Construction sector in Africa

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

Industry and Human Settiements Division

Original: ENGLISH

CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN AFRICA

E/ECA/HUS/71

CONTENTS

PAGE

I. Introduction *

II. The structure of the construction sector 3

III. Physical resources of construction 6

A. Building materials industry 6

B. Glass, ceramic, china and porcelain industry 11

C. Enterprises for composite components 12

D. Mechanization of construction and services 13 IV. Future demand on the construction sector of Africa 14

V. Recommendations 17

VI. List of tables 20

1. Output of the construction in Gross Capital Formation 21

2. Employment by construction in Africa 21

3. Production of cement in Africa 22

4. Imports of cement in Africa 23

5. Trade by cement in Africa 24

6. The ratio of production and import of cement in some African countries .... 25 7. Production of building bricks, made of clay in Africa 25 8. Production of concrete blocks and bricks in some African countries 26 9. Trade by bricks and other nonrefractory products in Africa 26

10. Trade by building stone in Africa 27

11. Trade by clay and refractory building products in Africa 28

12. Trade by refractory bricks in Africa 29

13. Products of plywood in Africa 30

14. Production of veneer sheets in Africa 30

15. Production of particle board in Africa 31

16. Trade by plywood of wood sheets in Africa 32

17. Trade by veneer sheets in Africa 33

18. Production of tiles for floor and wall in Africa 34 19. Production of roofing tiles, made of clay in Africa 34 20. Import of nonmetal minerals by African countries 34

21. Production of quicklime in Africa 35

22. Production of asbestos-cement in Africa 35 23. Trade by glass surface-ground in Africa 36

24. Trade by glazed ceramic sets in Africa 37

25. Trade by plumbing, heating and lighting equipment in Africa 38 26. Trade by structures, iron and steel in Africa 39 27. Trade by structures, parts of aluminium in Africa 40 28. Trade by builders woodwork, prefabricated in Africa 41

29. Production of concrete pipes in Africa 42

30. Production of concrete, other products in Africa 42 31. Trade by self-propelled shovels, excavators in Africa 43 32. Trade by self-propelled bulldozers, etc. in Africa 44 33. Trade by civil engineering equipment in Africa 45 34. Central government expenditure on housing in some African countries ... 46 35. Central government expenditure on housing and community amenities

in some African countries 47

BIBLIOGRAPHY 48

1. The construction sector is an essential contributor to the process of development. Roads, dams, irrigation works, schools, houses, hospitals, factories, and other construction works are the physical foundation on which development efforts and improved living standards are established. Improving construction capacity and capability is important to most African countries. First, there is a need to ensure the development of construction industries essential for collective self-reliance and modernization of the economy of African countries. Second, the basic infrastructure built up in a colonial past have now to be maintained and new transportation networks should be developed. And, third, the construction can be a more important generator of jobs.

2. It is against that background that Article 49 of the African Economic Community Treaty specifically states that in order to create a solid basis for the industrialization process and promote collective self-reliance, Member States shall : '... ensure the development of ... building and construction industries...'. The first IDDA had already stated, inter alia, '... it would be desirable to view construction and building materials as an industry in its own right with its special problems, its

characteristics and its own strategy.

3. Yet despite the fact that construction sector occupies an important place in the economy of African countries and plays a dynamic role in the process of growth and development, it is frequently ignored by in national plans and superficially harmonized by politicians, decision makers, economists, planners and administrators with other sectors of national economies. Even in surveys of economic and social conditions in Africa, construction is not given a separate section and sometimes not even a mention. As a result, many international organizations, decision makers and other professionals fail to grasp the concept of construction as a separate and identifiable economic sector.

4. The importance of the construction sector in national

economies is indicated by its contribution to GDP and Gross Fixed

Capital Formation (GFCF), and to employment. In developed countries

the output of construction in GFCF is over 50 per cent. In Africa,

in a limited number of countries the output of this sector exceeds

one-half of Gross Capital Formation (see Table 1). As a rule the

sector contributes from 1 to 12 per cent to Gross Capital

Formation. In 1988-1991 construction accounted only for 5.2 or

5.3 per cent of GDP, while the development of manufacturing took

place much faster than that of construction and its share in GDP

exceeded 12 per cent. The Fig. 1 presents the trends in annual

growth rates in Africa for GDP, manufacturing, construction,

urbanization and total population growth. In general, the annual

E/ECA/HUS/71

Page 2

FIGURE 1. ANNUAL GROWTH RATES IN AFRICA FOR GDP

45

40

35

30

25

20

10

5 .

o ■

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 _{1990 1991}

GDP

MANUFACTURING

— » — CONSTRUCTION URBANIZATION

TOTAL POPULATION GROWTH

growth rates of the construction sector in 1984-1991 did not experience dynamic growth and varied between - 1.3 and 4.0 per cent. Table 2 shows that employment by construction in some African countries ranges between 3 and 18 per cent. Construction industry labour force as percentage of total labour force in developed countries varies between 6 and 10 per cent because construction activities tend to decrease or level off after a high degree of economic development has been achieved.

5. in the majority of African countries, the construction sector is not fulfilling its potential role in the industrial and transport development. The output and productivity of this sector has not matched the requirements of other sectors of the economy.

6. To cope with the enormous construction needs of post-war Europe, a whole range of measures was taken by governments to increase the output and productivity of the construction and to keep down building costs. Under heavy demand pressure, the European construction sector tripled its output in less than two decades and underwent a technological and structural transformation. The rate of output growth during that time ranged between 4 and 7 per cent a year in western Europe and in most countries somewhat m excess of GDP growth rates.

7. There is an urgent need for concerted action at_national and regional levels to develop the indigenous construction sector in African countries. The potentials exist.

II. The structure of the construction sector

8. The structure and organi zation of the construction sector varies considerably among African countries. The differences within the industry are determined by the relative importance of a few conditioning factors and special characteristics of the industry as well as by the degree of development of a country's economy. The structure of construction sector is shaped in many African countries by the following elements as shown in Fig.2.

9. The structure of construction sector is characterized by the

many factors. The historical development of the sector in each

country,including the nature of the work to be done which, in turn,

is a function of factors of scale, geographic dispersion, function,

and specialization (building or civil engineering construction, for

example). In addition is the participation of the sector in the

economy of the country: its contribution to GDP, to employment,

nominal productivity per capita, backward and forward linkages,

particularly with the construction materials industry. To a

significant degree will be the choice of technology, which depends

on the industry's state of technological development, the relative

abundance or scarcity of labour and capital, climatic and physical

E/ECA/HUS/71 Page 4

FIG. 2. OF C0VS1SDCTIOI SECTOR

cmmmm masm

cohsaots fob cohst- OF BUILDIMGS t

SDBCOHKACK8S FOB DBf- LLWIOH AMD POTTMG EQOIPKQR OTO OPBUfflOl

COSSTODCHOil

ORGAIIZATIOKS FOB IfilHHBKCE DRILUK

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OftGAKSATIOMS FOS BCBAMISATIMI OF CONSTOCTIOH AMD LEASIMG

QfiGAKI2ATI0BS FOR REPAlfi OF W- DSTEIAL BUILDIMGS AMD

0RG&HUTIOKS FOB AEPAXR OF PUBLIC, CO-OPERATIVE AMD PRIVATE SQH-DiD-

aid mam

SDRVEHliG

conditions, government policies, and the overall development level of the economy. The social and economic environment, which is conditioned by the general structure and state of the economy, political organization, and the traditions affecting the manner in which business is carried out. Finally would be the impact resulting from participation of the main groups of the sector in the satisfaction of overall demand for construction and maintenance services; historical participation, and future trends.

