UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL " UNITED NATIONS ...
ECONOMIC COMMISSION LABOUR ' ECONOMIC COMMISSION
FOR AFRICA ORGANISATION " FOR WESTERN ASIA
FINAL REPORT OF THE
JOINT ECA/SCWA PREPARATORY MEETING FOR THE TRIPARTITE WORIJ1 CONFERENCE ON
EMPLOYMENT, INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND SOCIAL FROGRESS AND THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR
TUNIS, 4-7 May 1976
Cont ent s
Page
PART I : ORGANIZATION OF TKE MEETING --- 1
PART II : SUKMWIY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS - - - - 3
- NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
IN'DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - -.- - - ■.- 3
- INTERNATIONAL FMPO/IBR MOVEMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT _ _ _ £
- TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT CREATION
IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES --- 11
- THE ROLE OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES IN EMPLOYMENT
CREATION IN THE DEVELOPING.COUNTRIES --- 14
ANNEXES
I: List of participants
II: Adress of H..E. the Prime Minister of Tunisia III: Address of the Executive Secretary of the
Economic Commission for Africa
IV : Address of the Assistant Director General, International Labour Office
V : Address of the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for V/estern Asia
ECA/ECWA/ILO/JM/Rev^
PAttT I :
ORGANIZATION OF THU IJIETIITG
Origin and ■3uroosei of the joint meeting
1. The Joint JSCA/iXWA Preparatory Ileeting was in response to ECOSOC resolu tion 1963(LIX) of 31 July 1975, which inter alia invited the United Nations regional economic commissions to give the fullest possible co-operation to the International Labour Organisation in preparing for the Tripartite World Con ference on Employment, Income Distribution and Social Progress and the Inter national Division of Labour, scheduled to take place in Geneva, from 4 to 17 June 1976. The objective of the Joint Meeting is to enable the two United Nations regional economic commissions for Africa and Western Asia to achieve a co-ordination of the position of their respective member States, as regards the strategy and policy issues posed by the agenda items proposed for the World Employment Conference; and, thus, to prepare in advance to contribute
substantially to the deliberations of the World Conference.
Attendance and opening
2. The Joint Preparatory Meeting was .convened jointly by the secretariats of the United Nations Economic Commissions for Africa (ECA) and Western Asia
(ECWA), in co-operation with the International Labour Organisation and the
Government of the Republic of Tunisia, It was attended by (a) 129.delegates
from the following 39 countries of Africa and Western Asia: Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Qitar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan,. Swaziland, Syria,Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, United Arab Bnirates, Zaire and Zambia; (b) by
20 participants from the following seven United Nations Organizations andSpecialized Agencies: ECA, ECWA, PAO, ILO, WHO, UNESCO and UNDP: and (c) by
6 participants from the following three Inter-governmental Organizations:
the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the Arab Labour Organization and the Council of Arab Economic Unity. A full list of participants and observers is
at annex I. ■
3. Under the chairmanship of Mr. Said Al-Attar, Executive Secretary of UNECWA, the Meeting was opened by the Honourable Prime Minister of Tunisia, His
Excellency Mr. El Hedi Nouira. In his opening address, the Prime Minister paid tribute to the bold initiative taken by the sponsors of the Meeting in bringing together the States of Western Asia and of Africa to consider-jointly
such issues of vital concern to their respective regions as employment strategies and policies, international migration of labour, techniques for the creation of productive, employment and manpower policies, in serious pre paration for the ILO World Employment Conference. Over the past 25 years, he observed, the economies of the industrialized countries have soared to heights of prosperity without precedent in the history of international economic
relations. However, this list in prosperity has not been accompanied by a
proportional spread of well-being in the developing countries. On the contrary, based as it is on the maintenance of relationships of dependency, it has
resulted in the accumulation of a number of- negative effects which have often
KCA/EC;a/XLC-/:7l/Hev. 2
Page 2
thwarted the developing world's aspirations to progress, and so caused the foundations of the old economic order to be called into question. Hence the current concern of the international community to re—examine the problem in order to find and chart new paths of development based on employment, growth and satisfaction of basic needs of the majority of our people. The full text of the Prime Minister's Address appears at annex'IIo
4. Followed in that order, were also statements made by the Executive
Secretary of ECA — Professor Adebayo" Ad'edej i, the Assistant Director—General j of the ILO - Dr. S. Burgan, and the Executive Secretary of ECWA - Mr. Soud : Al-Attar. The texts of the statements appear in annexes III—V.
Election of Officers
5. The Meeting then proceeded to elect, as officers of the Joint Meeting: r,
— Chairman: . .
H.E. Mr. Mohamed ENNACEUR, Minister of Social Affairs, TUNISIA.
— 2 Vice Chairmen:
(1) H.E« Kr. Salem AL-SABAH, Minister of Social Affairs and Labour, KUWAIT' (2) H.Eo. Mr. George LAMIN, Minister of labour, SIERRA LEONE.
— 2 Joint Rapporteurs: -■ .
(1) H.E. General Doumro Ngaharo NGUENABAY3, Minister of Labour, CIRD- (2) Mr. Irhayan M.--AL-MUSLIH, IRAQ.
Agenda and Programme of Work
6. The Agenda and Programme of Work, as presented below, was unanimously adopted by the Joint Meeting:
(a) National employment strategies and policies with particular reference to developing countries,
(b) International Manpower movements and employment^
(c) Technologies for productive employment creation in developing countriesj (d) The role of multinational enterprises in employment creation in
developing countries;
(e) Active manpower policies and adjustment assistance in developed countries.
7. By general consensus, the Joint Meeting adopted the following programme and organization of work:
(a) Working hours (operative from Wednesday 5 May 1976):
9.00 a.m. ~ 2.00 p.in, : Plenary sessions 2.00 p.m. - 3.00 p.m.: Lunch break
3.00 p.m. - 6.30 p.m. : Drafting Committee of the Whole.
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Page 3
(b) Conduct of business:
™ Tuesday 4 May 1976, to be devoted to Inaugural Session (AM), and
Election of Officers, Adoption of Agenda and general addresses
(FM), at Plenary. ■
~ Wednesday 5 May 1976 - Thursday (AK) 6 Ifey Y'lS, to be devoted to
consideration of Agenda items 1-5, at Plenary (9 a.m. - 2 p.m.) and Drafting Committee sessions (3 p.m. ~ 6.30. p.m.).
- Friday 7 May 1976 (from 10.30 aom.), to. be devoted to consideration of draft final report and conclusions of the Joint Meeting.
- Formal Closing Session at 5. 30 p.m. on Friday 7 May 1976.
(c) Substantive documents:
(i) The printed report of the ILO Director-General, entitled:
EMPLOYMENT, GROWTH AND BASIC NEEDS, A ONE-WORLD PROBLEM; prepared as basic supporting document for the Tripartite World Conference.
