test light

Memorandum M-1985

tQgital Computer Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Page 1 of 11

SUBJECT: OPERATION OF INDICATOR LIGHTS AND INTERVENTION REGISTERS (Supplement to M-18l5)

To: C.R. Wieser, Grp. 6345 From: B. Morriss, G.Young Date: May 1, 1953

Abstract: Methods of inserting data into WI through switches and obtaining indicator light outputs from the computer which are indepe'ndent of test storage are to be installed by the summer of 1953.

This report describes how these in-out units will operate and be integrated into WWI.

SUBJECT INDEX: 6.0 EQUIPMENT PLANNING AND INSTALLATION

Memorandum M-1985 Page 2 TABla! OF OONTENTS

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Intervention Registers 2.1 Description

2.2 Program Requirements

2.3 Light Guns as Activate Indicators

2.4

Logical Operation of the Intervention Registers

3.0 Indicator Lights 3.1 Description

3.2 Program Requirements

3.3 Logical Operation of Indicator Light Registers

Table I - The si Addresses for Intervention Registers and Indicator Light Registers

Memorandum M-1985 Page 3

1.0 Introduction

Methods of inserting data into the computer through switches and obtaining indicator light outputs from the computer which are independent of test storage are to be installed by the summer of 1953.

The purpose of this report is to describe how these in-out units will operate and be integrated into WWI.

Switches will be provided to insert up to 480 binary digits of information into the computer. These switches will' control the digits of thirty l6-digit registers, the insertion registers, which may be sampled directly by the computer. In order to indicate to the computer when these switches should be sampled, 32 activate buttons wtllbe available. ,Each activate butto,n will control one digit ()f two l6~digit registers, the activate registers, which may also be sampled di-rectly by the computer.

Eigh~ 16~digitindicator lightreg:1sters will be available which may be read :into directly from the computer. Each digit of each register may have up to four indieator lights on the "one" side and up to four indicator lights on the ttzero~t side.

The insertion switches, activate buttons, and indicator lights, along with display scopes ana light guns, will be distributed among several console positions. Each position may be controlled by a different operator.

Since it is impossible to pred:i.et exactly how the equipment should be distributed among the consoles, a distribution panel, the remote station junction box,

will be included in the system. The tie-in between the various units and the consoles will be done at this junction box. The junction box will

facilitate any desired changes in distribution of various indicators, displays and controls at each console. The connections at the junction box will

be semi-permanent, and because changes will affect the work of many people any changes must be carefully planned and should not be contemplated on a day-to-day orprogram-to-program basis, but should be used to facilitate any general change in procedure.

The following block diagrams are included in this memorandum:' B-37446 Block Diagram, WI, 551, Indicator Light Register B-37457 - Block Diagram, ~J 562, Insertion Register

13-37458 Block Diagram, WI,

561,

Activate Registers 2.0 Intervention Registers

At times a person may desire to insert information into a computer while a program is being performed. An ,Intervention Register controlled by

switches presents one means of accomplishing this insertion.

The purpose of this section is to discuss the system of Intervention Registers to be constructed by July 1953.

Memorandum M-1985 Page

4

2.1 Description of the Intervention Registers 2.1.1 Remote Station Switch Inputs

The system provides several sets of switch inputs. Each set may be controlled by different persons, or may signify different types of information. These switches will be distributed among several remote station console positions, with an arbitrary but pre-determined number of switches at each position. There will be a push-button (activate button) and an activation indicator light associated with each set of switches.

If a person desires to inser t information into the computer, he will place the information tnto a set of switches and press the associated activate button. This indicates that the informatation is ready to be read into the computer. Each time the activate button is pressed, the indicator light at the console position will be turned on. The computer will acknowledge receipt of this information by turning off the indicator light.

There will be a total of 480 binary digits of information controlled by switches and 32\ activa te buttons.

The computer program must be able to determine which activate button has been pressed and then read the information from the associated switches into the computer. To accomplish this, each activate button will

be associated with one digit of two l6-digit registers (the activate registers).

The switches will be,associated with the digits of thirty other l6-digit registers (the insertion registers). Thus, the program can determine from the activate registers which sets of switches have been set to useful

information. The program can then extract this information from the contents of the insertion registers.' These registers are discussed in greater detail in the following paragraphs.

2.1.2 The Activate Registers

A circuit consisting of two gas tubes will be associated with

each activate button. ~en an activate button is pressed, the first of these gas tubes will be fired. The activate indicator light is controlled by this gas tube and therefore will be turned on. The second gas tube may fire only if the first tube is f~red and a gating voltage is placed on one' of its

grids. When the second tube is fi!ed, a pulse will be generated. This pulse will be used to set one digit of IORo The firing of the second tube will

turn off the first tube, which will, in turn, turn off both the indicator lamp and the second tube.