10. The pattern of organization of production units within the construction industry are the consequence of the structural determinants outlined above. Usiially, these production units fall into five main groups: a) builders in the informal sector, which accounts for a large proportion of house building in African countries, although the exact ratio is unknown due to lack of systematized information; b) communal or self-help organizations;

c) state-owned organi zations or enterprises; and d) private companies. The three latter groups constitute the domestic construction industry proper (or what is referred to as the 'formal sector'), which either competes with or complements a fifth group, e) foreign contracting organizations. Participation by foreign contractors in the formal sector of construction is very large in some countries. For example, foreign companies carried out. about 95 per cent of work contracted out in Benin in 1976 and about 70 per cent in Niger and Burundi in 1979. In the more advanced African countries, foreign contractors now supply only highly specialized services, or work on schemes which exceed the capacity of the domestic companies.

11. Mainly the public sector carries out research as a basis of design and planning strategy. Evidence suggests that this has not always been very thorough or far sighted. The design side of the industry is fragmented between many design officers and professions. Many of the design officers are very small, while large ones tend to be divided into largely autonomous design groups. Professional fragmentation increases the difficulty of applying all the design skills at the best stage of the design process. Fragmentation into many autonomous design group increases the difficulty of passing on knowledge and experience.

In addition, such problems have been often aggravated by adoption of designs, technologies and standards that are inappropriate to

local conditions.

12. institutional arrangements within the construction industry

tend to impede the economy in the use of resources, partly by

separating the various parts of the construction process, and

partly by creating conflicts between design, the production of the

materials and components. A poorly organized local construction

industry is not in a position to cope satisfactorily with

E/ECA/HUS/71 Page 6

increasing demand, as generally experienced in many African countries. The lack of vertical or horizonal integration in the industry is a result of its fragmented nature, thus also affecting its productivity. Government ministries influencing construction are very diverse, i.e. those of health, education, housing, energy and transport* They sometimes lack coordination in terms of programming and implementing at the national level. In Africa, statistical coverage is generally neither systematic nor comprehensive. In several countries statistical analyses of the construction industry are limited to activities mainly carried out by contracting firms. The lack of information on the industry inhibits planning and forecasting.

13. The distribution of construction activities by type of construction can be estimated as follows: the construction of civil works, i.e. roads, harbours, dams and water supplies accounts for 30 per cent of the construction market, whilst buildings used for schools, factories, hospitals and housing account for 70 per cent.

Housing accounts for about 30-3 5 per cent of the output of the construction industry. Little information is available on the volume of activities in the traditional sector, in which the work performed by most African people can be classified. The sector faces serious difficulties, including import dependency of building materials and know-how along with shortages of semi-skilled and skilled labour, a low degree of local participation in contracting, lack of capital in adequate equipment and tools and the poor quality of management and supervision. In addition> such problems have been often aggravated by adoption of designs, technologies and standards that are inappropriate to local conditions.

Ill- Physical resources of construction

14. Physical resources of construction (see Fig.3 ) are largely acquired from outside the industry. Difficulties in their supply are caused, for example, by shortages of foreign currency, transportation problems and other factors.

A. Building materials industry

Cement industry

15. Suitable raw materials are fairly widely distributed, and more

and more African countries are manufacturing cement, reducing their

reliance on importation. Table 3 shows the situation of cement

production in Africa during period 1978-1989. Over this period the

production of cement increased from 25276 thousand metric tons to

47702 thousand metric ton. Despite that increase in cement

production in both absolute and per capita terms, these gains are

far from reassuring if the very low base at the beginning of the period would be taken into consideration- While African countries are beginning to reduce their reliance on imported cement, they still have to import significant quantities of this building material at high prices. Available country data on import of cement per ton are illustrated in Table 4. Rwanda and Burundi, for example, import cement through Mombassa and Dar-es-Salaam; which requires, in addition to transportation by sea, about 1,600 kilometers of transport overland, at an increased costs up to 140- 238 U.S.D. per ton of cement. In the United Republic of Tanzania, the price of cement in a remote location is seven times the ex- factory price. In 1989, Africa imported cement at a cost .29 billion U.S. Dollars, i.e. 2.7 times less than in 1985 (see Table 5) with Egypt being the largest importer as well as manufacturer of

cement in the region.

The same trend in imports holds true with South Africa Customs Union and Algeria, which are the second and the third producers of cement. The ratio of production and import of cement in some African countries is given in Table 6 below. To achieve self- sufficiency in the production of cement factories will be established in Chad, Lesotho, Madagascar, the Liptako-Gourma region (subregional), Sudan and rehabilitation of cement factories will take place in Morocco/Algeria, in PTA and in Zaire.

Hailing materials

16. In almost all African countries walling materials such as burnt clay bricks and concrete blocks and bricks are two of the most used materials produced at an industrial level (see Tables 7 and 8, which present some data for a number of countries). In the production of bricks and concrete blocks, the reported figures for Africa are lower in 1989 than they were in 1980. If these are translated into per capita production figures, they seem to suggest an even more severe decline in African countries. The costs of imports and exports of nonrefractory bricks and building stone are shown in Tables 9 and 10 and of clay refractory building products including refractory bricks are given in Tables 11 and 12. In 1989, Africa spent .3 billion U.S. Dollars for imports of bricks and refractory building products. During IDDA-II a brick raking plant

is planned for construction by Algeria/Tunisia.

17. Wood is another walling material not very widely used in urban areas, even in forest-rich countries. The production of plywood, veneer sheets and particle boards is illustrated in Tables 13, 14 and 15 respectively. Table 13 reveals that in 1989 Africa manufactured 716 thousand cubic meters of plywood and its ma^or producers ( Nigeria and Gabon) did not show an increase from 1986.

in the same year Africa produced 564 thousand cubic metres of

veneer sheets, but unfortunately at the same time Africa imported

E/ECA/HUS/71 Page 8

large amounts of walling materials. In 1985-1989, for example the

situation with the trade by plywood and veneer sheets was as

described in Tables 16 and 17. According to these tables .18

billion U.S. Dollars were spent by African countries for the import

of veneers and plywood in 1989. The production of tiles for walls

and floor in Africa is shown in Table 18. As may be seen from this

Table, there was no significant increase in the production of tiles

in 1981-1989. in 1989 Africa produced 16713 thousand square metres

of tiles. The share of South Africa in the regional production of

tiles exceeds 40 per cent.

FIG. 3

BOILDBK HAHKIALS UfDUSftft

CERAMIC, CflOAAKD P0RCEL4H HDUSEff

OF SAfllTARY a*d light FIHOGS

PRODUCERS OF PLdfBIKG AKD VERTIUTIOH

SAW), CSDSHED STOfflS, i, BTC.