(ii) ECA/JASPA document entitled:
M.1PL0YMENT, GROWTH AND BASIC NEEDS IN AFRICA, (iii) ECWA document, entitled:
SELECTED EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS IN WESTERN ASIA COUNTRIES.,
PART II
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT STRATEGIES AND POLICIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (Agenda item l)
8. There is widespread agreement that past development strategies in most
countries of Africa and Western Asia have not led to a sufficiently rapid liquida tion of poverty and unemployment. Indeed, in several of these countries, the problems" of low standards of living and of unemployment Live grown worse over time. "Any valid economic and social policy can be justified only throu^i rapid, and sustained growth", 1/ which should contribute to the equitable distribution of incomes or the rapid"expansion of employment opportunities. Despite such a desirable strategy, development policies in most countries in the two regions have continued to be geared largely to the creation and expansion of the modern
sectors of the economy. Thus, while the bulk of resources has continued to be absorbed by capital-intensive activities, which produce goods and services for a relatively well-off minority and which create" expensive urban infrastructure, the traditional agricultural sector has been neglected and rendered practically unable to develop significant linkages with the rest of the economy. The modern
sector has been charaterized by a high level of productivity, but its labour absorptive capacity has remained limited. The relatively high incomes in the modern industrial and agricultural sectors contrast with the subsistence levels of living in the urban informal and the traditional rural sectors.
l/ Cf. Prime Minister's address annex II page 2.
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% Experience has shown how difficult it is - if not impossible - to solve employment and poverty problems within a reasonable time span by a continued reliance on development policies adopted in the past. The task of providing additional productive employment opportunities for 1 billion people in the
developing market economies by the year 2000 requires a purposive reonentation
of national employment strategies and policies, so that they are explicitly geared to meeting the basic needs of the mass of the population. Countries should thus aim at harmonious overall development strategies and policies which accord priority to the satisfaction of basic needs, to the greaterdevelopment of available resources and to a fairer distribution of the national
wealth.
10. Basic needs, in terms of private consumption, include adequate food,
shelter, clothing and certain household equipment and furniture. At the public
level, these basic needs include essential services provided by and for thecommunity, such as safe drinking water, sanitation, public transport and health
and educational facilities. A basic needs strategy must also imply theparticipation of the people themselves in decisions which affect their lives.
11. It should, however, be remembered that the notion of basic needs is relative.
In no circumstances should it be taken to mean merely the minimum necessary tor
subsistence: it should include concepts such as those of national independence, the dignity'of individuals and peoples and their freedom to chart their destiny
without hindrance.
12. The ma-iority of African developing countries suffer from acute poverty and increasing unemployment. However, poverty is related to inadequate and unequal
access to productive employment opportunities. Consequently, the issues ot poverty and employment must be viewed together; and any national policy that
aims at eliminating the employment problem must be formulated within the wider
objective of eliminating poverty.
13. In many African countries, open urban unemployment is as high as 20 per
cent or above. The rate of unemployment among the young, the educated and tne women groups io considerably higher thso. in the other .groups. School-leaver unemployment also appears to be very high.14. For the African continent, estimates made by the Inturnational Labour Office
indicate that in 1975 the unemployed and underemployed constituted 45 per centof the labour force. By far the majority of those that were considered un-
employed wd underemployed (84.2 per cent) were.found in the rural sector. These figures reflect the seriousness of the poverty and the unemployment problem in
Africa. They show explicitly that, measured in income terms, the cru^: of the unemployment problem is the large proportion of the labour force earning inadequate incomes, and also that pverty is an overwhelmingly rural problem in Africa.
15. A widespread employment problem in Africa is the low level of output *nd
income. Por the period 197O-1974, African countries achieved an a™*«^£"£al1 growth rate of 5 per cent, a little lower than the 6 per cent targe* «^*«£
fn the International Development Strategy Only 27 per cent of the ECA member
States achieved an avenge growth rate of over 6 per cent a year, while 51 per
cent achieved a growth rate of less than 4 per cent a year during the same period.
ECA/ECHA/ILO/JH/Rev.2 i 5
A strategy geared to the satisfaction of basic needs within the framework
l^^f^
to the satisfaction of basic needs wf th liiation of Pover ofhalon^^vf^all development, or a strategy for the elimination of Poverty,
implies that development planning should include as an explicit goal, the satisfaction of an absolute minimum of tesic needs and the orientaW development measures toward raising the relative share as well as the absolute level of income of the poorest groups of the population. This calls for*
definition of a set of ksic needs which together constitute a minimum standard of living. It would help in identifying the target group which should be the focus of development and it would help in setting specific targets against
which to measure progress.
17. However, employment is linked tc the basic needs strategy, given that a policy for the development of available resources would constitute an indisput able guarantee for the creation of new productive employment opportunities Baployment is also a means of ensuring fesic human fulfilment, forit makes it
Possible to improve the conditions in which man lives and to **"*«*»££
social and intellectual development. It is also an end because it guarantees
the aii«round development of man,
18. Thus, any national development strategy, which aims at giving priority to the satisfaction of basic needs of the popufcition as a whole, should incorporate
the following essential elements:
(a) Raising the volume and productivity of employment, in other words the incomes of the lower income groups, whose basic needs are not being met;
(b) Increasing investment for rural and informal urban sectors;
(c) Providing basic consumer services t« the entire population;.
(d) Reducing the inequality of household consumption of goods and
services for meeting basic needs*
(e) Expanding especially interregional trade, in order to meet essential import requirements without excessive or permanent dependence on foreign aid.
(f) Establishing institutions which promote popular participation in the development process, through trade unions and similar self-help organizations;
(p) Controlling natural resources and their processing on the spot, as
well as setting up basic industries capable of generating harmonious over-all
development; and
(h) Promoting the general acceptance of the principle of self-reliance.
19. However, such a strategy cannot be ejected to provide a uniform set of policies for all countries. Each country has to choose its own policy options based on its needs.and requirements. Moreover, the provision of productive
employment-for the unemployed and the underemployed, combined with measures designed to raise the productivity of the working poor, would have to be supplemented and reinforced by policies which fall within the framework of each
country1s development strategy, and which include:
(a) Consumption transfers in favour of the lower income groups:
(b) Investment transfers to the lower income groups;
ECA/ECWA/lLO/jH/Rev. 2 Page 6
(c) Reform of price policy, especially.the changing of relative prices of products and labour services which the poor provide compared to the prices of essential goods which they "buy:
(d) The institution of appropriate agrarian reform in favour of the least privileged; and " ' - ■
(e) A fiscal and institutional policy in favour of the disinherited groups.
20. The pattern .of income distribution is undoubtedly worsening in Africa- and, althou^i development plans of most African countries do recognize the need for a more equitable income distribution as a sure basis for generating employment, only few of the:.-, cv.ggest specific measures for effecting favourable changes in
■the existing pattern of income distribution.
