Guiding priciples and a strategy for an integrated approch to rural development in Africa : a memorandum by the inter-agency committee on rural development in Africa

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UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC AND

SOCIAL COUNCIL

Dirrtr c _______

GENERAL =====

e/ct, 14/422 15 August I968 Original: FNGLISH

Eoonomio Commiasion for Africa Ninth, session

Addis Ababa, 3-14 February I969

DOCUMENTS OFFICE n 1 L

NO TO BE TAKEN OUT

GUIDING PRINCIPLES ATO A S__IAT_GY FOR AH INTBGRATEO) APPROACH TO RURAL 3C_VE_QPMBNT IN AFRICA

(A memorandum "by the Inter-Agency Committee

^n Rural Development in Africa)

M68-1149

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^

E/CJI. 14/422

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

A. INTRODUCTION I.5

B. BACKGROUND FACTORS TO TEE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED

APPROACH TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT 6 - 15

C. ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES AND THEIR RESPECTIVE SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO RURAL

DEVELOPMEM' in AFRICA 16 - 18

D. GUIDING PRINCIPLES (Relating to an' inter-agency and

integrated approach to the problems of rural

development in Africa 19 • 24

E. A STRATEGY FOR AFRICAN REGIONAL INTER-AGENCY . ♦

CONCERTED ACTION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT . . , 25-27 APPENDIX - PROVISIONAL SUMMARY OF THE ACTIVITIES AND

CUSBENT PROJECTS OF UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES

IN AFRICA

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A. INTRODUCTION

1. This memorandum has been prepared, as a joint effort, by the Inter- Agency Committee on Rural Development in Africa. The Committee was first convened on 28 March 1968, by the Executive Secretary of SCA to consider,

inter alia:

a. ways and means of strengthening regional inter-agency collaboration

in rural development; and,

b. the essential contribution of each United Nations agency to rural development in Africa, that is: what is being done by each agency,

where and what is planned for the future.

2. The result of the deliberations of the first and subsequent sessions of the Committee are embodied in the following sections of this memorandum, which is submitted for consideration and adoption by the Ninth Session of the Economic Commission for Africa. The substantive Sections of this

memorandum are arranged as follows:

- B. Background factors to the need for an integrated approach to

rural development.

- C. Role of individual UN agencies and their respective special contributions to rural development in Africa.

- D. Guiding principles ( relating to an inter-agency and integrated approach to the problems of rural development in Africa).

- X. A Strategy for African Regional Inter-Agency Conoerted Action in Rural Development -including recommendations.

- An Appendix * providing a provisional summary of the activities and

current projects of ILO, UN3SC0, FAO, UNIC3F and WHO, in African

rural development.

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3» There has been increasing awareness among Member States of the

Commission and the various organs and agencies of the United Nations family of the need for more effective inter-agency collaboration in the field of fiural Development. This has been particularly evidenced by the Commission's Resolution 117(71) on Rural Life and Community Aotion? which requests, inter

alia, that s

11 (a) the Executive Secretary give special attention to the study

of specific problems encountered by Gcvernments in carrying out rural development programmes and give assistance to Govern ments, at their request, in their efforts to promote the

development of active rural life and institutions;

(b) the Executive Secretary- in collaboration with the specialized

agencies, undertake sub-regional studies and the investigation of the social and economic problems encountered in the process of rural development, including:

(i) Land tenure and land distribution as well as improvement

of land tenure systems as a means of redistributing income

on a more equitable basisj

(ii) Supply of water for irrigation sc-r. .irinking, as a means of

improving both agricultural production and the health of rural populations;

(iii) Improvement of credit facilities, such as credit banks and

producers1 cc—operatives;

(iv) Co-ordination of community action in such welfare programmes

as home economics* adult education, road building, village

construebion and resettlement schemes;

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(c) the Executive Secretary and the specialized agencies should

continue to provide regional advisers and technical assistance experts to the Governments of the region, at their request, to assist them in the planning, execution and evaluation of pro grammes of rural development, in particular as regards the participation of the rural populations and community action."

4* At the Inter-agency working party on problems of Rural Development in

Africa (Hew York, 25-26 April 1967), it was noted that, in most countries?

several ministries or agencies were involved in rural development; that their activities were seldom co-ordinated; and that all too often a project

which was being implemented under the responsibility of one Ministry was insufficiently oo-ordinated with other areas of activity falling in the

competence of other ministries.

5* The First UN Africa Regional Inter-agency Meeting (Accra, 28*30 July,

1967)» noted the need for periodic consultation between Regional Heads of

international organizations in Africa, considered the recommendations of

the Administrative Co-ordination Committee (OT) relating to co-ordination

at the Regional level and requested the Executive Secretary of the Commission

to arrange for such exchange at the technical level, particularly on matters

relating to rural life and institutions.

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B. BACKGROUND FACTORS TO TIE H3T2D F03 M INTEGRATED APPROACH TO

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

6. In sharp contrast to the rapid development being achieved in most African towns and cities, the rural sector appears to have practically remained-at the same level of traditional living. Roughly 90 per cent of the population in this Region is engaged in the rural sector; but there is still an excessive reliance upon the traditional subsistence economy, which acts as a grave obstacle 00 the achievement of any optimum agri

cultural output and productive employment and of the much needed improvement and advancement in standards of living, health, nutrition and education of

the African rural communities,

7. Development efforts of African governments and of many of the inter national technical assistance agencies have tended to give emphasis to the

urban/industrial sector, often at the expense of the rural/agricultural

sector. Consequently, marked socio-economic differences have been per petuated between the more cod-n and privileged urban enclaves and the large

traditional rural areas which surround them.