0! PAfiTITIOtlS, PAffiLS, DOORS,

LOCiL BflffilKG HiTHUALS

mmmm

KXC&VATORS, B0I1D02KRS, CIVIL

REPAIR

FACILITIES

STORAGE FACILITIES

E/ECA/HUS/71 Page 10

Roofing materials industry

18. The use of roofing tiles made of clay in the modern sector is in Africa limited but a significant ratio is imported. From Table 19 it becomes clear that only Egypt, Nigeria and Tunisia are the major manufactures of this type of roofing materials. In 1989 Egypt manufactured 15 million square metres of tiles. Roofing is also a big problem in the traditional sector. The introduction of a new and innovative building material like the fibre-concrete roofing tile has been delayed by several years in many African countries because of restrictive bye-laws. Fibre-cement roofing technology has however been recently introduced in several countries, including Kenya, Malawi, the United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.

Sand, crushed stone, gravel,etc- production

19. The quarrying and supply of basic raw materials is a good starting point for the development of the construction industry.

Various raw materials such as clay, limestone, sand and concrete aggregates are widely distributed in African countries, however, some foreign exchange is spent to import minimally processed nonmetal minerals (see Table 20). In 1885 African countries spent 425577 thousand U.S. Dollars for import of the above minerals, but in 1989 they spent 2.5 times less. Among the non-metallic mineral- based building materials none requires less energy than a roughly dimensioned building stone. Other positive aspects of this low-cost building material, such as low investment requirements, labour intensiveness, possibility of small-scale to artisan production units, high quality and durability and several environmental advantages, ought to make it widely used. However, in spite of the traditional use of stone for simple as well as monumental buildings and its excellent characteristics, which even today compare favourably with most other materials, the vast resources of marble, sandstone, slate, granite, basalt etc. have until quite recently been largely neglected in favour of other materials.

Local binding materials industry

20. In building and construction, lime is used in mortar, as a soil stabiliser in block making, as an input to commentates materials such as rice husk, ash cement and lime-pozzolana cements.

Over the period 1978-1989 production of lime in Africa increased

only by 14 per cent and it reached 3449 thousand metric tons (see

Table 21). In 1989, Africa imported lime at the cost of .0.05

billion Dollars.

Asbestos-cement production

21. The production of sheets, pipes and other asbestos-cement articles in Africa increased from 149 thousand metric tons in 1980 to 262 thousand metric tons in 1989 (see Table 22). In 1985, Malawi and Rwanda alone imported articles of asbestos-cement at a cost of

141 and 424 thousand U.S. Dollars respectively.

B- Glass. rsfti-a»i«r china and porcelain industry Glass industry

22. Sheet glass as glazed floor and wall tiles, sanitary ware and, at least for smallest countries, cement require larger markets than can be guaranteed by one single country. In recent years the world market for window glass has become increasingly dominated by the exports of float glass produced in large -scale plants located almost exclusively in the industrialized countries. The majority of African countries are procuring all sheet glass through import from overseas in spite of abundant availability of raw materials and the existence of a technology, which is well adapted to the production requirements. Trade by the above commodity is presented in Table 23. In 1989, Africa imported glass at the value of 37342 thousand U.S. Dollars. The growing markets in African countries have favoured the promotion of local sheet glass manufacture on a quite different scale, based on Fourcault technology. UNIDO helped to run the first factory in operation, a 7,000-tpa plant in Nigeria.

In the United Republic of Tanzania with the technical support of UNIDO a 15,000 -tpa Fourcault plant was established. ECA estimates show that the efforts to achieve self-sufficiency in the production of glass by the year 2000 would require the capacity of 29 Mt, The programme for the second IDDA envisages the expansion and diversification of production at a glass manufacturing plant in Congo and the establishment of plant for the manufacture of flat glass in Cameroon.

Ceramic, china and porcelain industry

23. In the field of ceramic, china and porcelain ware Africa

depends heavily on foreign sources; and expenditure on imports of

these items is substantial. In 1989, imports of glazed ceramic

setts alone amounted to over 0.13 billion U.S. Dollars (see Table

24). In 1989, Burundi imported 259 metric tons of ceramic articles

paying 2,228.00 U.S. Dollars per ton. During the second IDDA there

are plans for Cameroon and Togo to build each a ceramic factory.

E/KCA/HUS/71

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C. Enterprizes for composite components

Manufacturers of sanitary and light fittings, plumbing and ventilation equipment

24. Prefabrication in the provision of engineering services is not developed in many African countries. As a rule plumbing units with their fittings, hot water heating system, electrical wiring kits and other equipment are imported and expenditure on these items is substantial. In 1989, African countries imported plumbing, heating, lighting equipment for the amount of 0.2 billion U.S. Dollars (see

Table 25).

Producers of partitions, panels, doors, framing, suspended ceilings

25. Iron, steel and aluminium products are of a marked absence of and inadequacy in domestic production. The only significant producers of the above products are Northern and South Africa countries (see Tables 26 and 27).

26. The woodwork industry has not been developed to any significant level. Table 28 shows the trade by prefabricated

woodwork.

27. In 1989, Africa spent 1.03 billion U.S. Dollars for imports of plumbing, heating, lighting commodities, building woodwork and prefabrication components, structures parts in iron and steel, aluminium structures.

Producers of prefabricated concrete components

28. The manufacture of concrete pipes and other cement-based products is handicapped due to shortages of cement and other essential materials. The production of concrete pipes in Africa, concrete and other products in some countries is shown in Table 29 and Table 30. In 1989 Africa produced 960 thousand metric tons of concrete pipes.

29. The share of sub-Saharan Africa in the world production of building materials actually declined from 1.2 per cent to l.l per cent between 1975 and 1985. The widening gap between construction needs and the domestic building-materials production capacity has inevitably led to increased import dependence by African countries.

Between 1975 and 1985 sub-Saharan Africa increased the imports of

building materials by 36 per cent.

30. Data from Africa show drastic rises in prices; of building materials, outpacing the general inflationary trends in the economy. In the United Republic of Tanzania three basic materials- sand, cement, and steel - increased in price between 1982 and 1989 more than fivefold, substantially more than the increase in the cost of living index. Similarly, recent data from Nigeria show that three components of a small building - reinforced concrete work, steel roofsheets and timber doors - have increased in price by more than twice the Nigerian consumer price index during the last decade. A major factor contributing to the rise in prices of building materials is the steeply rising cost of energy. Cement, steel, bricks and lime are all energy-intensive materials. Direct fuel costs typically contribute by more than 20 per cent to the cost of production of cement, and indirect energy costs, in quarrying, transporting and machinery, further add to the energy- dependency of the production cost. For bricks and lime, produced by traditional methods, more than 50 per cent of the cost of production is the cost of the fuel burned. Building-materials industries have to compete for limited supplies of available fuels with other industrial sectors, and with domestic demand.

31. Productivity improvement in the building-materials industry is hampered by the disjointed manner in which the industry functions.

There is little interaction between modern large-scale enterprises and the vast array of small-scale producers even through much scope remains for intra-industry transfer of technology, material expertise and skills. Vertical integration of the industry through strengthening linkages between the modern sector and the small- scale enterprises, through such mechanisms as sub-contracting arrangements, could go a long way to improving the overall productivity of the industry. The small-scale sector of the industry also suffers from the lack of 'horizontal integration' through industrial cooperatives, producers' associations etc., which could promote collective action at the local level to overcome many problems.

