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مدن الصحراء الجزائرية في التحــولات

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ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

"

ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ

"

:

ﻔﻴﻠﺨ

ـ

ﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺔ

ـــــ

ﺭﺩﺎ

ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻤ ﻱﺩﺼﺎﻗ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭ

ﺹﺨﻠﻤ

:

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

"

ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ

"

ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ

لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻠﻝ

ﻝﺍ

ﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐ

ﻼﺼﺃ ﻥﻴﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺜﺩﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝ

ﻭﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨﺒ

_

ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺫ ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤﻼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺇ

ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ،ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﻨﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ

ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

.

ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻋ ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨﺃ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻎﻴﺭ

.

ﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﻡﺎﻫ لﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ

:

ﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻱﺃ

ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺔ

ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ

؟

ﺔﻴﺤﺎﺘﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ

:

ﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ،لﻴﺨﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻼﻓ ،ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ،ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ،لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

.

(3)

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

:

،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤ ﻲﻫ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

ﺫﺇ

ﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ

ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻪﻴﻠﻋ

ﺫﻨﻤ

ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﺽﺎﻤ

!

ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻴﻘﺤ

ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺎـﻨﺒ ﻱﺩﺅـﺘ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ

ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﺎﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ

ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔﻋﺭﺎﺴﺘﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﻝﺍ

ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ

ﻥﺃ ﺕﺒﺜﻴ

80

ﺔﺌﺎﻤﻝﺎﺒ

ﻭﺘﺎﺒ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ

"

ﻥﻴﻴﺭﻀﺤ

"

ﻻﺇ ﺱﺭـﻜﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ،

ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻪﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ

ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ

لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﻗﻭﻔﺘ

( COT: 1998. p89)

.

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻭ

ﺍﺫـﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﻠﻴﻁ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻫﺩﻬﺸﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻤﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻨﻭ

لﻤﺍﻭﻋ لﻀﻔﺒ

"

ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ

"

ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ

،

ﺎـﻀﻴﺃﻭ

ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨ

ﺘﻝﺍ

ﺕﻻﻭـﺤ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ـﺴﺃ ﺕـﺴﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ

ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺎ

ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝ

.

ﻭﻴـﺴﻭﺴﻝﺍ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

لﺎـﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻭـﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨﺃ

ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ

1

ﻎـﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ

.

ﺎـﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺭﻓﻭـﻴ

ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝ ﻼﻤﺘﻜﻤ

ﺕﻻﻭـﺤﺘ ﻥـﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ

ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﻠﻝ ﻭﺃ

.

ﻥﺩـﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻠﻝ ﺎﻘﻤﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ

ﺃ ،ﻕﻓﻷﺍ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ لﺍﺅﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻱ

؟ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ

(4)

-ﺱﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ

:

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺝﺭﺩﺘﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒ ﻡﻏﺎﻨﺘ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺼﺃ

ﻠﻝ

ﻥﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ،ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺍﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌ

ﻥﺩـﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭـﻫﺩﺯﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻨـﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺌﻤ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ

ﺍ لﻓﺍﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ

ﻲﺘﻔـﻀ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺢﻴﺴﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﺭﺴﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝ

)

ﺭـﺤﺒ

ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

(

ﺫﻨﻤ

10

ﻥﻭﺭﻗ

(Cote ; 2005p05)

ﺔﻴﻨﻏ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫ ﺕﻜﻠﺘﻤﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ

ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺃ ﺭﻭﺫﺠﻭ

ﺱﺎـﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﻨﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ

ﻲﻫ ﺔﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ

:

ﻥﻴﻁﻝﺍ

)

ﺽﺭﻷﺍ

(

ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ،

)

ﺔـﻴﻓﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻩﺎـﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻤﻭﻤ

(

ﺱﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ،

)

ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺢﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ

.(

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﻴ

لﺘﻜ

ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ

ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺭﻔﺘﺘ

ﻡﻝﺎـﻌﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ

ﺔﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ

)

لﻴﺨﻨﻝﺍ

(

ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﺸﺘ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺁﻭ

ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻡﺌﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﻲـﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎـﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ لـﻓﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﺒ

ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﻹﺍﻭ

.

ﺒ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ

ﻡﻝﺎﻌ

لﺌﺎﺒﻘﻝﺍ

ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ

ﻑﺎـﺼﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴ

ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ

ﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ

لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺩ

ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ

ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ لﻭﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭ

ﺽﻔﺨﻨـﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻪﻀﻭﺤ لﻤﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ،

ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻗﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ

160

،ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭﻭ ﻥﺎﺒﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻜ

ﻲﻨﻜـﺴﻝﺍ لﺎـﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻜﺸ

لﻴﺨﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻼﻔﻝ

"

ﺔﻐﻴﺭ ﻲﻨﺒ

")

ﺒﺍ

،ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻥﻭﺩﻠﺨ ﻥ

1921

96

(.

