Annexe 4 : étude 4

(1)

Annexe 4 : étude 4

Note introductive

Cette étude a suivi un développement un peu particulier. En effet, les éléments discussions et de controverse autour de Bargh et al. (1996) ont constitué une réelle opportunité pour embrasser ce nouveau modèle de conduite d’expérience. Ce dernier servait un double objectif. Il s’agissait d’une part de récolter la contribution la plus large et transparente des acteurs et spécialistes du domaine. D’autre part, ce modèle collaboratif offrait la possibilité de réaliser un nouvel essai de réplication de Bargh et al. de la manière la moins contestable qui soit. Pour ce faire, un site internet de type wiki collaboratif a été mis en ligne et diffusé largement via l’URL : replicate.vgbrain.net.

Celui-ci a également fait l’objet d’une mention particulière dans un article que nous avons récemment publié dans « Perspectives in Psychological Science » (Klein et al., 2012).

Cette annexe reprendra donc la restitution exacte du contenu de ce site ainsi qu’un ensemble d’analyses supplémentaires qui n’ont pas encore eu l’occasion d’être diffusées sur internet.

replicate.vgbrain.net

(2)

Main Page

From Replicate Elderly-Slow Walking

Welcome to the Elderly-Slow Walking open replication project!

The purpose of this project is to design and run the best replication of Bargh, Chen and Burrow's (1996) experiment 2a and 2b there can be.

This website is designed to collect everyone's comments and feedback on the protocol of the experiment so that it will be conducted in the best possible manner.

Please, feel free to contribute!

Note : We apologize for the overall stability of this website. If a page, a picture or a file doesn't show up, please refresh the page several times until the material

appears.

The project

▪ Project description and context

▪ Project management

▪ Method

▪ Data analysis

Latest News

10-01-2013 : Elements of Analysis for Study 1 are now provided.

03-07-2012 : Pictures of the setup are now available.

05-06-2012 : Ready-to-use modular Single-Target IAT script for Matlab/Psychtoolbox is now online : File:SCIAT.zip (courtesy of Stéphane Doyen)

01-06-2012: Processed data file is now online : File:Data.zip.

31-05-2012 : The complete raw data section is now written. All the files are also appended and made available.

23-05-2012 : The Data & Result section is being written. Raw sensor data is now available : File:Sensors.zip.

09-05-2012 : We now have completed a sample of 25 participants in the prime condition

(3)

and 27 in the non prime condition. The result will be made available shortly.

24-04-2012 : priming material and neutral material have been updated according to the pretest.

24-04-2012 : Raw data for the pretest of the prime is available online File:Pretestprimes.zip.

05-04-2012 : Contributors list added

05-04-2012 : priming material and neutral material added

05-04-2012 : The Welcome script and the Dismissal script have now been added 05-04-2012 : We are now actively seeking for the Arbiter

02-04-2012 : We are currently writing the different sections.

Pending tasks

Retrieved from « http://www.replicate.vgbrain.net/index.php?

title=Main_Page&oldid=235 »

▪ This page was last modified on 10 January 2013, at 13:07.

This page has been accessed 47,126 times.

(4)

Project description and context

In their seminal work, Bargh, Chen and Burrows (1996) [1] showed that priming participants with the concept of elderly lead participants to walk more slowly upon exiting the experiment room. Despite the fact that this manuscript has been cited a lot compared to other papers in its discipline, there have not been any succesful direct replications.

So far, two failed replications have been publicly reported. The first one has been performed in 2008 by Pashler, Harris and Coburn [2]and was published on

psychfiledrawer.org. The second one was carried out by Doyen, Klein, Pichon and Cleeremans and was published on 18th January 2012 in PLoS One[3].

The latter attempt has been reported in popular press [4] outlet where stemmed into various discussions about the value of replication. In March 2012, John Bargh

commented about the article on his own blog[5][6]. Although most of his critiques were almost instantly set straight by the commenters of his blog post[7], it remained that some of the methodological options reported in the Doyen et al. (2012) paper could have led to the absence of effect on walking speed.

In search for understanding of that particular experiment, and after many discussions with other parties, Stéphane Doyen, Olivier Klein and Axel Cleeremans decided that they would run yet an other replication attempt. This was the starting point of this project.

However, this time, the issue would be dealt in a slightly different manner. We believe that science is based as much on accumulated evidence as it is on collaborative work.

We would like therefore to engage the community in a collective process of defining the experiment as well as the data analysis protocol before this new replication attempt is carried out.

Please, feel free to edit and improve this wiki!

