A multi-platform package for the analysis of intra- and interspecific trait evolution

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ƒĺ $_;BITE r-1h-]; -m7 |_; "$ Ƒ blrѴ;l;m|-|bom bm|uo7†1; m;‰ =u-l;‰ouhv ‰b|_bm 1olr-u-|bˆ; r_‹Ѵo];m;|b1v |_-| ;ŠrѴb1b|Ѵ‹ lo7;Ѵ bm|u-vr;1b=b1 ˆ-ub-m1;ĺ $_;v;|ooѴv-ѴѴo‰†v;uv|o|-1hѴ;Ѵom]Ŋv|-m7bm]t†;v|bomvbm;ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹0boѴo]‹ķ v†1_-v|_;b7;m|b=b1-|bomo=h;‹;ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹ruo1;vv;v7;|;ulbmbm]mb1_;1om-v;uˆ-|bvlķmb1_;r-u|b|bombm]ķ-m7Ѵb=;Ŋ_bv|ou‹v|u-|;]b;vĺ   + )  ! " -‹;vb-ml;|_o7vķ0bobm=oul-|b1vķ1olr-u-|bˆ;-m-Ѵ‹vbvķ;ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹0boѴo]‹ķvo=|‰-u;ķ v|-|bv|b1v

http://doc.rero.ch

Published in "Methods in Ecology and Evolution doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.13458, 2020"

which should be cited to refer to this work.

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;-1_o|_;u-m7-u;mo|lo7;ѴѴ;7-v-0bˆ-ub-|;moul-Ѵ7bv|ub0†|bomĺ  vr;1b;vŝ l;-m -m7 ˆ-ub-m1; |_;m 7;=bm; - moul-Ѵ 7bv|ub0†|bomķ ‰_b1_bv|-h;m-v|_;v-lrѴbm]7bv|ub0†|bomo=|u-b|ˆ-Ѵ†;v=oul†Ѵ-|brѴ;bm7bˆb7†-Ѵvo=|_-|vr;1b;vŐbĺ;ĺ=ounvr;1b;vķ|_;u;‰bѴѴ0;n moul-Ѵ7bv|ub0†|bomvĸ b]†u;Ɛĸ‰_bѴ;-moul-Ѵ7bv|ub0†|bombvѴbh;Ѵ‹ - ]oo7 lo7;Ѵ =ou bm|u-vr;1b=b1 ˆ-ub-|bom bm - t†-m|b|-|bˆ; |u-b|ķ |;1_mb1-ѴѴ‹-m‹7bv|ub0†|bom1o†Ѵ70;†v;7ķ-vѴom]-vb|vruo0-0bѴ-b|‹ 7;mv|;1_mb1-ѴѴ‹-m‹7bv|ub0†|bom1o†Ѵ70;†v;7ķ-vѴom]-vb|vruo0-0bѴ-b|‹ =†m1|bom 1-m 0; 1olr†|;7ĺ ";; |_;R r-1h-]; =ou -m ;Š-lrѴ;őĺ$_;(lo7;Ѵbv|_†vlou;=Ѵ;Šb0Ѵ;|_-mv|-m7-u7 -rruo-1_;v|_-|-vv†l;|u-b|v-u;moul-ѴѴ‹7bv|ub0†|;7‰b|_bmvr;-1b;vĺ †uu;m|Ѵ‹ķ ( lo7;Ѵv l†Ѵ|brѴ; vr;1b;v r_;mo|‹rb1 l;-mv

-m7ˆ-ub-m1;vo=-vbm]Ѵ;1om|bm†o†v|u-b|ĺ;m;u-ѴbŒbm]b||ol†Ѵ-|brѴ; 1om|bm†o†v |u-b|v bv rovvb0Ѵ; bm rubm1brѴ;ķ 0†| ‰o†Ѵ7 u;t†bu; 1omvb7;u-0Ѵ; bm1u;-v; bm 1olrѴ;Šb|‹ -m7 m†l0;u o= -77b|bom-Ѵ r-u-l;|;uvĺ

