Terminal Emulation Manual

AA-P696A-TV

RainbowTM

100

Terminal Emulation Manual

First Printing, March 1983

© Digital Equipment Corporation 1983. All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.

!

The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such license.

No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

CP/M®, CP/M®-80 and CP/M®-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc.

Z80@ is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc.

8088" is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation.

The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

~D~DDmDTM

DEC MASS BUS UNIBUS

DECmate PDP VAX

DECsystem-10 P/OS VMS

DECSYSTEM-20 Professional VT

DECUS Rainbow Work Processor

DECwriter RSTS

DIBOL RSX

The postage-prepaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last page of this document requests the user's critical evaluation to assist us in preparing future documentation.

Printed in U.S.A.

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

CONTENTS

TRANSMITTED CHARACTERS INTRODUCTION • • • • . STANDARD KEYS • • • .

Cursor Control Keys Control Character Keys • FUNCTION KEYS • • • • • • . •

Break

NUMERIC KEYPAD KEYS

RECEIVED CHARACTER PROCESSING GENERAL • . • • • • • • • • • RECEIVED CHARACTERS • • • • • CONSOLE MODE TABLES

DISPLAY CHARACTERS • • CONTROL CHARACTERS •

ESCAPE AND CONTROL SEQUENCES

Error Recovery • • • • • . • • • • ANSI-Compatible Sequences • . • •

Set-Up Feature and Mode Selection • • • • ANSI/VT52 Compatibility

Scrolling • • • • • Scrolling Region • Origin • • • • • • . Cursor Positioning • Columns Per Line • Auto Wrap • . • •

Screen Background . • • • Line Feed/New Line •

Keyboard Action

Auto Repeat • • • • . . • • • . • Local Echo (Keyboard Send-Receive) Cursor Key Character Selection Keypad Character Selection • • Character Sets and Selection • Character Attributes

Tab Stops

Line Attributes Erasing • • . •

1 . 1 2 3 5 5 7

9 9 9 12 12 13 14 17 17 21 21 22 22 23 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 31 36 37 37 38

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C

CONTENTS (Cont.)

VT52-Compatible Sequences • • • • Modes • • • • • • • • •

ANSI/VT52 Compatibility • • • • Cursor Positioning • • •

Keypad Character Selection • Character Sets and Selection • Erasing . . . .

Printing in Terminal Mode • • • • • Reports • • . •

PROGRAMMING SUMMARY GENERAL

CONTROL FUNCTIONS (SEQUENCE FORMATS) GENERAL

Control Functions • • • • • Escape and Control Sequences •

Escape Sequence Introducer • Intermediate Characters Final Character • • • • • Control Sequence Format

Control Sequence Introducer Parameter Characters • • Intermediate Characters Final Character

RAINBOW 100 COMPUTER AND VT100 TERMINAL FAMILY DIFFERENCES

44 44 44 45 46 48 49 50 51

52

61 61 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 67

DEC'S MULTINATIONAL 8-BIT CHARACTER 68

8-BIT CHARACTER CODES • • • • 68

Cl CONTROL CODES • • • • • • • • • 68 KEYBOARD AND 8-BIT KEY CODES • • 68 KEYBOARD COMPOSE KEY • • . • • . • 69 KEYBOARD CONTROL CODE GENERATION • 69 SET-UP PURGING KEYBOARD BUFFER • • 69 WAIT INDICATOR • • • . • . • 69 KEYBOARD PRINT SCREEN KEY IN TERMINAL MODE 69 KEYBOARD HOLD-SCREEN KEY • • . • • • • • • • 69 KEYBOARD CURSOR KEY MODES • • • • • • • • • 70 PRINTER CHARACTER SETS IN TERMINAL MODE 70 PRINTING BLOB CHARACTERS IN TERMINAL MODE 70 PRINTER PORT DEFAULTS • • • . • . . • • • 70 PRINT CURSOR LINE OPERATION IN TERMINAL MODE • 70 PRINTER PORT STATUS REQUEST IN TERMINAL MODE • 71 TERMINAL ID • • . • • • • . • • • . . • • • 71 INSERT AND DELETE LINE ESCAPE SEQUENCES • • • • • 71 ALTERNATE ROM CHARACTER SETS • • • • • • 71 ALTERNATE ROM AND LED ESCAPE SEQUENCES • 71 G2 AND G3 CHARACTER SETS • • . • • . . • • • • • • 71

APPENDIX D

FIGURE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

CONTENTS (Cont.)

