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A reconstruction of Bojko’s table of quarter-squares

(1909)

Denis Roegel

To cite this version:

Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Bojko’s table of quarter-squares (1909). [Research Report] 2013.

�hal-00880837�

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A reconstruction of

Bojko’s table of quarter-squares

(1909)

Denis Roegel

2013

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1

The method of quarter-squares

The method of quarter-squares is a multiplication method which makes use of the identity

ab

=

1

4



(a + b)

2

− (a − b)

2

.

If we possess a table of squares, and wish to compute the product ab, it is then

sufficient to compute a + b, a − b, to look up the table for these two values, to subtract

the values read in the table, and to divide the result by 4. This seems complex, but for

large numbers it is more efficient than to compute directly the product.

1

There have been a number of tables of squares around, in particular those of Ludolf

published in 1690 [35], and those published by Séguin in 1801 and giving the squares

up to 10000. But these authors did mostly not have multiplications in mind, although

Ludolf showed how squares could be used to compute a multiplication. At the beginning

of the 19th century, the method of quarter-squares was mentioned in passing by Laplace

in 1809 [14, p. 261] and Gergonne in 1816 [17, pp. 159–160], but they did not produce

tables.

2

The first tables of quarter-squares (1817)

In 1817, Voisin [55] and Bürger [9] published independently the first tables of

quarter-squares. Voisin and Bürger both understood that a table of squares could be useful for

multiplications, but they went one step beyond, and removed the need to divide the

difference of the squares by 4. Their tables gave the quarter-squares for all integers up

to 19999 (Bürger) and 20000 (Voisin).

More exactly, when a number is odd, its quarter-square is of the form n + 0.25 and

Voisin and Bürger only gave the value n. So if a and b are both odd or both even, the

values of the quarter-squares are given exactly. If one of the integers is odd and the other

is even, both quarter-squares are in default by 0.25, but the difference of these two values

is correct. So, although the tables of Voisin and Bürger are not totally accurate for a

table of squares, they serve the purpose of a table of multiplication. If one wished to use

them as a table of squares, one would need to remember to add 1 to the result multiplied

by 4, whenever the value entered is odd.

A table of quarter-squares is also very advantageous with respect to space. Such a

table is a linear table, with only one entry. With slightly more work than a mere table

of multiplication, it is possible with a table of quarter-squares to do computations that

would require many thousands of pages with a conventional table of multiplication, such

as Crelle’s table [12].

In 1820, in the second edition of his Philosophy of arithmetic [34, pp. 246–257], John

Leslie described tables of quarter-squares, and in particular Voisin’s table, of which he

gave an excerpt up to 2000. Leslie expressed the hope that someone would compute a

table up to 200000.

1

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Table

Range

Pages

Density

Voisin (1817)

20000

123

162.6

Bürger (1817)

20000

80

250.0

Centnerschwer (1825)

20000

40

500.0

Merpaut (1832)

40000

400

100.0

Kulik (1851)

30000

40

750.0

Laundy (1856)

100000

200

500.0

Blater (1887)

200000

200

1000.0

Bojko (1909)

20000

20

1000.0

Plassmann (1933)

20009

200

100.0

Table 1: A comparison of the main tables of quarter-squares. The density is the ratio

of the range by the number of pages. The tables which pack the greatest ranges in the

smallest number of pages are those of Blater and Bojko.

3

Later tables of quarter-squares

A number of other tables of quarter-squares were published during the 19th century

(table 1). Centnerschwer [10] published a table of quarter-squares up to 20000 in 1825,

Kulik in 1833 and 1851 (up to 30000) [27, 28], Merpaut in 1832 (up to 40000) [38],

Laundy in 1856 [32], and Blater in 1887 [1]. Laundy’s table gave the quarter-squares

up to 100000, whereas Blater extended it to 200000. In 1836, Galbraith published a

small table of quarter-squares in a more general collection of tables [16]. This table was

probably borrowed from Voisin’s table.

In the preface of his table of quarter-squares [32, p. iv], Laundy also mentions that

Peter Gray had in his possession a manuscript of a table of quarter-squares extending to

200000 by Shortrede, but that table was never published.

There have also been several applications of quarter-squares for mechanical aids. In

1829, Schiereck invented a calculating machine based on quarter-squares [57] and in 1841

he devised an instrument for the measurement of the area of triangles, useful in surveying,

and also based on quarter-squares [52, 24].

In a book published in 1857, Edward Sang also suggested the use of quarter-squares

for multiplications [11, pp. 50–51].

The use of quarter-squares declined in the first half of the 20th century [37], but Bojko

in 1909 [5] and Plassmann in 1933 [40] each published tables of quarter-squares up to

20000. In the 1950s, however, new applications of the quarter-squares method for

multi-plication on analog devices surfaced, and this prompted their use for the implementation

of multiplication in digital processors [25, 26].

Finally, we mention that tables of triangular numbers can also be used in a way similar

to quarter-squares in order to facilitate the multiplications [13].

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4

Bojko

Josef Bojko (1881– 19??) was an engineer from Novoselytsia, formerly in Russia and now

in Ukraine. He defended his PhD

2

in Zurich in 1908 and published his dissertation on a

new table of quarter-squares in 1909 [5, 4, 58].

He also published books on practical or mental calculation in 1907 and 1920 [8, 6],

several articles on mathematics [3, 2], as well as on the wiring of electrical motors [7].

5

Structure of Bojko’s table and reconstruction

Bojko’s table of quarter-squares is very compact and gives the quarter-squares of all

integers from 0 to 20000 on only 20 pages. When looking for the quarter-square of a

number x, this number is split in two parts x = N |n, where n are the last two digits. For

instance, x = 5134 is split into N = 51 and n = 34. Each double page of Bojko’s table

covers a range of values of N and n. The left-hand pages cover even values 0 ≤ N ≤ 98, as

well as odd values 101 ≤ N ≤ 199. The right-hand pages cover odd values of 1 ≤ N ≤ 99,

as well as even values 100 ≤ N ≤ 198. There are 10 values of n on each page, but these

values depend on whether N > 99 or N < 100. When N > 99, Bojko calls the prefix N

1

and the suffix n

1

, so that on the first double page 0 ≤ n ≤ 9 and 100 ≥ n

1

≥ 91, on the

second double page 10 ≤ n ≤ 19 and 90 ≥ n

1

≥ 81, on the third double page 20 ≤ n ≤ 29

and 80 ≥ n

1

≥ 71, . . . , and on the last double page 90 ≤ n ≤ 99 and 10 ≥ n

1

≥ 1.