D. Mechanization of construction and services

Excavators, bulldozers, civil engineering equipment, etc.

32. Equipment and tools pose challenges that are similar to those

of manufactured construction materials. Difficulties in their

supply are caused by shortages of foreign currency, transportation

and importation problems. Tables 31,32 and 33 show import and

exports of the above equipment. As costs of these equipments are

high, and the funds available to the industry for their purchases

limited, it is extremely important that the equipment should be

kept running.

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33. Fortunately, there exist in almost every African country some capacity for the fabrication of basic equipment and tools that would be needed by small scale enterprises for the production of local building materials. A major constraint however is that most of the raw material inputs, like sheet metal, have to be imported.

34. The United Nations International Trade Statistics Yearbook gives a rough idea that 1989 Africa's value for imports for construction sector of machinery and equipment was over 1.7 billion U.S. Dollars and the total value for imports for construction sector was over 4.2 billion of U.S. Dollars.

Repair workshops

35. African countries very often face delays in getting spare parts which renders equipment idle in repair workshops. Those responsible for procurement of equipment do not always carefully take into consideration its serviceability, the availability of spare parts and service; its compatibility with the existing fleet, operation and maintenance costs. In the majority of African countries maintenance is a marginal activity in the construction sector and does not figure in project cost analyses and contracting. Faced with increased demand coupled with the decline in the supply and quality of traditional materials, many governments have, in the past, sought to make good the deficiency by establishing large-scale factories for the production of basic building materials, particularly cement, steel, roofing sheets, bricks, tiles and concrete products. They have depended heavily on continuing imports of factor inputs and spare parts and machinery.

The absence of stable markets and production interruptions resulting from the lack of spare parts have often made production planning difficult, resulting in low capacity utilization.

Economies of scale have rarely been achieved in these large-scale production facilities. For example, the average capacity utilization of cement factories in eight West African countries in the early 1980s was only 58 per cent, and, in some cases, as low as 30 per cent. Thus, the price of the materials produced in such factories has been much higher than envisaged at the time of establishing the factory.

IV. Future demand for the construction sector of Africa 36. To develop projections for construction sector would require a special extensive paper on its own. It is, however, useful to present some indices for the appreciation of the scale of changes in construction demand which might materialise in Africa in the years to come.

37. The overall population of Africa is expected to increase, as

estimated by the medium variant of the United Nations assessment,

from 642 million in 1990 to 1,149 million in the next 20 years.

According to the Global Report on Human Settlements, 1986 some 42 per cent of rural and 35 per cent of urban dwellings in Africa are single rooms, and their average density of occupation is estimated at 2.23 persons. Much of the stock of buildings and infrastructure is old and unsuitable for current use and need to be rebuilt or rehabilitated because of deteriorated state resulting from inadequate maintenance. The . existing housing stock should be replaced at the rate of 2 per cent annually. The need for new dwellings to be produced each year without taking into account the current deficit will be approximately equal to 3.8 million dwellings. During the 1980s, it became increasingly clear that African governments could not maintain a role as direct producers of housing, and this role must necessarily be performed by the formal or informal private sector. Table 34 illustrates a scarce central government expenditure on housing in some African countries. This expenditure usually accounts for between 0.1 to 6.3 per cent from central government's budget.

38. In Sub-Saharan Africa 79 per cent of urban households have access to safe water and 47 percent of them have access to sanitation. Coverage in the rural areas is much worse than in urban areas, with only 28 per cent of rural population having access to safe water and 18 per cent with access to sanitation. WHO estimates that for the construction of rural water supplies mean per capita cost for African Region is U.S.$ 41.5, for rural sanitation -U.S.$ 23.0. In order to reach 100 per cent coverage rate Sub-Saharan African countries should invest 10.2 billion U.S.

Dollars in construction of rural water supplies and 6.4 billion U.S. Dollars in construction of rural sanitation. Central government expenditure on housing and community amenities in some African countries is illustrated in Table 35. This expenditure varies from 0.13 to 11.07 per cent from central government' s

budget.

39. Public expenditure on education per inhabitant in Sub-Saharan Africa declined between 1980 and 1988 from $41 to $30. It means that investments in the construction of educational buildings decreased and it is now doubtful whether the majo?*ity of the countries can attain the objective of universal primary education by the year 2000. In 1989 school enrolment ration was 53 per cent and primary education enrolment ratio in 1990 was 71 per cent.

40. Africa has failed to reach fundamental access to health care, especially in rural areas, which would require the construction sector to cope with formidable problems of building hospitals, clinics, medical centres and other health facilities. Access to health care in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa is 87 per cent.

Countries of this region tend to have a uniformly low level of

E/ECA/HUS/71 Page 16

maternity health care coverage, starting from 2 per cent in

Somalia.

41. In projecting self-sufficiency in food by the year 2000 under the development scenario, areas in which urgent actions are recommended for construction sector include updating and new development of irrigation schemes, and the renovation or establishment of social and engineering infrastructure. Average food self-sufficiency ratios in Africa in 1982-1989 accounted only

for 84.7 per cent.

42. in implementing the long-term development strategy up to the year 2000 Africa's target shall be to achieve 2 per cent of world industrial production, in accordance with the Lima target. The attainment of this target will require to increase the volume of construction output for industry at least to two or more times.

43. Within the framework for the Second United Nations Transport and Communications Decade in Africa (UNTACDA II) the need is to: 1) construct about 15,000 kilometers of classified main roads and rehabilitate about 200,000 kilometers of rural roads (all of which total investments of about U.S.$ 10 billion at 1990 prices), and 2) bring 85 per cent of paved roads, 40 per cent of unpaved and 25 per cent of rural roads to good condition. To reduce import- dependence of construction sector in building materials African countries should develop additional capacities. The table below gives some indication of estimates of investment requirements for the development of additional building material capacity.

ESTIMATE OF INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS

CAPACITY

(In millions of dollars)

Material 1980-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 Total

Cement Structural steel

Sheet glass Structural clay products

Total

2000

600 125

316

3041

4560

1155 387

692

6794

11

2

1 15

100

160 940 140

340

16

10

2

30 600 650 875

428

553

34

14 2 4

55 260 565 247 576

648

Source: the Economic Commission for Africa, the Organization

of African Unity and the United Nations Industrial

Development Organization. A Programme for the Industrial

Development Decade for Africa. A framework for the formulation and implementation of programmes at the national, subregional, regional and international levels.

United Nations, New York, 1982

44. It is evident from the above table that African countries should double their investments in 1995-2000 compared with 1990- 1995. Since there is no guarantee that these countries have invested in the previous periods at the estimated requirements, they should invest more for the development or additional capacity for the production of selected building materials.

V. RECOMMENDATIONS

45. Such changes in the demand for the services of the construction sector would have a profound effect on its organization, on the output of the various parts such as manufactures of materials and components, contractors and professional advisers. Unless the sector was reorganised to meet the changed pattern of demands some resources would inevitably be wasted, while others would be in short supply and in the end the quality and quantity of products of the sector not met.

