student achievement in core subjects.

Note of appreciation

The Council of Ministers of Education, Canada would like to thank the students, teachers, and administrators whose participation in the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program ensured its success.The quality of your commitment has made this study possible. We are truly grateful for your contribution to a pan-Canadian understanding of educational policy and practices in reading, mathematics, and science among 13-year-olds.

The Council of Ministers of Education, Canada would also like to acknowledge the financial contribution from Canadian Heritage in the development and production of the PCAP-13 2007: Report on Differences in Reading Performance of 13-Year-Olds Based on Language and Minority/Majority Language Status.

Council of Ministers of Education, Canada 95 St. Clair West, Suite 1106

Toronto, Ontario M4V 1N6 Telephone: (416) 962-8100 Fax: (416) 962-2800 E-mail: [email protected]

© 2010 Council of Ministers of Education, Canada ISBN 978-0-88987-189-2

Ce rapport est également disponible en français.

Printed on recycled paper.

(5)

iii

TAble of CoNTeNTs

What is the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program? 

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1

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Student characteristics � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Language most often used at home � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �14 Student socioeconomic status � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �17 School characteristics � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �21 School governance � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �21 Community size � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �23 Teacher characteristics � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �25

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(6)

Reading behaviours and strategies

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Reading strategies � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �45 Out-of-school reading activities � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �53 Early reading activities � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �62 Age of learning to read � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �68 Frequency of reading by parents/guardians � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �70

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summary Profiles and Multivariate Regressions

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

121

Statistical Note � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 121 Contextual variables � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 123 Regression Model � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 127 Multivariate regressions: Majority English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 128 Multivariate regressions: Quebec English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 136 Multivariate regressions: Quebec French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 143 Multivariate regressions: Ontario French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 149 Multivariate regressions: New Brunswick French � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 154 Multivariate regressions: Small French Minorities � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 161

educational Implications

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

169

Language groups, context, and reading achievement � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 170 a) The Majority English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 170 b) The Quebec English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 172 c) The Quebec French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 174 d) The Ontario French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 175

(7)

v

lIsT of TAble ANd ChARTs

Results by language Groups 

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �7 Chart 2-1 Reading proficiency levels by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12 Chart 2-2 Mean reading scores by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12

student, school, and Teacher Characteristics 

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Chart 3-1 Language spoken at home by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �15 Chart 3-2 Mean reading scores by language spoken in the home and by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �16 Chart 3-3 Books in the home by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �17 Chart 3-4 Mother’s education by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �18 Chart 3-5 Mean reading scores by books in home and language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �19 Chart 3-6 Mean reading scores by mother’s education and by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �20 Chart 3-7 School governance by majority/minority language � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �21 Chart 3-8 School mean reading scores by school governance and language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �22 Chart 3-9 Percentage of schools by community size by majority/minority language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �23 Chart 3-10 School mean reading scores by community size and language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �24 Chart 3-11 Percentage of teachers specializing in language arts by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �25 Chart 3-12 Mean reading scores by language arts specialization by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �26

Attitudes and Motivation

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �27 Chart 4-1 Mean factor scores for enjoyment of school by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �28 Chart 4-2 Mean factor scores for sense of belonging to school by language groups� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �29 Chart 4-3 Mean reading scores for enjoyment of school quintiles by language group� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �30 Chart 4-4 Mean reading scores for sense of belonging to school quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � �31 Chart 4-5 Mean factor scores for enjoyment of reading by language group� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �32 Chart 4-6 Mean factor scores for good reader by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �33 Chart 4-7 Mean factor scores for reading for information by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �33 Chart 4-8 Mean reading scores for enjoyment of reading quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �34 Chart 4-9 Mean reading scores for good reader quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �35 Chart 4-10 Mean reading scores for reading for information quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �36 Chart 4-11 Mean factor scores for external attributions of failure by language group� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �37 Chart 4-12 Mean factor scores for external attributions of success by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �38 Chart 4-13 Mean factor scores for fatalism by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �38 Chart 4-14 Mean factor scores for internal attributions of success and failure to ability and

work by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �39 Chart 4-15 Mean reading scores for external attributions of failure quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � �40 Chart 4-16 Mean reading scores for external attributions of success quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � �41 Chart 4-17 Mean reading scores for fatalism quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �43 Chart 4-18 Mean reading scores for internal attributions of success and failure quintiles

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �44

(8)