( bv - _b;u-u1_b1-Ѵ lo7;Ѵķ -m7 -v v†1_ 1-m omѴ‹ 0; blrѴ;-l;m|;7bm|ooѴv‰b|_v†rrou|=ou=Ѵ;Šb0Ѵ;†v;uŊ7;=bm;7_b;u-u1_b1-Ѵ lo7;Ѵ =u-l;‰ouhvĺ $o o†u hmo‰Ѵ;7];ķ |_bv =;-|†u; bv mo| u;-7bѴ‹ -ˆ-bѴ-0Ѵ;-lom]ror†Ѵ-ul-Šbl†lŊѴbh;Ѵb_oo7r-1h-];vķ|_;l-fou-b|‹o=‰_b1_-u;blrѴ;l;m|;7bmRŐ;ĺ]ķo†1_ķ†|Ѵ;uşbm]ķƑƏƏƓĸ r_‹|ooѴvķr_‹|ooѴvĸ];b];uķ;mm;ѴѴ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓĸlˆ!ķѴ-ˆ;Ѵķ v1-u]†;Ѵķ ş ;u1;uomķ ƑƏƐƔőĺ $_; ruo0-0bѴb|‹ 7;mvb|‹ =†m1|bom   & !   Ɛ Պ ˆ;uˆb;‰o=|_;obm|bm|;uŊ-m7m|u-vr;1b=b1(-ub-m1;ˆoѴ†|bomŐ(őblrѴ;l;m|-|bomvĺˆ-Ѵv_-r;vu;ru;v;m|7-|-ķ u;1|-m]Ѵ;0oŠ;vu;ru;v;m||_;vr;1b=b;7lo7;ѴvŐrubou7bv|ub0†|bomv-m7Ѵbh;Ѵb_oo7=†m1|bomvő-m7_;Š-]om-Ѵv_-r;vu;ru;v;m|r-u-l;|;u ;v|bl-|;v-=|;u1-uu‹bm]o†|

sp1

sp2

sp3

sp4

Phylogenetic tree Individual observations

A

TT

G

C

G

T

AA

A

TT

G

C

G

T

AA

A

TT

G

C

G

T

AA

A

TT

G

C

G

T

AA

Alignment

sp1

sp2

sp3

sp4

Phylogenetic tree

Stochastic mapping

Substitution model

and

Clock model

(

μ

_sp1

,

μ

_sp2

,

μ

_sp3

,

μ

_sp4

)

(

σ

_sp1

,

σ

_sp2

,

σ

_sp3

,

σ

_sp4

)

(σ

_M

,ө

_M

,α

_M

)

(σ

_V

,ө

_V

,α

_V

)

Results processing

Model testing

Plotting functions

Hyperpriors

Evolution of trait means

(σ_M,ө_M,α_M)

Evolution of trait variances

(σ_V,ө_V,α_V) Priors

JIVE model

μ

sp1

μ

sp2

μ

sp3

μ

sp4

σ

_sp1

σ

_sp2

σ

_sp3

_σ

_sp4 Likelihood

Estimates

http://doc.rero.ch

o= |_; ( v-lrѴbm] 7bv|ub0†|bom bv 1omvb7;u-0Ѵ‹ r-u-l;|;ubŒ;7 -m71olrѴ;Šķ-vorrov;7|omomŊ_b;u-u1_b1-Ѵlo7;Ѵv1omˆ;m|bom--ѴѴ‹†v;7bm1olr-u-|bˆ;0boѴo]‹Ő;ĺ]ĺ-vbm]Ѵ;l†Ѵ|bˆ-ub-|;moul-Ѵ 7bv|ub0†|bomķ ‰_;m 1om|bm†o†v |u-b| ;ˆoѴ†|bom bv lo7;Ѵ;7 ‰b|_ uo‰mb-mlo|bomĸ ;Ѵv;mv|;bmķƐƖѶƔőĺ-ŠblbŒbm]Ѵbh;Ѵb_oo7=†m1-|bomvѴbh;(bv|_†v;vr;1b-ѴѴ‹1olrѴb1-|;70‹|‹rb1-Ѵruo0Ѵ;lvbm l-Šbl†lŊѴbh;Ѵb_oo7 ;v|bl-|bomķ v†1_ -v 1omˆ;u];m1; bvv†;vķ |_; ;Šbv|;m1; o= Ѵo1-Ѵ l-Šbl-ķ vl-ѴѴ v-lrѴ;v 0b-v;vķ |o m-l; - =;‰ĺ -‹;vb-ml;|_o7vķom|_;o|_;u_-m7ķ1bu1†lˆ;m|vol;o=|_;v; bvv†;v -m7 ruoˆb7; - l†1_ lou; m-|†u-Ѵ v|-|bv|b1-Ѵ =u-l;‰ouh =ou v;||bm] †r _b;u-u1_b1-Ѵ lo7;Ѵv Ő|_bv bv |_; -rruo-1_ ‰; |-h;ĸ =ou lou; 7;|-bѴvķ v;; 0;Ѵo‰ -m7 |_; oub]bm-Ѵ ‰ouh bm ov|bhoˆ- ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵőĺ

bm-ѴѴ‹ķo†ulo7;ѴѴbm]v|u-|;]‹7b==;uvl-uh;7Ѵ‹bmm-|†u;=uol |_-|o=l;|_o7v|_-|bm1ourou-|;ļl;-v†u;l;m|;uuouĽŐ-ulomş ovovķƑƏƏƔőĺmv|;-7ķb|-ѴѴo‰v;ŠrѴb1b||;v|bm]o=_‹ro|_;v;v-0o†| |_; ;ˆoѴ†|bom o= bm|u-vr;1b=b1 r_;mo|‹rb1 ˆ-ub-m1;v Őv;; 0;Ѵo‰ =ou -m ;lrbub1-Ѵ ;Š-lrѴ;őĺ $_;v; _‹ro|_;v;v 1-m 0; bm=oul;7 0‹ hmo‰Ѵ;7];o=_o‰|u-b|ˆ-ub-|bombv;Šr;1|;7|ou;vrom7|oou-=-=;1||_;1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vo=-vr;1b;vĺ11o†m|bm]=oul;-v†u;l;m| ;uuou1-m7;1u;-v;;ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹u-|;v;v|bl-|;vķ=ou;Š-lrѴ;ķ-m7 bm1u;-v;;v|bl-|;vo=r_‹Ѵo];m;|b1vb]m-ѴŐˆ;v;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƕőŌv†1_ r-||;umv-u;mo|;Šr;1|;7†m7;u|_;(lo7;Ѵĺ|_;ul;|_o7v 1omvb7;u ļl;-v†u;l;m| ;uuouĽ -v |_; momŊ_;ub|-0Ѵ; 1olrom;m| o= ˆ-ub-|bom bm |u-b| ˆ-Ѵ†;v Ő‹m1_ķ ƐƖƖƐőķ -Ѵvo bm v|-uh 1om|u-v| ‰b|_ (ĺ

†u 1olrѴ;|; u;‰ub|; o= |_; oub]bm-Ѵ ( blrѴ;l;m|-|bom Őov|bhoˆ- ;| -Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐѵő -ѴѴo‰;7 †v |o vb]mb=b1-m|Ѵ‹ ;Šr-m7 |_; =Ѵ;Šb0bѴb|‹ o= |_; lo7;Ѵ 1om=b]†u-|bomĺ †u|_;ulou;ķ |_; m;‰ bl-rѴ;l;m|-|bom -1_b;ˆ;7 - v†0v|-m|b-Ѵ vr;;7†r Őou7;uv o= l-]mb-|†7;őķ ‰_b1_ l-h;v |_; m;‰ ( lo7;Ѵ -rrѴb1-0Ѵ; |o |_; Ѵ-u]; 7-|-v;|v-ˆ-bѴ-0Ѵ;mo‰-7-‹vĺ);=†u|_;u;Š|;m7|_;(=u-l;-‰ouhķ];m;u-ѴbŒbm]|_;oub]bm-ѴRblrѴ;l;m|-|bomvo|_-|b|1-m0; ;-vbѴ‹;Šr-m7;7|obm1Ѵ†7;o|_;u1olr-u-|bˆ;lo7;ѴvŐ|o0;†v;7 -v|_;|u-b|l;-m-m7ˆ-ub-m1;rubouvķ=ou;Š-lrѴ;ĸv;;;Š-lrѴ;v bm |_; "†rrou|bm] m=oul-|bomőĺ †u ];m;u-Ѵ blrѴ;l;m|-|bom -m7 |_; _b;u-u1_b1-Ѵ m-|†u; o= ( -Ѵvo -ѴѴo‰ lo7;Ѵv o|_;u |_-m |_; moul-Ѵ7bv|ub0†|bom=oubm|u-vr;1b=b1ˆ-ub-|bomŐv;;;Š-lrѴ;vbm|_; "†rrou|bm]m=oul-|bomőĺ);ruoˆb7;m;‰=;-|†u;vv†1_-vlo7;Ѵ 1olr-ubvom l;|_o7vķ mo‰ 0-v;7 om =-v|;u -m7 lou; -11†u-|; -Ѵ]oub|_lv Őv|;rrbm]Ŋv|om; v-lrѴbm] bmv|;-7 o= |_;ulo7‹m-lb1 bm|;]u-|bomķ*b;ķ;‰bvķ -mķ†oķş_;mķƑƏƐƐőķ-m7†|bѴb|‹=†m1-|bomv ‰b|_ rѴo||bm] -m7 v†ll-u‹ 1-r-0bѴb|b;vĺ bm-ѴѴ‹ķ |_; m;‰R

ˆ;uvbom o= |_; ( lo7;Ѵ blruoˆ;v om |_; oub]bm-Ѵ blrѴ;l;m|--|bom0‹0;bm]lou;†v;uŊ=ub;m7Ѵ‹-m7-11;vvb0Ѵ;|_uo†]_|_;! u;rovb|ou‹ĺ

$_; l†Ѵ|bŊrѴ-|=oul u;Ѵ;-v; -ѴѴo‰v †v;uv |o |u‹ -Ѵ|;um-|bˆ; -r-ruo-1_;v 7;r;m7bm] om |_;bu =-lbѴb-ub|‹ ‰b|_ ;-1_ rѴ-|=oulķ -m7 |_; =oul-| -m7 vbŒ; o= |_; 7-|- v;|v bm _-m7 Ő b]†u; Ɛőĺ †u m;‰ blrѴ;l;m|-|bom o= ( bm |_; "$ Ƒ =u-l;‰ouh l-h;v b| rov- vb0Ѵ;|o†v;o|_;u7-|-v†1_-vloѴ;1†Ѵ-u-Ѵb]ml;m|v-m7=ovvbѴo1-1†uu;m1;v|o];|_;u‰b|_1om|bm†o†v|u-b|7-|-bmfobm|bm=;u;m1;vo= vr;1b;v|u;;v-m7(r-u-l;|;uvĺ$_;(lo7;Ѵ1-m0;;lrѴo‹;7