46. At the national level actions by African countries would include:

a) elaboration of a comprehensive strategy for development of the industry with its short-, medium-, and long-term objectives. These shall take into account the state of development of the country's economy and its likely evolution when proposing a time frame. The strategy should project the indigenization of factor-inputs in the construction sector, in order to optimize the exploitation of natural-resource endowment, thus reducing import-dependence and improving affordability of construction outputs by low-income groups;

b) formulation of a number of action plans, aimed at resolving key problems and constraints identified in the strategy as having a high priority should be prepared.

The plans would contain schedules and progammes for

their various steps, the institutions responsible, the

estimated costs and likely sources of funding, the

definition of construction inputs required for other

sectors of the economy and indicators by which to assess

the results of their implementation;

E/ECA/HUS/71 Page 18

c) restructuring of construction sector in order to release its productive potential by ensuring the interdependence of design, production and competitive tendering, by promoting appropriate types.of firmsf their optimum size, their best geographical distribution;

d) undertaking studies in the choice of design to introduce appropriate technology into the construction sector;

e) introduction of legal regime applicable to the construction sector and establishment of non-conventional credit institutions which provide loans for small-scale entrepreneurs and contractors involved in the production of local building materials and low-cost housing.

47. Some of the most important areas where regional cooperation should be enhanced for the development of construction sector in Africa are:

a) regional network for the exchange of information relating to new technologies and materials;

b) development of common guidelines for the selection and acquisition of technologies from the international market, based on the shared experience of developing countries;

c) sharing of research, development and engineering facilities in the region and sub-regions to maximize the utilization of scarce skill and equipment;

d) sharing of expertise in raw materials prospecting, particularly between resource-surplus and resource- deficit countries;

e) developing regional and sub-regional standards and specifications for local building materials, to avoid repetitive national endeavour;

f) the establishment of regional and sub-regional research and training programmes on scientific methods of planning, organization and management of construction industry, on a more efficient application of appropriate technologies and means of marketing and distribution of construction products, on small-scale building-materials production processes, also for the development of technical and management skills for men and women;

g) promotion of regional trade in building materials and

semi-manufactured products by removal of technical

barriers (e.g., elaboration of basic rules for dimensional co-ordination in Africa, harmonization of the technical content of building regulations and norms in the African region, the adoption of uniform rules for approval and certification of construction products);

h) implementation of pilot and demonstration projects in Africa on the manufacture of equipment and the production of local building materials; and

i) development of joint ventures for large-scale production

of equipment and local building materials, creation of a

mechanism for common maintenance of scare equipment,

where individual countries cannot become self-sufficient

by reason of resource deficiency or of suboptimal market

threshold.

E/ECA/HUS/71

Page 20

LIST OF TABLES

Countries Botswana

Burkina Faso Cameroon Egypt Kenya

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius

Sierra leone South Africa Sudan Tunisia

Tanzania United Republic Zimbabwe

1980 58.4

0.5 49.2 3.4 5.3 0.9 3 51 1.6

-

1 5.8 2.3 WN&tioWA

1981 42.6

0.3 48.2 3.8 4.5 0.9 3.3 55.6 1.7

-

1 5.3 3.1

1982 49.6

0.3 49.4 3.3 4.?

1.3 2.1 46.6 1.6 5.5 0.8 9.7 3.3 i&MS&Sgl

1983 56.4

0.1 54.9 3,1 8.3

-

1.6 55.5 1.6 1.9 0.9 8.3 2.7

WSMsm

1984

46 0.6 56.4 2.7 8.5

-

1.1 56 1.7

-

1 11 1,5 tafed.tables;::

1985

-

6

-

2.2 3.6

-

2.6 55 1.6

-

0.3 9.5

wmmm

1986

- -

-

3.2 4.3

-

3.4

-

1.5

-

0.3 8

PUB*

- -

-

2.6 5.2

- -

-

1.5

-

0.6 12.6

Table 2: Employment by Construction in Africa (Thousands)

Countries Angola

Benin Botswana Burundi

Rep. Centrafricaine Gambia

Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Niger Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Tchad Togo Zambia Zimbabwe

Year 1986 1985 1989 1989 1986 1987 1987 1989 1988 1990 1989 1989 1987 1990 1987 1984 1989 1987 1989 1984 i^lfflpMforW taboo

Total 367.6

80.8 175.5 58.3 16.1 26.1 394.3 1355.5 433.1 279.4

28 22.3 67.3 5254.7 82.7 534.8 11.3 63.9 359.6 1036.4

OflfceiGwiev^50u*.fssue

Construction 21.6

5.4 23.9 10.7 0.8 2.9 18.2 67.4 32.5 11.1

3.6 1.6 7.3 417.5 4.8 21.1 1.7 5.3 20.8 45.3

% of Total 6 6.6 13.5 18.3 5 11.5 4.6 5 7.5 3.2 12.9 7.2 10.8 7.9 5.8 4 15 8.3 5.7 4.3

Table 3; Production ot Cement in Africa

Unit: Thousand metric tons j

Country

Africa Algeria Angola Benin Burundi Cameroon Congo Cote d'lvoire Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Liberia

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Madagascar

Malawi Mali Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Reunion Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Togo Tunisia Uganda

United Republic of Tanzania Zaire

Zambia Zimbabwe

Years 1980

38386 4156

253 285

-

508 34 1157 3638 123 137 294 1280 108 1787 60 92 20 3561 236

41 1714 145

-

371

-

7125 x185 307 1780 10 312 453 310 469

1981 1982

34680 | 3433G

4457 244 297 1 x516 52 1317 3452 142 150 396 1280 100 , 2722 36 78 35 3606 261 41 2568 162 396