INSERT AND REPLACE MODES • 72

SELFTEST ESCAPE SEQUENCES 72

RESET TO INITIAL STATE • • • • • • • • • • . 72 VT52 MODE AND ORIGIN MODE • • • . 72 AUTOWRAP MODE • • • • • • . • • • • 72 TAB AND AUTO WRAP • • • • • • • • • 73 DISABLE CURSOR AND ENABLE CURSOR FIRMWARE FUNCTIONS 73 XON/XOFF PROTOCOL AND BUFFER SIZE IN TERMINAL MODE 73 FULL DUPLEX COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL IN TERMINAL MODE 73 HALF DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SUPPORT IN TERMINAL MODE 73 INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE KEYBOARDS

FIGURES

Standard Key Codes • 1

Editing and Cursor Keys • • • • • • • • • • • • 2

Function Keys • • • •

Standard Key Codes • • • • • • • • LK201-AE British Keyboard • • • • • •

LK201-AA American (English) Keyboard • • • • • LK201-AC Canadian (French) Keyboard • • • • • LK20i-AD Danish Keyboard • • • • • • • • • • . LK201-AF Finnish Keyboard • • • • • • . • • . LK201-AG Austrian/German Keyboard

LK201-AH Dutch Keyboard • • • • • • • •

LK201-AI Italian Keyboard • • • • • • • • • LK2QI-AK Swiss (French) Keyboard • • • • • • LK201-AL Swiss (German) Keyboard • • • • • • • • • LK201-AM Swedish Keyboard • • • •

L~201-AN Norwegian Keyboard • • • • • • • • • LK201-AP Belgian/French Keyboard • • . . • • . LK201-AT Flemish Keyboard • • • • • • • • • LK201-AS Spanish Keyboard • • • • • • •

• 5 52 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 77 77 77 78 78 78 79

TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

CONTENTS (Cont.)

TABLES

Rainbow 100 Editing and Cursor Keys • • • • • • • • 2 Cursor Control Key Codes • • • • • • • • • 3

Control .CQdes Generated • • 4

Rainbow 100 Key Changes • • • • • • • 5 Rainbow 100 Function Keys • • • • • • 6 Keypad Codes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 7-bit US/UK ASCII Characters • • 10 a-bit Control and Displayable Characters • • • 11 Control Characters Recognized by Rainbow 100

Computer • • • • • • • • • • Escape and Control Sequences • • Set-Up Features and Modes

ANSI-Specified Modes • • • • • • ANSI-Compatible Private Modes

Permanently Selected Modes • • • Line feed/New Line Feature • • • ANSI Cursor Control Key Codes ANSI Keypad Codes • • • • • • •

7~bit US/UK ASCII Characters • • •

8-bit Control and Displayable Characters • • • • • Special Characters and Line Drawing Character Set VT52 Keypad Codes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Special Characters and Line Drawing Set and VT52 Graphics Mode Comparison • • • • • • • •

US/UK ASCII Characters • • • • • • • • •

Control and Displayable Characters • • • • • • • • Special Characters and Line Drawing Set • • • • •

12 15 18 19 19 20 27 29 30 33 34 35 47 49 62 63 64

PREFACE

INTENDED READER

This guide assumes you are an application programmer.

The information in this guide describes escape sequences and codes used by the Rainbow 100's terminal emulation.

GUIDE ORGANIZATION

Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D .

shows the characters transmitted by each terminal key.

describes how the terminal processes received characters. It also describes the use of control functions. Control functions c~nt~ol the display, processing, and transmission of characters received by the terminal. The application programmer uses the chapter when creating applications software for the terminal.

summarizes the character codes and control functions used to program the terminal.

describes the ANSI code extension techniques used to create escape and control sequences.

describes the differences between the Rainbow 100 computer and a VTI02 terminal.

contains the international language keyboards

CHAPTER 1

TRANSMITTED CHARACTERS

INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the characters generated by the Rainbow 100 keyboard. The keys are divided into four groups: standard keys, editing and cursor keys, function keys, and numeric keypad keys.

A distinction is also made between console mode and terminal mode on the Rainbow 100 computer.

STANDARD KEYS

The keyboard generates American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) characters. The standard keys (Figure 1) generate lowercase ASCII characters when neither Shift nor Lock is down. These keys generate uppercase ASCII characters when either Shift or Lock is down. Lock does not affect the nona1phabetic keys.

Ctrl

Figure 1: Standard Key Codes

Editing and Cu~sor Keys

MA-9589

Figure 2: Editing and Cursor Keys Table 1: Rainbow 100 Editing and Cursor Keys

Key Characters Generated

Find ESC ^{1 -}

Insert Here ESC 2 -

Remove ESC 3 -

Select ESC 4

-

Prev Screen ESC 5 - Next Screen ESC 6

-

Up Arrow ESC A

Down Arrow ESC ^B

Right Arrow ESC C

Left Arrow ESC D

Cursor Control Keys

In ANSI mode the cursor keys generate either application or cursor control sequences. Cursor key mode selects the type of sequence.

The cursor keys generate ANSI cursor commands. The computer selects both cursor key mode and keypad mode. See Cursor Key Character Selection in Chapter 2 for more information.

In VT52 mode, the sequences. Table characters.

cursor keys only generate VT52 cursor control 2 lists the ANSI and VT52 compatible cursor key

Table 2: Cursor Control Key Codes

ANSI Mode VTS2 Mode

Cursor Key Cursor Key Cursor Keys Mode Reset Mode Set

ESC ^[ A ESC 0 A ESC A 033 133 101 033 117 101 033 101 ESC ^[ B ESC 0 B ESC B 033 133 102 033 117 102 033 102 ESC ^[ C ESC 0 C ESC C

033 133 103 033 117 103 033 103 ESC [ D ESC 0 D ESC D 033 133 104 033 117 104 033 104

Control Character Keys

Table 3 lists the control characters generated ~y the keyboard. You can generate control characters in two ways.