This circuit assures that only one pulse will be received by lOR each time an activate button is pressed. It also will ftremembern that the activate button has been pressed until the computer is ready to receive this pulse •. Each activate register will consist of, sixteen of these circuits, with each circuit connected to a different digit of lOR. Thus, when an activate register is selected by lOS and sensed, a none" will be placed in lOR for every activate button which has been pressed and the register will be cleared.

61

Memorandum ~1985 Page

5

2.1.3 The Insertion Registers

The switches at the remote stations will control the di:gits of the thirty insertion registers. Each insertion regis:f:,er will cOl1s~st of sixteen crystal ttand^P gates. A gate will be ~on" if the associated switch is ttonn and lOS selects the gate. Any "on^tt gate will activate a read-out . gate whichJs common to all insertion registers and associlited w~th a "

digit of lOR. Thus, when an insertion register is selected by lOS and -the ':read-out gates are sen~ed by the computer, a "one^tt will be placed in lOR for each "on" switch associated with a digit of the selected insertion register.

"ttshou1d 'be noted that the information contained in the set of switches associated with anyone activate button need not be placed in one insertion register. The information may fill parts of one or more

insertion registers or even completely fill several registers. The distribution of the switch indications in the registers as well as the number of switches per activate button is arbitrary.

2.1.4 Remote Station Junction Box

There will be a distribution panel, the remote station junction box, associated with the intervention registers to facilitate any desired changes in the distribution of the switches. Each console position will have a fixed number of switches as well as an activate button. Any or all of these switches may be cabled to the insertion registers through the distribution panel. Thus, both the number of switches associated with each activate button and the distribution of the switch indications in the insertion registers may be changed. Similarly, the digit associated with each activate button in the activate registers may be changed.

Any

changes' in ,the junction box should not be contemplated on on a.day-to-day basis. The panel is designed to facilitate any changes brought about ,by a general change of procedure and cannot be changed to satisfy the whim of~ery program.

2.2 'Program Requirements

Reading from the aetivate and insertion registers may be accompl,ished

,by a,~, si co~nci",. whieh~i11 select the register and transfer its content to IOR, and an rd eommand,which will transfer the content of lOR to AG.

Each rd commandmust be preceded blan ".siconunanCi., The 'si ,addresses, ,for the intervention registers aresi jOOt~si ).37 (oetal).-The activate

:regist~rs will be selected by 51300 ~nd

SI

301 (octal), while

s1

302

to s1 337 (octal) will select the insertion registers. --

As state"d previously, each time an activate button is pressed, a t'one" will be placed in a digit of an activate register and an indicator light will be turn~d on. The activate,registers indicate which sections of the insertion registersconta~n u~eful information. , The activate

indicator lights will be extinguished as soon as the content of the activate register is read into the computer. The extingui~hing of thE:!, .indicator lights should indicate that the content of the assoeiatedset ·of switches has been read into the computer and the observer should feel free to place new

61

Memorandum M~1985 Page

6

information into the sw.i tches. This is not necessarily the case, unless the program reads from the pertinent insertion registers soon after the information contained in the activate register has been read. How soon is predicted

on the extenguishing time of the indicator lamp (about 10 ms) and the reaction time of the observer. These delays should allow enough time to read in and store all of the information. Although this method of operation may slightly inconvenience the programmer, it is felt that the inconvenience is not great enough to warrant the extra equipment required to overcome ito

The bi command cannot be used with the intervention registers.

A special indexing system would have to be constructed to use this mode of opera tion. It is reI t that any advantages tha t might be gained would not warrant the addition of the extra equipment.

2.3 Light Guns as Act!. vate Indications

Light guns may be used in place of activate buttons to indicate that information has been placed in the insertion registers through a set of switches o A person may place information in a set of switches and then use the light gun on a point being displayed. B,y giving an rd command after

the rc command which displayed the point, the program can determine who gave the return and thus will know which section of the insertion registers con- tains the information. ^By using the light gun, information in the computer at the tine of the display can also be utilized.

2.4 Logical Operation of the Intervention Registers

The following paragraphs discuss the logical operation of the intervention registers on the si and rdconunands.

It is assumed that the reader has read E-466g Operation of the In-out Element, and is familiar with the general philosophy and operation of the In-Out Element. The operation timing on the si and rd commands are discussed in E-466. The content of the intervention regrster selected will be transferred to IOR on the si command, as described below. The content of lOR will be transferred"t:o AC on TP7 of the ~ command.