The value of the quarter-square of N |n (or N

1

|n

1

) is split in three parts A|B|C (or

A

1

|B

1

|C). For instance, the quarter-square of 5134 is 65|894|89, where A is found at the

intersection of column A and line 51, B is found at the intersection of line 51 and column

34 (read at the top), and C is found at the bottom of column 34 (read at the top). The

intersection of line 51 and column 34 actually gives “4 894”, which should be read “894,”

the bold digit being ignored.

The quarter-square of 14864 is 552|346|24, where A

1

is found at the intersection of

column A

1

and line 148, B

1

is found at the intersection of line 148 and column 64 (read

at the bottom), and C is found at the bottom of column 64 (read at the bottom). The

intersection of line 148 and column 64 actually gives “3 946”, which should be read “346,”

this time the bold digit being used, because N > 99. Each cell contains two values which

share the same last two digits. That this is possible is shown below.

A number of entries of Bojko’s table contain asterisks. For instance, at the

intersec-tion of line 61 and column 32 (read at the top), the value given is “8* 003.” Such an

asterisk then also appears on all the values towards the right of the same line. The values

immediately to the left are “9 942” and “8 972.” The value of B has actually overflowed,

so that the value of A must be incremented. The quarter-square of 6132 is therefore

94|003|56 and not 93|003|56.

Asterisks may also precede bold digits, in which case they signify an overflow for

values of B

1

. For instance, at the intersection of line 144 and column 67 (read at the

bottom), we have the value “*2 535”, so that the quarter-square of 14467 is 523|235|22

and not 522|235|22.

2

He was registered under number 17028 in 1906 and left the University of Zurich on 23 November 1908, see http://www.matrikel.uzh.ch/active/static/2740.htm.

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Left-hand pages give the quarter-squares of 200p+n, where 0 ≤ p ≤ 49. Let us denote

q(x) the quarter-square of x. Then, q(200p+n) =

40000p2+n42+400pn

= 10000p

2

+100pn+

n2

4

.

In other words, the last two digits of q(x) are the last two digits of

n2

4

, which explains

that C is a value common to a whole column. Similarly, right-hand pages give the

squares of 200p + 100 + n for 0 ≤ p ≤ 49 and the last two digits of the

quarter-square are those of

n2+200n

4

. In addition, left-hand pages give the quarter-squares of

x

= 200p + 100 + (100 − n) for 50 ≤ p ≤ 99, and q(x) =

40000(p+1)2+n2−400(p+1)n

4

whose last

two digits are the same as those of the quarter-square of 200p + n. Similarly, right-hand

pages also give the quarter-squares of x = 200p + (100 − n) for 50 ≤ p ≤ 99, and the last

two digits of the quarter-squares are those of

n2−200n

4

, whose last two digits are identical

to those of

n2+200n 4

.

All that remains to be shown is that the last two digits of B are identical to the last

two digits of B

1

for overlapping cells. In other words, on left-hand pages, x

1

= 200p + n

is shared with x

2

= 100(199 − 2p) + (100 − n) = 20000 − 200p − n = 20000 − x

1

. On

right-hand pages, x

1

= 100(2p + 1) + n is shared with x

2

= 100(198 − 2p) + (100 − n) = 20000 −

200p − 100 − n = 20000 − x

1

. Consequently, q(x

2

) =

20000

2+x2

1−40000x1

4

= 10000z + q(x

1

)

where z is some integer. Therefore, the quarter-squares of x

1

and of x

2

have the same

last four digits.

Bojko’s table may contain a few errors. For instance, on the first page of the table,

the second column to the right contains 939 when it should actually be 940. Therefore,

when computing the quarter-square of 19391, Bojko returns 939|027|20, instead of the

correct 940|027|20.

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References

The following list covers the most important references

3

related to Bojko’s table. Not all

items of this list are mentioned in the text, and the sources which have not been seen are

marked so. We have added notes about the contents of the articles in certain cases.

[1] Joseph Blater. Tafel der Viertel-Quadrate aller ganzen Zahlen von 1 bis 200000

welche die Ausführung von Multiplikationen, Quadrirungen und das Ausziehen der

Quadratwurzel bedeutend erleichtert und durch vorzügliche Correctheit fehlerlose

Resultate verbürgt. Wien: Alfred Hölder, 1887.

[reconstructed in [43]]

[2] Josef Bojko. Beitrag zum Ausziehen höherer Wurzeln. Zeitschrift für Mathematik

und Physik, 57:373–375, 1909.

[3] Josef Bojko. Eine neue Näherungskonstruktion für π. Zeitschrift für Mathematik

und Physik, 57:196, 1909.

[4] Josef Bojko. Eine neue Tafel der Viertelquadrate. Zeitschrift für Mathematik und

Physik, 57:194–196, 1909.

[5] Josef Bojko. Neue Tafel der Viertelquadrate aller natürlichen Zahlen 1 bis 20000

zur Bildung aller möglichen Produkte im Bereiche 1 × 1 bis 10000 × 10000. Zürich:

E. Speidel, 1909.

[6] Josef Bojko. Lehrbuch der Rechenvorteile. Schnellrechnen und Rechenkunst.

Leipzig und Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1920.

[2nd edition in 1926] [not seen]

[7] Josef Bojko. Schaltungsschemata für zwei- und dreiphasige Stabrotore : Entwurf

und Rekonstruktion. München: Oldenbourg, 1924.

[not seen]

[8] Josef Bojko and Eugen Wendling. Neues System zum technischen Kopfrechnen. Die

Quadratbildung der Zahlen 1 bis 1250. Zürich: E. Speidel, 1907.