21. The provision to ths poor .of essential services like safe drinking water, sanitation, public transport-/ .health, nutrition and education constitutes an essential element of the basic needs strategy. Thus, national policies must take into account the satisfaction of these basic needs, utilizing wherever possible the principles of self-help, self-reliance and popular participation.
22. Educational and training-systems at all levels are inadequate, and often ill- suited to actual national conditions and the need to produce competent technical and managerial staff required for economic and social development. Since no
sustained growth can be achieved without adequate human resources (suitably
educated and trained) in all essential fields of economiCj social and cultural activity, each country should adopt a dynamic training policy designed in the ■ light of its national values and ethical systems, focusing on technical and scientific education in accordance with the needs of each country.23. Host of the Arab countries of Western Asia suffer from acute under-utilization of their human resources of working age. As a result,their dependency rates are very high. This situation 13 further complicated by an uneven distribution of the population among the economic sectors. For example, the majority of the labour force is employed either in agriculture or in the services «- in other words, in the sectors characterized by widespread underemployment.
24. It should be no ted.that the countries of Western Asia have so far devoted little attention to the employment problem and ,to its role in the development process. No clear-cut employment policy lias yet emerged in the development plans of any of the Western Asian countries, and employment is still treated as
a by—product.
25. Considering that the provision of employment is the most effective tool for more equitable income distribution and the enhancement of. the standards of living of the majority of the population, the development of productive employment to provide work for all those who are able to work, whatever their se:;, should become a major objective- in development plans. An annual target for productive employment creation must be established so that by the year 2000, 40 per cent of the total population in Western Asian countries can find productive .employment.
26. What is proposed is in fact to make the growth of employment the centre of the basic needs strategy. Such a strategy implies important structural changes, that is, changes in the economic structure of each country, new macro-economic policies, particularly in trade, technology, education and institutional reforms.
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27. As far as the other basic needs are concerned, most ECWA member states are making tremendous efforts, particularly in education, training, health, housing and other social and health services. Despite all these efforts, the accomplishments are still below requirements, except in the field of education.
28. Taking into account the high rates of economic growth which have charact characterized the majority of Western Asian countries in recent years, it is possible to affirm that, providing such high rates of growth.continue, the
satisfaction of basic needs within one generation is feasible. However, for certain countries, such targets cannot be realized without substantial.regional
and international assistance.
29. Obviously, the implementation of the basic needs strategy does not imply
the adoption of a single pattern of development.
30. For instance, the oil-exporting countries are pursuing polioies that are already providing such services as education, health and. sanitary services, employment; housing and so on to their populations. The problem in these coun tries is.of a shortage of manpower rather than lack of employment opportunities.
Yet it cannot be said that the employment problem comes down to one »f national manpower development. Changing social attitudes to work and improving manpower utilization are important components of an active employment polioy. Moreover,
it is probable that the implementation of the basic needs strategy in these countries would not- necessarily lead to income redistribution schemes, given
continued growth in.gross national product. .
31. On the other hand, the countries .with the smallest financial resources have been and remain unable to provide sufficient employment, housing, health and
sanitary services, education, and so on to their populations. They are under continuous financial strain and excessive social demand for employment and other social services. In these countries a' policy of balanced economic growth must be coupled, to varying degrees, with a policy of income redistribution.
Conclusion
32. It should be stressed that balanced and integrated national development policies, based first and foremost on the task of meeting..the needs of the whole population, must be geared towards the sustained development of the individual
as the means and end of all progress,
33. It is also important to note that national development policies should promote full employment through the diversification of ^types of employment and constant improvements in technical skills. Such a full, employment policy should not lead to the introduction of out-of-date technologies,, which worsen the g*p between the developing and the developed countries and which do not provide
a proper basis for further development.
34. Finally, a full employment policy should not be based on the policies of multinational companies, whose activities aim only at deriving a maximum profit in a minimum of time. National policies for economic, social and cultural development should remain free from any form of external pressures and be based first and foremost on the principle of self—reliance.
SCA/'i3CTrtA/lL0/jil/Rev. 2
Page 8
35. Data, available on planning in African countries are grossly inadequate.
It is therefore essential for African Governments to give high priority to data collection, and the International Labour Office must continue to support their'efforts in data collection and analysis.
36. Since in A Tr-ica the masses of the'poor live in the rural areas, an
effective integrated rural development programme which will provide productive employment for: the unemployed and the underemployed, a programme which will provide essential services such as potable water, health and educational facilities, a programme which will provide for the minimum retirements of.
food, clothing and housing for rural people, should be an integral part of the basic needs strategy.
37. Proposals had been made in favour of the creation of a World Employment Fund, along the lines of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities.
Indeed, it is" astonishing that the problem of unemployment and poverty has not been put at'least at the same level as the population problem. ■ The World
Employment Fund could be devoted to the implementation of the various proposals which are to be formulated by the World Employment Conference. The Fund could, for example', be£use'd to implement proposals relating to technology, the promo tion of the welfare of migrant workers and various similar schemes.. ■
INTERNATIONAL MANPOWER MOVEMENTS ;AND EMPLOYMENT (agenda item 2)
38. International migration of workers has been a marked feature of inter national economic relations over the past two decades. Such migrations have been particularly significant in Western Europe, North America and southern Africa, and are becoming increasingly important in the Middle East. It should be erap&asized ^hat migratory movements also occur, though smaller numbers are involved, from the industrialized countries to the developing countries.
39. The formulation of appropriate development strategies in developing coun tries would eliminate or substantially reduce migratory movements in search of
employment,,
40. The sending countries have not always derived the expected benefits from migratory movements. In a few African countries the lack of qualified workers may have been aggravated by migration, and in others development may have suffered from the departure of the best-educated and most dynamic members of society. In addition, the return of migrants from the receiving countries where they have been laid off, owing to the recession, merely exacerbates the already serious problems of unemployment.
41. Conservative estimates put the number of migrant workers from the third world employed in the industrialized market-economy countries at some 12 million. Normally the migrants take on jobs refused by national workers.
42. Migrations to Western Europe are distinguished from other movements of the same nature by their temporary character. Neither the major receiving countries nor the major sending countries wish the immigration or the emigration to be irreversible. Most migrants; but certainly not all, also intend to return to their countries. With the coming of the recession of 1974j most of the coun-r- tries of Western Europe set stricter limits on migrations from the developing
ECA/feCWA/lLO/JTl/Rev. 2 Page 9
countries. By reason of this increased vigilance, returns to countries of origin decreased, despite the fact that the unemployment rate among the foreign workers continued to be higher than that for national workers. The fear of encountering difficulties in returning at a later date seems to have been the reason for this drop in the number of returns* It should be noted that in a period of recession in the receiving countries, migrants are often the first to be dismissed and sent back to their countries.