• Hold down Ctrl and press any key in Table 3 under the Key Pressed column.

• Press any key in Table 3 under the Dedicated Key column.

These dedicated keys generate control characters without the use of Ctrl.

Different computer systems may use each control character differently.

NOTE

The Rainbow 100 computer generates some control characters differently than previous DIGITAL terminals. Table 4 lists the changes.

Control Character Null

Start of heading Start of text End of text

End of transmission Enquire

Acknowledge Bell

Back space

Table 3:

Horizontal tabulation Line Feed

Vertical tabulation Form feed

Carriage return Shift out Shift in

Data link escape Device control 1 Device control 2 Device control 3 Device control 4 Negative acknowledge Synchronous idle

End of transmission block

Control Codes Generated

Mnemonic NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ACK ENQ BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE DCl (XON) DC2 DC3 (XOFF) DC4 NAK SYN ETB

Transmitted Code (Octal) 000

001 002 003 004 005 006 007 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 Cancel previous word or character CAN 030

End of medium EM 031

Substitute SUB 032

**Escape ESC 033

**File separator FS 034

**Group separator GS 035

**Record separator RS 036

**Unit separator US 037

Delete DEL 177

Key Pressed Dedicated Key Space Bar

A B

C D E

F

G

H Back Space

I Tab

J Line Feed

K L

M Return*

N 0 P Q

R

S T

U

V W X Y Z

[ unshifted Escape / unshifted

J unshifted - shifted

? shifted

Delete

*In numeric keypad mode (application keypad mode off), you can change the Enter character code with the line feed/new line feature. When off, this feature causes Enter to generate a single control character (CR, octal 015). When on, this feature causes Enter to generate two characters (CR, octal 015 and LF, octal 012).

**Shift/unshift has an effect on these control characters.

Table 4 : Rainbow 100 Key Changes

Control Code VTI02 Previous Terminals Rainbow 100 Computer NUL (octal 000) Ctrl Space Bar Ctrl ^@ Ctrl Space Bar

RS (octal 036) Ctrl

-

Ctrl ^A Ctrl Shift - US (octal 037) Ctrl ? Ctrl - Ctrl Shift ?

ESC Ctrl ^[ Ctrl Unshifted ^[

FS Ctrl I Ctrl Unshifted I

GS Ctrl 1 Ctrl Unshifted 1

FUNCTION KEYS

The function keys (Figure 3) generate characters used by the computer software or communication system. The following paragraphs describe the function keys.

Break

In terminal mode this key generates a break defined by the computer system when the break enable feature is on. This feature does not affect other key sequences using Break.

Hold down Shift and press Break to generate a long break disconnect.

A long break disconnect usually disconnects the terminal from the communication line.

Hold down Ctrl and press Break to transmit the answerback message. In console node this key is not functional.

Figure 3: Function Keys

LJCJLJEJ [][]EJ[]

[][][]O [][][]D"'·

~D

MR-9590

Key F4

Interrupt Resume Cancel Main Screen Exit

(ESC)

(BS)

(LF)

Addtn1 Options Help

Do F17 F18 F19 F20 Compose

Table 5: Rainbow 100 Function Keys Characters Generated

ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC

BS

LF ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC

14 - 17 - 18 - 19 - 20 - 21 -

26 - 28 - 29 - 31 - 32 - 33 - 34 - 10 -

NOTE

The Compose key escape sequence is reserved for future use. Any software using this may not run on future operating systems and hardware.

NUMERIC KEYPAD KEYS

These keys generate characters selected by the ANSI/VT52 feature and alternate (application) keypad mode. The computer selects application keypad mode. See Keypad Character Selection in Chapter 2 for more information.

In numeric keypad mode, the numeric keypad generates the numeric, comma, period, and minus sign characters used by the main keyboard.

In application keypad mode, the numeric keypad generates escape sequences. Table 6 lists the characters generated by the numeric keypad.

Key

o

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Table 6: Keypad Codes ANSI Mode

Numeric Keypad Mode

o

060 1 061 2 062 3 063 4 064 5 065 6 066 7 067 8 070 9 071

Application Keypad Mode

ESC 0 P 033 117 160 ESC 0 q 033 117 161 ESC 0 r

033 117 162 ESC 0 s 033 117 163 ESC 0 t 033 117 164 ESC 0 u 033 117 165 ESC 0 v 033 117 166 ESC 0

w

033 117 167 ESC 0 x 033 117 170 ESC 0 Y 033 117 171

VT52 Mode

Numeric Application Keypad Mode Keypad Mode

o

060 1 060 2 062 3 063 4 064 5 065 6 066 7 067 8 070 9 071

ESC ? P 033 077 160 ESC ? q 033 077 161 ESC ? r 033 077 162 ESC ? s 033 077 163 ESC ? t 033 077 164 ESC ? u 033 077 165 ESC ? v 033 077 166