[not seen]

[9] Johann Anton Philipp Bürger. Tafeln zur Erleichterung in Rechnungen für den

allgemeinen Gebrauch eingerichtet. Karlsruhe: D. R. Marx, 1817.

[reconstructed in [44]]

[10] J. J. Centnerschwer. Neu erfundene Multiplikations- und Quadrat-Tafeln,

vermittelst welcher man die Produkte aller vierziffrigen und die Wurzeln aller

fünfziffrigen Zahlen sehr leicht finden kann, wie auch zur Erleichterung anderer

mathematischen Rechnungen. Berlin: Maurer, 1825.

[reconstructed in [45]]

3Note on the titles of the works:

Original titles come with many idiosyncrasies and features (line splitting, size, fonts, etc.) which can often not be reproduced in a list of references. It has therefore seemed pointless to capitalize works according to conventions which not only have no relation with the original work, but also do not restore the title entirely. In the following list of references, most title words (except in German) will therefore be left uncapitalized. The names of the authors have also been homogenized and initials expanded, as much as possible.

The reader should keep in mind that this list is not meant as a facsimile of the original works. The original style information could no doubt have been added as a note, but we have not done it here.

(9)

[11] Alex D. D. Craik. The logarithmic tables of Edward Sang and his daughters.

Historia Mathematica, 30(1):47–84, February 2003.

[12] August Leopold Crelle. Rechentafeln, welche alles Multipliciren und Dividiren mit

Zahlen unter Tausend ganz ersparen, bei grösseren Zahlen aber die Rechnung

erleichtern und sicherer machen. Berlin: Maurerschen Buchhandlung, 1820.

[2 volumes, reconstructed in [41]]

[13] Elie de Joncourt. De natura et præclaro usu simplicissimæ speciei numerorum

trigonalium. The Hague: Husson, 1762.

[reconstructed in [46]]

[14] Pierre-Simon de Laplace. Mémoire sur divers points d’analyse. Journal de l’École

Polytechnique, 8:229–265, 1809.

[15] George Carey Foster. The Method of Quarter-Squares. Nature, 40(1042):593, 1889.

[answer to Glaisher’s article [20]]

[16] William Galbraith. New and concise general tables for computing the obliquity of

the ecliptic, converting mean solar into sidereal time determining the equation to

equal attitudes etc. Edinburgh: Blackwood, Stirling and Kenney, 1836.

[not seen]

[17] Joseph Diaz Gergonne. Sur divers moyens d’abréger la multiplication. Annales de

mathématiques pures et appliquées, 7(6):157–166, 1816.

[18] James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. Report of the committee on mathematical tables.

London: Taylor and Francis, 1873.

[Also published as part of the “Report of the forty-third meeting of the British Association for the advancement of science,” London: John Murray, 1874. A review by R. Radau was published in the Bulletin des sciences mathématiques et

astronomiques, volume 11, 1876, pp. 7–27]

[19] James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. On multiplication by a table of single entry.

Philosophical magazine, 6(38):331–347, 1878.

[20] James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. The method of quarter squares. Nature,

40(1041):573–576, 1889.

[see Foster’s article [15]]

[21] James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. The method of quarter squares. Nature,

41(1045):9, 1889.

[22] James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. The method of quarter squares. Journal of the

Institute of Actuaries, 28:227–235, 1890.

[reprinted from Nature]

[23] James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. Table, mathematical. In Hugh Chisholm, editor,

The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, volume 26, pages 325–336. Cambridge,

England: at the University Press, 1911.

[24] Barbara Haeberlin and Stefan Drechsler. Die Viertelquadratemethode und das

Pediometer des Joseph Friedrich Schiereck. In Werner H. Schmidt and Werner

Girbardt, editors, 4. Symposium zur Entwicklung der Rechentechnik, Universität

Greifswald. Greifswald: University, 2009.

(10)

[25] Totadri Jayashree and Dhruba Basu. On binary multiplication using the quarter

square algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-25:957–960, September

1976.

[26] Everett L. Johnson. A digital quarter square multiplier. IEEE Transactions on

Computers, C-29:258–261, March 1980.

[27] Jakob Philipp Kulik. Toasirtafeln, zur leichtern Berechnung des Längen-

Flächen-und Kubik-Inhaltes Flächen-und der verschiedenen Münz- Maß- Flächen-und Gewichts-Beträge.

Prague: J. L. Eggenberger, 1833.

[28] Jakob Philipp Kulik. Neue Multiplikationstafeln : ein unentbehrliches Hülfsmittel

für Jedermann, um schnell, sicher und ohne Ermüdung zu rechnen. Leipzig:

Friedrich Fleischer, 1851.

[reconstructed in [42]]

[29] Harold D. Larsen. Pseudo logarithms. The Mathematics Teacher, 52(1):2–6,

January 1959.

[30] Review of Samuel Linn Laundy’s “A table of quarter-squares of all integer numbers

up to 100,000, by which the product of two factors may be found by the aid of

addition and subtraction alone”. The Assurance magazine, and journal of the

Institute of Actuaries, 6(4):234–237, July 1856.

[31] Samuel Linn Laundy. On a method of finding the product of two factors by means

of the addition and subtraction of natural numbers. The Assurance Magazine, and

Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 6:121–129, April 1856.

[32] Samuel Linn Laundy. Table of quarter-squares of all integer numbers, up to

100,000, by which the product of two factors may be found by the aid of addition

and subtraction alone. London: Charles and Edwin Layton, 1856.

[reconstructed in [47]]

[33] Samuel Linn Laundy. On a method of using the “Table of quarter squares”. The

Assurance Magazine, and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 9(2):112–115, July

1860.

[34] John Leslie. The philosophy of arithmetic. Edinburgh: William and Charles Tait,

1820.

[pp. 245–257 on tables of quarter squares]

[35] Hiob Ludolf. Tetragonometria tabularia. Leipzig: Groschian, 1690.

[other editions were published in 1709 and 1712] [reconstructed in [48]]

[36] David D. McFarland. Quarter-squares revisited: earlier tables, division of labor in

table construction, and later implementations in analog computers. Technical

report, California Center for Population Research, UC Los Angeles, 2007.