،

ﻲﻓ

ﻩﺫـﻫ

ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤ ﺔﻔﻴﺜﻜﻭ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﻯﺭﻗ

ﻝ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻌﻤ ﺊﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻁﻝﺎ

ﻲﺤﻼﻓ ﻥﻜﺴ

لـﻴﺨﻨﻝﺍ

"

ﺔﻨﺸﺎﺸﺤﻝﺍ

."

ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﺸﺘ

ﺕﺭـﻘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ

)

ﺔـﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﻭﺎﺘﺴﻤ

(

ﺎﻬﻌﻗﻭﻤ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ

ﺎﻬﻓﻭﺭﻅﻭ

ﺕﻓﺭﻋ

ﺭﻭﻁﺘ

ﺔـﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻋ

ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ

ﻲﻘﻴﺭﻓﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﺒﺭﺎﻐﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺕﻠﻜﺸ

ﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﻭﺼﻭﻭ لﻓﺍﻭﻗ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ

ﻲﻤـﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﺎ

ﻱﻭﻨﺴﻭ

ﻜﺭﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ

ﻥﻤﺯ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﺯ

)

ﻱﺩﻴـﺴ

ﻲﺤﻴ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤﺃ

"

ﺡﻼﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ

( "

ﻭ ،

"

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤ

) "

ﺏﻼﺠ ﻲﻨﺒ

2

(

ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻭ

ﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯﻝﺎﻜ

)

،ﻥﻴﺴﺎﻤﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺠﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺯﻝﺍ

10

ﻡﻜ

(

ﻙﻝﺫﺒ

ﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ

ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ

ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠ ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻋ

،ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﻯﺭﻗﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﻗ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﺸﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ

ﺕﻔﻠﺘ

ـﻝﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻅﻨﺃ

(5)

ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ

،

ﻥﻴﻴﺼﻔﺤﻝﺍ

،

ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍﻭ

ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﻠﻴﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ

ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ

ﻁﺴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﺫﺨﺃ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ

ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﺫﻭﻔ

.

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻘﺘ

ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ

)

1879. p

(FERAUD,

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﺘ

ﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺼﻭﺃ

ﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ

،

ﺔﺠﺴﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ

ﺎـﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ

ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ

ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ

ﻊﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺀﺎﻤﺴﻝﺎﺒ لﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﺘﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﺔﺤﺎﺴ

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ

ﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ

ﺭﺠﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍﻭ

ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻴ

،

ﻉﺭﻔﺘﺘﻝ

ﺭﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻠ

ﺔﻴﺴﻴ

ﺓﺎﻁﻐﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺩـﻨﻋ ﻲـﻬﺘﻨﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﺒﻷﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ

)

ﺭﺩﻐﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒ ،ﺓﺭﻀﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒ ،ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒ

(

لﺜﻤﺘ

ﺕﺍﺀﺎـﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺸ

ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ

ﻊﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﺤﺘﺈﺒ

ﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ

ـﺸ

ل

ﻡﺎـﻌﻝﺍ لﺎـﺠﻤﻝﺍ

PUBLIC

ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻝﻻﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ

ﺔـﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻓﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻠﻝ

.

ﺎـﻤﺃ

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺭـﺼﻘﻝﺍ

لﻗﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌ

ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔـﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻜـﺴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﻎﻠﺒﻴ ﻡﻝ لﻴﺨﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻼﻔﻝ

،

ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﺘ

ﺔﺤﺍﻭ

لﻴﺨﻨﻝﺍ

ﻩﺫـﻫ ،

ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﺤﺒﺴ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ

chaplet

ﻪـﺘﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﺤﻨﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ

)

،ﻕﻭﻗ

20

ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻡﻜ

(

ﻁﻭﻁﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﺘﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ

)

ﺭﻴﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻗ ﻎﻴﻐﻠﻤﻭ ﻥﺍﻭﺭﻤ

.(

ﻥﻜـﺴﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭـﻨ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﺎﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ

ﻡـﻜﺤﺒ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔ

ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻭ ﺏﻼﺠ ﻲﻨﺒ ﺦﻴﺎﺸﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻡﻜﺤﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ

ﻁﺒـﺘﺭﺃ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺘ

ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﻓﺍﻭﻗ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﺒ

لﺌﺎﺒﻘﻝﺍ

ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔـﻴ

،

ﻥﻴـﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﻀﻭ لﻴﺨﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﺒ ﻼﺼﺃ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ

"

ﺔﻨﺸﺎﺸﺤﻝﺍ

"

ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻥﺎـﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ﻰـﺘﺤ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،

ﺫﺇ ﻕﻴﻤﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﻋﻭـﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻤ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ

ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄـﺘﻭ ﺔـﻴﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻡﺴﺍﻭﻗ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ

ﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨ

.

ﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺕﻌﺒﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﻝﺍ

ـﻨ

لـﺒﻗ لﺯﺎ

ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻬﻨﺍ

19

(Hassan, 1985. p 64)

ﺍﺫﻫ لﺎﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻏﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﺜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻫ لﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ

(6)

ﻝﺍ

ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ

ﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻴﺌ

ﺔـﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ

ﻲـﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﺎـﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺵﻴـﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ،

ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ

.

ﺭﻭـﺼﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺩـﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻅـﺤﻼﻨ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺼﻭﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ

،لﺯﺎـﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﺠﺴﻨﺄﺒ ﺯﻴﻤ

ﺕﺎـﺸﺭﻭ ﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻜﺎﻜﺩـﻝﺍ ،ﻕﺍﻭـﺴﻷﺍ ،ﺝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﻠﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺩﺠﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ

.

ﺔـﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﻕﻁﺎـﻨﻤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕـﻌﻗﻭﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺍ

-Pitons

-ﺍ لﻜﺸﻝ-ﺍ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ،ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝ-ﺍ ﺔﻴﻓ-ﺍﺭﻏﻭﺒﻁ ﻪﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ

،ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝ

ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭـﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ،ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺤﻨ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺩﻨﻋ

ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ

( FERAUD, 1879.

P66)

ﻥﺎﻜـﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ،ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺜﻹﺍ

ﻓﺭﻌﻴ

ﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﻥ

ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺎ

.

ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﺭﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ

ﻊـﻤ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ

،ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺢﻤﺴﻭ ،ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ

ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﺢﻤﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ لﻘﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ

ﻕﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻴ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ،ﻱﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ

ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺎﺒﻭ لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻁﺒﺭﻝ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

.

ﻩﺎـﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﺇ

ﻤﺴ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻁﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ

ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺩﺍﺩـﺘﻤﺍ ،ﺕﺎـﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﺢ

ﺔﺤﺎـﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﻜﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ

ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﻝﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ

"

ﺯﻨﻝﺍ

3

"

ﻪـﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﻱﺭﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ،ﺔﺤﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﺒﺴﺘﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺼﺘﻝ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ

ﺕﺍﺩﻭـﻬﺠﻤ ﺕﺒﻠﻁﺘ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜ ،ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻑﺎﻔﺠﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ لﻴﺨﻨﻝﺍ لﺘﻗ ﻲﻓ

ﻥﻴﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻀﻤ

.

ﺀﺎﺴﻔﻴﺴﻔﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻡﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﺇ

،ﺔـﻴﻜﻝﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻨـﺴ ،ﺔﻴـﻀﺎﺒﺇ ،ﻲﺒﻫﺫﻤﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﻉﻭﻨﺘ ﻊﻤ لﺜﺎﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ

(7)

ﺎﻴﺍﻭﺯ

.

ﻤﻝﻭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺜﺄﺘ

ﻁﻭﻘـﺴ ﺩـﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﺒﻫﺫـﻤﺒ ﺍﻭﻤﺩـﻗ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﺒﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺩ

ﺭـﻤﻋ ﺓﺩﻠﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﻭﻝﺎﺠ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺍﻭﺴﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﻤﻁﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺭﻬﻴﺘ ﻡﻬﺘﻤﺼﺎﻋ

)

20

ﺕﺭﻘﺘ لﺎﻤﺸ ﻡﻠﻜ

(

ﺍﻭﻤﺩـﻗ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺎﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺸﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﻜﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻲـﺤﻴ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤﺃ ﻱﺩﻴﺴ لﺎﺜﻤﺃ

ﻲـﺴﻴﺭﺩﻹﺍ

ﺔﺘﺍﺭﺩـﺴ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻥﻴﻴﻀﺎﺒﻹﺍ لﻴﺤﺭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻜﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺭﺸﻨ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻏﻭ

ﺏﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻭ

.

لﻭﺤ ﻡﻫﺎﻨﻝﺄﺴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺥﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ

ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻔﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﺎﻤﻴ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻬﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻫﺫﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝ

.

-ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ

،ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ

لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻤ لﻜﻴﻬﻤ

:

ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ

ﻲﺤﻼﻓ

لـﺌﺎﺒﻗﻭ ﺕﺎـﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ

ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻀﻴﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﻲﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ

ﻥـﻤ ﺓﻭـﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﻓﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﺯﺍ ﻥﻤﺯ ﻼﻴﻭﻁ ﺕﻤﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍﻭ

ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﺎـﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎـﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻙﺴﺎﻤﺘﻝ

ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻭ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻭ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﻤﻀﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ

ﻭ ﻥﻴﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﺴﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺀﻻ ﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻝﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﺏﺨﻨ

ﻥﻴﻴﻋﺎـﻁﻗﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ

ﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻌﻤﺠﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺽ

ﺔﻤﻫﺎـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ

ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻓﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﻹ

ﻝﺍ لﻭـﻘﺤ

ﺕﺎـﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍﻭ لـﻴﺨﻨ

ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺘﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ

ﻪﻔﺼﻭ

:

Capot REY

ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ

( REY, 1953, p 564)

ﻥﻴﺃ ،

ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ

ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ

ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻭﻤﻴﺩ

،

ﻡﺎـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻑﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺵﻴﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺯﻋ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

.

"

ﺔﻨﺸﺎﺸﺤﻝ

"

ﻝﺍ

ﺠﻤ

ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭ

ﻎﻴﺭ

ﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﺯﻴﻤ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﺘ ،

ﺀﺍﺩﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺸ

.

ﻡﻫﺭﻜﺫﻴ

ﺒﺍ

ﻥﻭﺩﻠﺨ ﻥ

ﻪﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻲ

)

ﹴﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ

ﺒﺍ

،ﻥﻭﺩﻠﺨ ﻥ

1921

ﺹ ،

96

(

(8)

»

...

ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺔﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻨﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ

.

ﻪﺘﺎﻨﺯ ﺭﻤﺃ ﻕﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺎﻤﻝﻭ

...

ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺯﻨﻭ

ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻯﺭﻗ ﺍﻭﻁﺘﺨﺎﻓ ،ﻼﻜﺭﺍﻭﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻗ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ

ﺩﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﺩـﻋ ﻲ

..

.

لﻤـﺸﻴ

ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ

...

ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﻬﺒﻭ ،ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺔﻐﻴﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﻭ

ﺔـﺘﺎﻨﺯ لـﺌﺎﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻥﺭﻔﻴ ﻲﻨﺒﻭ ﺱﺎﺠﻨﺴ ﻲﻨﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻫﻭ ،ﺩﻬﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ

..

«

ﻭﺭﻴ

Féraud

ﺍ ، ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺙﺩﺤ

ﺓﺭﻭﺎـﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭـﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﻜﺴﻴ ﻥﻴﺫ

ﺃ ﺩﻜﺅﻴﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻙﺍﺫﻨﺁ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻘﺘﻝ

ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﻥ

ﻥﻴﺒ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ لﺜﻤ

"

ﻝﺍ

ﺭﺒﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻭﻨﺯ

"

ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻼﻴﺠ ﺍﻭﺠﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘ

ﻥﻴﺩﻝﻭﻤﻝﺍ

Métisses

ﻱﻭﺫ

ﺍﺩﻭـﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭـﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﻼﻤ

( Féraud, 1879. p 59-60)

ﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺨﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻼﻓ

ﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﻥﻭﺭﻗ ﺫﻨﻤ ل

ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻲﻘﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅ

ﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺒﺭﺒﻝﺍ

لﻴﻭﻁ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﻤ

(DUBOST, 1989,

Tours, p 134.)

ﺎﻘﺘ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻜ

ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤ ﺩﻴ

ﻲﺤﻼﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ

ﺭﻭـﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﻭﻁﻭ ﺍﻭﺠﺘﻨﺃ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺩﺘﻤﺍ

ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺭﺜﺩﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍﻭ

.

ﺒﻝ

ﻭﺩ

ﻨﺃ

ﻭﺩـﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺎـﺼ

4

)

semi-nomades

(

،

ﺕﺎـﻋﻭﻤﺠ

ﺕـﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ

ﻁـﺴﻭﻝﺎﺒ

ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻫ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ

ﺭﺤﺼ

،ﺀ

ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃﻭ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺸ

ﻴﺤ

،ﻡﻬﺘﺎ

ﺘﻔ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺍﺭﺤـﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻘﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺕﺒﺎﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﻔﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭ

ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺸ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ

ﻥﻭﺭﺸﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﺘ

ﻴﻓ

،ﺎﻬ

ﻭـﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ

ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻ

ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺨﺩﺃ

ﻝﺍ

،ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌ

ـﻤﺘ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻉﺭﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﻋﺎ

،ﻡﻬﻨ

ﻤﻀ

ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻥ

)

1989, p 5.

(BISSON,

.

ﻡﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻲ

ﻫ ،ﺵﻴﻤﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻤﺎﻤﺃ لﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻴ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ

ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ

ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼ

،

ﻭﺩﺒﻝ

ﻥﺎﻜـﺴﻝﺍﻭ

ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺭـﻘﻝﺍ

ﻲـﻓ

ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ

،

ﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﺎﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ

ﻥﺎﻜـﺴ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘ

ﻲﺤﻼﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ

لﻴﺨﻨ

.