ESC? w

033 077 167 ESC ? x 033 077 170 ESC ? Y 033 077 171

Table 6 (Cont.): Keypad Codes ANSI Mode

Key

Numeric Keypad Mode -(minus) 055

,(comma) 054

• (period) 056

Enter+ CR or CR LF 015 015 012 PFI

PF2 PF3 PF4

ESC 033 ESC 033 ESC 033 ESC 033

o P 117 120

o Q 117 121

o

^R

117 122 o S 117 123

Application Keypad Mode ESC 0 m 033 117 155 ESC 0 1 033 117 154 ESC 0 n 033 117 156 ESC 0 M 033 117 115 ESC 0 P 033 117 120 ESC 0 Q 033 117 121 ESC 0 R 033 117 122 ESC 0 S 033 117 123

VT52 Mode

Numeric Application Keypad Mode Keypad Mode -(minus)

055 ,(comma) 054

• (period) 056

ESC ? m 033 077 155*

ESC ? 1 033 077 054*

ESC ? n 033 077 156 CR or CR LF ESC ? M 015 015 012 033 077 115 ESC

033 ESC 033 ESC 033 ESC 033

P 120

Q 121

R 122

S 123

ESC P 033 120 ESC Q 033 121 ESC R 033 122 ESC S 033 123*

*These sequences are not generated by the VT52 terminal.

+In numeric keypad mode (application keypad mode off), you can change the Enter character code with the line feed/new line feature. When off, this feature causes Enter to generate a single control character

(CR, octal 015). When on, this feature causes Enter to generate two characters (CR, octal 015 and LF, octal 012).

CHAPTER 2

RECEIVED CHARACTER PROCESSING

GENERAL

This chapter describes how the Rainbow 100 computer processes received characters. There are two types of received characters, display characters and control functions. The chapter covers all display characters and control functions used by the Rainbow 100 computer.

RECEIVED CHARACTERS

The Rainbow 100 computer processes characters according to American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards X3.64-l979, X3.4-l977, and X3.4l-l974. ANSI standard X3.4 defines the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). Table 7 shows each ASCII character with its binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal values.

ASCII corresponds to the International Standards Organization (ISO) Standard 646 and International Telegraph and Telephone Consultive Committee (CCITT) Alphabet 5.

The Rainbow 100 computer processes a received character based on character types defined by ANSI. Position in the ASCII table tells you whether a character is a control function or display character.

The ASCII table is 8 columns wide and 16 rows long. The control functions are in columns 0 and 1. The display characters are in columns 2 through 7. In addition to the characters shown in Table 7, the Rainbow 100 computer displays the 8-bit character shown in Table 8.

CONSOLE MODE TABLES

In terminal mode, however, it depends on the communication port's configurations. In order to correctly process the 8-bit characters in Table 8, you must have the communication port parameter set to 8 data bits. If it is set to 7 data bits the high order bit is set to zero and the character is processed as though in Table 7.

Table 7: 7-bit US/UK ASCII Characters

COLUMN 0 ¹ 2 3 4 5 6 7

b8 BITS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

b7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

roo-- ^b6 _{0 0} 1 1 0 0 1 1

b5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

ROW b4 b3 b2 bl

0 20 40 60 100 120

,

^{140 160}

0 ^{o 0 0 0} NUL ⁰ ₀ OLE ₁₀ ¹⁶ SP ³² ₂₀ 0 ⁴⁸ ₃₀ @ 64 P ^{80 96} P ¹¹²

40 50 60 70

1 DC1 ^{21 41 61 101 121 141 161}

1 ^{0 o 0 1} SOH ^{1 17} ! ^{33 1 49 A 65} Q ⁸¹ a ^{97 q 113}

1 IXONI

11 21 31 41 51 61 71

2 22 42 62 102 122 142 162

2 ^{o 0 1 0} STX ² ₂ DC2 ¹⁸ ₁₂

"

