ANALYSE DE LA CHAÎNE DE VALEUR DES LÉGUMINEUSES ALIMENTAIRES

ABDELOUAHAD AL BALGHITTI RACHID DAHAN & CHAFIK KRADI

ANALYSE DE LA CHAÎNE DE VALEUR DES LÉGUMINEUSES ALIMENTAIRES

mvঞ|†|-ঞom-Ѵ

7;Ѵ-!;1_;u1_;]uomolbt†;

Numéro dépôt légal : 2018MO5865

ISBN : 978-9920-9814-0-8

!Ŋ7bঞomƑƏƑƏ

om1;rঞom;|u࣐-Ѵbv-ঞomĹ "

$o†v7uob|vu࣐v;uˆ࣐vĺ†1†m;r-uঞ;7;1;‚;r†0Ѵb1-ঞomm;r;†|࣑|u;u;ruo7†b|;ķmb|u-7†b|;ķmblbv;

;ml࣐lobu;7-mv†mv‹v|࣏l;7;u;1_;u1_;0b0Ѵbo]u-r_bt†;ķmb|u-mvlbv;vo†vt†;Ѵt†;v=oul;vo†

ruo1࣐7࣐vt†;1;vob|࣐Ѵ;1|uombt†;ķl࣐1-mbt†;ķr-ur_o|o1orb;o†-†|u;ķv-mv-†|oubv-ঞomru࣐-Ѵ-0Ѵ;

࣐1ub|; 7;v -†|;†uvĺ 7u;vv;u †m; 7࣐l-u1_; loঞˆ࣐; -†Š -†|;†uv ˆb- Ѵ; _;= 7; Ѵ- bˆbvbom 7;

ѴĽm=oul-ঞom;|7;Ѵ-oll†mb1-ঞomķ!ĺ

Remerciements

|u-ˆ-bѴ;v|Ѵ;=u†b|7Ľ†m;1oѴѴ-0ou-ঞom;m|u;ѴĽ!ķѴĽ! ;|ѴĽ&mbˆ;uvb|࣐

m|;um-ঞom-Ѵ;7;!-0-|ķ-ˆ;1Ѵ;Cm-m1;l;m|7;Ѵ-om7-ঞomĺĽ࣐t†br;

!;v|1omvঞ|†࣐;7;v1_;u1_;†uv7;v;m|u;v!࣐]bom-†Š7;Ѵ-!;1_;u1_;]uo- molbt†;Ő!!ő7;";‚-|ķ;hm࣏v;|!-0-|vo†vѴ-v†r;uˆbvbom7†_;=7† ࣐r-u-

|;l;m|7ŝݽ1omolb;;|"o1boѴo]b;!†u-Ѵ;vŐ "!ő;|ѴĽ-rr†b7†olb|࣐7;bѴo|-];

ŐorbѴő-†mbˆ;-†1;m|u-Ѵĺ

|u-ˆ;uv1;|u-ˆ-bѴķѴĽ࣐t†br;ঞ;m|࢘u;l;u1b;uѴ-om7-ঞomķrubm1br-Ѵ0-bѴѴ;†u7;

=om7v7†ruo]u-ll;ńmbঞ-ঞˆ;-uo1Ŋm7;ro†uѴ; ࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|7;v࣐]†lb- m;†v;vѴbl;m|-bu;vŐőŅķt†b-o@;u|࢘ѴĽ࣐t†br;ķѴĽorrou|†mb|࣐7;1om|ub0†;u -†Šu;1_;u1_;vrѴ†ub7bv1brѴbm-bu;v7†7b|ruo]u-ll;ĺ

Ľ࣐t†br;ঞ;m|࢘u;l;u1b;u|o†vѴ;vu;vromv-0Ѵ;v7;Ѵ- bu;1ঞom7;ѴĽ!;|7;v

!!ķ -bmvb t†; Ѵ;v 1_;u1_;†uvķ |;1_mb1b;mv ;| r;uvomm;Ѵv 7; v†rrou| t†b om|

1om|ub0†࣐7;ru࣏vo†7;Ѵobm࢘Ѵ-u࣐-Ѵbv-ঞom7;1;|u-ˆ-bѴĺ

Ľ࣐t†br; ঞ;m| ࣐]-Ѵ;l;m| ࢘ u;l;u1b;u Ѵ;v u;vromv-0Ѵ;v ;| Ѵ;v 1_;u1_;†uv 7;

ѴĽ! ro†uѴĽ-11olr-]m;l;m|;|Ѵ;v=-1bѴb|࣐vt†ĽbѴvom|o@;u|;vĺ

;l࣑l;ѴĽ࣐t†br;u;l;u1b;Ѵ;v;mv;b]m-m|v1_;u1_;†uv7;ѴĽ&mbˆ;uvb|࣐m|;um-ঞo- m-Ѵ;7;!-0-|ķ;|7;ѴĽ&mbˆ;uvb|࣐-vv-m^erķ;|7;Ѵ--1†Ѵ|࣐7;v"1b;m1;v†ub7bt†;vķ ݽ1omolbt†;v;|"o1b-Ѵ;v7;";‚-|ro†uѴ-1om|ub0†ঞomv1b;mঞCt†;;|ѴĽ-11࣏v-†Š

Ѵ-0ou-|obu;vѹ;|!$ĺ

†;Ѵ;v࣐|†7b-m|v7o1|ou-m|v;|;m-v|;uķ-‹-m|1om|ub0†࣐࢘Ѵ-1oѴѴ;1|;;|Ѵ-v-bvb;

7;v7omm࣐;v;|1;†Š-‹-m|u࣐-Ѵbv࣐vѴ;†uvruof;|v7;Cm7Ľ࣐|†7;7-mvѴ;1-7u;7;