References

▪ ↑ Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior:

Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype priming on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.[1]

▪ ↑ Pashler, H., Harris, C., & Coburn, N. (2008). Elderly-Related Words Prime Slow Walking. PsychFileDrawer. [2]

▪ ↑ Doyen, S., Klein, O., Pichon, C., Cleeremans, A. (2012). Behavioral priming: It is

(5)

all in the brain, but whose brain? PLoS One7(1) : e29081. doi:10.1371/

journal.pone.0029081. [3]

▪ ↑ Yong, E. (2012). Primed by expectations: Why a classic psychology experiment isn’t what it seemed. Not Exactly rocket science. [4]

▪ ↑ Bargh, J. (2012). Nothing in Their Heads. Psychology Today: The Natural unconscious. [5]

▪ ↑ Bargh, J. (2012). Angry Birds. Psychology Today: The Natural unconscious.[6]

▪ ↑ [7]

title=Project_description_and_context&oldid=209 »

▪ This page was last modified on 8 June 2012, at 11:13.

(6)

Project management

The Arbiter

The Arbiter will be in charge of overseeing the complete process and will name the 2 referees. The Arbiter will have no personal connection to any of the protagonists involved, never published anything pro or con on priming effects of this kind, and will publicly state that he or she has not formed any strong opinion as to the possible outcomes. In addition, he or she will be in charge of summarizing everyone’s thoughts and comments on the experiment protocol and validate.

The logistics referee

The logistics referee will ensure that the translation of the written protocol to a real lab experiment is proceeded accordingly. The logistics referee should not be affiliated to any of the lab involved nor should he or she have collaborated in the past with any of the members.

The data referee

The Data referee will be in charge of collecting the data and process it. The analysis should follow a predefined plan. The data referee should not be affiliated to any of the lab involved nor should he or she have collaborated in the past with any of the

members.

title=Project_management&oldid=210 »

This page has been accessed 678 times.

(7)

Method

Participants

The priming experimenters

The experimenters in charge of the priming manipulation will be recruited through ads and databases. They will contact the main investigator either by phone or email. The latter will be in charge of planning the testing sessions. They will be asked to administer the priming task to at least 6 participants. The experimenters will be kept blind to the participants conditions as well as the purpose of the study.

The debriefing experimenter

The debriefing experimenter will be in charge of starting the recording of the sensor

(8)

activity before each individual participant enters the hallway and stop it after the participant is completely gone. This experimenter is also in charge of administering the computerized debriefing tasks to the participants.

The Participants

Participants will be recruited through the same means as the experimenter. They will respond to an advertisement inviting them to take part in a French test. They will contact the main investigator either by phone or email, and the main investigator will assign them randomly to the testing sessions.

Material

The Set up

The experiment will be set up according to the attached schematics.

Participants enter the featureless hallway from the left end and reach a “double door” on which there will be a board telling them to sit and wait on the “chair” at the end of the hallway.

(9)

The priming manipulation will be made in the “Priming room” at the end of the hallway.

Participants walking speed measurement should require no human intervention.

Therefore, two infrared sensors will be positioned in the hallway (i.e. Sensor 1 and Sensor 2). The sensor acquisition machine will be positioned in the “post-test Room”.

Both sensors will be 9,75m apart. “Sensor 1” will be placed to 2m away from the

“double door” and “Sensor 2” will be 2m away from the door of the “Priming room” so that participants cross each beam at cruise speed.

Once the priming manipulation is over the subject will naturally walk toward the exit.

As they step in front of the “Post-test Room” a second experimenter will ask them to take part to the post test tasks on a computer.

Participants exit the hallway by the same way they enter.

The priming scrambled sentence task

The priming material would be the exact translation of the scrambled sentences used in Bargh et al. (1996) listed in the « Practical guide to Priming and Automaticity » p36.

However, the item “Florida” should be replaced by a culturally relevant word.

The neutral scrambled sentence task

The neutral material will be exactly the same as the priming material except for the primes which will be replaced by neutral words.

Sensor activity recorder

The recoding of the activity is done by means of a USB 4 channels multipurpose recorder linked to a computer. The latter should be hidden in the post-test Room. The data referee should have access to this machine at all time through remote desktop so that he or she can collect the data in real time.

Debriefing computer

The debriefing computer will run the debriefing in the most unattended way. Just as for sensor activity acquisition, the data referee should have access at all time to the

debriefing computer.

Participants » debriefing tasks

(10)

Implicit Association towards elderly

A single target IAT (Bluemke et al. 2007) will capture participants bias in categorizing elderly positively or negatively. This task is composed by 5 blocks: one simple

categorization task, two training phases and two test phases. In the categorization task, the participant simply respond left or right to positive or negative words presented in central position according to labels, namely “positive” and “negative” placed on each side of the screen. In the training and test phases a label is introduced “elderly” that is on half of the blocs disposed on one side of the screen and on the other side for the other half. Participants have to follow that label to categorize typical first names of old

persons. Stimuli as well as block presentation order are randomized.

The task is programmed in Matlab using the Psychtoolbox and can be downloaded here : File:SCIAT.zip

Note that this script is modular and can be applied to other concept. Please, cite the author (in the comment section) when using it.

Suspicion & Awareness probe

Participants suspicion to the purpose of the study as well as the particular hypothesis will be probed. The awareness of the primes, the effect on walking speed and the link between the primes primes will be assessed using the method described in Doyen et al.

