Recorded energy consumption in school buildings

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Recorded energy consumption in school buildings

RECORDED ENERGY C O N S W TION

IN

SCHOOL BUILDINGS

A.H. Elmahdy

The Standing Committee an Energy Conservation in Buildings is a t t e m p t i n g , on behalf of t h e National Research C o u n c i l Associate Committee on the National Building Code, ta define appropriate energy

consmp tion Eargets for d i f f e r e n t classes of b u i l d i n g s . These targets

are p a r t i a l l y based on rhe energy consamption af existing buildings. I n

support of the work of the Standing C o m d t t e e , t h i s r e p o r t contains data on the annual energy consumption in elementary, j unior-high and

secondary/high s c h o o l buildings. These schools are Located in Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Regina, Edmonton, Vancouver and various r e g i o n s in Ontario.

The data presented in this report have been extracted f r o m

i n f o r m a t i o n provided by various schools and boards of education and i t s accuracy has n o t been verified. Also, because of the multitude of

v a r i a b l e s i n v o l v e d and the n a t u r e of t h e d a t a distribution, no attempt was made to correlate the energy consumption w l t h other v a r i a b l e s such

as t h e floor area of schools.

Table 1 shows a sununary of the maximum, m i n i m u m and average f l o o r

areas and a n n u a l energy c o n s m p t i o n in

M J / d y r ,

f o r each sample of

s c h o o l s , together with other i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e type of school I n v o l v e d , t h e sample size

and

t h e year in which r h e data

w e r e

_recorded.

The information given in T a b l e 1 indicates t h a t energy

consump t i o n v a r i e s considerably within a specific l o c a t i o n , This is due to many f a c t o r s , such as the a c t i v i t y l e v e l in each s c h o o l , t h e type of construction, the h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g system used and t h e existence of energy conservation programs. For example, the P r o t e s t a n t Schaol Board

in Montreal has been a c t i v e l y involved

in

an energy conservation program

f o r its school buildings. The r e s u l t s , which are listed in T a b l e I , i n d i c a t e that f o r a g i v e n group of high schools in the Board t h e average annual energy cansumption decreased from 1118

m/m2

yr. in 1976/77 t o

1020 ~ ~ / m ~ ~ r . in 1978139. A s i m i l a r r e d u c t i o n occurred a l s o in i t s elementary schools, and

in

ather school boards as well ( e . g . , the

Ottma/CarEeton Board of E d u c a t i o n ) .

Since the d a t a presented in Table

1

cover a wide geographical area, it was necessary so take into account: the number of annual heating degree days i n t h e last f i v e years f o r the various school locations. Table 2 shows a summary of t h e annual heating degree days in _degrees

C e l s i u s below 1BnC*.

The a v a i l a b l e

school

samples are organized in one af two ways. One set-up shows the annual energy consumption for each i n d i v i d u a l school in a c e r t a i n location (Montreal, Toronto, O t t a w a , etc. ). The other s e t - u p , used by the Ontario M i n i s t r y of Education, presents t h e t o t a l energy consumption data for each s c h o o l board in the s i x regions:

C e n t r a l , Eastern, Xid-Northern, Norrh-Eastern, Worth-Western and Western

Ontario.

Thus, although on f i r s t s i g h t the latter approach results i n

r a t h e r small numbers ( 4 2 , 16, 11, 17,

14

and

17

school boards), the actual number of schools w i t h i n each school board is considerable (2524,

652, 229, 244, 163 a n d 6 4 2 _{s c h o o l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .}

A c o m p l e t e listlng of energy consumption d a t a f o r various schools

and school boards is gPven in Tables 3 rhrough 2 3 . Also, F i g u r e s 1 through 32 show the p l o t s o f energy consumption in ~ ~ J d y r . versus floor area in m2. The vertical a x i s on the right-hand s i d e of each p l o t shows the frequency of occurrence in the corresponding energy consumption b i n s

i n d i c a t e d o n t h e vertical left-hand side of t h e plot.