1;‚;-1ঞˆb|࣐ķ|uo†ˆ;m|b1bѴĽ;Šru;vvbom7;vu;l;u1b;l;m|v7;|o†|;ѴĽ࣐t†br;ĺ

Ľ࣐t†br;ru࣐v;m|;v;vu;l;u1b;l;m|vvbm1࣏u;v࢘|o†vѴ;v1oѴѴ࣏]†;vu;vromv-0Ѵ;v7;v

;m|u;v 7† omv;bѴ ]ub1oѴ; Ŋ ņķ -†Š u;vromv-0Ѵ;v 7;v ou]-mbv-ঞomv ruo=;vvbomm;ѴѴ;v;|࢘|o†vѴ;v-]ub1†Ѵ|;†uv7;v7b@࣐u;m|vvb|;vro†uѴ;†uv1oѴѴ-0ou-- ঞom;|1om|ub0†ঞomvĺ

mCmķ†ml;u1br-uঞ1†Ѵb;u;v|࢘-7u;vv;u-†Š࣐t†br;v7;Ѵ- bˆbvbom7;ѴĽm=oul-ঞom

;| 7; Ѵ- oll†mb1-ঞom ro†u Ѵ;†uv ;@ou|v ;| -rr†bķ mo|-ll;m| ĺ |l-m

";00-|-;|!;77-7$bu-Œbĺ

CE

Ľmbঞ-ঞˆ;-uo1Ŋm7;ro†uѴ; ࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|7;v࣐]†lbm;†v;vѴbl;m|-bu;v Őőķ Ѵ-m1࣐; ;m ƑƏƐƒķ ;v| ;m r-u=-b|; _-ulomb; -ˆ;1 Ѵ; Ѵ-m -uo1(;u|ķ v|u-|࣐]b;7†bmbv|࣏u;7;ѴĽ]ub1†Ѵ|†u;;|7;Ѵ-࣑1_;-ubঞl;ŐőѴ-m1࣐;

;mƑƏƏѶmo|-ll;m|ro†uѴ;7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|7;ѴĽ]ub1†Ѵ|†u;"oѴb7-bu;࢘|u-ˆ;uv vombѴb;uĺѴѴ;1omvঞ|†;†m;orrou|†mb|࣐7;r-u|-];7;v;Šr࣐ub;m1;vu࣐†vvb;v 7;!;1_;u1_;ŋ ࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|;|7;vĽ-rruorub;uѴ;vmo†ˆ;-†Š1om1;r|v7;

7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|r-uঞ1br-ঞ=v-†vvb0b;m-†-uo1t†Ľ;mm7;ro†uѴ-ruoloঞom 7;1;v1†Ѵ|†u;vĺ

;v࣐|†7;v7;0-v;u࣐-Ѵbv࣐;vr-uѴĽ࣐t†br;l†Ѵঞ7bv1brѴbm-bu;;|l†ѴঞŊbmvঞ|†ঞomŊ m;ѴѴ; v†u Ѵ- 1_-ञm; 7; ˆ-Ѵ;†uķ bm|࣐]u-m| Ѵ;v -vr;1|v |;1_mb1oŊ࣐1omolbt†;vķ vo1b-†Š ;| bmvঞ|†ঞomm;Ѵv -† mbˆ;-† m-ঞom-Ѵ ;| 7-mv Ѵ;v 7bŠ rѴ-|;=oul;v 7†

ruof;|ķ 1omvঞ|†;m| †m; 0-v; voѴb7; 7Ľbm=oul-ঞom -rrou|-m| 7;v ࣐Ѵ࣐l;m|v 7Ľ-b7;࢘Ѵ-rubv;7;7࣐1bvbomvu;Ѵ-ঞˆ;v࢘Ѵ-u;Ѵ-m1;;|࢘Ѵ-u࣐_-0bѴb|-ঞom7;vѴ࣐]†Ŋ lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v-†-uo1ĺ

M S S R F

Sommaire

Remerciements

Liste des Tableaux, Figures, Encadrés et Annexes bv|;7;v-0u࣐ˆb-ঞomv

!࣐v†l࣐;Š࣐1†ঞ=

m|uo7†1ঞom]࣐m࣐u-Ѵ;

-uঞ;Ĺm-Ѵ‹v;7;vroѴbঞt†;vr†0Ѵbt†;v

;|7࣐|;ulbm-m|v7;ѴĽo@u;;|7;Ѵ-7;l-m7;

m|uo7†1ঞom

oѴbঞt†;vr†0Ѵbt†;v;|Ѵ;†uvbm1b7;m1;vv†uѴ;v;1|;†u7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v r;u2†_bv|oubt†;v†uѴ;vroѴbঞt†;vr†0Ѵbt†;v

ˆoѴ†ঞom7;Ѵ-ruo7†1ঞom;|7;v࣐1_-m];v7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v oll;u1b-Ѵbv-ঞombm|;um;;|rubŠ7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v

m-Ѵ‹v;7;v7࣐|;ulbm-m|v7;Ѵŝo@u;;|7;Ѵ-7;l-m7;7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v @u;7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v;|1࣐u࣐-Ѵ;v

Demande des légumineuses alimentaires

-uঞ;Ĺm-Ѵ‹v;;|1-u-1|࣐ubv-ঞom 7;vv‹v|࣏l;v7;ruo7†1ঞom m|uo7†1ঞom

࣐|_o7oѴo]b;

lrou|-m1;7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;vr-uŒom;-]uoŊ࣐1oѴo]bt†;

lrou|-m1;7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;vr-urѴ-|;=oul;

m-Ѵ‹v;7;vv‹v|࣏l;v7;ruo7†1ঞom

o;L1b;m|v|;1_mbt†;v;|1oী|v7;ruo7†1ঞom7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v (-Ѵoubv-ঞom7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v;|1om|u-bm|;v7;7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|

;v-vr;1|vvo1b-†Š;|bmvঞ|†ঞomm;Ѵv7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v -uঞ;Ĺm-Ѵ‹v;7;ѴĽ-ˆ-Ѵ7;Ѵ-CѴb࣏u;

m|uo7†1ঞom

࣐|_o7oѴo]b;;|rruo1_;v

!࣐v†Ѵ|-|v;|!࣐-Ѵbv-ঞomv Etude de cas

om1Ѵ†vbom;|r;uvr;1ঞˆ;v

om1Ѵ†vbom]࣐m࣐u-Ѵ;;|u;1oll-m7-ঞomv

!࣐=࣐u;m1;v0b0Ѵbo]u-r_bt†;v Annexes

3 8 12 15 19

23 25 26 26 35 45 51 51 59

69 71 71 73 75 90 106 122 124 137 139 140 142 145 147 154 163 168

!࣐v†l࣐;Š࣐1†ঞ=

!࣐v†l࣐;Š࣐1†ঞ=

om|;Š|;;|f†vঞC1-ঞomĹ

-mvѴ;1-7u;7;Ѵ-1oor࣐u-ঞom"†7Ŋ"†7ķѴĽmbঞ-ঞˆ;-uo1oŊm7b;mm;ro†uѴ; ࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;Ŋ l;m| 7;v ࣐]†lbm;†v;vѴbl;m|-bu;v Őőķ Ѵ-m1࣐; ;m ƑƏƐƒķˆbv; ѴĽ-†]l;m|-ঞom 7; Ѵ- ruo7†1ঞom7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;vr-uѴ;vr;ঞ|v-]ub1†Ѵ|;†uvro†uѴ;u;m=ou1;l;m|