■

8095 150 279 2023 6 396 496 302 588 Somce: N$£tr¥ Slaves Ye^twfe, 1^8§

3743 176 315

-

530 39 988 3631 146 178 252 1238 66 3139 36 53 27 3739 270 36 3012

-

-

375

-

8080 170 272 1834 18 336 541 319 576

♦ Unso

1983 3S3M

4776 125 300

-

598 28 636 3794 120 194 278 1180 88 3093 36 70 20 3848 188 30 2760

-

-

388 42 7897 232 232 2532 31 247 513 392 501

1984 asast

5538 126 300

-

694 x45 552 4600 165 207 235 1134 86 6000 37 70 25 3573 105 138 2184

-

8 414

-

8084 200 243 2777 25 389 534 220 650

1985 4179ft 6096 205 300

-

785 62 535 5275 228 244 356 1115 104 6500 28 62 19 3704 77 x38 3348

-

32 408 17 6830 148 284 3033 12 376 444 316 614

1986 40144 6448 x354 x300

-

779 x58 775 7612 270 x211 219 1174 97 2077 32 69 20 3709 73 26 3624

-

47 372 34 6246 175 x338 2962 16 435 X445 334 659

1987

42924

X7541 x354 x300

-

707 38 652 8762 350 x140 294 1243 95 2700 44 75 22 3869 73 29 3085

■

57 362 24 5999 178 370 3215 16 498 X492 375 811

1988 mm

7520 X1000 x500

-

586 x58 x700 9794 X406 x132 412 1201 130 2700 33 62 25 4260 64 40 X3400

-

51 393

-

6760 110 378 3600 15 592 X495 405 780

1989 47/02 X6923 X1000 x500

-

-

x58 x700 9832 x400 x115 x565 1250 x85 2700 24 84 20 4644 x80 x27 X35O0

- -

x380

-

7269 X150 x389 3780 17 595 x460 X276 910

Countries Algeria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cameroon

Cape Verde

Congo

Coted'lvoire

Egypt

Libyan Arab Jamahtriya Madagascar

Malawi

Mauritius

Nigeria

Reunion

Rwanda

Seychelles

South Africa Customs Union Togo

Tunisia Zimbabwe

1985 2678762

124910 46 93767 7605 81 0 8171

-

-

X10254

-

48215 2353 48 94921 9613 101 557348 16609 30 8803652 469451 53

-

X6809 67111 5529 82 10839 715 70

-

8244

-

927664 61991 64

-

14576

-

27135 6022 222 17328 1484 85

-

8047 204560 5801 28

-

5583 73789 2236 30

1986 2819863

119145 43 121162 11747 97 63414 8924 140 257829 16096 62

•

-

-

163756 11620 71 813148 27472 33 6701579 486119 72

-

X6465 29221 3310 113

- -

-

-

X13618 40 878258 55632 63 222462 12603 55 6195 1476 238 9323 849 99

-

X10990 142461 7316 51

-

7739 77929 2909 37

1987 1664155

74053 44 164371 19819 120 59784 7875 130 685715 40042

60

• - -

-

5721

- -

31793

-

3823088 404876 106

-

X7890

- - - - -

-

329601 12309

-

-

X14329

-

275115 14458 53

- -

-

19012 1828 96

-

X7198 186380 8890 47

-

8813 108264 4206

Siar* ~ international Trade Stafibi"Yearbook. 1 98S~7ol 1 Utfed Nations ^iatishcal Offks

39 x Brov&ional or est^iaied figures

1020342 49028

48 186534 22464

120 58558 6718 115

-

X11124

- - - -

-

4920

-

-

X19S66

-

2372500 320168

135

-

x5256

- -

- - - - - -

-

X15083

-

302503 15203 52

- - - - - -

-

X4023 305495 12531 41

-

1002

- - -

-

X62718

-

-

X15507

-

61147 6868 112

-

X10226

- - - -

-

6264

-

-

X28863

- -

X63075

-

-

X5582

- -

• - - -

-

X1026

-

-

X15563

-

343996 19391 56

- - - - - ■ -

-

X7472

-

X7834

-

352

- - -

; Table 5: Trade fay Cement in Africa (in thousand U.S. Dollars) 1

Countries

Total Africa

North Africa Algeria Cote d'lvoirs Cameroon Burkina Faso Reunion Nigeria Togo Mauritius Burundi Congo

South Africa Customs U.

Libyan arabJamahiriya Tunisia

Total Africa Nort Africa Tunisia Kenya Tooo Zimbabwe

South Africa Customs U.

Cameroon

Years 1985

2532058 794177 611391 124910 16609 X10254 7605 14576 45367 5801 8244 8171 9613 8047 X6809 5583

1862128 51102 2769 2246 19946 2703 2236 2470

-

198(3

2500126 X784809 624816 119145 27472

■6OS6 11747 12603

-

7316 X13618 8924 11620 X10990 X6465 7739

1696176 X43726 10766 10408 16511 5872 2909 X2869 755

1987 Imports

2649975 X701738 501297 74053 31793 40042 19819 14456 X14329 8890 12309 7875 X5721 X7198 X7890 B813 Exports

1848558 X58688 25538 24968 12644 8783 4206 X1783 3951

1988

2746553 X537222

382805 49028 X19866 X11124 22464 15203 X15083 12531

-

6718 X4920 X4023 X5256 1002

1858962 X53260 39400 37050 X9389 2569

-

X1742

■

1989

X2701496 X290897 xi37882 X62718 X28863 X10226 X15507 19391 X15563 X7834 X1026 6868 x6264 X7472 X5582 352

1910438 X80485 70258 68102 x7673

-

-

x2549

I J

Africa North Africa

Africa North Africa

, Sourca i itemed

> ftow

1980 1981

Values as %

1982 1983

of total

1984 1985 1986

Imports X16.0

3.3

27.8 9.9

32.4 17.4

34.1 20.2

30.2 21.6

31.3 24.1

X31.4 25.0

1987

x26.5 18.9 Exports

x3.7 x0.2 tciui Trade tonal west

3.5

StabstxsY iffiBtodftQur

4.2 0.2 earbook, 19 es

4.5 xO.O

& VoU L X3,1

0.0

■ISO

2.7 0.1

x2.6 0.6

x3.2 1.4

1988

105 13.9

x2.9 2.1

1989

X10.8 X5.1

X4.2 3.7

Countries Algeria

Cameroon

Congo

Coted'tvoire

Egypt

Madagascar

Malawi

Nigeria

Rwanda

Zimbabwe

m

iaiiiliiiii

1985 6098000 2678762 2.3 785000

-

-

62000 94921 0.7 535000 557348 0.9 5275000 8803652 0.6 28000 67111 0.4 62000 10839 5.7 3343000 927664 3.6 12000 27135 0.5 614000 73789

I

^8.3

1986 6448000 2819863 2.3 779000 257829 3 58000 163757 0.4 775000 8131 48 3.9 7812000 6701579 1.1 32000 29221 1.1 69000

-

-

3624000 878258 4.1 16000 6195 2.6 659000 77929

Hi ^■MS

1.8

1987 7541000 1664155 4.5 707000 685715 1.3 38000

-

-

652000

-

-

8762000 3823088 2.3 44000

- - - - - - - - - -

-

811000 106264

IBl

7.

1988 7520000 1020342 7.4 586000

- - - - - - -

-

9794000 2372500 4.1

- - - -

- - - - - - - - -

1

1989 6923000

- - - - - - -

• -

• - - - - - - - - - -

■ -

■ - - - - -

1 Tattle 7 Production of Building bricks, mode of clay in Africa

Country or area

Algeria Burkina Faso Coted'lvoire E|jypt Ethiopia Kenya Niger

Sao Tome-Principe South Africa Togo Tunisia Zimbabwe

Years Unit

000m Qm 000m Qm 000m Qm M-units M-units 000 Qm OOOC-i M-units M-units 000m Qm 000m Qm M-unrts HlnalSlBtttbft'V

fllMMMM

1980 1210 4 197 220 23 20 12 2665

'496

1117 139

1981 1306 5 164

"38 23 6 11 3082

*252

....

130

1982 1162 5 111 66 20 5 10 2913

u

123

1983 1385 4 82 70 25 10

1 3025

12

...

98

1984 1550 5 60 20 22 10

3031 M

...

90

1985 1533 3

...

2 21

...

2369

14

...

106

Mrboo^i^jmUi)l9tf»B8^3Mi«ieafOMc^

Toooj

1986 1594 1

...

9 13

...

2218

^696 120

step***

1987 1701

...

...

10 14

...

....

2372

*830

....

149

+

1988 X1687

...

...

25 27

....

...

2729

....

...

1989 1608

...

...

38

...

...

...

2529

...

....