[37] David D. McFarland. Tables of quarter-squares, sociologic[al] applications, and

contributions of George W. Jones. Technical report, California Center for

Population Research, UC Los Angeles, 2007.

(11)

[38] J. M. Merpaut-Duzélidest. Tables arithmonomiques, fondées sur le rapport du

rectangle au carré ; ou, le calcul réduit à son dernier degré de simplification.

Vannes, 1832.

[not seen] [reconstructed in [49]]

[39] Quarter squares. The Pentagon: A Mathematics Magazine for Students,

10(2):102–103, 1951.

[40] Josef Plassmann. Tafel der Viertel-Quadrate aller Zahlen von 1 bis 20009 zur

Erleichterung des Multiplizierens vierstelliger Zahlen. Leipzig: Max Jänecke, 1933.

[reconstructed in [50]]

[41] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Crelle’s Rechentafeln (1820). Technical report,

LORIA, 2011.

[This is a reconstruction of [12].]

[42] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Kulik’s table of multiplication (1851). Technical

report, LORIA, Nancy, 2011.

[This is a reconstruction of [28].]

[43] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Blater’s table of quarter-squares (1887).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [1].]

[44] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Bürger’s table of quarter-squares (1817).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [9].]

[45] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Centnerschwer’s table of quarter-squares (1825).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [10].]

[46] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Joncourt’s table of triangular numbers (1762).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [13].]

[47] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Laundy’s table of quarter-squares (1856).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [32].]

[48] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Ludolf’s Tetragonometria tabularia (1690).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [35].]

[49] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Merpaut’s table of quarter-squares (1832).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [38].]

[50] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Plassmann’s table of quarter-squares (1933).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [40].]

[51] Denis Roegel. A reconstruction of Voisin’s table of quarter-squares (1817).

Technical report, LORIA, Nancy, 2013.

[This is a reconstruction of [55].]

[52] Joseph Friedrich Schiereck. Beschreibung des Pediometers, eines Instruments, um

den Flächeninhalt in Karten ohne Rechnung zu erhalten. Polytechnisches Journal,

82:251–265, 1841.

(12)

[53] James Joseph Sylvester. Note on a formula by aid of which and of table of single

entry the continued product of any set of numbers (or at least a given constant

multiple thereof) may be effected by additions and subtractions only without the

use of logarithms. Philosophical magazine, 7:430–436, 1854.

[54] James Joseph Sylvester. On multiplication by aid of a table of single entry. The

Assurance Magazine, and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 4:236–238, 1854.

[55] Antoine Voisin. Tables de multiplication, ou, logarithmes des nombres entiers

depuis 1 jusqu’à 20,000, etc. Paris: Didot, 1817.

[reconstructed in [51]]

[56] Stephan Weiss. Die Multipliziertafeln: ihre Ausgestaltung und Verwendung, 2003.

[available at http://www.mechrech.info/publikat/MTafel1.pdf]

[57] Stephan Weiss. Die Rekonstruktion der Rechenmaschine von Schiereck 1829, 2006.

[58] P. Werkmeister. Review of “J. Bojko: Neue Tafel der Viertelquadrate etc.”.

(13)

Bojko’s table of quarter-squares (reconstruction, D. Roegel, 2013)

N n 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 A B 0 0 *0000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 999 199 2 0 *1100 *0101 9102 8103 7104 6105 5106 4107 3108 2109 979 197 4 0 *4400 *3402 *2404 *1406 *0408 9410 8412 7414 6416 5418 959 195 6 0 9900 8903 7906 6909 5912 4915 3918 2921 1924 0927 940 193 8 1 *6600 *5604 *4608 *3612 *2616 *1620 *0624 9628 8632 7636 920 191 10 2 *5500 *4505 *3510 *2515 *1520 *0525 9530 8535 7540 6545 901 189 12 3 *6600 *5606 *4612 *3618 *2624 *1630 *0636 9642 8648 7654 882 187 14 4 9900 8907 7914 6921 5928 4935 3942 2949 1956 0963 864 185 16 6 *4400 *3408 *2416 *1424 *0432 9440 8448 7456 6464 5472 845 183 18 8 *1100 *0109 9118 8127 7136 6145 5154 4163 3172 2181 827 181 20 10 *0000 9010 8020 7030 6040 5050 4060 3070 2080 1090 809 179 22 12 *1100 *0111 9122 8133 7144 6155 5166 4177 3188 2199 791 177 24 14 *4400 *3412 *2424 *1436 *0448 9460 8472 7484 6496 6508 773 175 26 16 9900 8913 7926 6939 5952 4965 3978 2991 2*004 1*017 756 173 28 19 *6600 *5614 *4628 *3642 *2656 *1670 *0684 9698 9712 8726 738 171 30 22 *5500 *4515 *3530 *2545 *1560 *0575 9590 9605 8620 7635 721 169 32 25 *6600 *5616 *4632 *3648 *2664 *1680 *0696 *0712 9728 8744 704 167 34 28 9900 8917 7934 6951 5968 4985 4*002 3*019 2*036 1*053 688 165 36 32 *4400 *3418 *2436 *1454 *0472 9490 9508 8526 7544 6562 671 163 38 36 *1100 *0119 9138 8157 7176 6195 6214 5233 4252 3271 655 161 40 40 *0000 9020 8040 7060 6080 6100 5120 4140 3160 2180 639 159 42 44 *1100 *0121 9142 8163 7184 7205 6226 5247 4268 3289 623 157 44 48 *4400 *3422 *2444 *1466 *0488 *0510 9532 8554 7576 6598 607 155 46 52 9900 8923 7946 6969 5992 5*015 4*038 3*061 2*084 2*107 592 153 48 57 *6600 *5624 *4648 *3672 *2696 *2720 *1744 *0768 9792 9816 576 151 50 62 *5500 *4525 *3550 *2575 *2600 *1625 *0650 9675 9700 8725 561 149 52 67 *6600 *5626 *4652 *3678 *3704 *2730 *1756 *0782 *0808 9834 546 147 54 72 9900 8927 7954 6981 6*008 5*035 4*062 3*089 3*116 2*143 532 145 56 78 *4400 *3428 *2456 *1484 *1512 *0540 9568 8596 8624 7652 517 143 58 84 *1100 *0129 9158 8187 8216 7245 6274 6303 5332 4361 503 141 60 90 *0000 9030 8060 7090 7120 6150 5180 5210 4240 3270 489 139 62 96 *1100 *0131 9162 8193 8224 7255 6286 6317 5348 4379 475 137 64 102 *4400 *3432 *2464 *1496 *1528 *0560 9592 9624 8656 7688 461 135 66 108 9900 8933 7966 6999 6*032 5*065 4*098 4*131 3*164 2*197 448 133 68 115 6600 5634 4668 4702 3736 2770 2804 1838 0872 0906 435 131 70 122 *5500 *4535 *3570 *3605 *2640 *1675 *1710 *0745 9780 9815 421 129 72 129 6600 5636 4672 4708 3744 2780 2816 1852 0888 0924 409 127 74 136 9900 8937 7974 7*011 6*048 5*085 5*122 4*159 3*196 3*233 396 125 76 144 *4400 *3438 *2476 *2514 *1552 *0590 *0628 9666 9704 8742 383 123 78 152 *1100 *0139 9178 9217 8256 7295 7334 6373 6412 5451 371 121 80 160 *0000 9040 8080 8120 7160 7200 6240 5280 5320 4360 359 119 82 168 *1100 *0141 9182 9223 8264 8305 7346 6387 6428 5469 347 117 84 176 *4400 *3442 *2484 *2526 *1568 *1610 *0652 9694 9736 8778 335 115 86 184 9900 8943 7986 7*029 6*072 6*115 5*158 5*201 4*244 3*287 324 113 88 193 6600 5644 4688 4732 3776 3820 2864 2908 1952 0996 313 111 90 202 5500 4545 3590 3635 2680 2725 1770 1815 0860 0905 302 109 92 211 6600 5646 4692 4738 3784 3830 2876 2922 1968 1*014 291 107 94 220 9900 8947 7994 7*041 6*088 6*135 5*182 5*229 4*276 4*323 280 105 96 230 *4400 *3448 *2496 *2544 *1592 *1640 *0688 *0736 9784 9832 269 103 98 240 *1100 *0149 9198 9247 8296 8345 7394 7443 6492 6541 259 101 B1 A1 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 n1 N1 C 00 00 01 02 04 06 09 12 16 20