7;Ѵ-v࣐1†ub|࣐-Ѵbl;m|-bu;;|7;v-rrou|vm†|ubঞomm;Ѵv࢘|u-ˆ;uvѴĽ-l࣐Ѵbou-ঞom7;v|;1_moѴoŊ ]b;v;|7;Ѵ-]o†ˆ;um-m1;ĺ&m;bmbঞ-ঞˆ;t†b1omvঞ|†;†m;orrou|†mb|࣐7;r-u|-];7;v;Šr࣐Ŋ ub;m1;v u࣐†vvb;v ;| 7; mo†ˆ;-†Š 1om1;r|v 7† 7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m| -†vvb 0b;m -† -uo1 t†Ľ;m m7;ro†uѴ-ruoloঞom7;1;v1†Ѵ|†u;vĺ

-mv1;1-7u;ķѴ;1omvouঞ†l!ķ! ķ(ķ-ˆ;1ѴĽ-rr†b7;ѴĽ&!ķ-lo0bѴbv࣐

†m;࣐t†br;7;1_;u1_;†uv;m"1b;m1;v"o1b-Ѵ;vro†uu࣐-Ѵbv;uѴĽ࣐|†7;7;Ѵ-1_-ञm;7;ˆ-Ѵ;†u7;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;vķˆ†Ѵ;†uvuॖѴ;vv†uѴ;vrѴ-mvvo1bo࣐1omolbt†;;|;mˆbuomm;l;m|-Ѵĺ

0f;1ঞ=v7;ѴĽ࣐|†7;Ĺ

Ŏm-Ѵ‹v;uѴ-1_-ञm;7;ˆ-Ѵ;†u7;Ѵ-CѴb࣏u;7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v7-mvѴ;1-7u;7Ľ†m 7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|7†u-0Ѵ;ĸ

Ŏ bvrov;u7;u;1oll-m7-ঞomv࢘l࣑l;7;v;mvb0bѴbv;u;|7Ľ࣐1Ѵ-bu;uѴ;vro†ˆobuvr†0Ѵb1v -rr;Ѵ࣐v ࢘ ru;m7u; 7;v 7࣐1bvbomv v†u Ѵ- u࣐_-0bѴb|-ঞom 7; Ѵ- CѴb࣏u; 7;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v -Ѵbl;m|-bu;vĺ

࣐|_o7oѴo]b;Ĺ

Ľ-rruo1_;l࣐|_o7oѴo]bt†;]Ѵo0-Ѵ;-࣐|࣐0-v࣐;v†uѴĽ-m-Ѵ‹v;7;v7omm࣐;vv;1om7-bu;vķ7;v

;mt†࣑|;v ;| 7;v ;m|u;ঞ;mv -†ru࣏v 7;v rubm1br-†Š -1|;†uv 7; Ѵ- CѴb࣏u; 7;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v -Ѵbl;m|-bu;vĺ;v-m-Ѵ‹v;vv;vom|-uঞ1†Ѵ࣐;v-†|o†u7;v-Š;vv†bˆ-m|vĹ

Ŏ ;v roѴbঞt†;v r†0Ѵbt†;v ;| Ѵ;†uv bm1b7;m1;v v†u ѴĽo@u; ;| Ѵ- 7;l-m7; ࢘ |u-ˆ;uv 7;†Š

mbˆ;-†Šĸ

ň!;ˆ†;7;vroѲbࢼt†;vr†0Ѳbt†;vĶr-vvߪ;v;|;m1o†uvĶ;|Ѳ;†uvbm1b7;m1;vv†uѲ;v;1|;†u7;v Ѳߪ]†lbm;†v;v -Ѳbl;m|-bu;v ;m ˆ†; 7; ѲĻbmbࢼ-ࢼom 7; Ѳ- 1omvࢼ|†ࢼom 7Ļ†m; rѲ-|;=oul;

7Ļbmmoˆ-ࢼomv|u-|ߪ]bt†;޲ѲĻߪ1_;ѲѲ;m-ࢼom-Ѳ;ķ

ňm-Ѳ‹v;7;v7ߪ|;ulbm-m|v7;ѲĻo@u;;|7;Ѳ-7;l-m7;7;vѲߪ]†lbm;†v;v-Ѳbl;m|-bu;v;m

ˆ†;7;ѲĻߪѲ-0ou-ࢼom7;vu;1oll-m7-ࢼomvro†uѲ-uߪ_-0bѲb|-ࢼom7;1;v;1|;†uĸ

Ŏ-1-u-1|࣐ubv-ঞom|;1_mb1o࣐1omolbt†;7;vv‹v|࣏l;v7;ruo7†1ঞom࢘0-v;7;vѴ࣐]†lbŊ m;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;vro†ulom|u;uѴ;†ublrou|-m1;;|Ѵ;†uv1om|u-bm|;vĸ

!࣐v†l࣐;Š࣐1†ঞ=

Ŏ;v-vr;1|vvo1b-†Šķbmvঞ|†ঞomm;Ѵv;|1;†ŠѴb࣐v-†];mu;7-mvѴ;vv‹v|࣏l;v7;ruo7†1ঞom

;| Ѵŝb7;mঞC1-ঞom 7;v r-uঞ;v ru;m-m|;v blrѴbt†࣐;v 7-mv Ѵ- ruo7†1ঞom ;| Ѵ- 1oll;u1b-Ѵbv-ঞom7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v;|Ѵ;vu;Ѵ-ঞomvt†ŝbѴv7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;m|ĸ

ŎĽ-ˆ-Ѵ7;Ѵ-CѴb࣏u;ro†ub7;mঞC;uѴ;vѴb;mv-ˆ;1Ѵ;vruo7†1|;†uvķbm7†v|ub;Ѵv;|1oll;u2-m|vĺ

Principaux constats relevés :