³⁴ ₂₂ ² ₃₂ ^{50 B 66} ₄₂ ^{R 82} ₅₂ ^{b 98} ₆₂ ^{r 114} ₇₂

3 DC3 ^{23 *# 43 63 103 123 143 163}

3 ^{o 0 1 1} ETX ^{3 19 35} 3 ⁵¹ C ⁶⁷ S ⁸³ C ⁹⁹ S ¹¹⁵

3 IXOFFI

13 ~£ 23 33 43 53 63 73

4 24 44 64 104 124 144 164

4 ^{0 1} o 0 EOT ⁴ DC4 ²⁰ $ ³⁶ 4 ⁵² 0 68 T ⁸⁴ d ¹⁰⁰ t 116

4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74

5 25 45 65 105 125 145 165

5 ^{0 1 0 1} ENQ ⁵ NAK ²¹ % ³⁷ 5 ⁵³ E ⁶⁹ U ⁸⁵ e ¹⁰¹ U ¹¹⁷

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

6 26 46 66 106 126 146 166

6 ^{0 1 1 0} ACK ⁶ SYN ²² & 38 6 ⁵⁴ F ⁷⁰ V ⁸⁶ f ¹⁰² V ¹¹⁸

6 16 26 36 46 56 66 76

7 27 47 67 107 127 147 167

7 ^{0 1 1 1} BEL 7 ₇ ETB ²³ ₁₇ ^{I 39} ₂₇ 7 ⁵⁵ G ⁷¹ W ⁸⁷ 9 ^{103 W 119}

37 47 57 67 77

10 30 50 70 110 130 150 170

8 ^{1 0 o 0} BS ⁸ CAN ^{24 ( 40} 8 ⁵⁶ _H ⁷² X ⁸⁸ h ¹⁰⁴ X ¹²⁰

8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78

11 31 51 71 111 131 151 171

9 ^{1 o 0 1} HT ⁹ EM ^{25 ) 41} 9 ⁵⁷ 1 ⁷³ Y ⁸⁹ i ¹⁰⁵ Y ¹²¹

9 19 29 39 49 59 69 79

12 32 52 72 112 132 152 172

10 ^{1 0 1 0} LF 10 ^A SUB ^{26 lA}

*

^{42 2A : 58 3A J 4A 74 Z 5A 90 ; 106 6A Z 122 7A}

13 33 53 73 113 133 153

{

¹⁷³

11 ^{1 o 1 1} VT 11 ESC ²⁷ + ⁴³ _; ⁵⁹ K ⁷⁵ [ ⁹¹ k ^{107 123}

8 18 28 38 48 58 6B 78

14 34 54 74 114 134 154 174

12 1 1 0 0 FF ¹² C FS ²⁸ lC , ⁴⁴ _2C

<

^{60 L 76}

,

92 1 ^lOB

I

¹²⁴

3C 4C 5C 6C 7C

15 35 55 75 115 135 155

}

¹⁷⁵

13 ^{11 o 1} CR ¹³ ₀ GS ²⁹ _1D

-

⁴⁵ ₂₀ = ⁶¹ ₃₀ ^M ₄₀ ⁷⁷

J

⁹³ ₅₀ ^{m 109} ₆₀ ¹²⁵ _7D

16 36 56 76 116

A ^{136 156}

-

¹⁷⁶

14 ^{1 1 1 0} SO 14 _E RS ³⁰ _IE ⁴⁶ _2E

>

⁶² _3E ^N _4E ⁷⁸ _5E ^{94 n 110} _6E ¹²⁶ _7E

17 37 57 77 117 137 157 177

15 1 1 1 1 SI ¹⁵ US ³¹ / ⁴⁷ ? ⁶³ 0 ^{79 95} 0 ¹¹¹ DEL ¹²⁷

F 1 F 2F 3F 4F

-

^5F 6F 7F

NOTE: DEPENDS ON THE CHARACTER SET SELECTED; U.S.-# U.K.-.I:

KEY

L

I

^G1CQQfS

I

r -

CO CODES--.j· .. · - - - ( A S C I I GRAPHICS)---l·

CHARACTER ESC ^{33 OCTAL}

27 DECIMAL 18 HEX

MR·9593

Table B: B-bit Control and Displayable Characters

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ^COLUMN

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b8

b7 BITS

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 b6

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 b5 10-

b4 b3 b2 b1 ROW

200 220

~

^{240 0 260}

^,

^{300 320}

^,

^{340 360}

128 ₈₀ 144 ₉₀ 160 _AD 176 _BO A ^{192 208} a ^{224 240 0 0 0 0 0}

CO DO EO FO

201 ^{129 81} 221 ^{145 91 i} 241 ^{161 Al}

^±

261 ^{177 Bl A}

,

^{301 193 Cl}

-

^{N 321 209 Dl}

^,

^{a 341 225 El}

-

^{n 361 241 Fl 0 0 0 1 1}

202 222 242 2 ²⁶²

"

³⁰²

^,

³²²

"

³⁴²

^,

³⁶²

130 146 4: ^{162 178} _A ¹⁹⁴ 0 ²¹⁰ a ²²⁶ 0 ^{242 0 0 1 0} 2

82 92 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2

203 ^{131 83} 223 ^{147 93 £} 243 ^{163 A3} 3 ^{263 179 B3}

-

^{A 303 195 C3 0}

^,

^{323 211 D3}

-

^{a 343 227 E3}

^,

^{0 363 243 F3 0 0 1 1 3}

204 224 244 264

•• ^{304 II 324 344 II 364}

INO ¹³² ₈₄ ¹⁴⁸ ₉₄ ¹⁶⁴ _A4 ¹⁸⁰ _{B4 A} ¹⁹⁶ _{C4 0} ²¹² _D4

a

²²⁸ _E4 ^{0 244} _F4 ^{0 1 0 0 4}

205 225 245 265 305

-

^{325 Ii 345}

^-

³⁶⁵

NEL ^{133 149} ~ ¹⁶⁵ ,.,. 181

A

¹⁹⁷ 0 ^{213 229 0 245 0 1 0 1} 5

85 95 A5 B5 C5 05 E5 F5

206 226 246

,-r ^{266 306} •• ^{326 346 366}

134 150 166 182 .E ¹⁹⁸ 0 ^{214 ail 230} '0 ^{246 0 1 1 0} 6

86 96 A6 B6 C6 D6 E6 F6

207 227 247 267

~ ^{307 327 347 367}

135 151 § ^{167 183 199} CE ²¹⁵ If ²³¹ oe ^{247 0 1 1 1} 7

87 97 A7 B7 C7 D7 E7 F7

210 230 250 270

,

^{310 330}

,

^{350 370}

HTS ^{136 152 ):( 168 184} E ^{200 (lj 216} e ²³²

"