43. The deplorable living conditions of these temporary migrant workers and the measures depriving them of fundamental rights were the subject of a state ment by the Director-General of the International Labour Office on the. applica- tion of the declaration concerning the apartheid policy of the Republic of South Africa.
44. Between 1962 and 1972 over 170,000 highly skilled workers, as well/as members of the liberal professions, left the developing countries for the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom alone. The total number.of such migrants probably exceeds 250,000 if one adds the industrialized countries of Western Europe. There are also considerable movements of skilled personnel among developing countries.
45. Whatever the economic aspect of the question, policies and practices in the receiving countries accentuate social tensions between migrants and nationals. These difficulties, which arise particularly in the fields of housing, transport, education, hospitals and other social services, also give rise to racial discrimination. These tensions result mainly from the in capacity or the unwillingness of the host country to guarantee migrants and their dependents the same opportunities as those available to nationals.
Almost everywhere, migrant workers pay exactly the same direct and indirect taxes as nationals, and both have the same social security contributions deducted, yet the migrants receive only derisory benefits in return.
46. Ife-tional and international migration policies should consequently have four primary aims:
(a) To provide solutions, through active employment policies, with a view
to eliminating or reducing migratory movements in search of employment;
(b) To control migratory movements in search of employment and to ensure by means of bilateral'and multilateral agreements, that such movements fall within the framework of bilateral and international co-operation;
(c) To protect migrants and their families and to ensure effective
equality of opportunity and treatment as between migrants and nationals of the receiving country;
(d) To set up an international fund for migrant workers, which would be
financed by the receiving countries and would provide means for the protection of migrant workers,
47» Governments, employers and trade unions should see to it that migrants are not exploited.- and that they enjoy equality of opportunity and treatment.
Special efforts should be nade so that all international agreements, notably Convention No. 143, are ratified and implemented.
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48. One of the main objectives of these agreements should "be to prevent migra tions under improper circumstances. Another major objective should be to attenuate fluctuations in migratory movements back to the country and in re mittances and to make them predictable, continuous and reliable in order to facilitate the implementation of long-terra economic and social development
pro grammes*
49. A migrant rho returns to his home country may sometimes lose, for a short or long period, his entitlement to social security benefits in the receiving country, and may encounter difficulties in reintegrating himself in his home country. Efforts should be made to resolve that situation in a spirit of international co-operation and protection of the migrants rights, and as a part of an active, concerted policy of rsintegration.
50. The rich countries have acquired a certain responsibility towards the migrants and the countries from which they come. The poor countries owe it to their citizens to pursue development strategies which offer them productive employment at home. One way of reconciling these obligations would be to
institutionalize bilateral or multilateral co-operation in order to achieve the adoption of practical measures to increase flows of capital and technical know- how to migrant-sending countries, with a view to establishing a new and mutually more beneficial division of labour-, particularly with respect to import-
competing labour-intensive lines of production. The developed countries could take a step in this direction by applying active trade adjustment policies.
51. Regional clearing houses on migratory movements would be an appropriate instrument as part of the protection of workers' rights.
52. As regards the brain drain, the developing countries should take appropriate steps to prevent the outflow of skills and ward off its disadvantages. The
developed" countries ought to co-operate with the developing countries in this regard, for example, by taking appropriate measures requiring students to return
home after their studies.
53. Extensive movements of manpower had been taking place since 1950 among the Arab countries of Western Asia. They originated with the boom in oil production.
This movement practically divided the region of Western Asia into two groups of
countries: manpower importers and manpower exporters.
54. The movement of labour from the most densely populated areas of Western Asia towards the less populated and rich countries was largely determined by the extent of available employment opportunities carrying higher salaries. People moved either on their own initiative- or under government auspices. Bilateral agreements were concluded, in particular, concerning the secondment of teachers, trainers, doctors, nurses, public administrators, etc., when one country or another had a relative lack of them. However, the bulk of labour movements
took place on individual initiative.
55. Many of the manpower-exporting countries had a relative surplus of labour, and migration towards richer countries relieved their employment problem. How ever, it seems that the situation has now changed in these countries. Many of them are now experiencing an economic boom which is increasing their manpower needs,particularly in skilled labour. They can no longer afford to continue feeding the labour markets of the oil-rich countries.
2 Page .11"
56. Obviously, more efficient regional co-operation has now become an urgent matter. It is no longer possible to leave the movement of manpower solely to
the forces of labour markets. A degree of regional planning, of employment and nar-ower has become necessary. Clearly, this regional planning will complement
national planning of employment and manpower.
TECHNOLOGIES -FOR' PRODUCiOfVE i^iI)VMiiN'i /CRI&TICH IN THE DEVEIDPING' COUNTRIES
(agenda item 3)57. Technological innovation and adaptation have a vital role to play in a
* basic needs strategy. Since technology is linked with the types of goods produced, as well as with the labour and skill required to produce them, it is J a direct determinant of the level of productive emplcyment and distribution of
-1 income.
f 58 fem^ of the products associated with technologies borrowed from high- ^ income countries are inappropriate for the developing countries because their
high cost precludes their purchase by poor consumers. At the same time, the• high cost of labour, abundant capital and technical skills, and large markets in the rich countries, mean that their technologies are often unsuitable for the conditions prevailing in the developing countries. If they are adopted
without ^rior adaptation,the inevitable result is the investment of a large part of national savings in capital equipment and infrastructure for aprivileged minority, leaving most workers with only the most rudimentary
tools to work with.
59. The adoption of a technology which is capital-saving and which ■generates an appropriate product mix entails research and development work aimed at upgrading its productivity, quality and the scientific knowledge it entails, in forms most suited to the developing economies. The dissemination of "tforma- tion on new (or old tat locally unfamiliar) products is a necf^y complement to this action. Specific arrangements may also be necessary for tiuung and retraining suited to local conditions. Technology may also be influenced by policies governing the allocation of resources, such as those relating to
"interest rates, tariffs, licences, foreign exchange, pro<,x taxation and wages, which define the parameters within which profit and loss are calculated.
60. Most of the world's research and development work is done in the indus- 4 trialized countries and relates to products and technologies which will bring
no direct benefit to the poorest strata of the population. A number of inter
national agencies, in countries at various levels of development, are beginning
* pSy active role in the field of appropriate technology, but no mechanisms
exist as yet for systematically mobilizing multilateral ..and bilateral resources
f^r the promotion of research, the determination of researcn priorities and the
; dissemination of knowledge in this field.
'- 61. Research carried out at the international and national levels in recent
years shows that the range of technologies available and actually in■***throughout the world is much wider than was initially thought. Social cost- benefit analysis should in all-cases be applied to ensure that labour
intensive technics are adopted only when they favour «uxxt^
all resources (and not just labour productivity) in actual operations, fin courses for managers and skilled workers should where necessary be reoriented
to take account of this objective.