Ŏ†mbˆ;-†7;Ѵ-roѴbঞt†;r†0Ѵbt†;ķѴĽ࣐|†7;lom|u;t†ĽbѴ‹-†m;t†-vbŊ-0v;m1;7;v|u-|࣐]b;

vr࣐1bCt†;u;Ѵ-ঞˆ;࢘Ѵ-CѴb࣏u;ĺ࣑l;-†mbˆ;-†7†Ѵ-m-uo1(;u|ķѴ-CѴb࣏u;mĽ-r-v0࣐m࣐C1b࣐

7Ľ†m1om|u-|Ŋruo]u-ll;vr࣐1bCt†;;|-†1†m;l;mঞommĽ-࣐|࣐=-b|;-†ŠѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v7-mv Ѵ;1om|u-|Ŋruo]u-ll;7;v1࣐u࣐-Ѵ;vĺ

Ŏ†mbˆ;-†7;v7࣐|;ulbm-m|v7;ѴĽo@u;ķѴĽ-m-Ѵ‹v;-lom|u࣐t†;Ѵ;vv†r;uC1b;v7;vѴ࣐]†lbŊ m;†v;vom|u࣐]u;vv࣐f†vt†ļ;mƐƖƖƏķr†bvom|;mu;]bv|u࣐†m;Ѵ࣐]࣏u;u;rubv;࢘Ѵ-_-†vv;ĺ;v rubŠmolbm-†Š7;vrobv1_b1_;v;|=࣏ˆ;vom|;mu;]bv|u࣐7;v|;m7-m1;v࢘Ѵ-_-†vv;ĺ;vr-u-Ŋ l࣏|u;v7;v=om1ঞomv7;ѴĽo@u;om|u࣐ˆ࣐Ѵ࣐Ѵŝ;Šbv|;m1;7;u;Ѵ-ঞomv7;1olrѴ࣐l;m|-ub|࣐;|7;

v†0vঞ|†ঞom;m|u;Ѵ;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v;|Ѵ;v1࣐u࣐-Ѵ;vĺ

ŎĽ-m-Ѵ‹v;7;v7࣐|;ulbm-m|v7;Ѵ-7;l-m7;-lom|u࣐t†;ѴĽ࣐ˆoѴ†ঞom7;Ѵ-1omvoll-ঞom -mm†;ѴѴ; 7;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v v࣏1_;v - ࣐|࣐ rѴ†|ॖ| lo7;v|;ĺ - 7;l-m7; 7;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v -rr-u-ञ|rѴ†vv;mvb0Ѵ;-†Šˆ-ub-ঞomv7;vrubŠruoru;vĺ

Ŏ†mbˆ;-†7;Ѵ-1om7†b|;7;v1†Ѵ|†u;vķѴ;vu࣐v†Ѵ|-|v7;ѴĽ;mt†࣑|;lom|u;m|t†;Ѵ;vl࣑l;v

|;1_mbt†;v1†Ѵ|†u-Ѵ;vvom|-rrѴbt†࣐;v7;r†bvѴ;v-mm࣐;vѶƏĺ-uo|-ঞom1࣐u࣐-Ѵ;vņѴ࣐]†lbŊ m;†v;v;v|ru-ঞt†࣐;r-uru࣏v7;ƓƔѷ7;v-]ub1†Ѵ|;†uv;|ƑƏѷro†uѴ-f-1_࣏u;ĺ;vor࣐u-Ŋ ঞomvńv;lbv;|u࣐1oѴ|;Ņu;ru࣐v;m|;m|rѴ†v7;ѵƏѷ7;v1oী|vĺ†mbˆ;-†7;vbm|u-m|vķbѴ‹-

†m;|u࣏v=-b0Ѵ;†ঞѴbv-ঞom7;vv;l;m1;v1;uঞC࣐;v7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;vĺ

ŎĽbm|࣐]u-ঞom7;v;ŠrѴob|-ঞomv-]ub1oѴ;v-†l-u1_࣐;v||u࣏vѴblb|࣐;ĺ;vblrou|-ঞomvu࣐]†Ѵ;m|

ѴĽo@u;;|Ѵ-7;l-m7;ĺ;‚;vb|†-ঞomvĽ;v||u-7†b|;r-u7;=-b0Ѵ;vr;u=oul-m1;v࣐1omolbt†;v 7;1;v1†Ѵ|†u;vĺ-r-u|7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v7-mvѴ;u;ˆ;m†;v|;mlo‹;mm;7;Ƒƒѷĺ

Ŏ † mbˆ;-† 7;v -vr;1|v vo1b-†Š ;| bmvঞ|†ঞomm;Ѵvķ ѴĽ-m-Ѵ‹v; lom|u; ѴĽblrou|-m1; 7; Ѵ- 1om|ub0†ঞom7;Ѵ-=;ll;ĺ;v1†Ѵ|†u;v;Šb];m|0;-†1o†r7;l-bm7Ľq†ˆu;1-uķ]࣐m࣐u-Ѵ;Ŋ l;m|ķ;ѴѴ;vm;vom|r-vl࣐1-mbv࣐;vĺ-7bvr-ubঞom7;vru-ঞt†;v7;lo7;7;=-bu;ˆ-Ѵobu bm7bu;1|vĽ;v||u-7†b|;r-u†m;7bv1omঞm†b|࣐7-mvѴ;|u-mv=;u|7;vv-ˆobuvѴo1-†Šĺ

ŎĽ-m-Ѵ‹v;7;ѴĽ-ˆ-Ѵ7;Ѵ-CѴb࣏u;-lom|u࣐t†;Ĺ

- La chaîne de valeur des légumineuses alimentaires est très fragmentée en amont, dimi- nuant ainsi la visibilité pour les industriels, les commerçants et les producteurs eux mêmes ; ň - =-b0Ѳ;vv; 7; Ѳśou]-mbv-ࢼom _oubŒom|-Ѳ;Ķ ;m -lom|Ķ 1om7†b| ߪ]-Ѳ;l;m| ޲ Ѳś-0v;m1; 7;