8. Such a developmental trend constitutes a social injustice in itself;

but, more than that, it has given rise to a number of pressing problems which have seversly slowed down the tompo of national development, affecting the entire population and resulting ins

(a) a decline in £er_capita food production;

(b) a slow development of industry and other economic activities, as

a result of the very lew demand for non-agricultural commodities

by the lergsr, but impoverished, rural communities; and,

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(c) a fast rising problem of unemployment and underemployment

aggravated by the steady flow of the most enterprising young men from the rural areas to the cities, at a rate much faster than they can be absorbed, and at a time when urban industry is not growing fast enough.

9* Etoy African governments, in serious attempts to overcome these problems and imbalances, have embarked upon a wide variety of national Tural development programmes, which aim at promoting higher standards of living, fuller employment and better conditions of socio-economic progress foy the great aaases of their rural population.

10. Some of these programmes operate under such labels as "Animation Kurale" and "Community Development", and usually involve processes by which the efforts of the local rural people themselves are stimulated and united with those of voluntary agencies or public authorities, in order to improve their local conditions and contribute more jfully to the national

development programme.

11. Others take the form of extension services and facilities, operated Hy individual government agencies, in such fields as agriculture, education

and training, health and nutrition.

12. In the formulation and implementation of these programmes, various

obstacles have been encountered*

W organizational or administrative obstacles - involving duplica

tions in the patterns of organization of the people; unilateral

approaches to re-orientation of existing institutions or the

creation of new types of institutions which will make voluntary

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community action fully effective and which will provide the necessary channels for regular governmental services; and,

(b) communication obstacles - involving the changing of such age- old attitudes and practices as are obstacles to social «nd eco nomic improvements; acquisition of knowledge and new skills;

incentives; and the promotion of greater receptivity to change.

13» In most African countries, several ministries or agencies are simultaneously involved in various aspects of rural development and extension services; but their activities are seldom co-ordinated. Bach service or project is usually implemented under the exclusive reaponsibility of one ministry and is insufficiently co-ordinated with other areas of

activity which fall within the competence of the other.ministries- Govern ment's requests to international agencies, for technical assistance projects, seldom deal with more than the specific sector with which the request is concerned. Consequently, insufficient data is given on the status of aspects of the project which fall under other sectors, but which are essential to the success of the requested project. -

14» At the international technical assistance level, the philosophy and approach to rural development by the various United Nations agencies have bo far been divergent; and, in some cases, even conflicting and confusing to recipient governments. Some agencies over-emphasize community and

general social development (community development or animation rurale)

approach, without comparable emphasis on increased production and incomes.

Other agencies tend to place too much reliance upon production, with almost complete neglect of the social and institutional factors (e.g. plantation and private concessions).

\J Report of the U3J Inter-Agency Workitig Party (New York, April 1967)

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15- Rural development involves much more than agricultural production;

although the economic base of most rural areas depends on agriculture.

Furthermore, the very concept of an "area" or "regional" or "rural" develop ment demands the due application of the knowledge and skills of all the

relevant national or international services in aa integrated rather than

an isolated or fragmentary way. Such an integrated approach, of which the primary objective is the mobilisation of human and material resources in rural areas with a view -Jo improving living and working conditions of the rural population, would necessarily involve the stimulation of a combination of factors:

(a) Active participation of the population involved, especially

young people and woiasn, to develop positive individual and social attitudes towards the improvement required through community development and "animation rurale" techniques; etc;

(b) Teohno-economic_^^^^^i^-tiQ£. including cost return analysis

and covering the various phyr.ic^.1 and economic fa-'.tors relevant to rural dovel^pr-.s:i L" p:^^,:,v3, o.g, lanl, water supply for irrigation and other u^e&j enorgy, road3 and communications^

crop production and possible alternatives, marketing possibilities, both domestic and foraign;

(o) Basic industri^igajijDp_ of rural community by way of small enter

prise development and. promotion of rural crai'ts, both utilitarian

and artistic)

(d) Human Resources development, need for manpower surveys and

assessment to help in the sound promotion of vocational training

and productive rural employment (emphasis on employment creation activities), orientation of education towards rural needs; pro motion of services related -;x> health, nutrition, housing, social

welfare, etc.;

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(e^ Institutional development, need for a sound institutional frame

work to support and sustain rural development, e.g. land ownership, appropriate public and semi-public services, voluntary rural

associations and organizations, development of co-operatives and

credit facilities; and

Administrative organization, especially machinery for integrated

approach and for effective communication at all levels.

C. HOLE OP INDIVIDUAL UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES AND THEIR RESPECTIVE

SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

16. The Appendix to this memorandum provides a provisional summary of the

activities and current projects of individual United Nations agencies in Africa, which have direct relevance to rural development and which may readily lend themselves to inter-agency co-operation.

17. In April 1967, a UN Inter-agency Working Party was convened at New York Headquarters "to explore problems of comprehensive rural development, particularly in Africa". At this meeting, the representatives of:

' *" JEPAB™^ OF ECONOMIC ANT) SOCIAL AFFAIRS endorsed the integrated

approach to rural development and commented as follows: ESA had

also reached a new stage in the formulation of policies concerning

rural development problems and was concerned with slowing down

migration to the cities and re-directing migrants towards rural

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centres. National plans must be "brought down to a working level, and, for the purpose of the It implementation, a regional approach was essential.

- INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION agreed that an inter-agency approaoh was needed, for, to achieve "balanced development, all the . facets of the rural problem must "be taken into account; and that

it was not possible to solve unemployment problems entirely within rural areas.

Note -'

It should be noted that the examination by the International Labour Conference in I960 of the item concerning "The Contribution of the ILO to the Raising of Incomes and Living Conditions in Rural Communities, with particular reference to countries in the process of development", and the resolution on the subject unanimously adopted by the Conference, marked a turning point in the development of ILO activities in the rural field.