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62, As part of a strategy aimed at meeting basic needs, the above measures would free substantial resources, which could be used to raise the technological levels of the bulk of the labour force in the small-scale traditional sectors, . with the long-terra objective of eliminating the technological and economic
dichotomy between these sectors and the modern sector.
63- The attainment of t.his objective-would be facilitated by encouraging sub
contracting, which gives small enterprises access to improved finance and knoWhow while relieving them of some management and marketing functions. Applied tech nological' research and the development of an indigenous industrial organization, capable of meeting the needs of local producers for economy—generating.or other appropriate technologies, would be important complements of such a strategy.
64- It is necessary to consider various policy instruments through which "
Governments could provide appropriate incentives for such a strategy.
65. Experience in the countries concerned indicates that the costs of innova—
tive technological research can be reduced by measures such as:
(a) 'Development of a fairly high degree of specialization by product )
group or sector? • \
(b) Establishment of close links with technological institutions in !i
various countries which have over the years acquired comprehensive knowledge
of the materials and processes involved^ i
(c)'* Establishment of close relationships between technological institu— j
tions and the users of the technology developed: this may best be stimulated ' by including representatives of user industries on the governing boards and by
charging a levy on member firms of employer associations to ensure their ;
financial interest in the institution's worlq . . [
(d) An appropriate salary and incentive structure for the staff of tech i
nological institutions which rewards the development of practical application . ; 1 rather than theoretical investigation.
66. At the international, level, it is necessary to mobilize more resources for j research on and dissemination of appropriate technology. This could be done !.
through the establishment of a working group on appropriate technology, which '■ ^ would be responsible for suggesting programmes of action and providing finance ■ for them.
67- Such programmes of action adopted by the working group may be entrusted to
ap-nropriate national, regional or international institutes. If such institu— , \'.
tions do not already exist, the working group might sponsor feasibility studies \\
on the creation of such institutions. ,'\
68. Consideration should be givtn to the establishment of an international ;j appropriate technology unit which would carry out feasibility studies and ji
provide other services vto the working group. 'The principal tasks of the unit
would include: . .
(i) Identification of areas in which technological innovation can have a
significant impactj
ECA/EGWA/ILO/Jl*l/Rev. 2
Page 13
(ii) Measures to facilitate co-ordinated, concentrated research and
devalopraent in these areas;
(iii) Appropriate actions aimed at removing the "barriers to widespread dissemination of the results of research.
69. These objectives would be met by subcontracting research to a network of national and regional institutes, by disseminating information, by providing consultancy services and by promoting appropriate training policies.
70. It is also important to devise policies for improving the machinery by which technologies"are transferred to the developing countries. Four possibili-
\ ties, some of which are already under consideration by UMCTAD and the other f specialized agencies, seem to have practical potential:
(a) Creation of small, specialized data collection and analysis units to provide information on the content of existing technology transfer contracts, and on national regulatory systems, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing contracts and institutions, as well as possible directions and
procedures for national action;
(b) Provision of more effective technical assistance to countries seeking to develop institutional framework, train the personnel to man them and carry out important negotiations. This function might be combined with data collec tion and analysis, or undertaken regionally by pooling national resources, as in the operations of the Andean Pact secretariat.;
(c) Joint purchase of patent use rights for various firms in several developing countries (either on a cost-sharing basis, or through a single initial purchase followed by sub-licensing)-; this might reduce transfer costs
significantly in some cases:
(d) Revision of the national and international patent system so as to make it more responsive to the needs of the developing countries and to the attainment of the aims and objectives of a basic needs strategy.
71. The technology used in Africa has aimed at increasing production rather than employment. Moreover, it has often resorted to importing methods of production which are almost wholly suited to economic and social conditions totally alien to Africa.
72. The above considerations lead one immediately to stress that the choice of the technology to be adopted still remains open, and that it will depend on the definition of the targets to be attained. The aim must be to achieve growth based both.on labour-intensive technology and on capital-intensive technology
in certain sectors of the economy. It appears that this combination of labour- intenBive and capital-intensive technologies should lead to reforms of price structures and investment policy with the aim of encouraging and improving ezcisting technologies, particularly local and rural handicrafts and cottage industries, while at the same tirao assimilating modern scientific knowledge for purposes of grenrth and improvement of production.
Page I/]-
73 As regards the international aspects, .of, technological choice and innova tion, stress should be laid first of all on the importance of free and intensive circulation of information on available technologies, on their cost and on the possibility of adapting them to local conditions, so as to obtain the maximum benefit from them. Attempts have been icade in this direction by UNZDO, FAO
and UNCTAD Centres, etc.
74. Secondly?■ the question of adapting imported technologies to the economic circumstances of African countries means that their Governments will need to pursue a policy of closer co-operation in this field, in order to make it possible to develop and encourage indigenous technology. To put it in another way, the creation of ?. centre .for the exchange of information on existing
technologies, for research and training in appropriate technology and the «J transfer of technology, and for exchanges of technology between African or j
Western Asian countries would have to be considered. /
75 The countries concerned must support all activities aimed at drafting and implementing an international code-of ethics,for the transfer of technology.
76. lastly, it is essential for the countries concerned not to take the easy path, by gearing job creation to the use of labour-intensive technologies, but
to make use of technologies which are capable, in the medium and long term, of (
promoting employment creation on a large scale. ■ .1 ■
THE ROLE OP JTULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES IN EffLOTEKEOT CREATION IN THE DEVEIOPING ,-; .
COUNTRIES (agenda item 4)77. Existing incentive systems in Africa tend to favour the use of capital and imported inputs at the expense of labour and local inputs. A modification of these systems can be expected to influence multinational enterprises and to modify
their activities in xhe desired direction. Changes in relative factor prices, would give incentives to multinational enterprises to adapt their technologiesso as to adapt better co local conditions prevailing in the region. Changes m demand patterns resulting from the adoption of a basic needs strategy would have
similar effects-
78. In the countries of Africa, the highest priority should be attached to the promotion of the tschnicalcapacity to bargain and to. administer policies with
respect to foreign business.
79. Programme? should be developed, if possible within the framework of inter- / national technical assistance, to train managers in the countries of the region
for negotiating with multinational enterprises. The conference may wish to
consider whether the International Labour Office should undertake specialized
training programmes in-this respect, with Co-operation from UNCTAE.80. Strong federations of trade unions and employers' associations in.host countries will permit more fruitful'negotiations with multinational enterprises.
Host Governments should therefore encourage the development of strong institutions of this kind, and draw uP appropriate rules or conditions laying down minimum .
norms for contracts« - ' '
. 2 Page 15
8r;';"Wh6re possible, developing countries should aim at adopting joint policies
vis—&~vis multinational enterprises.