Reading behaviours and strategies

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �45 Chart 5-1 Mean factor scores for reading for meaning by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �46 Chart 5-2 Mean factor scores for reading by decoding by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �47 Chart 5-3 Mean factor scores for reading routines by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �47 Chart 5-4 Mean factor scores for use of external reading sources by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �48 Chart 5-5 Mean reading scores for reading for meaning quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �49 Chart 5-6 Mean reading scores for reading by decoding quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �50 Chart 5-7 Mean reading scores for reading routines quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �51 Chart 5-8 Mean reading scores for use of external reading sources quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � �52 Chart 5-9 Mean factor scores for out-of-school reading activities by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �53 Chart 5-10 Mean factor scores for entertainment activities by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �54 Chart 5-11 Mean factor scores for out-of-school academic/cultural activities by language group � � � � � � � � � � �54 Chart 5-12 Mean reading scores for out-of-school reading activities quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � �55 Chart 5-13 Mean reading scores for out-of-school entertainment activities quintiles

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �56 Chart 5-14 Mean reading scores for academic/cultural activities quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � �57 Chart 5-15 Percentage of students being tutored by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �58 Chart 5-16 Mean reading scores for being tutored by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �59 Chart 5-17 Hours per week in out-of-school cultural/academic activities by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �60 Chart 5-18 Mean reading scores for hours per week in cultural/academic activities

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �61 Chart 5-19 Student recollections of how much others have helped them learn to read � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �63 Chart 5-20 Mean reading scores for parent/guardian help in learning to read� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �64 Chart 5-21 Mean reading scores for teacher help in learning to read � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �65 Chart 5-22 Mean factor scores for parent/guardian encouragement of reading by language group� � � � � � � �66 Chart 5-23 Mean reading scores for parent/guardian encouragement of early reading quintiles

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �67 Chart 5-24 Time students learned to read by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �68 Chart 5-25 Mean reading scores by time students learned to read by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �69 Chart 5-26 Frequency of parent/guardian reading at home � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �70 Chart 5-27 Mean reading scores by frequency of mother reading at home � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �71 Chart 5-28 Mean reading scores by frequency of father reading at home � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �72

Instructional Variables

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �73 Chart 6-1 Special modifications/adaptations to the reading program by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �74 Chart 6-2 M ean reading scores by number of students requiring program modification

to meet special needs by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �75 Chart 6-3 Mean reading scores by number of students given more time to meet special

needs by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �76 Chart 6-4 Mean reading scores by number of students needing the help of a teaching

assistant by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �77

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vii Chart 6-6 Mean reading scores by number of students requiring special attention to reduce

disruption by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �79 Chart 6-7 Mean reading scores by number of students needing medical attention

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �80 Chart 6-8 Mean reading scores by number of students requiring assistance with reading,

writing, speaking, listening by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �81 Chart 6-9 Minutes per week on language arts by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �82 Chart 6-10 Mean reading score by minutes per week on language arts by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �83 Chart 6-11 Frequency of teacher assignment of language arts homework by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � �84 Chart 6-12 Mean reading scores by frequency of teacher assignment of language arts homework

by language groups � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �85 Chart 6-13 Expected minutes per week of language arts homework by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �85 Chart 6-14 Mean reading scores by expected minutes per week of language arts homework

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �86 Chart 6-15 Student average weekly time spent on total homework � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �87 Chart 6-16 Student average weekly time on language arts homework � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �87 Chart 6-17 Mean reading scores by students’ average weekly time on total homework � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �88 Chart 6-18 Mean reading scores by student average weekly language arts homework � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �89 Chart 6-19 Percentage of teachers using pre-reading, during reading, and after reading

strategies by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �90 Chart 6-20 Mean reading scores for teacher use of pre-reading strategies by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � �91 Chart 6-21 Mean reading scores for teacher use of during reading strategies by language group � � � � � � � � � �92 Chart 6-22 Mean reading scores for teacher use of after reading strategies by language group � � � � � � � � � � � �93 Chart 6-23 Mean factor scores for teacher reading strategies by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �94 Chart 6-24 Mean reading scores for direct reading strategies quintiles by language group� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �95 Chart 6-25 Mean reading scores for reading aloud strategies quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �96 Chart 6-26 Mean reading scores for indirect reading strategies quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �97 Chart 6-27 Mean reading scores for silent reading strategies quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �98 Chart 6-28 Mean factor scores for teacher use of reading materials by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �99 Chart 6-29 Mean reading scores for teacher use of “creative” reading materials by language group � � � � � � �99 Chart 6-30 Mean reading scores for teacher use of “informational” reading materials