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); blrѴ;l;m|;7 7b==;u;m| l;|_o7v |o -ѴѴo‰ =ou 1_-m];v bm ;ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹ r-u-l;|;uv -1uovv |_; 0u-m1_;v o= |_; |u;;ĺ m |_;

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|_; o0v;uˆ;7 bmˆ;uv; ;u]l-mŝv 1Ѵbm;v bm |_bv 1Ѵ-7; Ő†ोoŒ ;| -Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓőķ ‰_;u; -m bm|;uvr;1b=b1 1Ѵbm; bm 0o7‹ vbŒ; ‰-v b7;m|b=b;7 bm bvr-mboѴ-‰_bѴ;-mbm|u-vr;1b=b11Ѵbm;‰-vb7;m|b=b;7bm†0-ĺ;u;ķ |_;v|;;r|oro]u-r_‹o=bvr-mboѴ-lb]_|_-ˆ;u;7†1;7;Š1_-m];v 0;|‰;;mror†Ѵ-|bomv-m7v†0v;t†;m|Ѵ‹1olr;|b|bomĺ1oѴo]b1-Ѵu;- Ѵ;-v;|_;ou‹rovb|v|_-||_;u;-u;v;ˆ;u-Ѵr_-v;v|o-7-r|bˆ;u-7b--|bomŐ1h;ul-mmş o;0;ѴbķƑƏƏƓĸ]†bѴ࣐;;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѶĸom|-urş ;|1_;‹ķƑƏƐѶőĺ=buv|r_-v;ķ7olbm-|;70‹7bvu†r|bˆ;1olr;|b|bomķ bm1u;-v;v bm|u-vr;1b=b1 ˆ-ub-|bom ŐoѴmb1hķ ƑƏƏƐőķ ‰_bѴ; - v;1om7 r_-v;ķ7olbm-|;70‹bm|;uvr;1b=b17;mvb|‹;==;1|vķ|ub]];uvvr;1b-Ѵ-bŒ-|bom-m77;1u;-v;vbm|u-vr;1b=b1ˆ-ub-|bomĺ$_;v|;;r|oro]u-r_‹ o=bvr-mboѴ-l-‹_-ˆ;u;7†1;7|_;bm=Ѵ†;m1;o=bm|;uvr;1b=b17;m- vb|‹;==;1|v-vorrov;7|o†0-ķ‰_;u;|_;Ѵ;vv=u-]l;m|;7|oro]-u-r_‹ lb]_| _-ˆ; |ub]];u;7 1olr;|b|bom 0;|‰;;m Anolis vr;1b;vķ bm7†1bm]mb1_;r-u|b|bombm]ĺ$_†vķ7bˆ;u];m1;ombm|u-vr;1b=b1ˆ-ub--|bom0;|‰;;msagrei and cybotes1Ѵ-7;vlb]_|1ol;=uol|_;7b=-=;u;m|v|-];vo=-7-r|bˆ;u-7b-|bom|_;‹-u;=-1bm]7†;|oro]u-r_b1 ˆ-ub-|bom0;|‰;;mbvѴ-m7vĺ

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ĺĺĺ ‰-v v†rrou|;7 0‹ -uv7;m ]u-m| ƐѵŊ&ŊƑƕƕĺ ĺ"ĺ u;-1;bˆ;7 =†m7bm] =uol |_; "‰bvv -|bom-Ѵ "1b;m1; o†m7-|bom Ő ƒōƐѶƕƏƐƑĸ ŊƐƕƓƖő-m7=uol|_;"‰;7bv_!;v;-u1_o†m1bѴ Ő(!Ĺ ƑƏƐƖŊƏƓƕƒƖőĺ ĺ"ĺ u;1;bˆ;7 =†m7bm] =uol |_; "‰bvv -|bom-Ѵ "1b;m1; o†m7-|bom ŐƒƐƏƏƒƏŊƐѶƔƑƑƒő -m7 =uol |_; &mbˆ;uvb|‹ o= -†v-mm;ĺ);|_-mh|_;1olr†|bm]bm=u-v|u†1|†u;o=|_;&mbˆ;uvb|‹ o=-†v-mm;=ou-11;vv|o1olr†|bm]1Ѵ†v|;uvĺ