82. Developed countries could, individually or jointly, formulate policies which would encourage access by developing countries to capital markets. Such encourage ment might also be e:-rtended to management and technology transfer agreements
unaccompanied by capital flows.
83. Professional association of workers should "be regarded as social partners in
the management of multinational enterprises and in the drafting of plans for operations to "be carried out in the host country. At the international level, organized labour should seek to strengthen existing arrangements for the exchange of information and co-operation so as to reduce any possible imbalance in knowledge and bargaining strength between multinational enterprises and individual nationaltrade unions.
84 The fourth Conference of Non-aligned States denounced before world public opinion the inadmissible practices of multinational enterprises which infringe
the sovereignty of developing countries and violate the principles of non-interference
and the right of peoples to self-determination. The United Nations General Assembly, in its Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order,recognized the need to regulate and supervise the activities of transnational
corporations by talcing measures in the interest of the national economics of the countries in which the enterprises operate on the basis of the full sovereignty of those countries. Also at its sixth special session, the General Assembly invited the international community to formulate, adopt and apply an international code of conduct for multinational corporations which would:(a) Prevent interference in the internal affairs of the countries where
they operate and their collaboration with racist regimes and colonial administrations;
(b) Reflate their activities in host countries to eliminate restrictive business practices and to conform to the national development plans and objectives
of developing countries:
(c) Bring about assistance, transfer of technology and management skills to developing countries on equitable and favourable terms;
(d) Regulate the repatriation of the profits accruing from their operations, talcing into account the legitimate interests of all parties concerned;
(e) Promote reinvestment of their profits in developing countries.
85. Joint action should' be undertaken by developing countries toward multinational
enterprises, within the framework of a comprehensive strategy aimed at qualitativeand quantitative changes in the system of world economic and financial relationships,
which ties the developing countries to the industrialized countries./lLO/dtyltev, 2 Page 16
36. Efforts should be made to ensure that foreign investment complementing national development efforts is in.keeping with national development plans, uses appropriate technology, helps to develop technology further, creates employment, represents a net. saving in foreign exchange, facilitates decentralized management vis-^-vis the parent firms, and so on.
87- Multinational enterprises should participate in the activities of national ■ employers1 organizations and contribute to efforts to reach the national
objectives set out in the development plans of third world countries, particularly as regards the creation of employment.
88. In view of the particularly important activities of multinational enter prises in the fields of commerce} industry and scientific research in Africa, and the considerable financial and economic gains which they derive from these activities, it is essential that they should participate effectively in the
efforts of the countries of the third world to set up a true world economic order.
89- Multinational enterprises should show more concern for raising the standard of living of the national workers who contribute to their expansion; they should make greater efforts to train technical staff at all levels through a genuine transfer of technological and scientific knowledge, particularly as regards the management of undertakings'and scientific and technical research in the various sectors of industrialt agricultural and commercial activity.
90. Ac a time when employment problems are becoming increasingly preoccupying and crucial in all countries, it would be unthinkable for multinational enter prises to carry on their activities in various States without talcing an interest in the efforts which host governments are making to create new jobs and better social conditions for their peoples. Reinvestment of some of the profits which multinational enterprises mrvke in the countries where, they are situated] the formulation of a policy based on an international division of labour consisting of dynamic assistance enabling the developing countries to industrialize more rapidly by processing ran materials on the spot, and the opening up of the.
markets of the developed countries to products from countries of the third world, should be the only conditions in which multinational enterprises are allowed to operate in.the. developing countries.
\ ■ . ^
91. The working out of a code of conduct for multir.ational enterprises and the idea of setting up an international institute of technology should be examined in depth and be the subject of a resolution for adoption by the World Employment Conference.
92. 'Multinational enterprises should encourage research and development in the developing countries, especially for the promotion of indigenous technology.
ECA/ECWA/tLO/
Annex I
Joint ECA/ECSA Regional Meeting
in Preparation for ILO Tripartite World Conference on Employment,
Income Distribution and Social Progress and the International Division of Labour, Tunis,
k - 7 Nfay 1976
Reunion r^gionale commune CEA/CEAO Preparatoire a la Conference Mondiale
Tripartite' de l'OXT sur l'Emploi, la
Distribution des Revenus, le Progres Social et la Division Internationale d\i Travail, Tunis,
4 - 7 mai 1976 . . ,. ■
List of Participants/Liste des participants
Algeria/Alg6rie
Angola.
M. Amar AZZOUZ, Directeur de l'emploi, et des ressources humaines, Ministere du Travail
M. Ahmed AKKACHE, Directeur des Salaires au Ministere du Travail
M*»Ait YOUNES, Fonctionnaire
M. Sahli Khelil, CharS de Missions
Mme SAFSAF, Fonctionnaire
M. Ben YOUMES, Sonatrach, Ministere de l'Industrie M, Belhadj Bakir HASSAME, Secretaire National, UGTA .
M. Wuta M'POLO, Inspecteur ganaral du Travail
M, Luis Edgar Alves DE CEIT/., Directeur gsnsral de l'emploi M, Rodplfo SILVA, Technicien de l'emploi
M, Rogerio Paiva 3ORGES, Fonctionnaire
fcfflle. Efig^nia Dos SANTOS LIWl, Fonctionnaire M. f/atias Rebelo SOARES da SILVA, Fonctionnaire M. Mpoto Goncales, Fonctionnaire .
M. Lundamo Antonio SEBASTIAO, Syndicaliste, Secretaire General adjoint de 1'Union Nationale des Travailleurs Angolais
ECA/ECWA/lL0/JM/ReY.2 Annex I ■, ■ ■ . Page 2
Cameroon/Cameroun
M. AbelBALOTOKEN-DIKA, Directeur de la main-d'oeuvre • , . , et de-la formation professionnelle
"M. Miss£* HERMANN, Directeur adjoint du Travail -. . ■■ .-■
Central African Republic/Republigue Centrafricaine M. Paul OTTO, Directeur g£n6ral du Travail
M. Joseph TROMO, Chef, .de service du contrSle des Investissements
Ministere du Plan"/ : ■ -
Chad/Tchad
S.E, G4n4ral de brigade Doumro.NGAHARO NGUENABAYE,
Ministre du Travail . ■
M. NINGAYO-Karyohm, Chef de la division de la
<ao-op4ration interaationale
M, MANILA, Inspecteur de Travail . ■_■
Dr, DJEDOUBOUM-TOiMOU, M£decin
Coneo
M. Albert SATHOUD, Directeur du Cabinet
Ministere du Travail . •
M. Joseph Kimbala, Directeur des relations internationales du Travail
M. GOUEMO, Chef, Service des Ressources humaines
M. MOMPOLO DADET, Ambassadeur
Etrvpt/Egypte
Mr. Salah Borhan MOUR, TJnder-Secretary of State,
Ministry of Manpower
Mr. Abd el Rahman Khear, Egyptian Trade Unions
v ,:■-'" Federation of Labour Representative .Mr. Gad Gad Radwan, Egyptian Trade Unions .