No delays or ,spe cial operations are required for reading from the in terven tion registers.. Therefore" the only actions in 10C are those common to all terminal eqUipment described in E",,466.

2.401 The Insertion Registers

Each digit of th,e insertion registers is a crystal gate which will have an output if both th6 associated switch at the remote station position and lOS select the gate. The outputs from anyone digit of all insertion registers are mixed into a read-out gate (see B-37457) associated with a digi t of lOR. Thus, when an insertion register is selected by lOS, the information contained in the associated switches is transferred to the read-out gates (aT's 01) ⁰ If these gates are sensed by a computer pulseJ) the information will be transferred to lOR ..

61

Memorandum ~1985 Page 7

"

The EU start pulse on TPI of the sicommand will be used to sense the read-out gates and transfer the information to lOR. This pulse will be gated by QT02,which~l1.be activated by

IS33

whenever an intervention register is selected. This gating has no logical significance, but is provided to prevent every EO start pulse from sensing GT's 01.

Thus,

^tine

IS33

and one of the lines

IS03

to I5.32 will be activated on an si command selecting; an insertion register. This will transfer the information contained in the insertion switches to the read-out gates.

The EO start pulse will pass through GT02 of the insertion registers, sense the read-out gates, and trasnfer the information to lOR.

An rd command will transfer the ~ord from lOR to AC.

2.4.2 The Activate Registers

The activate registers remember which activate buttons have been pushed between samplings of the activate registers by the computer. A 2J.Ls gate is required to transfer the information from an activate register to lOR. Therefore, eaoh activate register will have a gate generator (blocking oscillator) which will change a computer pulse into a 2IJ.s gate. The EU start pulse on TPlof an si.command will be used to read out of the activate registers. A g~tetube controlled by lOS must be provided for each activate register (see

'B-37458)

so that a computer pulse will only read out of the register when an

!!.

command selecting the register has been given.

, Line I8.33 and either ISOI or 1802 will be activated on an si command selecting an activate register. Again, the selection oftS33has no 10gicalsignif~cance. IS01 and 1802 will activate GT'sOl of activate registers

/11

and 1/2, respectively. The EUstart pulse will pass-through GTOl,transfer the information from the activate register to lOR, and clear thea-c·ti vate register.

An.rd.command will transfert.he information from lOR to AC.

3.0 Indicator Lights'

Indicator lights will be provided for displaying binary

information from the computer by Juiy,._'~53'~' ';:.Thes¢ l+ght-s .... :tii1l;~be di's-t,ributed among the console positions. The lights will be controt1ed by the indica't'or light registe~ described below. Either ~ones," It~eros, It or both "ones"

and "zeros" in the indicator light register

maY

turn on lights at the console.

Up to four "one^tt lights and four "zero. lights may be connected to each digit of each indicator light register.

Special purpose indicators, such as binary-to-octal converters and audible alarms, may also be controlled by the indicator light registers.

Each of these special purpose indicators must be treated as a separate design problem.

61

Memorandum M-1985 ^{Page 8}

The indicator lights at each console position may be connected to the indicator light registers in any desired manner through the remote station junc,tion box. A light may be connected to the "zero" or "one^lt side of any digit of anyone of the indicator light registers. Again, it should be remembered that these changes should not be contemplated on a day-to-day basis.

3.1 Description

There will be eifSht l6-digit indicator light registers provided.

Each of these registers may be cleared by the computer or receive information from lOR. Each of' these registers will consist of sixteen gas tubes plus a clearing circuit. The register will be cleared when first selected by lOS.

After being cleared, a gas tube will be fired for every digit of lOR which contai ns a .one. It If, the register remains selected and a digit of IORchangE!d from, .one" to ·zero,· the ;as~ociated gas tube will remainfir:ed and that digit of the indicator light register will still contain a ·one.^1t After being

cleared, the gas tubes corresponding to digits of lOR which contain a ·zer-o"

will remain cleared. If tpe register remains selected and a digit of lOR chan'ged from "zero" to .one," the associated gas tube will be fii-ed and that digit of the indicator light register will contain a '·oneo·

The circuit which clears' the indicator light register has a long recovery time, approximately 2 seconds. If a register should be selected more often than this, it might not be cleared.

3.2 Program Requirements

Information may be placed in an indicator register as follows:

!!

y - select the desired register and clear it.

rc - place a -qne·^t in every digit of the indicator light register corresponding to the digits of AC which cBntains tlones ."

The si addresses for the Indicator Light Registers are!!!. 510 to si 517 (octal)o More than onere command may be used with each si command.

The content of the indicator register after several rc, commands may best be shown by an example. Let the storage register x contain 1110011000 • ^{0 •} and storage register y contain 1110001110 • 0 " . • Now let us consider the content of an indicator register after each command of the following sequence;

of commands.