1oѲѲ-0ou-ࢼom ˆ;uࢼ1-Ѳ; r†bvt†ĻbѲ mĻ;Šbv|; r-v †m; v|u†1|†u; =oul;ѲѲ; t†b u;ruߪv;m|; Ѳ;v ruo7†1|;†uvĸ ;‚; vb|†-ࢼom -@;1|; 1omvb7ߪu-0Ѳ;l;m| Ѳ;v r;u=oul-m1;vĶ Ѳ- u;m|-0bѲb|ߪ ;|

r-u|-m|Ѳ-1olrߪࢼࢼˆb|ߪ7;v-1|;†uvĸ

ub;m|-ঞomvv|u-|࣐]bt†;v

1ঞomv7;]o†ˆ;um-m1;7;Ѵ-CѴb࣏u;Ĺ

Ŏ11olr-]m;u;|-rr†‹;uѴĽou]-mbv-ঞom7;Ѵ-CѴb࣏u;;|Ѵ-1u࣐-ঞom7Ľ†m;bm|;u- ruo=;vvbomvr࣐1bCt†;ĸ

Ŏ !;1omm-ञ|u; Ѵ- vr࣐1bC1b|࣐ 7† v;1|;†u ;m Ѵ†b 1omv-1u-m| †m 1om|u-|Ŋ ruo]u-ll;ĺ

1ঞomvv†uѴĽo@u;Ĺ

Ŏ†]l;m|;u7†u-0Ѵ;l;m|Ѵ-ruo7†1ঞˆb|࣐;|Ѵ-u;m|-0bѴb|࣐7;v1†Ѵ|†u;v;mŒom;v

=-ˆou-0Ѵ;vr-uѴĽ†ঞѴbv-ঞom7;mo†ˆ;ѴѴ;v|;1_moѴo]b;vķ7-mvѴ;1-7u;7;ruof;|v 7Ľ-]u࣐]-ঞomĸ

Ŏ ub;m|;u Ѵ;v ruof;|v 7† bѴb;u 7† Ѵ-m -uo1(;u|ˆ;uv Ѵ-ru࣐v;uˆ-ঞom 7;v u;vvo†u1;vm-|†u;ѴѴ;v;|7;Ѵŝ;mˆbuomm;l;m|-†v;bm7;vŒom;v࣐࢘1oѴo]b;=u-]bѴ;ĸ Ŏuovr;1|;uѴ;v-Ѵ|;um-ঞˆ;v7;ˆ-Ѵoubv-ঞom7;vruo7†b|vĺ

1ঞomvv†uѴ-7;l-m7;Ĺ

Ŏm=oul;u;|v;mvb0bѴbv;uѴ;v1omvoll-|;†uvv†uѴ;v-ˆ-m|-];vt†;ruo1†u;m|

1;v ruo7†b|v ;m l-ঞ࣏u; 7; m†|ubঞom ;| 7; v-m|࣐ _†l-bm; ;m 1b0Ѵ-m| Ѵ;v l࣐m-];v t†b 1omvoll;m| lobmv 7; Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v Ռom;v lom|-]m;†v;v ;|

o-vbvķu࣐]bom7†v†7;|1-|࣐]oub;v࢘u;ˆ;m†vѴblb|࣐vőķ-bmvbt†;1;u|-bmv]uo†r;v vo1b-†Šĺ

;v;1|;†u-]ub1oѴ;1omvঞ|†;†mrbѴb;u7;ѴĽ࣐1omolb;l-uo1-bm;ĺѴ1om|ub0†;7;ru࣏v 7;ƐƓѷ7-mvѴ;m-ঞom-Ѵĺm;@;|ķѴĽ-]ub1†Ѵ|†u;fo†;†muॖѴ;vo1boŊ࣐1omolbt†;

|u࣏vblrou|-m|;mo@u-m|Ɠƒѷ7;v;lrѴobvro†uѴ-ror†Ѵ-ঞom-1ঞˆ;;|;m-vv†u-m|

7;vu;ˆ;m†vv|-0Ѵ;vro†uѶƏѷ7;Ѵ-ror†Ѵ-ঞomu†u-Ѵ;ĺbmvbķl-Ѵ]u࣐7;v1‹1Ѵ;v7;

v࣐1_;u;vv;u࣐r࣐|࣐vķѴ;-]ub1oѴ;-rѴ†vt†;7o†0Ѵ࣐7;r†bvѴ;v-mm࣐;vvobŠ-m|;^ƐĺѴ vĽ-]b|7Ľ†mv;1|;†u1-u-1|࣐ubv࣐r-u†m;=ou|;ˆ†Ѵm࣐u-0bѴb|࣐-†Š1_-m];l;m|v1Ѵbl-Ŋ ঞt†;vķ;mr-uঞ1†Ѵb;u-†Š1om7bঞomvrѴ†ˆbol࣐|ubt†;vĺˆ;1†m;ruo7†1ঞomrѴ†vo†

lobmv7bˆ;uvbC࣐;ķѴ;v1࣐u࣐-Ѵ;vt†b;mu;ru࣐v;m|;m|Ѵ-]u-m7;r-uঞ;om|1omm††m;

1uobvv-m1;1omvb7࣐u-0Ѵ;ķ1;t†bv;|u-7†b|r-uѴ-0-bvv;7†mbˆ;-†7;vblrou|-ঞomv² 7†0Ѵ࣐|;m7u;;|1;1om|u-bu;l;m|-†ŠѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;vķt†b;mu;]bv|u;m|†m;ruo7†1Ŋ ঞom=-b0Ѵ;r-uu-rrou|-†Š-†|u;v1†Ѵ|†u;vķ1;t†b-ro†vv࣐ѴĽ|-|࢘v;7bub];uˆ;uvѴ;

l-u1_࣐;Š|࣐ub;†u7;r†bvѴ;v-mm࣐;vƐƖƖƏĺ

;v 7b@࣐u;m|;v v|u-|࣐]b;v 7; 7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m| u†u-Ѵķ ࣐Ѵ-0ou࣐;v r-u Ѵ;v ro†ˆobuv r†0Ѵb1vķom|࣐|࣐|o†|;v0-v࣐;vv†uѴ;vrubm1br;v7Ľ†m7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|u†u-Ѵbm|࣐]u࣐oা