When

more than one year of data f o r a particular group of schools

w a s available, a p l o t was added to show a l l changes in energy

consumption greater than o r equal t o 0.3 G J / & ~ ~ . These p l o t s are shown

in Figures 11, 1 7 , 21, 27 and 3 1 .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to acknowledge the help provided by various schmf boards i n making the energy ccmsmption data available to the

D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research. The author a l s o wishes to thank

TAEiLE 2: SUMMXY OF HEATING

DEGREE

DAYS

below

18"C,

July I - June 30

Winnipeg

Int

'

l** (North-Western) Ottawa

Int'l

(North-Eastern) Toronto I n t '1 Ilontreal

Int

'

l

*

Airport

**

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport

***

Estimated

TABLE 3: REGINA PUBLIC SCHOOLS

TAELE 4 :

EDMONTON

PUBLIC SCHOOLS TABLE

5

: EDMONTON PUELIC SCHOOLS

A

-

SECONDARY

1978/79

B -

JUWIOR

HIGH 1978/79

TABLE 6: EDMONTON PUBLIC

SCHOOLS

C - ELEMENTARY AND J U N I O R H I G H 1978179 School NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 Area m2 18239 13747 26149 37262 1023 1 3999 12759 25120 17880 226 18 18740 3125 38729 21723 Energy Consumption MJ /mPyr. 1628 2650 2 3 4 6 2205 1704 1 3 9 4 2908 2688 2303 2309 2177 205 1 2694 3783

TABLE 7:

EDMONTON

PUBLIC

SCHOOLS

D

-

ELEMENTARY 1978/79

TABLE

8: OTTAWA-CARLETON SECONDARY SCHOOLS I School

No.

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9

10 1 1 Area m2 16422 1 1729 12100 19061 12427' 20223 9 9 4 4 16970 6143 18773 16636

E n e r g y Consump t i o n

w/&

yr.

1978

95

1 95 1 986 862 1216 1105

LO64

1096

1540 7 88 1212 1973 1615 1553

1363

1326 1729 1796 127 1 1384 1348 1251 1728 1974

1794

1500 1294 1484 1728 1620 127 1

1395

1162 1279 182 1 1975 1976 134 1

L348

1236 1240 1666 1600

1391

1081 1589

9

34 1469 1213 1162 8 9 1 942 1 4 14 1484 1310

1190

1364 7 87 1379

TABLE 9 : OTTAWA-CARLETON E L E H E N T M SCHOOLS

TABLE 9 (cont'd): OTTAWA-CARLETON ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

S

choal

No.

39 40 4 ₁ 4 2 4 3 4 4 45 4 6 47 Area

mz

3494 3439 3801 5195 5576 5570 5390 6208

5158

Energy Consumption

~ ~ / d y r .

1978 1634

1044

936 842

117

E

839 986 894 763 1 9 7 3 1457 1 4 24 1355 I 5 2 4 1434 1030 1391 1031 823 1974 1975 1976 1252 1391 96 1 1356 1414 996 L116 1116 767 I 1399 1348 11 16 1 4

5

3 1562

L

186 1321 1259 872 1228 , 1496 1209

1352

1515 l 3 4 8 1190 1073 740

TABLE

10:

WINNIPEG PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 1973

TABLE 11: WINNIPEG

PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS

1973 School NO.

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9

10 1 1 12 13

P

4 15 Energy Consumption

w/rnzyr.

1593 Area

m2

639

1220 1861 1984 203 1 2033 2200

2357

2462 2 4 6 3 2560 2667

2807

2810 3 160 S c h o o l

NO.

1 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8

School

NO. 16 Area m2 7462 11632 13598 13886 15602 20781 15234 16357 Energy Consmprion

~ ~ l r n ~ ~ r .

13 2 1 957

1596

1352 1472 13

LO

1879 1717 I Area

m2

33 ₂₅ 89

1

1906 1236 1810 1 4 5 3 577 1252 1248 1961 1697 1670 L589 1422 1159 Energy Consumption XJ/dyr. 1635

3537

3764 3 809 3820 3891 3903 4061 4099 4424 4 4 9 8 4674 5807 4 9 5 3 6074 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 2 3 1 24 25 26 27 28 2

9

30

1511

I

1457

1666

2666

1182 1763 , 1213 1445 3030 7

13

1527 lQ15 1046 945

TABLE 1 2 ( c o n t - ) :

TORONTO

ELEBENTARY SCHOOLS S c h o o l No. 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 66 6 7 68

69

70

71

7 2

73

7 4 7 5 76 7 7

78

79

80

School

No.