Federation of Labour
ECA/ECWA/ILO/JM/Rev.2
Annex I Page 3
Ethiopia/Ethiopie
Gabon?
Ghana
Mr* Mebratu GEBEYEHU, Expert, Ministry of Labour Mr. Getahun. GEBRU, Expert, Planning Commission
M. ESSONE-NDONG, Representant des travailleurs ■ M. PAMBO Faustin, Represented des travailleurs
Capt, (GcN.) Joy Kobla AMEDUME, Commissioner for Labour,
Social Welfare and Co-operatives
Mr. Seth Yao Mawunyo ZANU, Principal Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Labour
Mr. Seth Edward Akute AZU, Deputy Chief Labour Officer Mr. Richard Filliam KWAMI, Deputy Executive Director,
Manpower Division, Ministry of Economic Planning :Mr; George -E« ,ABEKA:; 1;Admijiistr^tive Manager
Mr. Emmanuel Sackey DECKER, Chief Personnel Officer, Ghana Employers Association
Mr* Clemence Kwaku AMIABLE, General Secretary, TUC Mr. Jonathan Oblitey.TETTEIij. >Lead of ICconomic
Research Department, TUC
Dr. Kodwo E'^JSI, Senior Lecturer, University of Ghana
Guinea/Guin6e
M, Amadou C/l-VABAj Char^ d1 ffaires
Guinea Bissau/Gui.n6e Bissau
SoE.NL Rui BARRETO, Ministre du travail
M. ADHLINO QUETA, Direoteur general du Travail
ECA/BCWA/ILO/JM/Rev.2
Annex I Page 4
Iraq/Irak
Mr. Ibrahim M. AL-MUSLIH- Assistant Director-General
for Employment Affairs
Ivory Coast/Cote d'lvoire
Mme. THIAM, Directeur: du cabinet du ministre. du travail M. GBOCHG, Directeur, Office de la Main-d'Oeuvre
Jordan/Jordanie . , .
Mr. Abdel-Karim TALLI, Director of Manpower Department- Mr. Abdelruhman MAJALI, Member of the Executive Board of
Jordanian Trade Union
Kenya .■ ' - "
Mr<- J.BcOr. OMONDI, Acting Deputy Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Labour
■-."'. ,. i
Kuwait/Koweit
H.E. Mr. Salein AL-SABAH: Minister of Social Affairs rr. Mohamd AL-TAfffiR, Secretary for'Labour Affairs
Mr. Abdulla FOZA.N, Employment Supervisor Mr. Faisal AL-DAWOOD
Madagascar ...
Mr. Maurice RA.MAROZ/.KA, Char^ d'Affaires a.i. en Republique Tunisienne
?^ro Andrs TAHINDRO, Premier Secretaire . .;■ . . - _ ._;
M. Mohamed USSANA SAk6,' tonseiller technique au .:
Ministere du Travail et cle la Fonction Publique
BCA/ECWA/ILO/JM/Rev.2
Annex I Page 5
Mauritania/Mauritanie
SoEtM. Abdallahi Ould CHEIKH, Ministre du Travail M. Baba Amadou TANDIA, Directeur du Travail
M. BOUNENA-, Chie? Economist
Morocco/Maroc
Mo J-> OUAJ.J.OU.. S£cr£taire g^nsralj i'.inistere du Travail
M., Mahmoud HAKKOU3 Chef du Service jiiridique au Ministere du Travail M. BOUHADDANE; F=d.4ration des Cham'ores de Commerce et d9Industrie I M« Bennani EL HACHMI, S^critaire national de l'UMT
Mozambique
Niger
M. Carlos Ta-ju Boby DA CONCEICAO,, Fonctionnaire gouvernemental M; Jorge de SOUS/\ COELHOj Trade-Unions of Mozambique
Ms.Margarida Araujo A, DEMEiO/. Fonctionnaire gouvernemental Mo Adolfo Jorge JUSTINO, Fonctionnaire gouvernemental
M; Amadou O-ismane Nayaga, Secretaire g^n^ral, Ministere.
de la Ici^-cxon publique et du "travail
Nigeria
e Hantissou f/OUSSA, Planificateur en RessourcesHuniaines
MrJ Macaulay Ibiama PEPPLE, Acting Assistant Director, Federal ^fiinistiy of Labour
Oman
H^E^ Mro Mohamed ALH^RITHI, Ambassador
Mr. Mohamed Kamood AL GHAFARI, Third Secretary
Qatar/Quatar
HoEo Mr. Sayed ALI OMEIR ENNEIMI. Ambassador
Mr* "Khalifa-Abbas'EI/-OBEID, Diplomatic Expert and Adviser
ECA/ECWA/ILO/JM/Revo2
Annex I Page c
Rwanda/Rouanda
MB RWAMURARA, Fonctionnaire de l'Etat
M. NDIKUMAKUBIRO FABIEN, Fonctionnaire- de l'Etat
Saudia Arabia/Arabie Saoudite - :
Mr, Abdulrazag Aigain, Director of Social Services,
■ Ministry of Planning
. ., , ft^. Mohamed AL-OHALI, General Director of Manpower Mr- Ehsan J« FAXIH, Ministry of Planning
Senegal
M. Amadou Saidou DIA, Adjoint au Directeur du Travail
M. Bernardin SAMBOU, Chef, Division des ressources humaines
• M< Mohamed Abdoulaye Ly7 Repr^sentant syndical > -
Sierra Leone
H,E. Mr. George Go LAMIM, MnPo, f&nister of Labour
Mr. Abdul KARIK, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Labour
Sudan/Soudan
Mr, Mohamed Elmurtada Mustafa, Commissioner of Labour Mr. Habib Sarnoub Eldaw, Development Economist
Swaziland/Scuasiland
Mro Ralph CM, BEMBE, Senior Labour Officer
Syria/Syrie
Mro Farouk ADHAMI, First Secretary, Embassy of Syria
Tanzania/Tanzanie
■ M. Frank Paton. MWANJISI, Principal Secretary, Ministry of
Labour and Social Welfare
M. Medard MUTUNGI, Director and General Manager Dr. Herman Jo Matemu, Research Officer, NUTA
ECA/ECWA/XLO/JM/Rev&2
Annex I : ■ .*
Page 7 . .-.
Togo .