It should be noted that \,ho resolution and tho principles it contained;

as "Well as the subsequent conclusions of the Permanent Agricultural Committee at its Sixth Session? covered not only operational activities but also research and standard-setting and other action by the Conference, The Conference resolution, recalling the particular contribution which the ILO has to make "because of its concern with labour, employment and social aspects of economic development" and drawing attention "to the necessity for the ILO to develop a systematic and adequate programme of activities to enable it to play its full part11 in improving conditions of life and work in rural communities? recommends that "a special long-term programme of praotioal research and operational activities should be established by the ILO without delay-11

\J See ILO, The ILO Technical Co-operation Programmes in the Field of Rural

Development (Geneva, G.B* 171/0.p/2/2, Fob.March 1968) paras.6,7 and 11.

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As a result of this resolution and the subsequent conclusions of the Permanent Agricultural Committee; the ILO Rural Development Programme,

under its Regular Budget, was launched in 1962.

The Permanent Agricultural Committee at its Sixth Session recommended.

that major attention in the programme should be devoted to activities in the following fields: rural employment problems, vocational guidance and training in rural areas, the living and working conditions of rural workers, institutional adjustments and new approaches to rural development, co-^

operative organizations and slall. scale industries. Under these major headings a variety of activities have been undertaken. The launching of the ILO Rural Development Programme was largely instrumental in giving the ILO a more prominent place in rural development activities and now, five years after the modest beginnings of the programme, the competency of the

5L0 is more fully recognized both by the member States and by the other international organisations-conoerned,±ncluding those responsible for

financing development activities. The Rural Development Programme has also provided very necessary tfands for the carrying out of a considerable amount of project-oriented research, the results of which are now becoming evident in the increase in the numbsr of projects of direct assistance. It has also permitted the ILO to participate more fully in the activities related to rural development being carried out by other organizations in the United Nations system.

" TOfiLI) H5ALTH OBGMIZATIOH stated that much of its work over the

years had had the effect of stimulating rural development. Several

pilot projects of rural health services had been carried out in

successful co-operation with OTICEP and ILO in reducing infant

mortality and training health personnel- The main problem lay in

finding qualified local counterpart personnel. WHO stressed the

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need for establishing working liaison between the local and national levels in the appraisal of rural health development problems-

Note y

Prior to the upsurging of independence within the last 10 years, health services existed mainly in the commercial and administrative town centres in most of these countries, with the exception of a few mobile teams operating in rural areas for the control of smallpox, yaws, meningitis, leprosy,sleeping sickness, etc.

In response to the request of many African countries WHO has been giving assistance in the task of incorporating the existing scattered rural preventive and meagre urban curative services into a national planned and co-ordinated comprehensive health services, based on peripheral health

units (Health Centres) whose activities include Medical Cafe, Maternal and Child Care, Control of Communicable Diseases, Envimomental Sanitation,

Eealth Education, and the Recording of Vital Statistics. The aim is to

link these centres with intermediate district and provincial institutions to central and national ones. This same pattern also applies in respect of neighbourhood district community-based comprehensive care units and

specialized central units in more developed towns and cities.

It will be obvious from the above that WHO!s work is not categorised into separate urban and rural development sectors. In fact its main

objectives in this field have been two-fold. Firstly to pay more attention to the needs of the rural population, who constitute more than 80 per cent of the total population in developing countries. Secondly to promote the development of integrated national health services instead of two distinct urban curative and rural preventive services.

\J Extract of contribution from ECA/WHO Liaison Office. For full text

and list of activities in Africa, see Appendix.

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- UNICEF remarked that its contribution would "be more catalytic than substantive. UNICEF recognized the tremendous importance of socio- oultural knowledge in relation to rural development actions, but drew attention to the danger of creating new problems by over emphasizing one or other aspects only-

Note

UNICEF provides financial and material assistance for improving the living conditions and developing the potentialities of children, youth and mothers. In order to achieve its objectives OTICEF has had to widen its support to include integrated family and community oriented projects to an increasing extent.

- The IBRD stressed that the Bank was giving assistance to various schemes providing- rural employment and income (e.g. the East Africa

small-holders tea project). IBRD stressed the importance of co

operation with non-UN assistance programmes and looked forward to more co-operation with other UN agencies. A study of agriculture in Africa has been completed by the Bank, from which some principles of action might be derived, inter alia a greater emphasis on re search, the supply of better implements for agriculture, a greater emphasis on pilot schemes, and the need to redirect rather than discourage migration between rural and urban areas.

- FOCD MD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION suggested that the Executing

Agencies of rural development projects should get together at the

planning level and try to determine development priorities. For

implementation, regional development might well be the proper

approach, but narrower projects should not be ruled out.

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There was the need for a greater involvement of both private and public investment, land reform -which could alter the whole economic framework- the problems of rural youth and the relationship between rural and urban development. PAO considered that too much attention had "been paid to the building of physical facilities and not enough to the institutional aspects of the problem.

drew attention to three pre-requisites to a successful action in rural development : the evidence of a will to bring about change; the purposeful involvement of young people in development, as active agents of change; a complete re-orientation of education, particularly primary education; and the dire neoessity to adopt a regional, inter-agency, integrated approach to the problems of rural development.

- WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME stated that although the WFP did not claim any particular expertise in any given field, it could play an important role in rural development, particularly in supplying food for labour intensive road building and other construction programmes.