Area

m2

6682 4837

16396

5232 5 5 6 7 46

L

5 2497 3452 236 2610 1345 3197 9368 4628 6001 6440 10379 10362 8509 54

7

6 Area u? Energy Consumption w / m 2 y r . 1976177 18 10 1627 1503 1383

L

228 1407 lo50 Energy Consumption w / m 2 y r . . 8 1 8 2 83; 84 1977/78 1542 1325 1480 1418 11 12 1333 8 3

3

1976177 1565 1352 13 10 103 1 8 6 5 4 6562 6884 7871

1977/78

1724 1484 1426 1209 85

86

87 88 89 90 9 1 92 9 3 9 4 9 5

96

9 7 98

99

100 1461 922 1414 2263 1728 1608 1294 1228 127 5 1170 1217 1035 984 7 490

5099

1938 10720 883 9 7 6 2151 2290 1042 1325 1143 1542 1275 1190

E

182 1004 1201 783 1314 1585 1104 852

1658

1639 1186 9 2 7 1 1100 984 12 17 1585 12 13

1038

876

1058 1228 1066 6 6 3 9541 1608 4060 420 1

751

1 6240 4739 4809 7 3 7 9 16830 9 7 06

6609

1209 1193 1 2 6 3 1438 1410 115 1 1 2 3 2 1275 1174 1283

8

8 7 787

TABLE 15: EASTERN ONTARIO SCEOOL BOARDS

1977/78

TABLE 16: HID-NORTHERN

ONTARIO

SCHOOL BOARDS 1977/78

TABLE 17: NORTHFEASTERN

ONTARIO SCHOOL

BOARDS

1977178

TABLE

18: NORTH-WESTERN

ONTARIO SCHOOL BOARDS

1977178

TABLE

19:

WESTEW

ONTARIO

SCHOOL BOARDS

TABLE 20: PROTESTANT SCHOOL BOARD OF GREATER MONTREAL

HIGH SCHOOLS

TABLE 21:

PROTESTANT

SCHOOL

BOAHI

OF GREATER NONTREAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

TABLE 2 1 (cont' d ) : PROTESTANT SCHOOL BQm OF GREATER MONTREAL

TABLE 23: B R I T I S H COLUMBIA

DELTA SCHOOL

DISTRICT NO. 37

19

7 7

FIGURE

1

REG

l NA

PUBLl

C

SCHOOLS

1975-19716

FIGURE

2

SECONDARY

SCHOOLS

FIGURE 3

JUNIOR-HIGH SCHOOLS

EDMONTON

1978-1979

FIGURE

4

ELEMENTARY JUN I

OR-H

I

GH

SCHOOLS

EDMONTON 1978-1979

0 t I I

0 5 10 I5 20

FIGURE

5

ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS

EDMONTON

1978-1979

Area

rn2

lo3

FIGURE 6

SECONDARY

SCHOOLS

FIGURE 7

SECONDARY

SCHOOLS

OTTAWA-CARLETON 1974

FIGURE

8 SECONDARY SCHOOLS

OTTAWA-CARLETON

1975

-

0

-

PJ 9 C 0 O 3 t 0 0

-

₀ % 0 0

2

-

C IIE 3 w

n

CJ L 5 4

-

L

"E

'.

I 3 0

S

0 o m 0 IL U

-

0 Area

rn2

10'

.-

-CI

e

2 - 3 IR B a _MEAN c -d---~~--~---*-~---d---d----4----d---d--- a

FIGURE

9

SECONDARY

SCHOOLS

OTTAWA-CARLETON

1976

2

A r e a

m

10'

Fl

GURE 10

SECONDARY SCHOOLS

OTTAWA-CARLETON 1978

FI GURE 11 SECONDARY SCHOO

tS

OTTAWA-CARLETON 1973 AND 1978

S ~ l e c t e d buildings showing a change i n energy conswrpti on

greotsr tlm 0.3 ~ ~ / r n ' ~ r .