32

Country of area

Algeria

Tnhlf 8 PictlucJion of concrolf blocks and tjrick;, in African counhn-

Unit

000m tons

Years

1978 1079 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

15 14 12 8 6

1987 1988 1989

Coted'fvoire 000m tons 96 266 408 317 328 338 372

Kenya 000m tons 945 535 611 81 52 70

Mozambique 000m Qm 10

South Africa 000m Qm 192 268 240

LiUt l.) 1 ijcIc hy bin t-r, ;)nd other mjmrcfrectory protfiict-. tit Afn( :i in ltiui.ri.md U $ Dollar,

; ■ i

Countries

Total Africa North Africa Egypt

South Africa Customs U.

Reunion Morocco Algeria

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Cameroon

Tunisia

Total Africa North Africa Tunisia Morocco Eoypt

South Africa Customs U.

Years

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

Imports 2124521

X84876 41986 22486 10297 5727 2380 6313 X5837 X3442 4697

2620630 x115773 69231 43538 X11588 8031 3428 12729 X6074 5701 2686

3286446 x126698 62967 39162 X19578 11427 10870 2602 X6814 5679 2972

3783969 X110099 X38906 12879 X19926 14925 8033 5159 X6903 X5859 5566

4230955 X164912 X58467 X18622 X40789 15045 10071 X5467 X16739 X5846 7156 Exports

1944978 1681 395 31 363

-

811

2504580 X4702 3800 3169 541 80 x447

3139514 X6556 5967 4072 866 1016 x327

3702227 X10788 10308 9252 759 297 x239

3924607 X17249 17013 14487 2471 x55 206

Value as % of total

Africa North Africa

Africa North Africa

^'lilli^lllllil

1560

1961 1 1982

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1968 1989 Imports

x2.7 0.3

5.2 1.1

X5.1 1.8

X5.8 X3.3

X5.1 x2.1

x4.0 2.0

X4.4 2.6

x3.9 1.9

X2.9 X1.0

x3.9 x1.4 Exports

xO.O 0.0

iHH KaH

0.4 0.3

HHi i

0.4 0.3

HH

ESS ^^^ra

0.4 0.3

i ^{B n}

^r

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0

x0.2 0.2

mm

x0.2 0^

I

xO.3 0.3

I

X0.4 0.4

Countries

Total Africa North Atrica Algeria

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco

Cameroon Egypt

South Africa Customs U.

Reunion Nigeria

Total Africa North Africa

South Africa Customs U.

Morocco Kenya

Years

1965 E 1996 1987 1988 1989

Imports 1336092

X18727 X12068 5022 X3616 1189 X802 2061 830 386 254

1661559 X31777 X267&

16872 X6929 1591 963 935 X1055 532

2062611 X14510 X6154 12 X2934 1993 1828 1038 X1445 1018 1085

2588614 X15925 X5823 43 X2123 1422 x2177 2029 X1492 1106 1141

2902409 X20295 7110 X282 X2421 X2709 X2030 X1416 X2675 1138 X1185 Exports

1133656 678 43 426 38 12

1401321 X2946 111 X2745 100 11

1774375 X5855 319 X5420 136 17

2293936 X7249 728 X5737 368 X534

2595680 X9155 1363 x7399 652 x209

Africa North Africa

Africa North Africa

Saw" ' M*m

1980

x0.8 0.1

x0.4 XO.O

1981

1.2 0.4

xO.3 xO.O

Value as % of total

1962 | 1983

X1.8 0.3

3:1.6 X1.1

xO.3 xO.O

x0.2 xO.0

1984 1985

Imports xi.3 xO.9

X1.4 x0.9 Exports x0.1 xO.0

0.0 0.0

um .;"•' *

1986

xi.9 xi.6

xO.2 0.0

,t

1967

x0.7 xO.3

x0.3 0.0

*

1986

x0.7 xO.2

xO.4 0.0

1969

xO.7 xO.2

x0.4 0.1

* ■>

COUNTRIES

Total Africa

North Africa Egypt Algeria

South Africa Customs Union Nigeria

Tunisia Morocco

Total Africa North Africa

South Africa Custom!! Union Morocco

Angola Efflrpt Tunisia

YEARS

1985

771105 X69293 26519 1448 19715 10427 X19687 2744 2657

1986

928660 X78207 40280 7085 22279 X8927 X8856 5380 2714

1967 Imports

1061175 xi 15275 86488 52405 22635 X11855 X3985 4910 3289

1988

1362534 X165168 137030 89589 38370 X12045 X4150 5650 3124 Exports

791776 6518 1238 5173 713

- -

524

996861 X6697

1207 X5419 1073

-

48 86

1133358 X8867 1205 X7657 1063

.

106 34

1453621 X8951 982 X7331 727 X620 137 119

1989

xi346916 X84060 X37790 X12003 X15107 X21958 X5550 5001 3329

1538236 X14383 2412 X10758 2343 X1186 x66 3

Africa North Africa

Africa North Africa

1980 1981 1982

Value as $ 1983

6 of total

1984 1985 1986

Imports

X8.6 2.8

X11.2 4.8

X11.5 4.9

x9.6 5.8

X10.4 4.9

X9.0 3.7

Exports

1.9

0.1

1.8 0.3

ssi

1.3 0.3

1.3 0.2

1.1 0.2

0.9 0,2

X8.5 4.3

xO.6 0.1

1987

X10.7 8.0

xO.8 0.1

1968

X12.1 10.1

xO.6 0.1

1989

x6.2 X2.8

X0.9 0.2

Xm

i i #[

TflBtf 11 PffODUC riOH OF PLYWOOD IN AFRICA

UthI 1 housanci cubic njrctrc 3

Country or area

Algeria Angola Cameroon Central African Rep.

Congo Coted'tvokB Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Kenya Liberia Malawi Morooco Mozambique Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Swaziland Tunisia Uganda

United Rep. Tanzania Zaire

Zambia Zimbabwe

%* " * MHMNtn

Years 19781

23 5 10 6 2 65 10 3 69 40 2 17 7 2 29 1 78 0 21 4 12 1 4 12 4

tfUtfft

VRMWP 1979

23 3 10 3 2 54 6 3 73 36 2 19 15 2 32 1 86 1 29 3 13 1 4 12 4 '6

tfttMti*

titofcfg 1980

23 x3 xiO 4 4 63 7 x3 95 49 2 23 7 3 45 1 68 1 28 5 14 X1 2 x12 x4 12

1961 23 3 x18 5 3 25 5 x3 70 43 2 19 2 4 45 3 151 2 29 5 18 X1 2 x16 x4 12

1962 23 3 x20_j

9 4 24 5 2 x104 39 2 18 2 x3 50 2 151 2 27 x8 24 2 2 x16 x3 13

mfflcfci*

1983 23 4 x30 B 5 33 8 2 x104 27 2 17 3 x2 x50 1 151 x2 27 X8 18 2 1 x14 x3 10 vtnWrt