^{248 1 0 0 0 8}

88 98 A8 B8 C8 D8 E8 F8

211 231

@ ^{251 1 271}

,

³¹¹

,

³³¹

,

³⁵¹

,

³⁷¹

9

137 ₈₉ 153 ₉₉ 169 _A9 185 _B9 E ²⁰¹ _C9 U ²¹⁷ _D9 e ²³³ _E9 u ²⁴⁹ _F9 ^{1 0 0 1}

212 232 i! ²⁵² Q ²⁷²

"

³¹²

^,

^{332 II 352}

^,

³⁷²

138 _8A 154 _9A 170 186 E ²⁰² U ²¹⁸ e ²³⁴ u ^{250 1 0 1 0} 10

AA 8A CA DA EA FA

213 233 253 273

•• ³¹³

"

^{333 353 II 373}

139 _8B CSI ¹⁵⁵ ₉₈ « ¹⁷¹ _AB » ¹⁸⁷ _{B8 E} ²⁰³ _{CB U} ²¹⁹ _DB

e

²³⁵ _EB ^{u 251} _FB ^{1 0 1 1 11}

214 ₁₄₀ 234 ₁₅₆ 254 _{172 Y4} 274

,

³¹⁴ _•• ³³⁴

,

^{354 374}

188 I ²⁰⁴ _U ²²⁰ I ²³⁶

..

U 252 1 1 0 0 12

8C 9C AC 8C CC DC EC FC

215 235 255 275

,

³¹⁵

..

³³⁵

^,

³⁵⁵

..

³⁷⁵

RI ^{141 157 173} Y2 ¹⁸⁹ _I ²⁰⁵ _Y 221 I ²³⁷ Y ^{253 1 1 0 1} 13

8D 9D AD BD CD DD ED FD

216 ~36 256 276

"

^{316 336 II 356 376}

SS2 ¹⁴² _BE ^{158 174 190} _I ^{206 222} I ^{23B 254 1 1 1 0} 14

9E AE BE CE DE EE FE

217 237 257 277

•• ^{317 337 357}

~

³⁷⁷

SS3 ¹⁴³ _BF ¹⁵⁹ _9F ¹⁷⁵ _AF i. ¹⁹¹ _BF I ²⁰⁷ _CF .B ²²³ _OF

..

^I 239 _EF 255 _FF 1 1 1 1 15

r - - C 1 CODES

-I-

^(DEC SUPPLEMENTAL GRAPHICS) ^{GR CODES}

·1 KEY

CHARACTER 306 DCTAL

.E ^{19B DECIMAL}

C6 HEX

MR-9594

DISPLAY CHARACTERS

Display characters are received characters displayed on the screen.

The actual character displayed depends on the character set selected.

You select the character set by using control functions. See Character Sets and Selection in this chapter for more information.

CONTROL CHARACTERS

These single-character control functions terminal operations; the control functions 9 defines the control characters recognized other control characters are ignored.

start, modify, or are not displayed.

by the terminal.

stop Table All

Each control character in this chapter has a mnemonic, listed in Table 9. The mnemonic is an abbreviation of the control character name.

Table 9: Control Characters Recognized by Rainbow 100 Computer

Character

Null

Enquire Bell Backspace

Horizontal tab

Line Feed

Vertical tab Form feed Carriage return Shift out

Octal

Mnemonic Code Function

NUL 000 Ignored when received (not stored in input buffer) and used as a fill character

ENQ 005 Transmits answerback message BEL 007 Generates bell tone.

BS 010 Moves cursor to the left one character position; if cursor is at left margin, no action occurs.

HT

LF

VT FF CR

SO

011

012

013 014 015

016

Moves cursor to next tab stop, or to right margin if there are no more tab stops.

Causes a line feed or a new operation. (See Line Feed/New Line) . Also causes printing in terminal mode only if auto print operation is selected.

Processed as LF.

Processed as LF.

Moves cursor to left margin on current line.

Selects Gl character set designated by a select character set sequence.

Table 9 (Cont.): Control Characters Recognized by Rainbow 100 Computer

Octal Character Mnemonic Code

Device DCl 021

control 1

Device DC3 023

control 3

Cancel CAN 030

Substitute SUB 032

Escape ESC 033

Index IND 204

Next line NEL 205

Horizontal HTS 210

Reverse index RI 215 Single shift 2 SS2 216

Single shift 3 SS3 217

Control sequence CSI 233 introducer

ESCAPE AND CONTROL SEQUENCES

Function

Processed as XON. DCl causes the Rainbow 100 computer to resume (if previously stopped by XOFF) transmi tting characters only in terminal mode.

Processed as XOFF. DC3 causes the Rainbow 100 computer to stop transmitting all characters except XOFF and XON.