0 Yn73 SAMPLES

+

m7& SAMPLES

----

P73 TOTA M E MEAN

---

1878 TOTAL SAlulPtE MEAN

Area

m2

7 0 ~

FIGURE 12

ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS

OTTAWA-CARLETON

1973

r 0

-

9,

u

C ID 3 0 U - 0 9- 2 0 h 0 - c P) T 5

-

4 - L >. N

E

\ 3 - 23 C a -- 4

E

2 - 3 0 0 0 O 0 p 0 0 m C 0 0 1 - n . 0 0 Oi?B O MEAN --2--~7---~-~n---u,---..---.F---.---.----..---.---4--- *o 0 0 0 O 0 0 m 0 0 0 I 0 r I .cI

Fl

GURE

13

ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS

OTTAWA-CARLETON

1974

Area

m2

Fl

GURE

14

ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS

Fl

GURE

15 ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS

OTTAWA-CARLETON 1976

Fl CURE 16

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

OTTAWA-CARLETON

1978

5 - 4

-

L h

'E

\

=

3 - 3 C 0

.-

4 - 0

-

aJ

U c bl

O

k

3 9 0 - 0 rt 0

a

X 0 7 c

2

_{' 0 0 0}

.

7 V3 C 0 WFl 0 0 '8 8 o m ---,-a0*-a0--m--d---d=---4---d--- CP *e; P CI 0 1 * o 0 0 - 0 I 0 rn 0 a, 3 37

z

2

-

50 0 , I I I 5 10 15 20 Q

Area rnZ

loJ

FIGURE 17 MMENTARY SCHOOLS OTTAWA-CARLETON 1973 AND 7378

Selectad buildings showing o c h g e i n energy c p n s y p t i o n greo t a r than 0.3 GJ/m yr.

0 1 8 7 3 ~ E S

+

m78SALPLES

,--,1875 , TOTAL w lAUlN ,,, 1978 TOTAL W liEPH

Area

rn2

lo3

Fl

GURE 19

ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS

TORONTO

1976-1977

FI

GURE

20

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

TORONTO 1977-1978

FlGURE 21 ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS

TORONTO 1976-1978

Selected bundlnge ghbwlng a ehangr I n snargy eonwmptlon z

grwter than 0.3 GJ/m yr.

0 1978-

t

#77SCJQLES

, , , , l076 TOTAL W kLAH

,--19n TOTAL ShPLE hEW

1

+

I I t: I

5 10 15 20

Area

rn2

10"

Fl

GURE 22

SECONDARY

SCHOOLS

F1

GURE

23

SECONDARY SCHOOLS

TORONTO

1976-1977

Area

m2

Fl

GURE

24 HIGH SCHOOLS

MONTREAL 1976-7977

a

-

0

-

1 - 28 - I 4 3

-

0 2 ₀ 0 0

=

Q 0 MEAN 'm---,_-__-m---d---d--d----_~-~---d----d---d----.---d---. O 8 $ o 0 0 0 0 0 0 D P 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 1

-

0 0 I I I I r

Fl

GURE 25

H I G H

SCHOOLS

MONTREAL 1977-1978

FIGURE

26 HIGH SCHOOLS

MONTREAL 1978-1979

0 B MEAN 0 0 - - - m - - - d - - - * - - - M - - - & - - - 0 0 0 0: 0 0 0 I 1 I L I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 - 0 - 0 - 0

-

7 14 40

Fl GURE ,27 H 1 43-l SCHOOLS MONTREAL 1976-1979

Selected buildings ahoalng n

change i n energy c o n a u p t l on greater thun OJ W/rn yr.

O 7R78 SA-

+ P78 SAM-

,,,- em TOTAL SAMPLE MEAN ,-la78 TOTAL -SAMPLE MEAN

Area rn'

70'

Fl

GURE

28 ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS

Fl

GURE

29

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

MONTREAL 1977-1978

Fl

GURE 30 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

MONTREAL 1978-1979

Fl GURE 31 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS MONTREAL 1976/77 AND 1978/79

Selected buildings showing o change i n energy cansump ti on

2

g r e a t e r t h n n 0.3 G S / ~ yr.

0 1976 SAMPLES

I978 SAMPLES

----, 197B TOTAL SAMPLE MEAFI! ,

,

, 1878 TOTAL SAhPLE MEAN

FIGURE

32

VANCOUVER

SCHOOL BOARD

1977-1978