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The rule interchange format: an interim report
National Research Council Canada Institute for Information Technology Conseil national de recherches Canada Institut de technologie de l'information
The Rule Interchange Format: An Interim
Report *
Boley, H., Kifer, M.
August and November 2007
* published in The Association of Logic Programming (ALP) Newsletter. Volume 20 Numbers 3 and 4. August and November 2007. NRC 50341.
Copyright 2007 by
National Research Council of Canada
Permission is granted to quote short excerpts and to reproduce figures and tables from this report, provided that the source of such material is fully acknowledged.
❚❤❡ ❘✉❧❡ ■♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❋♦r♠❛t✿ ❆♥ ■♥t❡r✐♠ ❘❡♣♦rt
❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②
✶▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❑✐❢❡r
✷ ✶❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ◆❡✇ ❇r✉♥s✇✐❝❦✱ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✲ ❡✲❇✉s✐♥❡ss✱ ◆❘❈ ✹✻ ❉✐♥❡❡♥ ❉r✐✈❡✱ ❋r❡❞❡r✐❝t♦♥✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳✉♥❜✳❝❛✴⑦❜♦❧❡②✴ ✷ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦ ❛t ❙t♦♥② ❇r♦♦❦ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙t♦♥② ❇r♦♦❦✱ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦ ✶✶✼✾✹✲✹✹✵✵✱ ❯❙❆ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳s✉♥②s❜✳❡❞✉✴⑦❦✐❢❡r✴ ❚❤❡ ❲✸❈ ❘✉❧❡ ■♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❋♦r♠❛t ✭❘■❋✮ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ●r♦✉♣ ✭❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳ ✇✸✳♦r❣✴✷✵✵✺✴r✉❧❡s✴✇❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❋r♦♥tP❛❣❡✮ ✐s ❛♥ ❡☛♦rt t♦ ❞❡☞♥❡ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❘✉❧❡ ■♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❋♦r♠❛t ❢♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t✐♥❣ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ r✉❧❡ s❡ts ❛♠♦♥❣ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ t♦ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❜❡❣❛♥ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✺ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ P❤❛s❡ ✶ ♦❢ ✐ts ❥♦❜ ❜② ✸✶ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✽✳ ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡rts ❢r♦♠ ✐♥❞✉str②✱ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛✱ ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❧❛❜s✳ ❆s ♦❢ t♦❞❛②✱ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❤❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❞r❛❢ts ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✿ ✎ ❘■❋ ❯s❡ ❈❛s❡s ❛♥❞ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ✭❧❛t❡st ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❞r❛❢t✱ ✶✵ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✼✮✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❚❘✴r✐❢✲✉❝r✴ ✎ ❘■❋ ❇❛s✐❝ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❉✐❛❧❡❝t ✭❧❛t❡st ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❞r❛❢t✱ ✸✵ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✼✮✿ ❤tt♣✿ ✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❚❘✴r✐❢✲❜❧❞✴ ✎ ❘■❋ ❘❉❋ ❛♥❞ ❖❲▲ ❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t② ✭❧❛t❡st ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❞r❛❢t✱ ✸✵ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✼✮✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❚❘✴r✐❢✲r❞❢✲♦✇❧✴ ❲❤② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ r✉❧❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❢♦r♠❛t ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❡❞ r✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s❄ ❖♥❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❛s t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥ t❤❛t ❛ ❲❡❜ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❢♦r ❥✉st ♦♥❡ r✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ st②♠✐❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss ✐♥ t❤✐s ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ s②st❡♠s✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❢❡❧t t❤❛t ❞❡☞♥✐♥❣ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✉♥✐❢②✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✐s ♥❡✐t❤❡r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♥♦r t❡♥❛❜❧❡✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ t❤❡ ❘■❋ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❝❛❧❧s ❢♦r ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts✳ ❆ ❘■❋ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ✐s ❛ r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❳▼▲ s②♥t❛① ❛♥❞ ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲ ❞❡☞♥❡❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳ ❆ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ❉✶ ❝❛♥ ❡①t❡♥❞ ❛ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ❉✷ ✐❢ t❤❡ s②♥t❛① ♦❢ ❉✶ ✐s ❛ s✉♣❡rs❡t ♦❢ t❤❡ s②♥t❛① ♦❢ ❉✷✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ❛r❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡✳ ●✐✈❡♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ ❘■❋ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts✱ ❛ r✉❧❡ s②st❡♠✱ ❆✱ ❝❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐ts ♥❛t✐✈❡ ✶r✉❧❡s❡t ❘ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s②st❡♠ ❇ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❘■❋ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t✱ ❉✱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ❆ ❝❛♥ ♠❛♣ ❘ t♦ ❛ r✉❧❡s❡t ✐♥ ❉✱ ❘❉✱ ✐♥ ❛ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✲♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ ♠❛♥♥❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❇ ❝❛♥ ♠❛♣ ❘❉ t♦ ✐ts ♥❛t✐✈❡ r✉❧❡s❡t ❙✱ ❛❣❛✐♥ ♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡ ❦❡② ♣♦✐♥t ❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❛t ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ s②♥t❛① ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❛ ❘■❋ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❉✱ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❘■❋✲❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥t t❤❡ r✉❧❡ s②st❡♠s ❆ ❛♥❞ ❇ ♠✉st ❭✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✧ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❉✮✳ ❆ r✉❧❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts ❛ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ✐❢ t❤❡ ♥❛t✐✈❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❛ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ✇✐t❤ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s✳ ❙♦✱ ✐❢ ❆ ❛♥❞ ❇ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❉ t❤❡♥ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✲♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s ❢r♦♠ ❉ ♦♥t♦ s♦♠❡ s✉❜s❡ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❆ ❛♥❞ ❇✱ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❝❡ ✈❡rs❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ r✉❧❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❆ ❛♥❞ ❇✱ ✐❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ❢❛❧❧ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❛❢♦r❡s❛✐❞ s✉❜s❡ts ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ s②st❡♠s✳ ❚♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❝♦❤❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts✱ ❘■❋ ❞❡☞♥❡s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞ t♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ❜② ❭t✇❡❛❦✐♥❣✧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ ❆t ♣r❡s❡♥t✱ t❤❡ ❘■❋ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♣ ✐s ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t✇♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❡s ♦❢ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts✿ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❜❛s❡❞ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝✲❜❛s❡❞ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦✈❡r r✉❧❡ s②st❡♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ❞❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s ❛♥❞✱ ♣♦ss✐❜❧②✱ ♦♥ ♣✉r❡ ☞rst✲♦r❞❡r ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐s ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r ♠❛♥② ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✲❛❝t✐♦♥ ✭❈❆✮ r✉❧❡ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❜❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❡✈❡♥t✲ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✲❛❝t✐♦♥ ✭❊❈❆✮ r✉❧❡s✳ ❊①❝❡♣t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ♣❛rt t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❤❛r❡❞ ❭❝♦r❡✧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❡s ♦❢ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r ❛t t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡r② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡✉s❡❞ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❡s✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ r❡✉s❡ ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ s✐❣♥✐☞❝❛♥t ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❢❛♠✐❧②✳ ❆t ♣r❡s❡♥t✱ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝✲❜❛s❡❞ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✇♦r❦❡❞ ♦✉t✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ❛t ❛♥ ❡❛r❧② st❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❘■❋ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ❧♦❣✐❝ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ❤❛s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✿ ✎ ❙②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤✐s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡☞♥❡s t❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ❢♦r s♣❡❝✐❢②✲ ✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s②♥t❛① ♦❢ ❘■❋✬s ❧♦❣✐❝ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲ t✐♦♥ s②♥t❛① ✐s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❘■❋ t♦ ❞❡☞♥❡ t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ❛♥❞ t♦ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛s ✇✐t❤ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s②♥t❛① ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐✲ ❛❧❡❝t ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ s②♥t❛① ❢♦r t❤❛t ❞✐❛❧❡❝t✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s②♥t❛① ♦❢ ❘■❋✲❇▲❉ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛t❡❧② ♦♠✐ts ❞❡t❛✐❧s s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐♦✉s s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ ♣❛r❡♥t❤❡s✐③✐♥❣✱ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs✱ ❡s❝❛♣❡ s②♠❜♦❧s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧✐❦❡✳ ■♥st❡❛❞✱ ❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✱ ❘■❋ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ✉s❡ ❳▼▲ ❛s t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ s②♥t❛①✳ ✎ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❘■❋ ❧♦❣✐❝✲❜❛s❡❞ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts✳ ✎ ❳▼▲ s❡r✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤✐s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡☞♥❡s t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐✲ ♣❧❡s t❤❛t ❧♦❣✐❝✲❜❛s❡❞ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ❛r❡ t♦ ✉s❡ ❢♦r s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ❳▼▲✲ ❜❛s❡❞ s②♥t❛①❡s✳ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t✱ ✐ts ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ❳▼▲ s②♥t❛① ✐s ❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t✬s ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s②♥t❛①✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛s ❛ s❡r✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❛t s②♥t❛①✳
❚❤❡ ❘■❋ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ❧♦❣✐❝ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ✐s q✉✐t❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ❆❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ Pr♦❧♦❣✲❧✐❦❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ t❡r♠s✱ ✐t s✉♣♣♦rts s❧♦tt❡❞ t❡r♠s ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❛❦✐♥ t♦ t✉♣❧❡s ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❝♦❧✉♠♥s ❛r❡ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦❧✉♠♥s ✐s ✐♠♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✮ ❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡s ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t ♦❜❥❡❝ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✒❛ ❧❛ ❋✲❧♦❣✐❝✮✳ ❚❤❡ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ❜② r❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ✭♦r ❛❞❞✐♥❣✮ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❭s②♠❜♦❧ s♣❛❝❡s✧ ❛♥❞ ❭s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡s✧✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r✲♦r❞❡r ✭✓❛ ❧❛ ❍✐▲♦❣✮✱ ♣♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐❝ ❛♥❞✴♦r ♣♦❧②❛❞✐❝ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ❛❧❧♦✇s ❢♦r t❤❡ s②♠❜♦❧s ✐♥ ✐ts ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ❜② t✇❡❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ tr✉t❤ ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ ❞❛t❛ t②♣❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♥t❛✐❧♠❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ P❤❛s❡ ✶✱ t❤❡ ❘■❋ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♣ ✐s ❞❡☞♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❇❛s✐❝ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❉✐❛❧❡❝t ✭❘■❋✲ ❇▲❉✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ❛ ❍♦r♥ r✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✇✐t❤ ❡q✉❛❧✐t②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❘■❋✲❇▲❉ ❤❛s ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ❵r❡❣✲ ✉❧❛r✬ ❍♦r♥ r✉❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♠❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ s❡t ♦❢ ❜✉✐❧t✐♥s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❘■❋✲❇▲❉ ✐s ❛ ❲❡❜ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❛t ✐t s✉♣♣♦rts t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ■❘■s ✭■♥✲ t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✐③❡❞ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ■❞❡♥t✐☞❡rs✮ ❛♥❞ ❳▼▲ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❞❛t❛ t②♣❡s✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ✐ts ❘❉❋ ❛♥❞ ❖❲▲ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t②✳ ■♥ P❤❛s❡ ■■✱ ♦t❤❡r ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞❡☞♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r✲♦r❞❡r ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s✱ ✇❡❧❧✲❢♦✉♥❞❡❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ st❛❜❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳ ■t ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t❤❛t ✈❛r✐♦✉s ✉s❡r ❣r♦✉♣s ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳ P❤❛s❡ ■■ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ P❤❛s❡ ■ Pr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❘✉❧❡ ❉✐❛❧❡❝t ✭❘■❋✲P❘❉✮ ✇♦r❦✱ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❢✉❧❧✲✌❡❞❣❡❞ ❞✐❛❧❡❝ts s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠✳ ■♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✱ t❤❡ ❘■❋ ❣r♦✉♣ ✐s ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ t♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❡①t❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ❢r❛♠❡✲ ✇♦r❦✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❛❝❦❧❡s ✐ss✉❡s ❧✐❦❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦✇❛r❞ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❢❛❧❧❜❛❝❦ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ s②♥t❛①✱ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ✐ss✉❡s✳ ❋♦r ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ s❡❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♣✬s ❲✐❦✐ ♣❛❣❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴✷✵✵✺✴ r✉❧❡s✴✇❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❋r♦♥tP❛❣❡✳