(14)

Bojko’s table of quarter-squares (reconstruction, D. Roegel, 2013)

N n 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 A B 1 0 *0025 9025 8026 7026 6027 5027 4028 3028 2029 1029 989 198 3 0 *2225 *1226 *0228 9229 8231 7232 6234 5235 4237 3238 969 196 5 0 *6625 *5627 *4630 *3632 *2635 *1637 *0640 9642 8645 7647 949 194 7 1 *2225 *1228 *0232 9235 8239 7242 6246 5249 4253 3256 930 192 9 2 *0025 9029 8034 7038 6043 5047 4052 3056 2061 1065 911 190 11 3 *0025 9030 8036 7041 6047 5052 4058 3063 2069 1074 892 188 13 4 *2225 *1231 *0238 9244 8251 7257 6264 5270 4277 3283 873 186 15 5 *6625 *5632 *4640 *3647 *2655 *1662 *0670 9677 8685 7692 854 184 17 7 *2225 *1233 *0242 9250 8259 7267 6276 5284 4293 4301 836 182 19 9 *0025 9034 8044 7053 6063 5072 4082 3091 3101 2110 818 180 21 11 *0025 9035 8046 7056 6067 5077 4088 3098 3109 2119 800 178 23 13 *2225 *1236 *0248 9259 8271 7282 6294 6305 5317 4328 782 176 25 15 *6625 *5637 *4650 *3662 *2675 *1687 *1700 *0712 9725 8737 764 174 27 18 *2225 *1238 *0252 9265 8279 7292 7306 6319 5333 4346 747 172 29 21 *0025 9039 8054 7068 6083 5097 5112 4126 3141 2155 730 170 31 24 *0025 9040 8056 7071 6087 6102 5118 4133 3149 2164 713 168 33 27 *2225 *1241 *0258 9274 8291 8307 7324 6340 5357 4373 696 166 35 30 *6625 *5642 *4660 *3677 *2695 *2712 *1730 *0747 9765 8782 679 164 37 34 *2225 *1243 *0262 9280 8299 8317 7336 6354 5373 4391 663 162 39 38 *0025 9044 8064 7083 7103 6122 5142 4161 3181 3200 647 160 41 42 *0025 9045 8066 7086 7107 6127 5148 4168 3189 3209 631 158 43 46 *2225 *1246 *0268 9289 9311 8332 7354 6375 5397 5418 615 156 45 50 *6625 *5647 *4670 *3692 *3715 *2737 *1760 *0782 *0805 9827 599 154 47 55 *2225 *1248 *0272 9295 9319 8342 7366 6389 6413 5436 584 152 49 60 *0025 9049 8074 7098 7123 6147 5172 4196 4221 3245 569 150 51 65 *0025 9050 8076 8101 7127 6152 5178 5203 4229 3254 554 148 53 70 *2225 *1251 *0278 *0304 9331 8357 7384 7410 6437 5463 539 146 55 75 *6625 *5652 *4680 *4707 *3735 *2762 *1790 *1817 *0845 9872 524 144 57 81 *2225 *1253 *0282 *0310 9339 8367 7396 7424 6453 5481 510 142 59 87 *0025 9054 8084 8113 7143 6172 6202 5231 4261 3290 496 140 61 93 *0025 9055 8086 8116 7147 6177 6208 5238 4269 3299 482 138 63 99 *2225 *1256 *0288 *0319 9351 8382 8414 7445 6477 6508 468 136 65 105 6625 5657 4690 4722 3755 2787 2820 1852 0885 0917 455 134 67 112 *2225 *1258 *0292 *0325 9359 8392 8426 7459 6493 6526 441 132 69 119 *0025 9059 8094 8128 7163 6197 6232 5266 5301 4335 428 130 71 126 *0025 9060 8096 8131 7167 7202 6238 5273 5309 4344 415 128 73 133 *2225 *1261 *0298 *0334 9371 9407 8444 7480 7517 6553 402 126 75 140 6625 5662 5700 4737 3775 3812 2850 1887 1925 0962 390 124 77 148 *2225 *1263 *1302 *0340 9379 9417 8456 7494 7533 6571 377 122 79 156 *0025 9064 9104 8143 7183 7222 6262 6301 5341 4380 365 120 81 164 *0025 9065 9106 8146 7187 7227 6268 6308 5349 4389 353 118 83 172 *2225 *1266 *1308 *0349 9391 9432 8474 8515 7557 6598 341 116 85 180 6625 5667 5710 4752 3795 3837 2880 2922 1965 1*007 330 114 87 189 *2225 *1268 *1312 *0355 9399 9442 8486 8529 7573 7616 318 112 89 198 *0025 9069 9114 8158 8203 7247 6292 6336 5381 5425 307 110 91 207 *0025 9070 9116 8161 8207 7252 6298 6343 5389 5434 296 108 93 216 *2225 *1271 *1318 *0364 *0411 9457 9504 8550 7597 7643 285 106 95 225 6625 5672 5720 4767 4815 3862 3910 2957 2*005 1*052 275 104 97 235 *2225 *1273 *1322 *0370 *0419 9467 9516 8564 8613 7661 264 102 99 245 *0025 9074 9124 8173 8223 7272 7322 6371 6421 5470 254 100 B1 A1 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 n1 N1 C 00 50 01 52 04 56 09 62 16 70