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �100 Chart 6-31 Teacher assignments of reading tasks by language groups � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �101 Chart 6-32 Mean reading scores by teacher assignment of reading outside of class

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �101 Chart 6-33 Mean reading scores by teacher assignment of personal response to reading

by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �102 Chart 6-34 Mean reading scores by teacher assignment of oral presentations by language group � � � � � � � 103 Chart 6-35 Mean reading scores by teacher assignment of written reports by language group � � � � � � � � � � �103 Chart 6-36 Teacher accommodation of student diversity by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 104 Chart 6-37 Teacher accommodation by re-teaching basic skills by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 105 Chart 6-38 Teacher accommodation by adapting coursework by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �105 Chart 6-39 Teacher accommodation by providing enrichment by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �106 Chart 6-40 Mean factor scores for use of media by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 107

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Chart 6-41 Mean factor scores for use of literature/library sources by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �108 Chart 6-42 Mean factor scores for use of classroom material by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �108 Chart 6-43 Mean factor scores for use of projects by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 109 Chart 6-44 Mean reading scores for use of media quintiles by language groups � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 110 Chart 6-45 Mean reading scores for use of literature/library sources quintiles by language group � � � � � � � �111 Chart 6-46 Mean reading scores for use of classroom material quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � �112 Chart 6-47 Mean reading scores for use of projects quintiles by language group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 113 Chart 6-48 Mean factor scores by student-reported assessment methods � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �114 Chart 6-49 Mean reading scores by student-reported short-response items assessment methods � � � � � � � � � � � � �115 Chart 6-50 Mean reading scores by student-reported long-response items assessment methods � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 116 Chart 6-51 Mean reading scores by student-reported essay and presentation assessment methods � � � � � �117 Chart 6-52 Mean factor scores for teacher-reported assessment methods � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 118 Chart 6-53 Mean reading scores by teacher-reported assessment using short-response items quintiles � �119 Chart 6-54 Mean reading scores by teacher-reported assessment using long-response items quintiles � � �120

summary Profiles and Multivariate Regressions

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 121 Table 7-1 Summary profiles of contextual variables for the six language groups � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 124 Chart 7-1 Regression coefficients for instructional variables (factor scores) for

the Majority English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �129 Chart 7-2 Regression coefficients for other instructional variables for the Majority English group � � � � � � �130 Chart 7-3 Regression coefficients for reading behaviour variables (factor scores) for

the Majority English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �131 Chart 7-4 Regression coefficients for attitude variables (factor scores) for the Majority English group � �132 Chart 7-5 Regression coefficients for help and early reading variables for the Majority English group � � � 133 Chart 7-6 Regression coefficients for academic/cultural activities, parent encouragement, and

early reading variables (factor scores) for the Majority English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �134 Chart 7-7 Regression coefficients for demographic variables for the Majority English group � � � � � � � � � � � � �135 Table 7-2 Percentage of the total variance accounted for by student and school level and

change at model steps for the Majority English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 136 Chart 7-8 Regression coefficients for instructional variables (factor scores) for

the Quebec English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 137 Chart 7-9 Regression coefficients for other instructional variables for the Quebec English group � � � � � � � � 137 Chart 7-10 Regression coefficients for reading behaviour variables (factor scores) for

the Quebec English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 138 Chart 7-11 Regression coefficients for attitude variables (factor scores) for the Quebec English group � � �139 Chart 7-12 Regression coefficients for help and early reading variables for the Quebec English group � � � 140 Chart 7-13 Regression coefficients for academic/cultural activities, parent/guardian encouragement,

and early reading variables (factor scores) for the Quebec English Group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 141 Chart 7-14 Regression coefficients for demographic variables for the Quebec English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � 142 Table 7-3 Percentage of the total variance accounted for by student and school level and

change at model steps for the Quebec English group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 142 Chart 7-15 Regression coefficients for instructional variables (factor scores) for

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ix Chart 7-16 Regression coefficients for other instructional variables for the Quebec French group � � � � � � � � 144 Chart 7-17 Regression coefficients for reading behaviour variables (factor scores) for

the Quebec French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 145 Chart 7-18 Regression coefficients for attitude variables (factor scores) for the Quebec French group � � �145 Chart 7-19 Regression coefficients for help and early reading variables for the Quebec French group � � � � 146 Chart 7-20 Regression coefficients for academic/cultural activities, parent/guardian encouragement,

and early reading variables (factor scores) for the Quebec French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 146 Chart 7-21 Regression coefficients for demographic variables for the Quebec French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 147 Table 7-4 Percentage of the total variance accounted for by student and school level and