18. The meeting of the OT Working Party ended in a general agrsement as to the need for a regional and integrated approach to rural development,

"whenever natural and institutional conditions were favourable." It re commended that consideration be given to the following points, inter alia;

(a) that "the emphasis given to the rural aspects of development

should be considered against the background of overall factors affecting development as a whole 5

(b) that "the relationship between rural and urban development was

to be considered as an essential factor in the appraisal of any

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request dealing with the rural sector in so far as problems of employment were conceived as well as government priorities resulting from the national plan";

(c) that "while a general strategy of development had to be elaborated

to take into account the relative inability of the urban sector to absorb the growing rural population in any significant measures it would be unadvisable and impractical to delay sectoral action

until this overall strategy had been agreed upon locally and internationally..."5

(dj that "a limited number of representative pilot schemes of (the integrated) type should be presented for approval to the Governing Council of OTDP during the coming two years. The schemes should be selected on the basis of requests by Governments and in agree

ment with all the agencies concerned. They should present a

variety of physical and human conditions so as to stimulate

further action in other countries or in the same country, provided,

naturally, that they are a successful example of inter-agency and

inter-disciplinary approach,"

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D. GUIDING PRINCIPLES (Relating to an inter-agency and integrated approach

to the problems of rural development in Africa)

General

19» The First UK Africa Regional Inter-Agency Meeting (Accra, 28-30 July,

1967) -

1/

agreed, inter alia:

(a) That international agencies operating in the African oontinent should constantly fcear in mind that they are at the disposal of African Governments; that their responsibility is to work together for the rapid economic and social progress of the peoples of the

continent; and that arrangements should be made for regular consultations among Agency representatives and for full exchange of information on projects which lead themselves readily for

joint action, particularly in matters relating to rural life and

institutions, etc.

(b) That Governments have primary responsibility for determining priorities for their own Projects; and that the UN family of Organizations has a collective responsibility for providing

Governments with assistance in the drawing up and in the execution of projects, whether bilateral or multilateral. Consequently, rivalry and competition among Agencies would only hinder action and should be avoided.

(0) That the needs of the African Region are so great and the Region itself gelgraphically so vast that a sub-regional approach is better suited to secure rapid action towards development. A sub- regional approach, furthermore, facilitates a better co-ordination of activities and a better integrated development within the

balanced framework for the continent as a whole.

U Report of the First United Nations Africa Regional Inter-Agency Meeting,

8 September 1967? E/CN.14/404

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20. An integrated approach to rural development is vital and should "be pursued at both the level of Governments and at the level of International Agencies. Moreover, concerted action of OT and Specialized Agencies should, as far as possible, be made at the project level.

21. The emphasis given to the rural aspects of development should be considered against the background of overall factors affecting national development as a whole, and, in any rural development project,

(a) the relationship between rural and urban development should be

considered as an essential factor, in so far as problems of movements of population and employment are concerned;

(b) the possibility should be explored of broadening the schpe of any

aspect of rural development project to include the appropriate development of human resources and a realistic appraisal of the impact of the development concerned on the rural populations involved;

(c) the possibility of co-ordinating the project with other UN" and

non-UN assistance programmes must thoroughly be examined? and

(d) the impact of the project on other sectors of the rural economy

should be taken into consideration.

22* Once the pre—requisites of such an approach ha.ve been carefully

identified and accepted jointly by the Agencies and the Government concerned, an inter-disciplinary team composed of international and local staff should be organized. The Government, which will assume full administrative

responsibility, should designate one co-ordinating unit to which the team leader will be responsible•

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Essential administrative organization at Government level

23. The way in which ministries or departments of governments are

organized, their relations to each other and the manner in which specific tecbnioal functions are allocated are generally based upon many factors, Including the particular country's administrative and political organiza tions. Accordingly, it is not appropriate to suggest any rigid criteria op stereotyped "models11. The design of the most suitable patters and the solution of problems of administrative organization must be found within the country itself.

24» However, success in carrying out rural development projects requires thatt

(a) ministries and departments or international agencies, which have any role or function in an aspect of rural development, should themselves be oriented towards the integrated approach, in their own individual activities and towards the essential need for collaboration with others;

the respective activities of suoh ministries or departments or international agencies should be properly co-ordinated at all levels of administration?

(c) an inter-departmental machinery should be established by Govern

ment to ensure that all departments and international agencies concerned do in fact participate in the formulation of policies and the planning, definition of the projects, their implementa tion and evaluation.

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E. A STRATEGY FOR AFRICAN REGIONAL INTER-AGDTCY CONCERTED ACTION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

25* The Regional Inter-Agency Committee on Rural Development ymsidered*

(a) the complex problems which confront African Governments in their

endeavour to speed up the development of the rural sector; and

(b) the activities of UN agencies in, and their respective special

contributions to, rural development in the countries of the Africa region•

It noted that consensus had already been achieved by the various United Nations and specialized agencies as tot.be essential need for adopijjog

a comprehensive and integrated approach to rural development —as evidenced particularly by general agreements reached at the United Nations Inter-Agency

Working Party Meeting (New York, 1967) and the First United Nations Africa

Regional Inter-Agency Meeting (Accra, July 1967).

IT RECOMMENDS as follows:

(1) That a permanent Regional Inter-Agency Committee on Rural

Development in Africa should be established, at Addis Ababa, to provide for periodic consultations among Agency representa

tives (at the technical level), and to consider, plan and

suggest methods for implementing suitable projects which lend themselves readily to concerted action in matters relating to rural development; and that the Economic Commission for Africa should be made responsible for convening and servicing this Committee?

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(2) That the current study and compilation of activities and on-going projects of the United Nations and specialized

agencies, relating to aspects of rural development in Africa, should proceed to identify suitable projects and the specific

action required for their implementation.

(3) That, with a view to securing the fullest possible co-operation of African Governments in the adoption of the philosophy and strategies of the integrated approach to rural development, sub-

regional seminars be arranged to exchange ideas and.information

on the integrated approach and to identify, from each sub-region,

one or two suitable pilot projects which -subject to the agree ment of the Govemment(s) concerned and a satisfactory inter

disciplinary reconnaissance, based on the Guiding Principles enunciated above- could be sponsored for Regional inter-agency co-ordinated assistance.

Note: (a) The criteria for identification and selection of each pilot project should include the existence in the area of an on-going project or projects which can be intensified or expanded by the integrated approach,

(b) Conferences on country or project-area levels should be arranged with inter-agency assistance to establish

the appropriate inter-disciplinary arrangements, including administrative organization for execution

of the project(s).