ѴĽ-]ub1†Ѵ|†u;1omvঞ|†;ѴĽ-1ঞˆb|࣐࣐1omolbt†;rubm1br-Ѵ;ĺ;ńѴ-m-uo1(;u|Ņ;v|

ˆ;m†1omCul;uѴĽblrou|-m1;7†v;1|;†u-]ub1oѴ;;|vomuॖѴ;7-mvѴ-v࣐1†ub|࣐-Ѵbl;mŊ

|-bu;;|ѴĽ࣐1omolb;m-ঞom-Ѵ;ĺѴu࣐-Lul;Ѵ-m࣐1;vvb|࣐7Ľ†m;roѴbঞt†;7b@࣐u;m1b࣐;

t†b;ŠrѴob|;Ѵ;v-|o†|v7;1_-t†;-]uov‹v|࣏l;ķ;m-rrou|-m|7;vvoѴ†ঞomv-7-rŊ

|࣐;v-†Š7b@࣐u;m|;vvb|†-ঞomv;|;m|;m-m|1olr|;7;ѴĽo†ˆ;u|†u;࣐1omolbt†;;|

7;v-11ou7v7;Ѵb0u;Ŋ࣐1_-m];t†;Ѵ;-uo1-vb]m࣐7-mvѴ;1-7u;0bѴ-|࣐u-Ѵo†l†ѴঞѴ-Ŋ

|࣐u-ѴŐ&ķ&"ķĻőĺ

;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;vom|࣐|࣐1†Ѵঞˆ࣐;vķ7;r†bvrѴ†vb;†uvlbѴѴ࣐m-bu;vķ ;m 1ol0bm-bvom -ˆ;1 Ѵ;v 1࣐u࣐-Ѵ;v Őovv†;| ;| (-Ѵ7;Œķ ƑƏƐƒőĺ ;†uv ruorub࣐|࣐v -]uomolbt†;v ;|

-Ѵbl;m|-bu;vvom|1omm†;v7;r†bvrѴ†v7;ƑƏƏƏ-mvĺ

m|uo7†1ঞom]࣐m࣐u-Ѵ;

Ɛbmbv|࣏u;7;ѴĽ-]ub1†Ѵ|†u;;|7;Ѵ-r࣑1_;l-ubঞl;ķĽ-]ub1†Ѵ|†u;l-uo1-bm;;m1_b@u;ƑƏƐƑĺ

m|uo7†1ঞom

"†uѴ;rѴ-m-]uoŊ;mˆbuomm;l;m|-Ѵķ;ѴѴ;vm;u;t†b࣏u;m|-†1†m;=;uঞѴbv-ঞom-Œo|࣐;;|

1om|ub0†;m|m-|†u;ѴѴ;l;m|࢘;mub1_buѴ;voѴ;m-Œo|;³ĺmv;v†0vঞ|†-m|-†Š;m]u-bv 7;v‹m|_࣏v;ķ;ѴѴ;vr;ul;‚;m|-bmvb7Ľ࣐ˆb|;uѴ;vroѴѴ†ঞomvѴb࣐;v࢘Ѵ-=-0ub1-ঞom7;

1;v ruo7†b|v 1_blbt†;vķ Ѵ;†u |u-mvrou| ;| Ѵ;†u ࣐r-m7-]; Ő-ˆ-bѴѴ࣏vķ ƑƏƏƖőĺ Ľbm|uo7†1ঞom 7;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v 7-mv Ѵ;v v‹v|࣏l;v 7; ruo7†1ঞom ;m];m7u; †m blr-1| rovbঞ= v†u Ѵ;v ruorub࣐|࣐v r_‹vb1oŊ1_blbt†;v 7† voѴ Őovv†;| ;| (-Ѵ7;Œķ ƑƏƐƒőĺmrѴ†v7;1;v=om1ঞomvķѴ;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v1om|ub0†;m|-†l-bmঞ;m7;Ѵ- 0bo7bˆ;uvb|࣐ 7;v voѴv ;m =-ˆoubv-m| Ѵ; 7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m| 7; Ѵ- lb1uo=-†m; ;| 7; Ѵ- lb1uoYou;=om]bt†;ķ;|;ѴѴ;vu࣐7†bv;m|Ѵ-ru;vvbomr_‹|ov-mb|-bu;Ő-ˆ-bѴѴ࣏vķƑƏƏƖőĺ Ľ†m robm| 7; ˆ†; -Ѵbl;m|-bu;ķ ;ѴѴ;v 1omvঞ|†;m| 7;v vo†u1;v blrou|-m|;v 7;

ruo|࣐bm;v࢘Ѵ-=obvro†uѴĽ_oll;;|ro†uѴ;v-mbl-†Š7Ľ࣐Ѵ;ˆ-];ĺ"-1_-m|t†;Ѵŝ-11࣏v -†Šruo7†b|v1-um࣐v;v|Ѵblb|࣐ķѴ;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;vru࣐v;m|;m|7;vt†-Ѵb|࣐vm†|ubঞom- m;ѴѴ;vbm7࣐mb-0Ѵ;vķt†br;†ˆ;m|-vv†u;u†m;l;bѴѴ;†u;v࣐1†ub|࣐m†|ubঞomm;ѴѴ;;|†m;

l;bѴѴ;†u;v-m|࣐Őov|-et al.ķƑƏƏѵĸ-Ѵo];uoro†Ѵovet alĺķƑƏƐƏĸ o7;ˆvh-et al., ƑƏƐƒĸ;=mb;|)b‚_क़[ķƑƏƐƒĸ,_-_oet al.ķƑƏƐƓőĺ

bv|oubt†;l;m|ķѴ;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;vom|࣐|࣐v†u|o†|1†Ѵঞˆ࣐;vro†uѴ;†u-1ঞom=;uঞѴb- v-m|; 7† voѴķ -†]l;m|-m| Ѵ;v u;m7;l;m|v 7;v 1࣐u࣐-Ѵ;v r-u Ѵ- uo|-ঞom ;|

ѴĽbm|;uŊ1†Ѵ|†u;ķl-bv࣐]-Ѵ;l;m|1oll;vo†u1;7;=o†uu-];ro†uѴ;0࣐|-bѴĺmbঞ-Ѵ;- l;m|ķ Ѵ- u࣐1oѴ|; 7; ]u-bmv ro†u ѴĽ-Ѵbl;m|-ঞom _†l-bm; ;| -mbl-Ѵ; mĽ࣐|-b| r-v ѴĽo0f;1ঞ= rubm1br-Ѵ Ő"bm1Ѵ-bu ;|(-7;Œķ ƑƏƐƑőĺ† 1o†uv 7; Ѵ- ru;lb࣏u; lobঞ࣐ 7†