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1†uˆ;ő1Ѵ-7;v†m7;u|_;0;v|lo7;ѴŐlŊˆ&őĺŐ0őov|;ubou ;v|bl-|;vo=|_;or|bl-Ѵˆ-ub-m1;=ouļ1‹0o|;vĽŐθőˆ;uv†vļv-]u;bĽ Őθő1Ѵ-7;v†m7;u|_;0;v|lo7;ѴŐlŊˆ&őĺ);v;;|_-||_;u; bvmo1Ѵ;-uv†rrou|=ouθ > θ   & !   Ɣ Պ -Šbl†lŊ1u;7b0bѴb|‹Anolis|u;;;v|bl-|;7=uol loѴ;1†Ѵ-u-m7bm|;u-m7bm|u-vr;1b=b11om|bm†o†v|u-b|7-|- Նvbm]"$Ƒőĺo7;v-u;1oѴou;7-11ou7bm]|o|u-b|ˆ-ub-m1; l;-mrov|;ubouruo0-0bѴb|b;vo=θķ†m7;u|_;ˆ&lo7;Ѵĺ-uv 1ouu;vrom7|oƖƔѷ_b]_;v|rov|;ubou7;mvb|‹bm|;uˆ-Ѵv=ou7bˆ;u];m1; |bl;vķ-m7m†l0;uvm;Š||omo7;v|orov|;ubou1Ѵ-7;ruo0-0bѴb|b;v A. ahli A. allogus A. armouri A. cybotes A. homolechis A. jubar A. longitibialis A. marcanoi A. mestrei A. ophiolepis A. quadriocellifer A. rubribarbus A. sagrei A. shrevei A. strahmi A. whitemani 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.98 1 1 1 1 1 1 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 θ : optimal log(variance) Q. Neogene Paleogene 0 2.6 23 45.6 Age (myr)

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1h;ul-mmķ ĺķ ş o;0;Ѵbķ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƓőĺ ˆoѴ†|bom o= mb1_; ‰b7|_ -m7 -7-r|bˆ; 7bˆ;uvb=b1-|bomĺ Evolutionķ 58ŐƐƑőķ ƑƔƖƖŋƑѵƐƑĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƔƔƓņƏƓŊƑƓƓ ]†bѴ࣐;ķ!ĺķ-v1†;Ѵķ ĺķ-l0;u|ķĺķş ;uub;u;ķ!ĺŐƑƏƐѶőĺѴ-7;7bˆ;u-vb=b1-|bom7‹m-lb1v-m7|_;0bo|b1-m7-0bo|b11om|uoѴvo=vr;1b-|bom -m7;Š|bm1|bomu-|;vĺNature Communicationsķ9ŐƐőķƒƏƐƒĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƒѶņvƓƐƓѵƕŊƏƐѶŊƏƔƓƐƖŊƕ -ub7oŊ"o||-mbķĺķo঍hoˆ࢙ķ(ĺķ †Ѵ;vvbvķĺķু_m;u|ķ ĺķ-uv|;mķĺķ b|oˆķ (ĺķ Ļ "|-7Ѵ;uķ $ĺ ŐƑƏƐƕőĺ $-lbm] |_; "$ ŋ  1oll†mb|‹ |;-1_bm]l-|;ub-Ѵu;vo†u1;=ou"$ƑĺSystematic Biologyķ67ķƐƕƏŋ ƐƕƓĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņv‹v0boņv‹ŠƏѵƏ

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oѴmb1hķ ĺĺķm]u-lķ$ĺķ"|†|Œķ)ĺĺķ"mo‰0;u]ķĺĺķ-†ķĺĺķş-†ѴѴķĺ "ĺŐƑƏƐƏőĺ1oѴo]b1-Ѵu;Ѵ;-v;=uolbm|;uvr;1b=b11olr;|b|bomѴ;-7v|o7;-1o†rѴ;71_-m];vbmror†Ѵ-|bom-m7bm7bˆb7†-Ѵmb1_;‰b7|_ĺProceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciencesķ 277ŐƐѵѶƖőķ ƐƕѶƖŋƐƕƖƕĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖѶņuvr0ĺƑƏƐƏĺƏƏƐѶ

o†1h-;u|ķ!ĺķ(-†]_-mķ$ĺĺķ-ub7oŊ"o||-mbķĺķ †1_࣑m;ķ"ĺķ o†ul;m|ķ ĺķ -ˆu‹†v_hbm-ķ ĺķ Ļ -|v1_bm;uķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƖőĺ "$ ƑĺƔĹ m -7-ˆ-m1;7 vo=|‰-u; rѴ-|=oul =ou -‹;vb-m ;ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹ -m-Ѵ‹vbvĺ PLoS Computational Biologyķ15ķ;ƐƏƏѵѵƔƏĺ

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†7-ķ$ĺ ĺĺķş;;ķ$ĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺ1oѴo]b1-Ѵu;Ѵ;-v;-m7ˆ;mol;ˆoѴ†|bomo= -ru;7-|ou‹l-ubm;vm-bѴ-|-v|;uvѴ-m7ĺPLoS ONEķ4ŐƔőķƐŋƕĺ -v|l-mķĺĺķѴ=-uoķĺĺķo‹1;ķĺķbrrķĺĺķş-ulomķĺĺŐƑƏƐƐőĺ