(4) That the sub-regional seminars should be arranged as follows*

- 1969, for countries in the East Africa Sub-region;

- 1970, for countries in the West Africa Sub-region;

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-1971* for countries in the Central Africa Sub-region;

-1972, for countries in the North Africa Sub-region.

Financing of Inter-agency projects

26. Financing for pilot-schemes will have to be found from the resources of the Agencies and/or UHDP allocations, and would of necessity have to

follow the usual procedures established with regard to the financing of projects undertaken or executed by the Agencies. The inclusion of additio nal areas of discipline in existing projects or proposed projects, in order

to promote an integrated approach towards assistance in related fields,

may be considered as a first step towards the establishment of pilot pro-

projects which would require only limited additional financing.

27. In this regard, it should he noted that while comprehensive and

integrated rural development projects are favoured, a number of limited

sectoral projects, well-conceived and carefully prepared, will continue

to figure in agency programmes covering those special fields in which an

agency has particular competence. The success of such projects may fre

quently lead to the formulation of more comprehensive inter-agency efforts.

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APPENDIX PROVISIONALSUMMARYOPTHEACTIVITIESANDCURRENTPROJECTS OPUHITEDNATIONSAGENCIESINAFRICA !•ILO

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IN RURAL DETELOPrENT - 1966/67

■■ Country ALGERIA Organizationofco-operatives Ruralemployment Handicraft BOTSWANA Co-operativeeducation Runningofco-operativeand Handicraftproducts CAMEROON Handicraftandvillageindus tries Organizationandco-operative training CENTRALAFRICANREPUBLIC Educationandco-operative training

CONGO

(BRAZZAVILLE) Ruraldevelopment

Sourceoffinance ILORegularBudget iiitft

undp/ta undp/ta

tt tl II II ILORegularBudget

CONGO(KINSHASA)

Ruraltraining IVORYCOAST Co-operativeorganisations Co-operativeeducation Co-operativeaccountancy DAHOMEY Co-operativeorganization Ruralemployment ETHIOPIA Co-operativedevelopment GUINEA Studyofthevillageindustries Handicrafts KENYA Womenhandicrafts LESOTHO Co-operativetraining LIBYA Handicraftandvillageindustries MALAGASY Co-operativedevelopmentand 11training Co-operativeAdministrationand Management

Sourcecffinance

undp/ta

ft 11 II II II II II tt ILORegularBudget

undp/ta undp/ta/sf

it

(Associated Experts

MOROCCO Vocationalruraltraining MAURITANIA Co-operativedevelopment Women'scraft NIGER "Co-operativeeducation Ruralhandicraft

|Source of

of:

To ro Itfes-^rnre^onPilotprojectjILOIie^i;.;

! £'■)? t.T\e promotion of rural u-ork ISP

|,UGAM3)A j

Co-operative training

Programmeforruralvocational training Co-operativedevelopment SIERRALEONE Co-operativeeducation Consumers'Co-operatives Co-operativeeducation

Olj

UTOP/SF otdp/ta

^ILO

p« <z>O fO

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3 CD<D C^

O II.UNESCO PROJECTSINRURALDEVELOPMENT1966-68

ft

Symbol ALG11 ETH15 GUI10 MLI6 TAN14

Country ALGERIA ETHIOPIA GUINEA MALI TANZANIA

1Project Work-orientedAdult LiteracyPilotProject Work-orientedAdult LiteracyProject Work-orientedAdult LiteracyPilotProject Work-orientedAdult LiteracyPilotProject Work-orientedAdult LiteracyProject

Approvedby Government January1966 January1968 January1967 January1966 June1966

Project duration 5 5 5 5

Remarks ii

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hi.pao -rojectsinruraldevelopment1964-1967 Country ALGERIA BOTSWANA CHAD CONGO(B) DAHOMEY Ethiopia GHANA GUINEA

Name Agriculturalexperimentation anddemostrationinthe Hodnaregion Surveysandtrainingfor developmentofwaterre sourcesandagricultural production Regionaldevelopmentof OUADDAI Ruraldevelopmentprogram

(ILO/PAO)

Pilotagriculturaldevelop mentintheituiieValley- Assistanceinstrengthening theAwashValleyAuthority Poodresearchanddevelop mentunit VoltaLakeresearch

(fao/otesco)

Work-orientedadultliteracy

Project(FAO/UMESCO)

\JSee

key on

State

ano y

ANO POA ANO 0 0 0 0 ANO astsheel

Duration Tears 5 4 4 - 4 2 5 3 5

SF's Earraarkings US3 2,027,000 1,022,300 — 1,399,500 1,687,200 500,300 878,100 1,279,500 1,464,900

Signature P.O.

21/7/67 22/3/67 10/8/60 28/7/65 10/11/67

Observations Sociologists (42mm) Socialeconom (24m.m.)

(30)

otj*do 3• O3P-H KENTA MALAGASY MALAWI MALI MOROCCO

Surveysandpilotdemons trationschemesleadingto thereclamationoftheYALA Swamp HumanandAnimalTrypano- somiasiseradication Pilotirrigationsschemes KANOPlain Surveysfortheagricul turaldevelopmentofthe Faraganganaregion Landandwaterresources developmentinSouthern Malawi Agriculturalinstitutionsand extensionworkerstraining programme Pilotdevelopmentandagricul turaltraininginselected ruralzonesoftheWestern region Developmentofareasofrain- fedagricultureinMorocco

0 0 AKO

5 5 4.5 5 4

SF's Earmarkings US& 649,000 1,211,600 778,600 1,192,200 2,623,500 587,100 2,294,700 1,157,600

Si/^ature P..