If received during control sequence, sequence and displays character (cursor).

an escape or cancels the substitution

Processed as CAN.

Processed as an escape sequence introducer.

Processes a LF.

Processes a CR LF sequence.

Sets a horizontal tab current cursor location.

Equals a reverse line feed.

at the

Selects G2 character set for the next character only.

Selects G3 character set for the next character only.

Equals an ESC [.

Escape and control sequences provide additional control functions not provided by the single-character controls of the character set. These multiple-character sequences are not displayed; instead, they control Rainbow 100 computer operation. Escape and control sequences are defined by ANSI X3.41-l977 and X3.64-1979. See Appendix B for more information about sequences and sequence formats.

The ANSI-compatible control functions in this user guide have a mnemonic assigned by ANSI. If the control function is an ANSI private control function (defined by DIGITAL), the mnemonic begins with DEC.

The escape and control sequences shown here use ASCII characters. You must type the characters in the sequences exactly as shown (upper or lowercase) . The text provides the octal equivalent of each character in the sequence as a second reference. See Table 7 for decimal and hexadecimal representations.

The following section groups sequences by software compatibility (ANSI or VT52) and function (Table 10). Appendix A summarizes all control functions.

Error Recovery

Current standards do not specify the action performed when the terminal receives a control function with an error. Errors are incorrect parameters; invalid control functions. The terminal usually recovers from these errors by performing as much of the function as possible. The specific error recovery procedures are as follows:

• Unrecognized control functions are usually ignored.

•

Unsupported control functions listed in this user guide) produce unexPected results.

(valid control functions not are usually ignored, but may

• If a 7-bit control character from Table 7 is received within a sequence, the terminal performs the function of the control character, followed by the function of the sequence.

• If cancel (CAN, octal 030) or substitute (SUB octal 032) is received during a sequence, the current sequence is aborted.

The terminal displays the substitute character, followed by characters in the sequence received after CAN or SUB.

• If an 8-bit control character from Table 8 is received, the current escape sequence is aborted, and the function of the character is performed.

• If an 8-bit displayable character is received from Table 8, the current escape sequence continues and the 8-bit character is displayed.

Table 10: Escape and Control Sequences

Ansi-Compatible Sequences

Set-Up Feature and Mode Selection Set mode (SM) and reset mode (RM) ANSI/VT52 Compatibility

ANSI/VT52 mode (DECANM) Scrolling

Scroll mode (DECSCLM) Scrolling Region

Set top and bottom margins (DECSTBM) Origin

Origin mode (DECOM) Cursor Positioning

Cursor up (CUU) Cursor down (CUD) Cursor forward (CUF) Cursor backward (CUB) Cursor position (CUP)

Horizontal and vertical position (HVP) Index (IND)

Reverse index (RI) Next line (NEL) Save cursor (DECSC) Restore cursor (DECRC) Columns Per Line

Column mode (DECCOLM) Auto Wrap

Auto wrap mode (DECAWM) Screen Background

Screen mode (DECSCNM) Line Feed/New Line

Line Feed/New Line mode (LNM) Keyboard Action

Keyboard action mode (KAM) Auto Repeat

Auto repeat mode (DECARM)

*Local Echo

Send-receive mode (SRM) Cursor Key Character Selection

Cursor key mode (DECCKM) Keypad Character Selection

Numeric keypad (DECKPNM) Application keypad (DECKPAM) Character Sets and Selection

Select character set (SCS) Single shift 2 (SS2)

Single shift 3 (SS3) Character Attributes

Select graphic rendition (SGR) Tab Stops

Horizontal tab sets (HTS) Tabulation clear (TBC) Line Attributes

Double-height line (DECDHL) Single-width line (DECSWL) Double-width line (DECDWL)

Table 10 (Cont.): Escape and Control Sequences

Ansi-Compatible Sequences

Erasing

Delete character (DCH) Insert line (IL)

Delete line (DL)

Inserting and Replacing Characters Insertion-replacement mode (IRM)

*Printing

Media copy (MC)

*Printer Extent

Printer extent mode (DECPEX)

*Print Termination Character

Printer form feed mode (DECPFF) Reports

Reset

Device status report (DSR) Cursor position report (CPR) Device attributes (DA)

Identify terminal (DEClO) Reset to initial state (RIS) Adjustments

Screen alignment display (DECALN) Modes

ANSI/VT52 Compatibility ANSI mode (DECANM) Cursor Positioning

Cursor up Cursor down Cursor right Cursor left Cursor to horne

Direct cursor address Reverse line feed Keypad Character Selection

Application keypad mode Numeric keypad mode Character Sets and Selection

Enter graphics mode Exit graphics mode Erasing

Erase to end of line Erase to end of screen

*Printing

Auto print

Print controller Print cursor line Print screen Reports

Identify

*Only in terminal mode.

ANSI-Compatible Sequences

ANSI-compatible sequences meet ANSI standards X3.64-1979 and X3.41-1974. This section describes the ANSI control functions used by the terminal. You can select ANSI compatibility from the keyboard in Set-Up or have the computer use a sequence. (See VT52-Compatible Sequences in this chapter).