(15)

Bojko’s table of quarter-squares (reconstruction, D. Roegel, 2013)

N n 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 A B 0 0 *0000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 998 199 2 0 *1110 *0111 9112 8113 7114 6115 5116 4117 3118 2119 978 197 4 0 *4420 *3422 *2424 *1426 *0428 9430 8432 7434 6436 5438 958 195 6 0 9930 8933 7936 6939 5942 4945 3948 2951 1954 0957 939 193 8 1 *6640 *5644 *4648 *3652 *2656 *1660 *0664 9668 8672 7676 919 191 10 2 *5550 *4555 *3560 *2565 *1570 *0575 9580 8585 7590 6595 900 189 12 3 *6660 *5666 *4672 *3678 *2684 *1690 *0696 *0702 9708 8714 881 187 14 4 9970 8977 7984 6991 5998 5*005 4*012 3*019 2*026 1*033 863 185 16 6 *4480 *3488 *2496 *2504 *1512 *0520 9528 8536 7544 6552 844 183 18 8 *1190 *0199 *0208 9217 8226 7235 6244 5253 4262 3271 826 181 20 10 *1100 *0110 9120 8130 7140 6150 5160 4170 3180 2190 808 179 22 12 *2210 *1221 *0232 9243 8254 7265 6276 5287 4298 4309 790 177 24 14 *5520 *4532 *3544 *2556 *1568 *0580 9592 9604 8616 7628 772 175 26 17 *0030 9043 8056 7069 6082 5095 5108 4121 3134 2147 755 173 28 19 *7740 *6754 *5768 *4782 *3796 *3810 *2824 *1838 *0852 9866 737 171 30 22 *6650 *5665 *4680 *3695 *3710 *2725 *1740 *0755 9770 8785 720 169 32 25 7760 6776 5792 5808 4824 3840 2856 1872 0888 0904 704 167 34 29 *0070 9087 9104 8121 7138 6155 5172 4189 4206 3223 687 165 36 32 *5580 *4598 *4616 *3634 *2652 *1670 *0688 *0706 9724 8742 670 163 38 36 *2290 *2309 *1328 *0347 9366 8385 8404 7423 6442 5461 654 161 40 40 *2200 *1220 *0240 9260 8280 8300 7320 6340 5360 4380 638 159 42 44 *3310 *2331 *1352 *0373 9394 9415 8436 7457 6478 5499 622 157 44 48 *6620 *5642 *4664 *3686 *3708 *2730 *1752 *0774 9796 9818 606 155 46 53 *1130 *0153 9176 8199 8222 7245 6268 5291 5314 4337 591 153 48 57 8840 7864 6888 6912 5936 4960 3984 3*008 2*032 1*056 576 151 50 62 7750 6775 6800 5825 4850 3875 3900 2925 1950 0975 561 149 52 67 8860 7886 7912 6938 5964 4990 4*016 3*042 2*068 1*094 546 147 54 73 *1170 *0197 *0224 9251 8278 8305 7332 6359 5386 5413 531 145 56 78 6680 6708 5736 4764 3792 3820 2848 1876 1904 0932 517 143 58 84 *3390 *3419 *2448 *1477 *1506 *0535 9564 8593 8622 7651 502 141 60 90 *3300 *2330 *1360 *0390 *0420 9450 8480 8510 7540 6570 488 139 62 96 *4410 *3441 *2472 *2503 *1534 *0565 9596 9627 8658 7689 474 137 64 102 7720 6752 5784 5816 4848 3880 3912 2944 1976 1*008 461 135 66 109 *2230 *1263 *0296 *0329 9362 8395 8428 7461 6494 6527 447 133 68 115 9940 8974 8*008 7*042 6*076 6*110 5*144 4*178 4*212 3*246 434 131 70 122 8850 7885 7920 6955 5990 5*025 4*060 3*095 3*130 2*165 421 129 72 129 9960 8996 8*032 7*068 7*104 6*140 5*176 5*212 4*248 3*284 408 127 74 137 *2270 *2307 *1344 *0381 *0418 9455 8492 8529 7566 7603 395 125 76 144 7780 7818 6856 5894 5932 4970 4*008 3*046 2*084 2*122 383 123 78 152 *4490 *4529 *3568 *3607 *2646 *1685 *1724 *0763 *0802 9841 370 121 80 160 *4400 *3440 *2480 *2520 *1560 *1600 *0640 9680 9720 8760 358 119 82 168 *5510 *4551 *3592 *3633 *2674 *2715 *1756 *0797 *0838 9879 346 117 84 176 8820 7862 7904 6946 5988 5*030 4*072 4*114 3*156 2*198 335 115 86 185 *3330 *2373 *2416 *1459 *1502 *0545 9588 9631 8674 8717 323 113 88 194 *0040 9084 9128 8172 8216 7260 7304 6348 5392 5436 312 111 90 202 9950 8995 8*040 7*085 7*130 6*175 6*220 5*265 5*310 4*355 301 109 92 212 *0060 *0106 9152 8198 8244 7290 7336 6382 6428 5474 290 107 94 221 *3370 *3417 *2464 *2511 *1558 *1605 *0652 9699 9746 8793 279 105 96 230 8880 8928 7976 7*024 6*072 6*120 5*168 5*216 4*264 4*312 269 103 98 240 5590 5639 4688 4737 3786 3835 2884 2933 1982 1*031 259 101 B1 A1 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 n1 N1 C 25 30 36 42 49 56 64 72 81 90