23/4/65 H/5/67 19/10/65 24/9/66 IO/7/65 20/10/66 12/3/65

(FAO)

Observation

(31)

MOROCCO NIGERIA SIERRA LEONE SOMALIA SUDAtf

Irrigationimprovementin theSoussValley- Feasibilitystudyforin dustrialprocessingof millet Irrigatedagriculturederonn- strationandtrainingcentre intheSokotoValleyPhaseII Centrefordemonstrationand traininginfarmdevelopment settlementandmanagement Integrateddevelopmentof theruralsector Grainmarketing,storageand pricestabilization Watercontrolandmanagement oftheShebelliRiver Agriculturaldevelopmentin theJebelMarraarea FoodProcessingResearch Centre

AM) ANO U.C u.c.

Duration Years 5 2.5 5 5

SP's Barmarkinge 639,900 248,500 34^,000 1,192,700 573,700 1,525,200 739,600

Signature P.O.

18/8/65 12/11/66 14/9/67 8/7/65

(FAO) Observations VOpj

h"

o

(32)

CDCDO Counory SWAZILAND TAXTZAffIA TOGO TUNISIA UpperVolta ZAMBIA

Name Surveyandplanningof theUtusuRiverBasin Workorientedadult literacyproject

(fao/otesco)

Studiesfortheagricul turaldevelopmentofthe Kararegion Establishmentofpolycu- turalco-operativesin theKasserineRegion Grainstorageandproduce qualityunit IrrigationandPilot<i--;o- nstrationprojectMUBUKO" AgriculturalTraining Centre.MaturkuPhaseII Small-scaleirrigationde velopmentandtraining

State A1TO 0 0 U.C. U.C. 0 AITO ANO

Duration Years 2 5 E 3 4-5 4 5 3

SF's Earmarkinga US$ 1,112,400 1,181,900 390,100 655,300 1,129,500 625,600

Signature P.O.

20/9/67 17/6/66 7/7/64

mm

(m) Observations

ro ro 0-Operational AWO-Approvedbutnotyetoperational US-UnderConsideration P.O.A-Preliminaryoperationapproved

(33)

IV.UNICEF-AIBET PROJECTSIT CountryProjectPeriodAllocationUS$ ALGERIA CAMEROON CENTRALA2BI0AITRSP.

Vocationaltrainingofinsufficientlyschool youthandschooldrop-outs,involvingtheen tirejuvenilepopulationofbothtownandoountry Communitydevelopment.Toimprovethewelfareof theruralpopulationofWestCameroonbypromoting schemesofself-helptoraiseeconomicandcultural levelsinvillagecommunities.Particularempha sisisgiventoimprovingtheproductionanden couragingthebetteruseoflocalfoods,extending healthandsanitationfacilities,improvinghou singandextendingknowledgeofhomecraftandchild care. Healthservices,'i'heobjectiveoftheprojectis toreinforcethepreventivehealthservices,with specialrefv■3toisolatedareas5tostsengthen trainingfacilitiesforhealthandsocialwelfare personnelandtoextendenvironmentalsanitation actitivitiestonewpilotprojectareas. Appliednutrition-Aspartofalong-termplanto improvenutritionandmodernizeanddevelopthe country'sagriculture.Governmentisundertaking theexpansionofnutritioneducationandagricul turalextensionactivities.(KB.FAOtoprovide anexpertinagriculturalextensionandahome economist,thislastreimbursablebyOTICEF.WHO

will furnish fellowships.)

Approved

1967

145,000 1967 1963-67 1963-67

31,000 173,000 1$Oo 38,700 7 ro

(34)

3 MpiM roh--p^ Country CHAD

(OTICEF-AIDED) ProjectPeriod In1965apilotschoolnutritionprojectwasppened for2,000studentsin15ruralschoolsinthenor1)*, whereirregularschoolattendanceposesaproblem. Thepupils"benefitfromnutritioneducationand fromdistributionoflocalprotein-richfoods,such asdriedsaltfish,peanutsandreconstitutedmilk. IntheSouth,practicaldemonstrationcoursesin gardening,poultryraisingandsmallanimalraising weregivenin15schools.Twovocationcoursesin appliednutritionhavebeenheldatFortLamyfor

50 teachers and primary school inspectors. (NB

WFPrequestedtoprovidefoodfor?50canteens beginningOctober1968= FAOisprovidingservicesofanutritionistand ahomeeconomist, UBICSFisprovidingequipmentfornationalnutri tionandfoodtechnologycentre5surveymaterials5 suppliesandequipmentforschoolgardens,canteens andpoultryruns5homeeconomicstrainingmaterials; transport5stipends;2fellowshipsfortraining nutritionists-,andthesalaryofanexpertinhome

economics for

2

years.)

Socialservices/CommunityDevelopment.Continuation oftheprogrammeofthenationaltrainingcentre atKinshasawhichtrainsMoniteursandCommunity leaders,aswellasothersocialwelfarepersonnel.

AllocationUS8 First.Applied

1963*

Latestalloc 1966 1963-67

119,300 79,400(1961-62)

37,000 C1963-67)

(35)

CountryProjectPeriod

(UNICEF-AIDED) AllocationTJS$ Cont DAHOMEY ETHIOPIA

Boningsecondhalfof1965,theGovernmentopened

two pi'"-vinoial training centres (Bukavu —Luraumbashi)

todecentralizeandincreasetrainingactivities. (NB.UMCEFisfinancingasocialwelfaretraining officerforeachcentre;providesaudio-visual aidsandtrainingmaterials5transportfor2centres andstipendsfortraineesatthenationaltraining centre.)