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;Ѵv;mv|;bmķ ĺ ŐƐƖѶƔőĺ _‹Ѵo];mb;v -m7 |_; 1olr-u-|bˆ; l;|_o7ĺ The American Naturalistķ125ŐƐőķƐŋƐƔĺ

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1omv;t†;m1;v=ou|_;;ˆoѴ†|bomo=r_;mo|‹rb17bˆ;uvb|‹ĺFrontiers in Physicsķ5ķƐŋƕĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƒƒѶƖņ=r_‹ĺƑƏƐƕĺƏƏƏƐѵ

;ou];ķ ĺ ĺķ ş 1†ѴѴo1_ķ !ĺ ĺ ŐƐƖƖƒőĺ (-ub-0Ѵ; v;Ѵ;1|bom ˆb- b00v v-lrѴbm]ĺJournal of the American Statistical Associationķ88ķѶѶƐŋѶѶƖĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏѶƏņƏƐѵƑƐƓƔƖĺƐƖƖƒĺƐƏƓƕѵƒƔƒ

oo7ķĺĺķ-u|bvķ"ĺķş-ѴѴ-|v1_;hķĺŐƑƏƐѶőĺ7-r|-|bomѴblb|v;1o-Ѵo]b1-Ѵ 7bˆ;uvb=b1-|bom -m7 ruolo|;v ;1ooo7ķĺĺķ-u|bvķ"ĺķş-ѴѴ-|v1_;hķĺŐƑƏƐѶőĺ7-r|-|bomѴblb|v;1o-Ѵo]b1-Ѵ |bmh;ubm] 7†ubm] |_; 1olr;|b|bom =ou v†0v|b|†|-0Ѵ; u;vo†u1;vĺ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americaķ115ŐƓƓőķ ƐƏƓƏƕŋƐƏƓƐѵĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƕƒņrm-vĺƐѶƏƕƔƒƏƐƐƔ

-mv;mķ$ĺ ĺķş-u|bmvķĺĺŐƐƖƖѵőĺ$u-mvѴ-|bm]0;|‰;;mlb1uo;ˆoѴ†-|bom-u‹ ruo1;vv -m7 l-1uo;ˆoѴ†-mv;mķ$ĺ ĺķş-u|bmvķĺĺŐƐƖƖѵőĺ$u-mvѴ-|bm]0;|‰;;mlb1uo;ˆoѴ†-|bom-u‹ r-||;umvĹ $_; 1ouu;Ѵ-|bom v|u†1|†u;o=bm|;uvr;1b=b17-|-ĺEvolutionķ50ŐƓőķƐƓƏƓŋƐƓƐƕĺ_||rvĹņņ 7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƑƒƏƕņƑƓƐƏѶƕѶ

-ulomķ ĺ ĺķ ş ovovķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƔőĺ $_; ;==;1| o= bm|u-vr;1b=b1 v-lrѴ; vbŒ;om|‹r;-m7|‹r;;uuouu-|;vbm1olr-u-|bˆ;v|†7b;vĺEvolutionķ 59ŐƐƑőķƑƕƏƔŋƑƕƐƏĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƔƔƓņƏƔŊƑƑƓĺƐ

-ulomķĺĺķ);buķĺ$ĺķuo1hķĺ ĺķѴouķ!ĺĺķş_-ѴѴ;m];uķ)ĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺ !Ĺmˆ;v|b]-|bm];ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹u-7b-|bomvĺBioinformaticsķ24ŐƐőķ ƐƑƖŋƐƒƐĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņ0bobm=oul-|b1vņ0|lƔƒѶ or‰oo7ķĺĺķoou;ķĺĺķ$u;];mŒ-ķ$ĺķş!o‹Ѵ;ķĺĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺb1_; ˆ-ub-|bom-m7|_;l-bm|;m-m1;o=ˆ-ub-|bomĺEcological Entomologyķ41ķ ƖѵŋƐƏƓĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņ;;mĺƐƑƑƕƔ †;Ѵv;m0;1hķ ĺ ĺķ b;Ѵv;mķ !ĺķ oѴѴ0-1hķ ĺ ĺķ ş "1_†Ѵ|Œķ $ĺ ŐƑƏƏƒőĺ "|o1_-v|b1l-rrbm]o=lour_oѴo]b1-Ѵ1_-u-1|;uvĺSystematic Biologyķ 52ŐƑőķƐƒƐŋƐƔѶĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏѶƏņƐƏѵƒƔƐƔƏƒƖƏƐƖƑƕѶƏ ˆ;vķ ĺ !ĺķ b7=ou7ķ ĺ ĺķ ş -uѴ-m7ķ $ĺ ŐƑƏƏƕőĺ )b|_bmŊvr;1b;v