Set-Up Feature and Mode Selection - Set-Up features change how the Rainbow 100 computer operates. You can select these features from the keyboard or through escape sequences.

Some Set-Up features are modes. A mode affects Rainbow 100 computer operation. The Rainbow 100 computer uses the selected mode until you or an escape sequence changes the selection. Table 11 lists Set-Up features and modes. Modes are changed by using set mode (SM) and reset mode (RM) sequences. Set and reset the terminal modes by using

th~ following sequences.

Set Mode (SM)

NOTE

Ps represents a variable parameter selected from a list of parameters. A series of asterisks (***) represent the parameter in the octal sequence. The parameter is transmitted using decimal ASCII characters. When you set several modes with a single SM or RM sequence, a semicolon (~, octal 073) separates parameters.

ESC [ P s , ...

033 133 *** 073

Ps h 073 *** 150

Sets one or more modes specified by selective parameters (Ps) in the parameter string.

Reset Mode (RM)

ESC [ Ps 7 • • • Ps 1

033 133 *** 073 073 *** 154

Resets one or more modes specified by selective parameters (Ps) in the parameter string.

Table 11: Set-Up Features and Modes

Set-Up Feature or Mode

On/off line**

Columns per line Tab stops

Scroll rate Auto repeat

Screen background Cursor

Margin bell volume Keyclick volume ANSI/VT52

Auto XON/XOFF**

US/UK character set Auto Wrap

Line Feed/New Line Local echo**

Print termination character**

Printer extent**

One or two stop bits Receive parity

Break enable**

Disconnect character enable**

Disconnect delay**

Auto answerback enable**

Power

Modem data/parity bits Transmit speed

Receive speed Modem control**

Printer data/parity bits Transmit/receive speed Application keypad mode/

numeric keypad mode Cursor key mode Origin mode

Insertion-replacement mode

Change by Escape Sequences

No

Yes (DECCOLM) Yes (HTS/TBC)*

No

Yes (DECARM) Yes (DECSCNM) No

No No

Yes (DECANM) No

Yes (SCS)*

Yes (DECAWM) Yes (LNM) Yes (SRM) Yes (DECPFF) Yes (DECPEX) No

No No No No No No No No No No No

Change from Keyboard in Set-Up

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes

Yes (DECKPAM/DECKPNM)* No

Yes (DECCKM) No

Yes (DECOM) No

Yes (IRM)

*These features are not changed using the set mode (SM) and reset mode (RM) sequences.

**Happens only in terminal mode.

Table 12 lists the ANSI-specified modes and their selective parameters (Ps). Table 13 lists the ANSI-compatible private modes and their selective parameters. When you change ANSI-compatible private modes, the first character in the parameter string is a question mark (?, octal 077). All parameters in the sequence are interpreted as ANSI compatible private parameters. This chapter explains each mode in detail and provides the sequences to set and reset each mode.

The following example shows the use of the question mark (used with ANSI private parameters) and semicolon (used with multiple parameters).o The sequence sets both column and scroll modes.

ESC [ ? 3 J 4 h 033 133 077 063 073 064 150

Table 14 describes modes specified in ANSI X3.64-l979 that are permanently set, permanently reset, or not applicable. See the ANSI standard for more information about these modes.

Table 12: ANSI-Specified Modes

Name Mnemonic Parameter (Ps)

Error (ignored) Keyboard action

Insertion-replacement Line Feed/New Line

KAM IRM LNM

o

2 4 20

Table 13: ANSI-Compatible Private Modes

Name Mnemonic Parameter (Ps)

Error (ignored) 0

Cursor key DECCKM 1

ANSI/VT52 DECANM 2

Column DECCOLM 3

Scroll OECSCLM 4

Screen DECSCNM 5

Origin DECOM 6

Auto wrap DECAWN 7

Auto repeat DECARM 8

Printer form feed* DECPFF 18

Printer extent* DECPEX 19

*Happens only in terminal mode.

NOTE

The application keypad and numeric keypad modes are selected using dedicated sequences, not set and reset mode sequences. See Keypad Character Selection in this chapter for more information.

Name

Control

representation

Editing boundary

Erasure

Format effector action

Format effector transfer

Guarded area transfer Horizontal editing

Multiple area transfer

Positioning unit

Selected area transfer

Status reporting transfer

Tabulation stop Vertical editing

Table 14: Permanently Selected Modes Mnemonic Selection Function

CRM Reset Rainbow 100 computer performs control functions without displaying a character to represent control function received.

EBM Reset Characters moved outside the margins are lost; terminal does not perform erasing and cursor positioning functions outside the margins. This does not affect horizontal and vertical position (HVP) and cursor position (CUP) sequences.

ERM Set

FEAM Reset

FETM N/A GATM N/A

HEM N/A

MATM N/A

PUM Reset

SATM N/A SRTM Reset

TTM N/A

VEM N/A

All characters displayed can be erased.

Terminal immediately performs control functions that affect the screen display.

Terminal specifies horizontal and vertical positioning parameters in control functions in units of character position.

Terminal transmits status reports by using device status report (DSR) sequences.