Health Services (including

Social

Services)

SocialServices1 10maternityunits 10dispensaries (NB.aidhas"beenprovidedbytheUSAID,theUS CatholicCharities5theFederalRepublicof GermanyandtheEuropeanDevelopmentFundfor

overseas countries and territories (FEDOM)

SocialServicesandCommunityDevelopment.The firstphaseofdevelopmentofayouthtraining programmewillbeorganizedatayouthcampin whichgeneralgroupsof100youthswillbegiven traininginleadershipandcharacterfawmatiOn, aswellaspre-vocationaltrainingincluding handicraft,homeeconomics,agricultureand gardening,eto.Theschemeisapreliminarystep towardstheestablishmentofanationalyouth programmewhichtheGovernmentisintheprocess ofdeveloping,whichwouldaimtoprovideguidance andtrainingforyoungpeopleandparticularlythose outsidetheschoolsystem.

1953-62

400,900 (217,900) (183,000) 1961-62

1963-67

23,000 211,000 oP*b CD(D f—tp.I—1

(36)

M

ft (UHICEP-AIDED)

CountryProjectPeriodAllocationUS$ ETHIOPIAcont... GABON IVORYCOAST "KENYA

Anationaltrainingcentrewouldbeorganized forthetrainingofleadersandinstructors5 laterthenumberofyouthgroupsandyouthcamps would"beexpandedandpre-vocationaland vocationaltrainingfacilitiesestablished. OTICEFisprovidingequipmentforurbanand ruralcommunitydevelopment;theday-care trainingcentreandthenationalyoutvcentre$ transport;andtraininggrants.OTESAconti nuestoprovidetechnicalguidancethrou^nthe servicesofafull-timeadviserandthroughECA. FAOisprovidinganexpertonhomeeconomios. Appliednutrition. Social

services and Mothercraft/Homecraft

Projectaimstotrainprofessionalandvolu ntarypersonnel5createandstrengthensocial centresandexpandtheschemesforhealthand welfareinstructionofwomenandyoungpeople. Avarietyofgovernmentalandvoluntaryagencies areinvolved.(Multilateralassistance).

Mothercraft/Homecraft, social services and com munity development. (Inter-agency co-operations

UBICEPjFAO,WHO,ITSAIDisproviding2training advisersinCommunityDevelopmentandsupplies andequipment3demonstrationprojectstobe usedasabasisforevaluation.)

1961-62 1963-67 1956-62 1963-67

221,800 72,500 192,200 127,000

(37)

(UNICEF-AIDED) Country-ProjectPeriodAllocationUS$ LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYA

Appliednutrition;projectaimstoraisethe nutritionallevelofthepopulationthrough aprogrammeofnutritioneducation,school feedingandincreasedproductionandconsu mptionofprotectivefoods.Mainelements5 poultryproduction,vegetablegrowing,school feeding,adulteducation,theorganizationof youngfarmers1clubsandstafftraining. Mothercraftandhomecraft.Asafirststepin thedevelopmentofahomeeconomicsextension service,aregulartrainingprogrammehas beenstartedforpersonnelwhoaresubsequently postedtohomeeconomicsandextension,centres inruralareas. Socialservices.Themainaimofthisproject istodevelopandimprovesocialwelfareand communitydevelopmentforchildrenandfamilie inruralandurbanareas...Sixruralsocial welfarecentreswillbeestablishedinareas whereasyetnohealthfacilitiesareavail able.Thesecentreswillalsohavedaycare andcommunityactivitiessections.Through 4sub-sectionsthecommunityactivities■ sectionwillprovideservicesinfieldssuch asagriculturaldevelopment,fortheimprove mentoffamilyfarmcrops,poultryraisingand kitchengardens,ruralindustries,tofoster manualskillsandteachcraftssuchassewing, weaving,pottery,andbasket-making5andre creation,throughtheuseofapubliclibrary

1961-62 1963-67

64,000 236,800 27,000 Allocations:

1) 1964 2) 1967 ..

73,000 26,000 CD<DO

(38)

(ft*K)CV <D<DtEj Country LIBYAcont. MADAGASCAR MALAWI

Project andcommunityradioandcinemaprogrammes.

The 4*h sub-section will

"be

concerned with

healthandincludeanout-patientclinic withaphermacyandalaboratory.Itwill alsoprovideMCHandpreventivehealth services.

Education and rural development• Project

includesnutritioneducation,agricultural extension,women'seducationandthe promotionofruralprimaryschools.

During 1967/68 125 new rural schools will

becreatedandanew4-yearprimaryschool curriculum,especiallygearedtotheprac ticalneedsoflifeinruralareas,willbe introduced.

(UNICEF is providing canteen, gardens and

teachingequipmentforruralschools; materialsformanuals,postersandteaching displays;vehicles5equipmentfortraining centresforinstructorsandfarmersandfoi extensioncentresandwomen'sclubs|and stipends.PAO,UMftSCOaMDWHOprovide

Technical advice through their resident

representatives). Appliednutrition.Projectaimedtohelp accelerateallaspects<&:uraldevelopment work.

Government intends

to

establish

3

(UKICEP-AIDED)

Period 1962 1963-67

Allocation 108,500 447,000 66,300

(39)

Country MALAWIcont... MALI MAURITIUS MOROCCO MQER NIGERIA Project pilotdemonstrationareasforthein-servic< trainingofruralextensionandCommunity Developmentworkersinthepracticalaspects ofappliednutritionactivities,andto provideeducationforfarmfamiliesin

Pearlod TCMZAI954 improvedhomemanagementandappliednutrition,j stressingtheproductionandconsumptionof| productivefoodsthroughhomeandvillage gardensandhomepoultryandfishproduc tion Healthservices(includingsocialservices) ...51socialcentres,6kindergartens,8 2day-carecentreshave"beenopened,and personnelforthesecentresarebeing trainedattheschoolofsocialwork. Nutritionandhomeeconomicstraining Mothercraftandhomecraft Appliednutrition Education(includingcommunityDevelopment) Westernregion.CommunityDevelopment Mid-WesternregionCommunityDevelopment

! 19^6-62 1963-57 1964 1960-62 1963-67 1962

1963-67 1963/64

1962

1963/67 1963-67

(UNICEF-AIDED) allocationUS| 00?3UU 325,600

490,100

35,000 102,600 207,000 44,400 219,500

87'°°° J?*4- 142,700 ® »■ § 108,900 M % ^ 68,000 ^m<

ro

(40)