(16)

Bojko’s table of quarter-squares (reconstruction, D. Roegel, 2013)

N n 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 A B 1 0 *0030 9030 8031 7031 6032 5033 4033 3034 2034 1035 988 198 3 0 *2240 *1241 *0243 9244 8246 7248 6249 5251 4252 3254 968 196 5 0 *6650 *5652 *4655 *3657 *2660 *1663 *0665 9668 8670 7673 948 194 7 1 *2260 *1263 *0267 9270 8274 7278 6281 5285 4288 3292 929 192 9 2 *0070 9074 8079 7083 6088 5093 4097 4102 3106 2111 910 190 11 3 *0080 9085 8091 7096 7102 6108 5113 4119 3124 2130 891 188 13 4 *2290 *1296 *1303 *0309 9316 8323 7329 6336 5342 4349 872 186 15 5 *7700 *6707 *5715 *4722 *3730 *2738 *1745 *0753 9760 8768 853 184 17 7 *3310 *2318 *1327 *0335 9344 8353 7361 6370 5378 4387 835 182 19 9 *1120 *0129 9139 8148 7158 6168 5177 4187 3196 3206 817 180 21 11 *1130 *0140 9151 8161 7172 6183 5193 5204 4214 3225 799 178 23 13 *3340 *2351 *1363 *0374 9386 8398 8409 7421 6432 5444 781 176 25 15 *7750 *6762 *5775 *4787 *4800 *3813 *2825 *1838 *0850 9863 763 174 27 18 *3360 *2373 *1387 *1400 *0414 9428 8441 7455 6468 5482 746 172 29 21 *1170 *0184 9199 9213 8228 7243 6257 5272 4286 4301 729 170 31 24 *1180 *0195 *0211 9226 8242 7258 6273 5289 5304 4320 712 168 33 27 *3390 *3406 *2423 *1439 *0456 9473 8489 8506 7522 6539 695 166 35 30 8800 7817 6835 5852 4870 3888 3905 2923 1940 0958 679 164 37 34 *4410 *3428 *2447 *1465 *0484 *0503 9521 8540 7558 6577 662 162 39 38 *2220 *1239 *0259 9278 8298 8318 7337 6357 5376 4396 646 160 41 42 *2230 *1250 *0271 9291 9312 8333 7353 6374 5394 5415 630 158 43 46 *4440 *3461 *2483 *2504 *1526 *0548 9569 8591 8612 7634 614 156 45 50 8850 7872 6895 6917 5940 4963 3985 3*008 2*030 1*053 599 154 47 55 *4460 *3483 *3507 *2530 *1554 *0578 *0601 9625 8648 7672 583 152 49 60 *2270 *1294 *1319 *0343 9368 8393 8417 7442 6466 5491 568 150 51 65 *2280 *2305 *1331 *0356 9382 9408 8433 7459 6484 6510 553 148 53 70 *4490 *4516 *3543 *2569 *1596 *1623 *0649 9676 9702 8729 538 146 55 75 9900 8927 7955 6982 6*010 5*038 4*065 3*093 3*120 2*148 524 144 57 81 *5510 *4538 *3567 *2595 *2624 *1653 *0681 *0710 9738 8767 509 142 59 87 *3320 *2349 *1379 *1408 *0438 9468 8497 8527 7556 6586 495 140 61 93 *3330 *2360 *1391 *1421 *0452 9483 9513 8544 7574 7605 481 138 63 99 *5540 *4571 *4603 *3634 *2666 *1698 *1729 *0761 9792 9824 467 136 65 105 9950 8982 8*015 7*047 6*080 6*113 5*145 4*178 4*210 3*243 454 134 67 112 *5560 *4593 *4627 *3660 *2694 *2728 *1761 *0795 *0828 9862 440 132 69 119 *3370 *3404 *2439 *1473 *1508 *0543 9577 9612 8646 7681 427 130 71 126 *3380 *3415 *2451 *1486 *1522 *0558 9593 9629 8664 8700 414 128 73 133 5590 5626 4663 3699 3736 2773 2809 1846 0882 0919 402 126 75 141 *0000 9037 8075 8112 7150 6188 6225 5263 5300 4338 389 124 77 148 6610 5648 4687 4725 3764 3803 2841 1880 1918 0957 377 122 79 156 *4420 *3459 *2499 *2538 *1578 *1618 *0657 9697 9736 8776 364 120 81 164 *4430 *3470 *3511 *2551 *1592 *1633 *0673 *0714 9754 8795 352 118 83 172 6640 5681 5723 4764 4806 3848 2889 2931 1972 1*014 341 116 85 181 *0050 9092 9135 8177 8220 7263 7305 6348 5390 5433 329 114 87 189 6660 6703 5747 4790 4834 3878 3921 2965 2*008 1*052 318 112 89 198 *4470 *4514 *3559 *3603 *2648 *1693 *1737 *0782 *0826 9871 306 110 91 207 *4480 *4525 *3571 *3616 *2662 *2708 *1753 *0799 *0844 9890 295 108 93 216 6690 6736 5783 5829 4876 4923 3969 3*016 2*062 2*109 285 106 95 226 *1100 *0147 9195 9242 8290 8338 7385 7433 6480 6528 274 104 97 235 7710 6758 6807 5855 5904 4953 4*001 3*050 2*098 2*147 264 102 99 245 5520 4569 4619 3668 3718 2768 2817 1867 1916 0966 254 100 B1 A1 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 n1 N1 C 25 80 36 92 49 06 64 22 81 40