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;==u;‹vķĺŐƐƖƒƔőĺ"ol;|;v|vo=vb]mb=b1-m1;ķ|u;-|;70‹|_;|_;ou‹o=ruo0--0bѴb|‹ĺMathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Societyķ 31ŐƑőķƑƏƒŋƑƑƑĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƐƕņvƏƒƏƔƏƏƓƐƏƏƏƐƒƒƏŠ -vvķ!ĺĺķş!-=|;u‹ķĺĺŐƐƖƖƔőĺ-‹;v=-1|ouv-m7lo7;Ѵ†m1;u|-bm|‹ĺ

Journal of the American Statistical Associationķ90ŐƓƒőķƕƕƒŋƕƖƔĺ ov|bhoˆ-ķĺķ"bѴˆ;v|uoķ ĺķ;-ul-mķĺĺķş"-Ѵ-lbmķĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺub7]bm] bm|;uŊ-m7bm|u-vr;1b=b1|u-b|;ˆoѴ†|bom‰b|_-_b;u-u1_b1-Ѵ-‹;vb-m-r-ruo-1_ĺSystematic Biologyķ65ŐƒőķƓƐƕŋƓƒƐĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņ v‹v0boņv‹‰ƏƐƏ -m7bvķĺĺķ"1_u-b0;uķĺĺķşb-m]ķĺŐƑƏƐƒőĺ_‹Ѵo];m;|b1-m-Ѵ‹vbv †vbm]࣐ˆ‹ruo1;vv;vĹ bm7bm]f†lrvbm|_;;ˆoѴ†|bomo=1om|bm†o†v |u-b|vĺ Systematic Biologyķ 62ŐƑőķ ƐƖƒŋƑƏƓĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņ v‹v0boņv‹vƏѶѵ

-u|bѴѴo|ķ ĺķ _bѴbrr;ķ ĺķ ş ;‰bvķ ĺ ŐƑƏƏѵőĺ olr†|bm] -‹;v =-1|ouv †vbm]|_;ulo7‹m-lb1bm|;]u-|bomĺSystematic Biologyķ55ŐƑőķƐƖƔŋƑƏƕĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏѶƏņƐƏѵƒƔƐƔƏƔƏƏƓƒƒƕƑƑ

ovovķ ĺ ĺķ ş !b1hѴ;=vķ !ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƖőĺ 7-r|-|bom -m7 7bˆ;uvb=b1-|bom om bvѴ-m7vĺNatureķ457ķѶƒƏŋѶƒѵĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƒѶņm-|†u;ƏƕѶƖƒ ‹m1_ķ ĺ ŐƐƖƖƐőĺ ;|_o7v =ou |_; -m-Ѵ‹vbv o= 1olr-u-|bˆ; 7-|- bm ;ˆo-Ѵ†|bom-u‹0boѴo]‹ĺEvolutionķ45ķƐƏѵƔŋƐƏѶƏĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƑƒƏƕņ 2409716

-1u|_†uķ!ĺŐƐƖѵƔőĺ-||;umvo=vr;1b;v7bˆ;uvb|‹ĺBiological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Societyķ40ŐƓőķƔƐƏŋƔƒƒĺ

-77bvomķ )ĺ ĺķ ş b|Œfo_mķ !ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƔőĺ $_; †mvoѴˆ;7 1_-ѴѴ;m]; |o r_‹Ѵo];m;|b11ouu;Ѵ-|bom|;v|v=ou1-|;]oub1-Ѵ1_-u-1|;uvĺSystematic Biologyķ64ŐƐőķƐƑƕŋƐƒѵĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņv‹v0boņv‹†ƏƕƏ -_Ѵ;uķ ĺĺķ!;ˆ;ѴѴķĺĺķѴouķ!ĺĺķşovovķĺĺŐƑƏƐƏőĺ1oѴo]b1-Ѵor- rou|†mb|‹-m7|_;u-|;o=lour_oѴo]b1-Ѵ;ˆoѴ†|bombm|_;7bˆ;uvb=b1--|bomo=]u;-|;um|bѴѴ;-m-moѴ;vĺEvolutionķ64ŐƖőķƑƕƒƐŋƑƕƓƔĺ_||rvĹņņ 7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņfĺƐƔƔѶŊƔѵƓѵĺƑƏƐƏĺƏƐƏƑѵĺŠ ;m7;vķ ĺ ĺķ †;m|;vŊomŒ࢙Ѵ;Œķ ĺ ĺķ "1_u-b0;uķ ĺķ ş -_mķ ĺ )ĺ ŐƑƏƐѶőĺl†Ѵ|bvr;1b;v1o-Ѵ;v1;m|lo7;Ѵ=out†-m|b|-|bˆ;|u-b|vĺeLifeķ ;ƒѵƓƓѶƑĺ ;m7;vķ ĺĺķş-_mķĺ)ĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ;m;|u;;7bv1ou7-m1;1-m1-†v; -rr-u;m|v†0v|b|†|bomu-|;ˆ-ub-|bomĺSystematic Biologyķ65ķƕƐƐŋƕƑƐĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņv‹v0boņv‹‰ƏƐѶ ;m7;vķ ĺ ĺķ ş -_mķ ĺ )ĺ ŐƑƏƐѶőĺ )_‹ 1om1-|;m-|bom =-bѴv m;-u |_; -mol-Ѵ‹ Œom;ĺ Systematic Biologyķ 67ķ ƐƔѶŋƐѵƖĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺ ou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņv‹v0boņv‹ŠƏѵƒ