1. si (indicator register) 2. ca x

3.rc,r

4.

cs y

5.

ro ','

61

Memorandum M-1985 Page 9

After· the si. command, the register will be qt~ared and contain 000000000000 •••• After the first rc command, the indicator register will contain the content

·of

register x, namely 11io011000 •• ^{e .} After the second

!.£ command, each digit of the indicator register will contain a "one" if the corresponding digit of either x ory contained a "one." Therefore, after the second !,£, the indicator register will contain 1110011110 • ^{e • •}

The clearing circuits of the indicator registers have a recovery time of about 2 seconds. This means that at least 2 seconds must exist between successive si commands selecting anyone indicator register. This delay cannot be conveniently counted by the in-out system and must be taken care of by the program. If an si command is given too soon, some of the digits of the register se1ectedmay fail to be cleared, and false information may be placed in the indicator lights.

3.3 Logical Operation of Indicator Light Registers

The following paragraphs discuss the logical operation of the indicator light registers on the ~ and

!£

^commands.

Again, it is assumed that the reader has read E-466,Operation of the In-Out Element, and is familiar with the general philosophy and operation of the In-Out Element.

The operation timing on the si and ro commands is given in E-466.

Only the operations pertinent to the indicatorlight registers are discussed in this section.

Each indicator li~ht register contains a gas tube e1e~r circu;..t and 16 gas tube memories. (See B-37446.) ... The clear circuit operates on the rise-time of the lOS line selecting the register. Each digiti of the

indic~t()rligl?:t- register consists of a.gas tube which will be fired,if selected by lOS and the associated digit of lOR contains a ttone."

Thus each indicator light register requires one

16s

line and 16 .inputs from lOR.. The gas tube clear circuits will clear the register as soon as it is selected by lOS'. Once the clearing process has bee·n

ccmIple:t~d, the 'tones" in lOR will fire the associated gas tubes. in the indicatoriight register selected, and the "one" lights associated with these gas tubes will. be turned on. The gas tubes will rE!main fired until extinguished by another si command. At 1eas·t 2 seconds should exist between si commands selecting a particular register (see Section

3.2).

At the time the selected register is cleared, lOR must either contain the word to be placed in the indicator light register or remain cleared until the word can be placed in lOR. IOS is changed onTP7 of the si command. At present information left in lOR from a previous in-out operation is not cleared out until TP8 of the si command. If the computer is operating on pushbutton, it is possible to:read this false information into the indicator lights. Therefore, IOR will be cleared on TP7 of the s1 command, instead of T.P8 as shown in E-466. The register will remain Cleared until TPI of therc command, when the content of AC is transferred

to lOR. --

61

Memorandum M-19B5 Page 10

The process of clearing and reading into a particular indicator light register requires about 700~s. The word to be recorded must remain in lOR at least 251J;s after the clearing process has' been completed to assure that the gas. tubes will be fired. To assure this, a 700l-1s delay will be counted in IOC on the TC command. Another in-out operation will not be able to continue until this~elay has been completed.

Thus, on TP7 of the si command lOR will be cleared and lOS line C08 as well as one of the lOS lineS-l101 to l10B will be activated, depending on the indicator light register selected'. The associated gas tube clear circuit will clear the selected register.

On !'Pi of the rccommand, the content of AC will be transferred to lOR. The "ones" in lOR will fire the associated gas tubes in the indicator light register selected, a nd the "one· lights associated with these gas tubes will be turned on.

On

T:P3

of the rc command, an

toc

reset (rc) pulse will set the IOC

interlock, pass through GT13 of IOC reset control and set and start IODO for a 700IJ.s delay. (See SE-37442, Block Diagram, WI, 410, In-Out Control.

This drawing is not included with this report.)

COB is mixed with COl so that, along with any successive ro commands, a successive si command will sense the interlock. This will assure~hat

no further In=OUt operations may be started until the 700IJ.s d.elay has been completed.

.GY/BM/mrs

Drawings: B-3iL46 B-37457 B-37h5B

Signed

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B.E.

Morriss

Approved --~E~.~Sr.~R~i-c~h---

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61

Memorandum M-1985

TABLE I

The si Addresses for Intervention Registers and Indicator

-- Light Registers

Activate Registers - s1 300 and s1 301 (octal)

,

- - -

or

!!.

192 and si 193 (dec1mal) Insertion Registers -

!!

302 to

!!.

³³⁷ (octal)

or s1 194 to s1 223 (decimal) Indicator Light

Registers - s1

510

to

!!!. 517

(octal) or 8i 328 to

!!!.

335 (decimal)

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