ˆbm]ঞ࣏l;vb࣏1Ѵ;ķ;|v†b|;-†7࣐ˆ;Ѵorr;l;m|vr;1|-1†Ѵ-bu;t†ŝ-1omm†Ѵ;v;1|;†u bm7†v|ub;Ѵ7;=-0ub1-ঞom7;v;m]u-bv-Œo|࣐v7;v‹m|_࣏v;ķѴ;vruo7†1|;†uv-]ub1oѴ;v om| 1oll;m1࣐ ࢘ v†0vঞ|†;u Ѵ;v -rrou|v -Œo|࣐v 7; 1;v 1†Ѵ|†u;v r-u Ѵ;v ;m]u-bv -Œo|࣐v7;v‹m|_࣏v;ĺ

†CѴ7;v-mm࣐;vķѴ;vuo|-ঞomv࢘0-v;7;Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;vom|ruo]u;vvbˆ;l;m|࣐|࣐

u࣐7†b|;v7-mvѴ-rѴ†r-u|7;vr-‹v;m];m7u-m|†m;7࣐r;m7-m1;࢘Ѵŝ࣐]-u77;v;m]u-bv -Œo|࣐vv‹m|_࣐ঞt†;vĺ ;v;vঞl-ঞomvom|u࣐ˆ࣐Ѵ࣐t†ŝ-†1o†uv7†7࣐0†|7;v-mm࣐;v ƐƖƔƏķru࣏v7;Ѵ-lobঞ࣐7;v;m]u-bv-Œo|࣐vruoˆ;m-b;m|7;Ѵ-CŠ-ঞom0boѴo]bt†;r-u Ѵ;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;vķ=o†uu-];v;|;m]u-bvˆ;u|vĺ†1o†uv7;v-mm࣐;vƐƖƖƏķ1;‚;r-u|

-࣐|࣐u࣐7†b|;࢘ƑƏѷĺm|u;ƐƖѵƏ;|Ѵ;7࣐0†|7;v-mm࣐;vƑƏƏƏķѴ-1omvoll-ঞom -mm†;ѴѴ;7;v;m]u-bv-Œo|࣐vv‹m|_࣐ঞt†;v;v|r-vv࣐;7ŝ;mˆbuomƐƐ|࢘ru࣏v7;Ѷѵ

|Ő"lbѴķƑƏƏƐķƑƏƏƑĸķƑƏƏƏĸ1b|࣐r-uu;‰v;|;orѴ;vķƑƏƏƓőĺ

-Ѵ]u࣐ Ѵ;†uv l†ѴঞrѴ;v -ˆ-m|-];vķ Ѵ;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v -Ѵbl;m|-bu;v mŝo11†r;m|

-1|†;ѴѴ;l;m| t†ŝ†m; rѴ-1; -vv;Œ lo7;v|; ࢘ Ѵŝ࣐1_;ѴѴ; lom7b-Ѵ;ĺ ŝ†m; r-u|ķ Ѵ;v v†r;uC1b;v -ѴѴo†࣐;v ࢘ 1;v 1†Ѵ|†u;vķ 1om1;m|u࣐;v 7-mv 7;v Œom;v 7ŝ-]ub1†Ѵ|†u;

3m;vঞl;-1|†;ѴѴ;l;m|t†Ľ-†mbˆ;-†7;ѴĽ-]ub1†Ѵ|†u;lom7b-Ѵ;Ɠѵ|7Ľ-Œo|;ruoˆb;mm;m|7;Ѵ-CŠ-ঞomv‹l0bo- ঞt†;r-uѴ;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;vķ࢘1olr-u;u-†ŠѶƕ|7Ľ;m]u-bv-Œo|࣐v†ঞѴbv࣐vŐ †1et al.ķƑƏƐƏőĺ

pluviale, ne représentent que le dixième de celles consacrées aux céréales. D'autre part, le rendement moyen enregistré n'est que de 0,86 t/ha, soit le quart de celui des céréales, qui avoisine 3,54 t/ha (Akibode et Maredia, 2011). Les prix aux ruo7†1|;†uvom|;mu;]bv|u࣐7Ľblrou|-m|;vY†1|†-ঞomv1;vt†bmŒ;7;umb࣏u;v-mm࣐;vķ qui malgré l’accroissement enregistré, le commerce mondial reste faible 1olr-u-ঞˆ;l;m|࢘1;Ѵ†b7;v1࣐u࣐-Ѵ;v;|7;voѴ࣐-]bm;†Šĺ

; -uo1 mŝ࣐1_-rr; r-v ࢘ 1;‚; ruo0Ѵ࣐l-ঞt†;ĺ m ;@;|ķ Ѵ;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v alimentaires ont existé depuis longtemps aussi bien au niveau du système de ruo7†1ঞom7;rѴ†vb;†uvu࣐]bomvl-uo1-bm;vt†;7-mvѴ;v_-0b|†7;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v 7;vror†Ѵ-ঞomvĺѴѴ;v࣐|-b;m|7-ˆ-m|-];1omvoll࣐;v7-mvѴ;vlbѴb;†Šr-†ˆu;v;|

ruo7†b|;v7-mv7;vŒom;vr;†=;uঞѴ;vŐ!ov;m0;u];uķƐƖѶƏĸ1b|࣐r-u ubo†1_b;|

Ѵ ;Œuo†bķ ƐƖƖƑőĺ ; v;1|;†u 7;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v -Ѵbl;m|-bu;v o11†r-b| 7;v v†r;uC1b;vblrou|-m|;v-†7࣐0†|7;v-mm࣐;vƐƖƕƏ;|t†bom|-‚;bm|ѵƏƏĺƏƏƏ_-ĺ ࣏vѴouvķ1;‚;v†r;uC1b;-1omm†7;vY†1|†-ঞomvr-u=obv|u࣏vl-ut†࣐;v-ˆ;1†m;

|;m7-m1;]࣐m࣐u-Ѵ;ˆ;uvѴ-0-bvv;ĺ$o†|;=obvķѴ;vbmˆ;vঞ]-ঞomv;m|u;rubv;vr-u†m groupe d'experts en 2006 ont pu montrer que parmi les groupes de cultures qui mŝom| r-v ;mu;]bv|u࣐ 7; ruo]u;vvbom C]†u; Ѵ;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v Őķ ƑƏƏѵőĺ ѴѴ;v vŝ࣐|;m7;m| -1|†;ѴѴ;l;m| v†u ru࣏v 7; ƒѶƏĺƏƏƏ _-ķ vob| ࢘ r;bm; ѵѷ 7; Ѵ- "&

m-ঞom-Ѵ;Ő ķƑƏƐƓőĺ

;u;1†Ѵ7;Ѵ-v†r;uC1b;7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;v;v|7ীmomv;†Ѵ;l;m|-†Š