change at model steps for the Quebec French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 148 Chart 7-22 Regression coefficients for instructional variables (factor scores) for

the Ontario French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 149 Chart 7-23 Regression coefficients for other instructional variables for the Ontario French group � � � � � � � � 150 Chart 7-24 Regression coefficients for reading behaviour variables (factor scores) for

the Ontario French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 151 Chart 7-25 Regression coefficients for attitude variables (factor scores) for the Ontario French group � � � �151 Chart 7-26 Regression coefficients for help and early reading variables for the Ontario French group � � � � 152 Chart 7-27 Regression coefficients for academic/cultural activities, parent/guardian encouragement,

and early reading variables (factor scores) for the Ontario French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �153 Chart 7-28 Regression coefficients for demographic variables for the Ontario French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 153 Table 7-5 Percentage of the total variance accounted for by student and school level and

change at model steps for the Ontario French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 154 Chart 7-29 Regression coefficients for instructional variables (factor scores) for

the New Brunswick French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 155 Chart 7-30 Regression coefficients for other instructional variables for

the New Brunswick French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 155 Chart 7-31 Regression coefficients for reading behaviour variables (factor scores) for

the New Brunswick French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 156 Chart 7-32 Regression coefficients for attitude variables (factor scores) for

the New Brunswick French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 157 Chart 7-33 Regression coefficients for help and early reading variables for

the New Brunswick French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 158 Chart 7-34 Regression coefficients for academic/cultural activities, parent/guardian encouragement,

and early reading variables (factor scores) for the New Brunswick French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 159 Chart 7-35 Regression coefficients for demographic variables for the New Brunswick French group � � � � � 160 Table 7-6 Percentage of the total variance accounted for by student and school level and

change at model steps for the New Brunswick French group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 161 Chart 7-36 Regression coefficients for instructional variables (factor scores) for

the Small French Minorities group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �162 Chart 7-37 Regression coefficients for other instructional variables for

the Small French Minorities group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �163 Chart 7-38 Regression coefficients for reading behaviour variables (factor scores) for

the Small French Minorities group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �163 Chart 7-39 Regression coefficients for attitude variables (factor scores) for

the Small French Minorities group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �164

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Chart 7-40 Regression coefficients for help and early reading variables for

the Small French Minorities group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �165 Chart 7-41 Regression coefficients for academic/cultural activities, parent/guardian encouragement,

and early reading variables (factor scores) for the Small French Minorities group � � � � � � � � � � � � � 166 Chart 7-42 Regression coefficients for demographic variables for the Small French Minorities group � � � � 167 Table 7-7 Percentage of the total variance accounted for by student and school level and

change at model steps for the Small French Minorities group � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 168

RefeReNCes

References 

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �185

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1

WhAT Is The PAN-CANAdIAN AssessMeNT PRoGRAM? 

The Pan-Canadian Assessment Program (PCAP) is the most recent commitment by the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC) to informing Canadians about how well their education systems are meeting the needs of students and society. The information gained from such a pan-Canadian assessment gives the ministers a basis for examining the curriculum and other aspects of their school systems.

School curriculum programs vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction across the country, so comparing results from these varied programs is a complex task. However,

young Canadians in the different jurisdictions learn many similar skills in reading, mathematics, and science, and PCAP has been designed to determine whether students across Canada reach similar levels of performance in these core disciplines at about the same age. Additionally, it complements the existing assessments administered by each jurisdiction and, thus, gives them access to comparative, Canada-wide data on the achievement levels attained by 13-year-olds across the country.

Goals

When the ministers of education began planning the development of PCAP in 2003, they set out the following goals for a conceptually new pan-Canadian instrument of assessment designed to

• inform educational policies as a means of improving approaches to learning

• focus on mathematics, reading, and science, with the possibility of including other domains as the need arises

• reduce the testing burden on schools through a more streamlined administrative process

• provide useful background information using complementary contextual questionnaires for students, teachers, and school administrators

• enable jurisdictions to use both national and international results to validate the results of their own assessment programs and to improve them

The development process

In August 2003, a PCAP working group of experienced and knowledgeable representatives from several jurisdictions and including an external authority on measurement theory, large-scale assessment, and educational policy began the

development process. A concept paper was commissioned that would elaborate on issues of structure, development planning, operations, and reporting. Drawing on this concept paper, the working group defined PCAP as a testing program that would

• be administered at regular intervals

• be administered to students who are 13-year-olds at the start of the school year

• be based on the commonality of all current jurisdictional curricular outcomes across Canada

Références

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