0*3Wo 4 ^{ro PO} (UKICEF-AIDED) SENAGAL RHODESIA TOGO TUNISIA UGATOA UAH

S Applied nutrition

CoummnityDevelopment Appliednutrition | jSocialservicesandcommunitydevelop-

! ment and youth training

|Socialservicesandmothercraft/ homecraft Vocationaltraining Integratedservicesforchildren; Ruralpilotproject CommunityDevelopmentandsocial Services Mothercraftandhomecraft Integratedservicesforchildren Mothercraft/HomecraftandCommunJty Developnent

PeriodAllocationUS$ 1962 1963-6? 1964-67

1965

1964-67 j

1961-62

1963-67 1962 1963-67

1966-67

1957-62 1963-67 1966 I967add,com. 1966 j1958-62 11963-67

96?5OO 173,000 I55?ooo 505000 213,000 55,500 3533OOO 259.400 741,000 141,000 237,900 58,000 194,000 181,000 993000 \

126-100

I392,000

(41)

CountryProjectPeriod

(UHICEF-AIDED)

Allocation UPPERVOLTA ZAMBIA

Health services

(including

social services)

Aninterestingexperimentinrural developmentworkisbeingcarriedoutat: theGoanaSocialCentreinthe-south-,; westernpartofthecountry.■;' Appliednutrition..*i

1958-62 1963-67

1964/65

358,600 299,700 112,100. 4 ro

(42)

e/cn. 14/422

Appendix

Page 20 V WHO

A ^election of WHO-assisted Projects in Africa

WHO Regions

AFRO

mo

ECA Sub- Regions

Bast

South

Project Ho. .

Botswana 0002

(1955-71)

Burundi 0003(1963-70)

Burundi 0013

(1967-71)

Cameroon 0002

(1962-68)

to become

(1968-72)

0008

Cameroon

(I966-7O)

0019

HAR 0007

(1964-70)

Chad 0003

(1965-70)

Congo(Braza 0018

(1965-72)

Congo(Dem., 0001

(1960-70)

Bescription of Purpose

Trypanosomiasis Control. To study problem & advise on control measures

To develop rural health ser vices, especially ICaternfil &

tJhlld Health and train staff at all levels

To plan & implement a national smallpox eradi cation programme

To plan & develop basic health services, train staff & control malaria

To set up a medical school in Yaounde

To establish an environmental health service & programme,

&■ train personnel

To improve Maternal & Child Health services & train perso nnel.

1 To organize health services in rural areas & train staff

A'T*isory &training for basic health services at central

& provincial levels

Source of Funds

uhdp/ta

Regular OTICEF

Regular

utop/ta

Regular

OOTP/TA mrccEF

otdp/ta

OTICEF

uudp/ta

UKICEF

Regular

otdp/ta

Sasis for Inter-Agency Coordination

Economic potentiality of area

cattle/agri.

Rural animatior Youth & comm.

develop.

Education- Jome economics.

All agencies

All Agencies

All agencies.

All agencies

(43)

e/ct. 14/422

Appendix Page 21

i

WHO Regions AFRO

AFRO

ECA Sub- Regions South

Weet

Vest

South

West

West ,

East

Bast

Project No*

Congo (Dem.

Republic.

OOO5(1960-72)

Dahomey OOOl

(1963-66)

to become 0022 Dahomey 0021

Gabon 0003

(1961-70)

Ghana 0001(1963-68)

to become 0032 Ghana 0005

(1959-72)

Guinea 0012

(1967-71)

Kenya 0009

(I96I-69)

Kenya 0016(1962-70)

Kenya

Description of Purpose To reduce malaria morbidity, train personnel & strengthen rural health services.

To develop basic health services and train personnel

Pilot study of Health Aspects, of Ground Water Development - particularly re water supply

& excreta disposal.

To develop Maternal & Child Health services and train staff.

To develop basic health services.

To control schistosomiasis

To control onchocerciasis

To organise a co-ordinated programme to survey and combat malnutrition*

To strengthen rural health services and train staff.

To devise methods for effective & economical control of trypanosomiasis in man & animal in Nyanza & Western Provinces.

(WHO)

Source of Funds Regular

Regular

otdp/bf

FAO Regular U1TICEF

Regular

otdp/ta

Regular

Regular UiOCEF

(FAO)

Regular UHICEF

UNDP/SF

Basis for Inter-Agency Coordination All agencies

All agencies

FAO ILO ECA

ECA PAO ILO

All agencies

(44)

e/cn.14/422

Appendix Page 22

WHO Regions

AFRO

ECA Sub- Regions

East

rfest

Mest

frlest

East

tfest

East

Project

iro. "

Madagascar 0019 (1965-68) to become

0023 Mauritius 0015

(1965-70)

Nigeria 0010

(1957-68)

to become 0076

Nigeria 0023(1963-68)

to become

0075

Senegal 0004

(1962-69)

Tanzania 0023(1963-70)

Togo 0003(1962-68)

to become 0029 '

"•'janda 0012(1962-68)

to become

0035

AFRO OO94(1967-70)

Description of Purpose

To develop basic health services

To set up a national environ mental sanitation programme linked with a land & water

survey project' (tJOTP/SF)

To improve rural health

services in the Eastern Region

To develop sanitation, provide rural water supplies & train staff in the Igala & Idoma divisions initially.

To improve sanitation in rural

areas.

To study nutritional status in Dodoma pilot area & launch control programme.

To develop a network of rural health service facilities

To evaluate and develop thr rural health.services.

To study Schistosomiasis in various countries and health problems resulting from pownr

& irrigation schemes.

(■rfHO)

Source of Funds

otdp/ta

*

All agencies

All agencies,