(9)

ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻨ

لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ

.

ﺓﺭﻤﺜﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻊﻤ

ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ ﺫﺨﺄﻴ ،لﻼﻘﺘﺴ

ﻭﻝﺍ

لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻡﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﻲـﻨﻁ

،

ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺫﺇ

ﺒﻭ

ﺔـﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻗﺭـﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ

ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﺔـﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻊﺠﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﺭﺘﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺁ لﻀﻔﺒ ﺔــﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

ﺔﻨﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ

1956

ﺔـﻨﺴ ﺎـﻬﻤﻴﻤﺄﺘ ﻡﺘ

1971

ﺔـﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺓﻭﺭﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺯ

ﻪﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ

.

ﻑﺭﻅ ﻲﻓ

20

ﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻨﺴ

، ﺔـﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩ

ﻕﻤﻌﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ

ﺍ ،

ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻭ ،ﻁﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺏﻴﻘﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻼﻐﺘﺴ

.

ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ

ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﺎــﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﺎﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻴﻭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻯﻭــﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔـﻴﻭﻬﺠ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﻭﻤﻨﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻑـﻋﺎﻀﺘﺘﻭ

ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻭ

ﺎﻀﻴﺃ

.

ﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘ

ﺔـﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺢﻴﺘﺎـﻔﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ

ﺔـﻴﻻﻭ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺞﻤﺩﺘ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻠ

ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺀﺯﺠﻭ ﺔـﻠﻗﺭﻭ

.

ﻥﺇﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

،ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﺘ ﻡﻝ

،ﺔـﻠﻗﺭﻭ

ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ

.

ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻕـﻠﺨﻭ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺈﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﻝ ﺍﺫﻫ

ﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺼ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﺸﺘﺴﻤ ﺔـﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺯـﻴﻬﺠﺘﻠﻝ

،ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﺱﺭﺍﺩ

ﻙﻭﻨﺒ ،ﺩﻴﺭﺒ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ

ﺦﻝﺍ

.

ﻭ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍﻭ ،لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ

ﻥﺴﺤﺘ

ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ

ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺏﻁﻘﺘﺴﺘ ﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺈﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻁﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ

لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ

ﺓﺩــﻴﺩﺠ ﺔـﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻲـﻁﻌﺘﻭ ﺕـﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ

ﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﻐﺸﻸﻝﻭ ،ﻊــﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ

لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻬﺴﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺒ

ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻁﺒﺭﻭ ﺎﻴﻭﻬﺠ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

.

ﺕﺭــﻘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﺘﻭ

ﺕﺎـﻴﻁﻌﻤ ﻥـﻤ ﺭـﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒﻭ ﺔﻌﺠﺭ ﻼﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ

.

(10)

ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻘﺘﻠﺘ

ﺔـﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ

ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺯﻜﺘﺭﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﻁﺒﺘﺭـﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺯﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻭ ﻊﺒﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃﻭ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﺘﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ

،ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸ

ﻰﻘﺒ

ﻜـﺴ

ﻥﺎ

ﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴ

ﺘﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﺒ

ﻡﻬ

ﻝﺍ

ﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ

ﺔﻴ

ﻬﻠﻜﺎﻴﻫﻭ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ

.

ﻊـﻤ ﻥﺎﻜـﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﺒ

ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤـﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﺔـﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ لﻭﻓﺃ ﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺘﻘﻤ

ﻕـﻁﻨﻤﻭ ﻲﺘﺎﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺕﺯﺭﺒ

"

ﺔـﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ

"

ﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ

"

ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﺼﻌﻝﺎﺒ

"

ﻭﺃ

ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﻻﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﻲﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨ

ﻲﻤـﺴﺭﻝﺍ لﻜـﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒ

)

formel

(

ﺭـﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ

ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ

)

informel

(

ﻪـﺘﻨﻬﺘﻤﺍ ،ﺏﻴﺭﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺭﻁﻴﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ

ﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﺩ

ﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ

ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤـﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩـﻤ

،ﺔـﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ لﻓﺍﻭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻬﻋ ﻑﻝﺎﺴ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﻭﻋ

ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨـﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﺎـﻁﻗ ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻭ

ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ

)

PMI

(

ﻤ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻭ

ﺍﺩﻭﺩﺤ

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،

ﺔﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻬﺸﺘ

.

ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻑﺭﻅ ﻲﻓ

ﺩﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ

ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻤ ﺩﺠ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴ

1960

ﻰﻝﺇ

1998

ﻥﺎﻜـﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺩـﻋ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘﻴ

ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘﻴ ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺕﺴ

15

ﺀﺎـﺼﺤﺇ ﺓﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻤ

)

ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩـﻝﺍ

ﺀﺎﺼﺤﻺﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ

1998

(

ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻊـﺠﺭﻴ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻡﺎﻬﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ

ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠ ﻲﻗﺎﺒﻜ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻁﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ

ﺏﺫـﺠ ﺓﻭـﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻭﺩـﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﺘ ﺏﻌﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﺴ

ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺨﻀﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ

.

ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻭﺩ لﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺎﺴ

ﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﺜﻜﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻥﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺓﺎﻴ

ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻭ لﻤﺎﺸ

ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﺜ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺵﻤﺎﻫ

لﺨﺩﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ

)

(BISSON 1989.p 66.

ﻰﻘﺒﺃ ﻥﺇﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ

(11)

ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﺒ ﺫﺇ ،ﺓﻭﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ

ﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ

ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺠﻴ ﻊﺠﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋ

لﺨﺩﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ

ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ

ﻥﻤ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺘ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺔـﻠﻗﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ لﺤﺭﻝﺍ

40

%

ﻰﻝﺇ

10

%

ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﺩﻤﺘﻴ ﺫﺇ

ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺭﺃ

)

ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ

2001

(

.

ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ

ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘ ﻡﺎﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺩﺤ لﺼﻭ ،لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﺘ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﺏﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤ

)

ﺕﺴﺒﺴﺒﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺯﻝﺍ،ﺔﻝﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻗ

(

ﺼﻼﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻝ

ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺎﺠﻴﺴﻨ ﻑﻝﺅﺘ ﺔﻘ

ﻭ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍﻭ

"

ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ

"

ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﺏـﻜﺍﺭﺘﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ،ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻪـﻝ

،ﺯﻴﺎﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻜﺸﺃﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻬﻅﻤﺘ

ﺫـﺨﺄﺘﻝ

ﻗﻭﺭﺤﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻉﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ

،ﺕﺎ

،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﺒ

ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﻥﻴﻨﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ

،

ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺫ

ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘ

،

ﺕﺎﻜﺒـﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻤﻝﺍ

،ﻪﻝﻭﺤ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ

ﺏﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻑﻭﺴ

.

ﺭﻭـﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ

ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﺘﻤ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ

.

ﺘ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ

لﻜـﺸ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻓﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺄ

ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻨﺍ

ﻝ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻊﻤ لﺜﺎﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﺠﺴﻨﺃ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ

ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌ

،

ﺔـﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭـﺼﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﻨ ﻑﻝﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ

،

لﻭـﺤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻴﻨﻭﻝﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻀﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ

،

ﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ

لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺯﻴﻤ ﻲ

ﻭﺃ

لﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﺜﺘ ﺕﻤﻀ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

،

ﺔﻴﻨﻜـﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺞﻤﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﻥﻜﺴﻭ ﻲﺘﺍﺫ ﻱﺩﺭﻓ ﻥﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﺇ

ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻪﻋﺭﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﺩﺎﻤ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ

ﺔﺠـﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﻊـﺴﻭﺘ ﺔـﻴﻤﺘﺤ ،ﺔﻴ

ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ

(12)

ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻲـﻘﺒ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﺱﻜﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺄﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺸﻤﺎﻫ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ

لﺩﺎﻌﻴ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ

)

17.7

(%

ﻥــﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﻅﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ

.

ﻭﺎﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ

ﺩـﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺴﻨﻷﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺓ

ﻪﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻗ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻡﻁﺤ

ﻥـﻋ ﺔـﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺭـﺨ ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺍﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﺩﻬﺸﻴ ﻥﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺫﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﺔﻨﻜﺜ

ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﺒ ﺭﻴﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﻭﺴﺃ

.

ﺕـﻤﺎﻗ ﻡﻴﻤﺭـﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻨﻜﺴ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ

ﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ

ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺽﻭﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺭﺨ ﺩﺭﺠﻤﺒ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻪﺘﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﺇ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴ

ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺓﺭـﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﻤ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﺃ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺩﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﺒ

ﻩﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﺒ ﺕﻬﺘﻨﺍﻭ ،ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ لﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺒ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻡﻴﻁﺤﺘﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ

ﻡـﻅﻌﻤ ﺩـﺤﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩـﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝ

ﺕﺎﻨﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ

ﻥﻜـﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲـﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻜـﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎـﻁﺇ ﻲـﻓ ﻭﺃ

ﻱﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻀﻴﺃ

ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﺎﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﻻﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﺩﻬﺸﺘ

ﻡـﻝ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻨﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﺍ

ﻲﻓ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ

ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭـﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﻘﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻜﺴﺒ ﺕﻅﻔﺘﺤﺍ لﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺠﻤ

ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺭﻜﺒ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ

ﻥﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﻓ

ﻥـﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺱﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ لﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺍ

ﻌﻁﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺍﻭﺤﺃ

ﺕﺎ

ﺭﻘﻔﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ

،

ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ

ﺔﻝﻭﺌـﺴﻤ

ﻬﻨﻜﺎﺴﻤ ﻑﺎﻌﻀﺇﻭ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻥﻋ

ﺎ.

،ﻁﻭﻁـﺸﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺤـﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺤﺍﺯ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﻷ ﺕﺎﺼﻴﺼﺨﺘ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ

ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻌﺴﻭﺘﻭ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺤ

ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﺼﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻊﺒﺘﻴ ﻲﻁﺨ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ

.

ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ

ﺍﺫﻫ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺽﺭـﻓ

ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻌﺠﺸ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

ﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴ

ﺕﺎـﻴﻭﻫ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲ

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ

5

ﺓﺯـﺠﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ،

ﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﺒ

ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺱﺠﺎﻬﻝ

ﺓﻭﺭﺜﻝﺍ

ﺔﺒﺭﺎـﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﺘ

ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﺎﻤﺘﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ

ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋﻭ

.

(13)

ﺃ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﻜﺎﺴﻤ

ﺭﻓﻭـﺘ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺭـﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﻑﺘﺎﻜﺘﺒ ﺕﺯﺠﻨ

،ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﻭﺠﻤ ﻊﻴﺒ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﺍﻭ

ﻡﻫﺎـﺴﻴﻝ ﺔـﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻑﺌﺎـﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺌﺍﺭﻜ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ لﻤﻋﻭ

ﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻩﺅﺎﻨﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﺇﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝﻭﺨﺩﻤ

ﻲـﻫ ﺕﺎـﺴﺭ

ﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺭ

ﺘﻝﺍ

ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﻤ

.

-ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺵﻴﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

.

لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝ

ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﻤﻝﺍ

ﺯﻴﻤﺘ

ﻜـﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﺒ

ﻭﺩـﺒﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎ

ﻥﻴﻨﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺃ

لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺩﻓ

ﺓﺯﻴﺎﻤﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ

،

ﻊـﻗﺍﻭﻜ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺯﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﺃ ﻕﻠﺨﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ

ﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ

.

ﺀﺍﻭـﺴ ،ﺓﺭــﺴﻸﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ

ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ

ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺏـﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎـﻋﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻨﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﻪـﺤﻤﻼﻤ ﻡـﺴﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﻲﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺵﻴﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ

ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻐﻜ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻤﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﺃ

ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻥﻋ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺭﺒﺠﻴ

.

ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻲﻫ لﻫ

ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻜ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﻀﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﺩﻭـﻘﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻡﺃ

؟ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺢﻤﻼﻤ ﻡﺴﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﺎﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﻷﺍ

ﺕﺒﺜﻴ

ﺎﻬﻨﺃ

،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻥﺎﺒﻭﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ

ﻱﻭﺫ ﺔﻨـﺸﺎﺸﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﺎﻜﺴ ﺀﺍﺩﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥ

ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺩﻋ

ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ

ﻡﻭـﻴﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ، ﻥﻴﻨﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍﻭ ،

ﻥﻤـﻀ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻴ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﻲﻤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﻭﺫ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ

ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺎﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻌﺒﻁﻴ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ

ﺔـﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺫﺨﺘﻴ

(14)

ﻲـﻓ ﺕﻻﻭـﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﺒﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻐﻴﺼﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺩﻴﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ

ﺓﺭـﺒﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺏﻝﺎﻏ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ

ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻥـﻋ ﻲـﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺭـﺒﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻫ ﺝﺍﻭﺯـﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ

ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ

ﻲﻤﺴﺭ ﻲﺘﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ، ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ

ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻉﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ

"

ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ

"

ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ لﺍﻭﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ

.

-

ﺔﺼﻼﺨ

ﺔﻁﻴﺭﺨﻝﺍ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ

ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ

ﻤ ﻲـﻫ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ

ﻉﻭﺭـﺸ

ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻋ

ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺘﻔﻤ

،

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻁﻴﺭﺨ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ

ﺍ ،ﻪﺴﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﻪﻠﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ

لﻭﺍﺩـﺠ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺃ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺍﻭﺴﻴﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝ

،ﻥﻭـﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴ ، ﻥﻭﻨﻜـﺴﻴ

،ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻴ

ﻥﻭﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻡﻫ لﺒ

ﻥﻭﻁﺸﻨ

ﻡﻬﻝﻼﺘـﺤﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻁﻁﺨﻴ ﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﺴﺭﻴ ﻡﻫ لﺎﺠﻤﻠﻝ

ﻡﻬﻨـﻴﺒ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻴﻘﻴﻭ

ﺔـﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﺸﻴﻌﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺭـﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﻫ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﺒﻴﻭ

ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ،ﻡﻬﺘﻼﺜﻤﺘﺒ

ﻥﺩـﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻭـﻫ

ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺅﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ

.

ﺔﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺭﻀﺎﺤ

ﻲﻓ

،ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺭﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﻤﻼﻤ لﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ

ﻭﻫ ﻲﻤﺘﺤﻝﺍ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ

ﺹـﺨﺘ ﺕﻼﻀﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺄﺒ ﻕﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﺕﺎﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﻬﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ

ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﻲﻫ

ﺎﻘﺴﻨ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺓﺯﻴﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ

ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺎﻨﻭﺭﻗ ﻡﺍﺩ

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴـﺤﻼﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭﻝﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﻨﺸﺎﺸﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺨﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﺕﺩﺎﻋﺃ

ﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﺤﻤﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃﻭ ﻑﺌﺎ

ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ

،ﻡﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻡﻬﻨﺩﻤﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﻴﻨﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ

ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ

،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ

ﻩﺫﻫ

ﺓﺩﻴﻔﺘـﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻅﻴﺃ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ

ﻊـﻤ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﺎـﻬﻨﺇ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﺤﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻪﻜﻠﻤﺘﻭ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ

ﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻤﻌﺘﻤﻭ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ

ﺕﺎ

ﻻﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ

ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ

ﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ

لﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ

.

(15)

ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ

:

1

ﺕﺭﻘﺘ

:

لﺜﻤﺘ ،ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩ ﺭﻘﻤ

ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻋ

،

140000

،ﻥﻜﺎﺴ

640

ﻡﻜ

ﻕﺭﺸ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ

،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ

ﺎﻴﻀﺎﻤ

ﺍﺭﻀﺎﺤﻭ

.

2

ﺏﻼﺠ ﻲﻨﺒ

:

ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻎﻴﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﻭ ﺕﻤﻜﺤ ﺱﺎﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﺼﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺭﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ

ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ

1854

.

ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻋ ﺕﺭﻘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺫﺨﺘﺍ

ﺎﻬﻤﻜﺤﻝ

.

3

ﺯﻨﻝﺍ

:

ﻑﻴﺭﺼﺘ ﺀﻭﺴ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ،ﻲﻓﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻌﺼ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻫﺃ ﺔﻐﻝ ﻲﻓ

ﻱﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ

.

4

ىلإ ةيشاملا ةيبرتو يعرلا سرامت يتلا تاعومجملا مھب دصقن ودبلا فاصنأ

رارقتسا هبش شيعتو ةضفخنملا ضاوحلأا يف ةيقسملا ريغ ليخنلا ةعارز بناج

ةدودحم ةيفارغج تاحاسم يف لقنتلا وأ

.

(16)

ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ

ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ

:

1

-ﺒﺍ

ﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻥﻭﺩﻠﺨ ﻥ

ﻥﺎﻤ

»

ﻡﺎـﻴﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺃﺩﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩﻭ ﺭﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘ

ﺭﺒﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ

«

ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ

1921

2

ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝﺍ

2001

3-

Capot REY « le Sahara Français » PUF; 1953; Paris.

4-

Daniel DUBOST : la ville ; les paysans et le

développement agricole au Sahara Algérien, in Le

nomade,L’oasis et la ville Fascicule de recherche n°20

URBAMA, 1989, Tours

5-

FATHY Hassan,«Construire avec le peuple, histoire d’un

village d’Egypte, Gorna»4 éd. Paris 1985

.

6

-e d-e

Notes historiques sur la provinc

«

Féraud (L.Ch)

in

»

Djellab, sultans de Touggourt

les Ben

-Constantine

Revue africaine N° 23 1879.

7-

Jean BISSON : « le chaanbi et le Hammam : Zelfana,

boite noire de l’am

agement au Sahara Algé

r

ien », in le

nomade L’oasis et la ville, Fascicule de Recherche, n °20

URBAMA, 1989.

8-

Jean BISSON « le nomade, L’oasis et la ville »

URBAMA, n °20, 1989

9-

Léan Charles FERAUD « les Ben – Djellab, sultans de

Touggourt _; Notes historiques sur la province de

Constantine ; in Revue africaine N° 23. 1879.

10-

Marc COT: « Dynamique urbaine au Sahara » ; in

Insaniyat (Revue algérienne

d’anthropologie et sciences sociales) n°05. Mai-Août

1998.

11-

Marc Cote La ville et le désert ; le Bas-Sahara algérien

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– 2 ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻊﺠﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﺠﺴ ﻥﻴﺴﻭﻗ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺩﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ. ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ

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