• VKlMfl 1964 firTrmfrr™*

23 5 x45 5 6 26 9 x2 110 26 2 20 x3 1 x50 0 151 X2 27 X8 22 x2 1 x19 x2 9 jfcadorc

tfptttifi

1985 23 5 55 5 7 44 10 2 131 21

-

20 x3 2 80 0 145 x2 27 x8 27 2 2 x19 2 11

PuWHH 1986

23 4 57 4 7 44 10 2 x13t 25

-

25 x3 2 80 0 175 x2 27 x8 x27 2 2 x19 2 3 HJUIMIMf

1987 23 2 58 3 5 45 27 2 X131 25

-

22 x3 2 80 0 x175 x2 27 x8 X27 3 2 x19 2 3

mbeoa 1966

23 1 42 x3 3 x55 26 2 X131 25

-

34 x3 2 90 0 x175 x2 27 x8 x26 x3 3 x19

JL 2

1989

23 1 48 x3 2 X55 31 1 x131 22

-

36 x3 x2 90 0 x175 x2 27 x8 x26 x3 3 x19 1 3

Country or area 1978

Table 14' Production of veneer sheets in Africa On thousand cubic mcircs)

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1965 1966 1987 1988 1989

Algeria

Angola x3 x3 x3 x2

Cameroon 63 63 x63 x50 x50 X50 XSO 44 45 31 29 32

Central African Rep. x1 x1

Congo 78 70 75 68 63 74 63 59 51 49 56 52

Coted'tvolre 36 49 122 108 100

x2

J27

r

^{115 140 16013 16616 x17513 x17522}

Equatorial Guinea Gabon

Ghana

60 101 97

x1 x1 x2 10 x10 xiO x10

x97 X97 ^X97 x97 x97 x97 x97

19 17 22 23 21 15 24 34 34 34 34

x10 x97 26 Liberia

Malawi x5 x4 x4

Morooco 51 26 25 25 25 x25 x25 x25 x25 x25 x25 x25

Mozambique

Nigeria x3 x3 x3 x3 x3 x3 x3 x3

South Africa Tunisia Zaire

53 75 72 73 70 70 70 70 70 70 70

14 18 x27 x34 x24

X24"

^{x33 x33 x33x5 x33x5 x33}

70 X33

Souw

mi.

tf by ■ Mring, ribna

vofOfatn M (STC 63

pmoMB iw um m

COUNTRY

Algeria Ded'tvoife Esypt Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Morocco Mozambique Nigeria Somalia South Africa Sudan Tunisia Uganda

United Rep. Tanzania Zaire

1978

mmm

24 4 30 3 8

-

18

•

35 2 202 4 17

-

3 1 Zambia

Zimbabwe 14

8

1979

im

24 5 42 3 8

-

17

-

36 2 202 2 21

-

3 1

•

£ymAqi

16

ftMtffeM

tftSftS

1960

Hi

24 X10

32 x3 x8

-

15

-

45 2 20 2 21

•

2 1

-

29 1961

24 x20 32 x3 x8

-

25

-

55 2 , 202 2 24

-

3 1

-

17 1962

24 26 26 5 x8

-

30

-

55 2 202 2 35

-

2 1

-

29

YE/

1963 24 29 29 5 x8

-

x30

-

55 2 202 2 50 1 1 5 25

tRS 1964

24 . 36 36 X5 x8

-

x30 5 55 2 202 2 33

-

3 1

17 J

4 1985

24 36 33 5 5 9 X30 6 55 2 202 2 48

-

2 1 6 17

1966 24 X36 26 5 5 10 x30 6 55 2 202 2 49 1 4 1 5

mu"17■■in-

1987 24 x36 29 6 5 8 X30 8 x55 2 202 2 50 1 4 1 4 27

1968 24 x36 32 6 5 9 x30 4 x55 2 202 2 51 1 6 1 7 18

1989 24 x36 27 6 5 10 32 2 x55

-

202 2 52 xi 6 1 7 19

l\ U*Q+* *'&¥• WWW + A r

ofQancalndir (StTC63i4£'0t' v *

T(jdc by Plywood of Wood Sheets m Africa (in thousand U S. Dollar)

Countries

Total Africa North Africa Egypt Algeria Reunion

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco

Total Africa North Africa Gabon Morocco Cameroon Coted'rvoire Zaire

South Africa Customs Union

Years

1985 1866 | 1987 1988 1989

Imports 1881011

101565 88384 71873 12320 2014 X2689 1188

2389008 X145977 132078 113572 12310 3367 X2415 3465

3180318 xi49963 131498 114759 8600 6305 X4885 3144

X35224138 X255122 242648 224007 9684 X6126 X4129 4480

X4438678 X145413 x125617 X79376 X34117 X8126 xS280 6416 Exports

1772487 X33905 2778 X21389 2778 X1025 7131 x143 X541

2137260 X25137 2850 X18337 2850 1879

-

x4!>7 x697

3226596 X28486 3450 X21968 3275 1424

-

x405 x348

X37448485 X36857 4872 X21969 4608 X2715 X5845 x747 x447

X2354055 X40333 8940 X26483 6890 X2127 X2952 X648 x529

Value as % of total

Africa North Africa

Africa North Africa

1980 1981 1962 1983 1984 1985 1986 1967 1988 1989

Imports X4.0

1.8

3.9 3.1

X5.2 2.7

5.8

5.0 4.6

5.4 4.7

X6.1 5.5

X4.7 4.1

x7.2 6.9

x3.3 x2.8 lExports

x1.5 0.1

■■MmRiitI

I

2.4 0.1

SljjSP

2.7 0.1

Illill

2.5 0.1

x1.£i 0.1

x1.9 0.2

X1.1 0.1

x0.9

""" 0.1

X1.0 0.1

xi.7 0.3

Countries

Total

Africa

North Africa Egypt Tunisia

South Africa Customs U.

Morocco

Total Africa North Africa Congo Coted'tvoire Cameroon Ghana Zaire Gabon

South Africa Customs U.

Equatorial Guinea Morocco

Central African Rep.

Literia

1965 1986

737680 19054 11907 9671 92 3937 1472

860134 X307S8 23738 10555 7055 X5156 1523

688566 X39921 1371 9276 12444 X4359 X4959 x1242 2112 2804 x860 1043 x312 x43

779307 X29392

-

-

9J362 x6620 X3038 X3325 x2!525 X1680 936 x1022 :<94

Years 1987 Imports

1066593

X39185 31949

fi1196~

~ 8071 X5587

2235 Exports

968050 X62178 1790 X25663

-

9613 X10213 X3517 X3720 X3792 X2714 1644 X306 X140

1938

X9256996

X44718 37600 25467 10032 5964 1828

x1048866 x119569 2219 X25032 X41695 X22496 X10247 X6409 X3717 X3647 X2714 1902 x296 x379

1989

X72S74 x3«91 X22158

rfWT"

11543 X12840 2224

X890047 x136538 1150 X29096 X52168 X17438 X16969 X5561 X4796 X5353 X2714 785 x477 X173

Airica North Africa

Africa North Africa

1980

3.2 1.9

x9.3 0.2 pP»"P ~

1981

4.1 1.8

x8.8 0.2 EvSMttte KHMffflQ

1982

3.9 2.4

x7.8 0.2

Value as ^ 1983

3.2 2.1

xB.6 0.1

of total

1984 1985

Imports 3.9 2.7

15 1.6 Exports x7.5

0.3

x5.8 0.2

1986

X3.6 2.8

X3.7 0.1

*

1987

X3.7 3.0

X6.4 0.2

1968

x4.8 4.1

X11.4 0.2

*

1989

x5.0 x3.1

X15.3 0.1