1-rub1;v7†1Ѵbl-|Őv࣐1_;u;vv;vr࣐ubo7bt†;vől-bv-†vvb;|v†u|o†|࢘Ѵ-momŊl-ञ|ubv;

7; Ѵ- 1om7†b|; |;1_mbt†; 7;v 7b@࣐u;m|;v 1†Ѵ|†u;v ;| ࢘ ѴĽbmv†Lv-m1; 7Ľ†m;

ruo|;1ঞom r_‹|ov-mb|-bu; ub]o†u;†v;ĺ ;‚; 7;umb࣏u;ķ l࣑l; Ѵouvt†Ľ;ѴѴ; ;v|

-rrѴbt†࣐;ķu;v|;|o†|7;l࣑l;moml-ञ|ubv࣐;;|bm;L1-1;;mu-bvom7;rѴ†vb;†uv -mol-Ѵb;v 1omv|-|࣐;v 7-mv Ѵ; ruo1;vv†v 7; ruo7†1ঞom ;| 7; ruo|;1ঞom 7;v légumineuses alimentaires. Le cas de l’orobanche de la fève au niveau du ou7Ŋ†;v| 7† r-‹v ;v| †m 1-v =u-rr-m|ķ Ѵ;v r;u|;v ;m];m7u࣐;v r-u 1; r-u-vb|;

Ő;vv-bv ! -uo1ő vom| ;vঞl࣐;v 7; ѶƏ ࢘ ƐƏƏѷ 7† u;m7;l;m| ro|;mঞ;Ѵ 7; Ѵ-

=࣐ˆ;uoѴ;;|=࣏ˆ;7-mvѴ-Œom;7Ľ†;ŒŒ-m;ŐƏ࢘ƕtņ_-1om|u;ƒƏ࢘ƒƔtņ_-;m1-v 7Ľ†m; Ѵ†‚; 1_blbt†; -rruorub࣐;őĺ ;v ;vv-bv 1om7†b|v r-u ѴĽ࣐t†br; !Ŋ;hm࣏v 7-mvѴ;1-7u;7†ruof;|ļĽ!࣐v;-†-]_u࣐0bm7;!;1_;u1_;v†u࣏ˆ;vĽĽŐ!(ő Cm-m1࣐r-uѴ-$,;|rѴ†vb;†uv|u-ˆ-†Š7;u;1_;u1_;v†uѴ-Ѵ†‚;1om|u;ѴĽouo0-m1_;

1omCul;m|ѴĽblr-1|7;1;|-7ˆ;mঞ1;v†uѴ;vr;u=oul-m1;v7;Ѵ-=࣏ˆ;ĺmrѴ†v1Ľ;v|

†m -u]†l;m| t†b - ࣐|࣐ Ѵ-u];l;m| †ঞѴbv࣐ ro†u f†vঞC;u Ѵ- 0-bvv; 7; ƏĺƓѷ 7; Ѵ- v†r;uC1b;7;Ѵ-=࣏ˆ;-†1o†uv7;Ѵ-r࣐ubo7;ƑƏƏƐŊƑƏƐƒĺ

-u-bѴѴ;†uvķѴ;v‹v|࣏l;7;1oll;u1b-Ѵbv-ঞom7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v-Ѵbl;m|-bu;vvo†@u;

7†l-mt†;7Ľou]-mbv-ঞom7;v;v1bu1†b|v;|u;v|;1om7bঞomm࣐r-u†m;l†Ѵঞ|†7;

m|uo7†1ঞom

7;vruo7†1|;†uvĺmo†|u;ķѴ;vo†1b7;ˆ-Ѵoubv-ঞom7;vruo7†b|v7;vѴ࣐]†lbm;†v;v ro†u-vv†u;u7;vl-u];v7;]-bmv1olrѴ࣐l;m|-bu;vv;l0Ѵ;t†-vbŊ-0v;m|1_;ŒѴ;v ruo7†1|;†uv ;| Ѵ;v bm|;ul࣐7b-bu;vķ l-bv 1;Ѵ- 1oll;m1; ࢘ bm|࣐u;vv;u 1;u|-bmv bmˆ;vঞvv;†uv rubˆ࣐v 7-mv Ѵ; 1-7u; 7† Ѵ-m -uo1 (;u| -†|o†u 7; ruof;|v 7Ľ-]u࣐]-ঞomĺ

-u Ѵ- l࣑l; o11-vbomķ bѴ =-†| mo|;u t†; Ѵ; v;1|;†u 7;v Ѵ࣐]†lbm;†v;v vo†@u; 7;

ruo0Ѵ࣏l;v 7; 7bvromb0bѴb|࣐ 7; Ѵ- l-bm 7Ľq†ˆu;ķ 7; l࣐1-mbv-ঞom ;| 7† u;1†Ѵ 7;v

=oul;vvo1b-Ѵ;v7;ruo7†1ঞomŐlo7;7;=-bu;ˆ-Ѵobubm7bu;1|őĺѴ;v|1;u|-bmt†;1;v

࣐Ѵ࣐l;m|v -vvo1b࣐v -†Š r-u-vb|;v ;| -†Š 1_-m];l;m|v 1Ѵbl-ঞt†;v om| 1om|ub0†࣐

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bmˆ;uv;u1;‚;vb|†-ঞomĺ

1;ঞ|u;ķѴĽ!ķ;mr-u|;m-ub-|-ˆ;1Ѵ-om7-ঞomķѴĽ! ķѴĽ(-vv-m

;| 7;v mvঞ|†ঞomv bm7b;mm;v om| Ѵ-m1࣐ ;m ƑƏƐƒ Ѵ; uof;| u;Ѵ-ঞ= ࢘ ķ 7om|

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Ѵom]7;Ѵ-CѴb࣏u;ĺ