(17)

Bojko’s table of quarter-squares (reconstruction, D. Roegel, 2013)

N n 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 A B 0 0 *0001 9001 8001 7001 6001 5001 4001 3001 2001 1002 997 199 2 0 *1121 *0122 9123 8124 7125 6126 5127 4128 3129 2131 977 197 4 0 *4441 *3443 *2445 *1447 *0449 9451 8453 7455 6457 5460 957 195 6 0 9961 8964 7967 6970 5973 4976 3979 2982 1985 0989 938 193 8 1 *6681 *5685 *4689 *3693 *2697 *2701 *1705 *0709 9713 8718 918 191 10 2 *6601 *5606 *4611 *3616 *2621 *1626 *0631 9636 8641 7647 899 189 12 3 *7721 *6727 *5733 *4739 *3745 *2751 *1757 *0763 9769 8776 880 187 14 5 *0041 9048 8055 7062 6069 5076 4083 3090 2097 2105 862 185 16 6 *5561 *4569 *3577 *2585 *1593 *1601 *0609 9617 8625 7634 843 183 18 8 *2281 *1290 *0299 *0308 9317 8326 7335 6344 5353 4363 825 181 20 10 *2201 *1211 *0221 9231 8241 7251 6261 5271 4281 3292 807 179 22 12 *3321 *2332 *1343 *0354 9365 8376 7387 6398 6409 5421 789 177 24 14 *6641 *5653 *4665 *3677 *2689 *2701 *1713 *0725 9737 8750 771 175 26 17 *1161 *0174 9187 9200 8213 7226 6239 5252 4265 3279 754 173 28 19 8881 7895 7909 6923 5937 4951 3965 2979 1993 1*008 737 171 30 22 8801 7816 6831 5846 4861 3876 2891 2906 1921 0937 720 169 32 25 9921 8937 7953 6969 5985 5*001 4*017 3*033 2*049 1*066 703 167 34 29 *2241 *1258 *0275 9292 9309 8326 7343 6360 5377 4395 686 165 36 32 7761 6779 5797 5815 4833 3851 2869 1887 1905 0924 670 163 38 36 *4481 *4500 *3519 *2538 *1557 *0576 9595 9614 8633 7653 653 161 40 40 *4401 *3421 *2441 *1461 *0481 *0501 9521 8541 7561 6582 637 159 42 44 *5521 *4542 *3563 *2584 *2605 *1626 *0647 9668 8689 8711 621 157 44 48 8841 7863 6885 6907 5929 4951 3973 2995 2*017 1*040 606 155 46 53 *3361 *2384 *2407 *1430 *0453 9476 8499 8522 7545 6569 590 153 48 58 *0081 *0105 9129 8153 7177 7201 6225 5249 4273 3298 575 151 50 63 *0001 9026 8051 7076 7101 6126 5151 4176 4201 3227 560 149 52 68 *1121 *0147 9173 8199 8225 7251 6277 6303 5329 4356 545 147 54 73 *4441 *3468 *2495 *2522 *1549 *0576 *0603 9630 8657 7685 530 145 56 78 9961 8989 8*017 7*045 6*073 6*101 5*129 4*157 3*185 3*214 516 143 58 84 6681 6710 5739 4768 3797 3826 2855 1884 1913 0943 502 141 60 90 *6601 *5631 *4661 *3691 *3721 *2751 *1781 *1811 *0841 9872 487 139 62 96 7721 6752 5783 5814 4845 3876 3907 2938 1969 1*001 474 137 64 103 *0041 9073 9105 8137 7169 7201 6233 5265 4297 4330 460 135 66 109 *5561 *4594 *4627 *3660 *2693 *2726 *1759 *0792 *0825 9859 446 133 68 116 *2281 *2315 *1349 *0383 *0417 9451 8485 8519 7553 6588 433 131 70 123 *2201 *1236 *0271 *0306 9341 8376 8411 7446 6481 6517 420 129 72 130 *3321 *2357 *1393 *1429 *0465 *0501 9537 8573 8609 7646 407 127 74 137 6641 5678 5715 4752 3789 3826 2863 2900 1937 0975 395 125 76 145 *1161 *0199 *0237 9275 9313 8351 7389 7427 6465 6504 382 123 78 152 8881 8920 7959 6998 6*037 5*076 5*115 4*154 3*193 3*233 370 121 80 160 8801 7841 6881 6921 5961 5*001 4*041 3*081 3*121 2*162 358 119 82 168 9921 8962 8*003 7*044 6*085 6*126 5*167 5*208 4*249 3*291 346 117 84 177 *2241 *1283 *1325 *0367 *0409 9451 8493 8535 7577 7620 334 115 86 185 7761 7804 6847 5890 5933 4976 4*019 3*062 3*105 2*149 323 113 88 194 *4481 *4525 *3569 *3613 *2657 *2701 *1745 *0789 *0833 9878 311 111 90 203 *4401 *3446 *2491 *2536 *1581 *1626 *0671 *0716 9761 9807 300 109 92 212 5521 4567 4613 3659 3705 2751 1797 1843 0889 0936 290 107 94 221 8841 7888 7935 6982 6*029 5*076 5*123 4*170 4*217 3*265 279 105 96 231 *3361 *3409 *2457 *2505 *1553 *1601 *0649 9697 9745 8794 268 103 98 241 *0081 *0130 9179 9228 8277 8326 7375 7424 6473 6523 258 101 B1 A1 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 n1 N1 C 00 10 21 32 44 56 69 82 96 10

Figure

Table Range Pages Density Voisin (1817) 20000 123 162.6 Bürger (1817) 20000 80 250.0 Centnerschwer (1825) 20000 40 500.0 Merpaut (1832) 40000 400 100.0 Kulik (1851) 30000 40 750.0 Laundy (1856) 100000 200 500.0 Blater (1887) 200000 200 1000.0 Bojko (1909)

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