†ोoŒķĺĺķ);];m;uķĺĺķşѴ]-uķĺĺŐƑƏƐƓőĺ -|-=uolĹ&m|-m]Ѵbm] bm|u-Ŋ-m7bm|;uvr;1b=b1;==;1|vom0o7‹vbŒ;1Ѵbm;vu;ˆ;-Ѵv7bˆ;u];m| ruo1;vv;v v|u†1|†ubm] 1omˆ;u];m| r-||;umv bm Anolis ѴbŒ-u7vĺ Dryad Digital Repositoryķ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƔƏѵƐņ7u‹-7ĺtƒƖ_Ƒ

]bѴˆb;ķĺĺķo†1h-;u|ķ!ĺ!ĺķş u†llom7ķĺĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺ"|-u"$Ƒ 0ubm]v=-v|;uvr;1b;v|u;;bm=;u;m1;-m7-11†u-|;;v|bl-|;vo=v†0v|b-|†|bomu-|;vĺMolecular Biology and Evolutionķ34ķƑƐƏƐŋƑƐƐƓĺ_||rvĹņņ 7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņloѴ0;ˆņlvŠƐƑѵ

-u-7bvķ ĺķ ş "1_Ѵb;rķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƖőĺ -r; ƔĺƏĹ m ;mˆbuoml;m| =ou lo7;um r_‹Ѵo];m;|b1v -m7 ;ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹ -m-Ѵ‹v;v bm !ĺ Bioinformaticsķ 35Őƒőķ ƔƑѵŋƔƑѶĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņ0bobm=oul-|b1vņ0|‹ѵƒƒ ;mm;ѴѴķĺ)ĺķ-v|l-mķĺĺķ"Ѵ-|;uķĺĺķuo‰mķĺ)ĺķ&‹;7-ķĺĺķ b|Œo_mķ !ĺĺķĻ-ulomķĺĺŐƑƏƐƓőĺ];b];uˆƑĺƏĹm;Šr-m7;7v†b|;o=l;|_o7v =ou=b||bm]l-1uo;ˆoѴ†|bom-u‹lo7;Ѵv|or_‹Ѵo];m;|b1|u;;vĺBioinformaticsķ 30ķƑƑƐѵŋƑƑƐѶĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņ0bobm=oul-|b1vņ0|†ƐѶƐ ;mm;ѴѴķĺ)ĺķş-ulomķĺĺŐƑƏƐƒőĺmbm|;]u-|bˆ;ˆb;‰o=r_‹Ѵo];m;|b1 1olr-u-|bˆ;l;|_o7vĹomm;1|bomv|oror†Ѵ-|bom];m;|b1vķ1oll†mb|‹ ;1oѴo]‹ķ-m7r-Ѵ;o0boѴo]‹ĺAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciencesķ 1289ŐƐőķƖƏŋƐƏƔĺ_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƒƓƐƏņ=ĺƕƐѶƏƑƑƏƏƔĺƕƖƒƓƕƖƏѶѶ Ѵ†ll;uķĺķ;v|ķĺķo‰Ѵ;vķĺķş(bm;vķĺŐƑƏƏѵőĺ Ĺomˆ;u];m1;

7b-]movbv-m7o†|r†|-m-Ѵ‹vbv=ouĺR Newsķ6ŐƐőķƕŋƐƐĺ o;ķ "ĺķ b;|oŊom|;v 7; 1-ķ ĺķ $ouu;vŊ1-uˆ-f-Ѵķ ĺķ ; †;buoŒķ ĺķ

(;Ѵ-v1oķ ĺ ĺķ $u†;||ķ ĺķ Ļ -|;ѴѴ-ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƕőĺ  r_‹Ѵo];m;|b1ķ 0bo-];o]u-r_b1ķ -m7 |-Šomolb1 v|†7‹ o= -ѴѴ ;Š|-m| vr;1b;v o= Anolis Ő"t†-l-|-ĸ ]†-mb7-;őĺ Systematic Biologyķ 66ŐƔőķ ѵѵƒŋѵƖƕĺ _||rvĹņņ 7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖƒņv‹v0boņv‹ŠƏƑƖ

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciencesķ 285ŐƐѶƖƒőĺ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƖѶņuvr0ĺƑƏƐѶĺƑѵƏƒ

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