S« Er Me No GEEGDENI- Mixiistrc dc la Justice de la fonction - - - publique 3t du Travail
M» SANGBANAj..D^.r-ecceur gtn-si-al.du Travail
M. HUNLEDE; Secretaire Cental-Adjoint. CNTT . . M« ABOTCHIs Administrateur civil
Tunisia/Tunisie . ... ... , ■
H.E'D- MV;M6haoied ENNACEUR, 'Min.istr.e des Affaires Sociales M. Ben FADHEL, Repr£sentant permanent de la Tunisie ";
aup:?'ds de 1:ONU? G aeve
M. El GOULLIo Ambassadeur, Ministre des Affaires Etrange-r;es :■ . ..-j ^/-rvN Mo Habib CHERIF, -Birecteur du Travail
M. Guiga LAROUSSIj Secretaire GSniral, UTICA M. Zalilaj Vice President, UTICA
M. Kamel el FAZAA, Ccnseilier, UTICA M. Salah TOUMI, UTICA
M. Ali M'KAISSIf Directeurf STAG UTICA
M, Mohamed CHERIF, Chef de Division, ^inistere des Affaires Etrangfefes Me Cheikh Rouhou TAOUFIK; Directeur des ressources humaines,
Ministfexe. du Plan-.:.1,' :..:'. ■'■■
M, Ahmed FffiDIKAGH^ Directeur regional, OTTEEFP Mo Salem ARIFA, Directeur regxonal : "
M, Habib LANDOULSIj Dircctsur regional
M. TURKIr Direnteur ^gional, OTTEEFP . • . M. TEKAYA, Chef de Division, OTTEEFP
M. Naceur GHARBI? Attach^ de cabinet, Ministere des affaires sociales
M« Ayari FETHI, charg-i de nissibn au Ministere des affaires sociaiea ' ■
Mo Elleuche M0NGIL. Bureau executif de I1 UNA
M. Mustapha WVICHLOUF, Secretaire gin^ral adjoint, UGTT M. DARGHOUTH, Tresorier de I1'UTICA
M. Med Fetlu KHIARI, Joumaliste, UTICA
M. Abid KHELIFA, Secretaire gin^ral adjoint, UGTT Me Abderrahman TOUKAERI, UNA
ECA/ECWA/ILO/JM/Rev.2
Annex I - -
Page 8
United Arab Emirates/Emirats Arabes Unis
M. Ahmed MAHMOOD, Labour Manager ■' ' ' ^- : Mt Abdul-Rahnan Ahmed AL-K DID, Director of Central
Department of Statistics (Ministry of Planning)
Zaire
S.E- M, GEYORO-te-KULE, Ambassadeur du Zaire a Tunis
M. Musenga KALAMDA BAMANAYI, Deuxieme Secretaire, Ambassade
du Zaire a Tunis
Zambia/Zambie' .■■■.-..
M. L.M. IMASHOJ, Assistant Labour Commissioner M. Muleya K. BEHSCW',' Economist
M. J.W. MOSONDA, Vice National Chairman ZCTU
-• 'v■•■. •:::■' -■ - . O'bservers/Observateurs
O^nization of African Unity/Organisation de l'Unite" Africaine
Mr. Eshmael MLAMBO, Economic,Affairs Officer, ; OAU Office, Geneva
Arab Labour Organization/Ora^-i »»** on. Arabe-.du Travail, ■ . ■ ,,
Dr. Lahdiri TAYEB, Director-GeneralMr. Ezzeddine CHAMAKH
Mr, Abdel Moghny .Said SALAFM, Chief Editor of Labour Magazine Mr. Mohamed Lamine FARES, Directeur de 1'emploi et de la formation
professionnelle. , . . .
■ '■ " L;'JA/£CWA/1LC/Ji:/Rcv.
Anne? T Page 9
Council of Arab Economic Unity/Conseil de 1'Unite" e"conomique arabe
Prof. Abdelmegid M. FARRAG, Adviser to the Secretary General of the Council
Food and Agriculture Organization/FAQ
Mr. F»J. BRUCHER, FAO Representative in Tunis
United Nations Development Programme/UNDP-PNUD
Mr. SYMONDS, Resident Representative : Mr. AHLBERG, Assistant Resident Representative
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/UNESCO
Mr. Abdelhafid I-DRISSI, = .Deputy Director,
■•. .v Ara.bs States Division
World Health Organization/WHO-OMS '.. , ' '
Mr. Maurice RIOTTE ■ ■ - - .
-fitTcretariat
eca/cea
Prof. A. ADEOEJI, Executive Secretary Mr. J. RIBY-WILLIAMS
Dr. S. MORCOS
Dr. EL-TIGI Aziz El-Din Mr. J.B. PLACCA
Ms. Stella OLADAPO
ECA/ECWA/ILO/JM/Rev.2 Annex I
Page 10
ecwa/ceao
Mr. S. AL--ATTAR, Executive Secretary Mr. N. ATASSI
Dr. S. BURGAN, Assistant Director-General
Mr. B. BENTUM, Office of the Director-General • Mr. L. EMMERIJ, Chief, Employment and Development Depart-*
Mr. D. GHAI, Chief, Technical Secretariat of the World
Employment Conference --• --
«r. P. AUOSSm, Director, ILO Regional Office for Africa T4r. M. EL DEFRAHI, ILO Representative in Kuwait
Mr. GUMBAU, Chief of Project, Tunis
ECA/lSCWA/ILO/JM/Rev. 2
Annex IT
Joint ECA/ECWA Regional Meeting in
Preparation .for ILO Tripartite World Conference on Employment,.Income.Distribution and Social Progress and the International Division of Labour, Tunis, h - 7 May 1976
Address to the Opening Session by H,E. Mr« El-Hedi Npueira, Prime Minister of Tunisia
Ladies and gentlemen,
■ I am happy to welcome you on behalf of the Tunisian Government and to 'say what-a great privilege and pleasure it is for us to host your
'conference.
I welcome the initiative of the Economic Commission for Africa, the Economic Commission for Western Asia, and the International Labour Office in- holding this conference of Arab and African States as a prelude to the World Conference on Employment, Growth and Basic Needs which is to take place in
Geneva next Junec
- The subjects you will be discussing.during this meeting, namely national employment strategies and policies, international migration of labour,
techniques for the creation of productive employment, and active manpower policies,.are the constant-concern of Tunisia. We are, therefore, deeply interested in the results of your consideration of these problems, which are
so important to the future of the younger generations..
Ladies and ^cntlensen', ... ..
. • The international community seems finally to have become aware of the
need to correct .the profound imbalances :within it and to reduce, the ever-widening gulf between the economies, of the rich countries and those of the poor. Over the past 25 years the economies of the industrialised countries have soared to heights of prosperity without precedent in the history of international
economic relations.
However, this rise in prosperity has not been accompanied by a ,
proportional spread of well-being in the developing countries. On the ■contrary, based .as«it is on the maintenance of relationships of dependency, it has
resulted in the accumulation of a number of negative effects which have often thwarted the developing world's aspiratibns to*progress and so caused the foundations of the old economic order to be called into question.