(2012). This debriefing is aimed at assessing the awareness of three elements: awareness of the primes, the primed behaviour and the link between the primes and the primed behaviour.

These elements are assed on three increasingly sharper levels of precision:

▪ General: genreal questions such as "Did you notice anything particular with the experiment?"

▪ Medium: the questions are partially specified. e.g. : « Did you notice anything particular with the sentences ? »

▪ Sharp: the questions are very specific. e.g. : « Some sentences were pointing to a common concept. Through this 4-AFC, can you tell us which on this is ? » Every question that requires a Yes or No answer has a comment section that the participant has only to complete in case of a "Yes" answer.

The french limesurvey structure file can be found here: File:Debriefing limesurvey structure.zip

Priming experimenters’ debriefing task

Priming experimenters’ suspicion to the purpose of the experiment as well as the

(11)

particular hypothesis will be probed. We will also check if the experimenters picked up the existence of the prime and the non prime condition and if they could tell wether a particular participant was assigned to a specific condition. The french limesurvey structure file of this debriefing task can be found here: File:Debriefing limesurvey structure.zip

Procedure

Phase 1 : Priming

Each participant will be neatly scheduled over 30 minutes of time to avoid any overlap.

At their scheduled time, participants reach the hallway through the “Entrance” door.

The walk up to the double door where they see a board telling them to wait on the chair at the other end of the hallway. As they walk up to this chair, the participants cross successively the beam of “Sensor 1” and “Sensor 2”. After a short while the

experimenter welcomes and greet the participants. Participants should not wait longer than one minute on the chair. According to a prewritten welcome script, the

experimenter will explain the task to the participant. Any kind of compensation should be made prior to the task. Both priming and non priming material will be enclosed individually in envelopes. The pile of enveloped will be blindly shuffled. Each

participant will receive an envelope from the experimenter and would be the only one to open it. He or she will put his or her first name on the questionnaire. While the

participant is completing the task, experimenter will remain silent and unnoticed in one side of the room. Upon completion of the task the participant will call the experimenter and hand back his questionnaire. The experimenter will then thank and dismiss the participant following the dismissal script. He or she will then number each

questionnaire according to the order in which he or she saw the participants so that all the pieces of data can be identified and matched as belonging to a unique participant.

Phase 2 : Walking

Measure

Data is acquired through the infrared sensors and saved in a CSV format. Both sensors are linked to a 4 channel multipurpose USB interface. The acquisition rate is 1000Hz so that the sensors can capture millisecond differences. The timing is given by the

difference of timestamp activity between “Sensor 1” and “Sensor 2” on the way in and

“Sensor 2” and “Sensor 1” when the participant is walking towards the exit.

Data handling

(12)

The acquisition device should be started before an individual participant arrives and stopped after the participant is completely gone. This ensure to have a single file enclosing the complete recording of the session of each individual participant. This file should be collected immediately by an independent team to process the data.

Phase 3 : Post-tests

Procedure

When the participant goes through the double door, he or she will be called by the Debriefing experimenter who waited all through the experiment in the post-test room.

The latter will explain, according to a debriefing script that there is a second part to the experiment and will then administer the tests to the participants. The tasks will be presented in the following order: Awareness probe, suspicion probe and implicit

association test. Once all the task are completed, the experimenter will fully debrief and dismiss the participants.

title=Method&oldid=217 »

(13)

Priming material

Description

The priming contains 30 scrambled sentences. They are the exact french translation of the sentences provided in Bargh and Chartrand (2000) [1]. Only 10 sentences will contain priming words. Apart from these particular words both the priming material and the neutral material will be exactly the same.

Preparation

Here is the list provided by Bargh and Chartrand (2000). According to the authors, the words in italic are prime words.

▪ him was worried she always

▪ from are Florida oranges temperature

▪ ball the throw toss silently

▪ shoes give replace old the

▪ he observes occasionally people watches

▪ be will swear lonely they

▪ sky the seamless grey is

▪ ate she it selfishly all

▪ be to back careful better

▪ prepare the gift wrap neatly

▪ sew sentimental buy item the

▪ he wise drops on seems

▪ are we stubborn courteous sometimes

▪ the push wash frequently clothes

▪ us bingo sing play let

(14)

▪ should now withdraw forgetful we

▪ somewhat prepared I was retired

▪ sunlight makes temperature wrinkle raisins

▪ is rigid he usually studying

▪ a have traditional wedding holiday

▪ picked throw apples hardly the

▪ drink this looks seems bitter

▪ they obedient him often meet

▪ there are they conservative going

▪ knits dependent he occasionally them

▪ studies she texts ancient him

▪ helpless it hides there over

▪ is he gullible plant so

▪ cautions alone very are they

▪ send I mail it over

Procedure

The material will be enclosed in an envelope that only the participant opens. The participant will have to indicate their name at the top right corner of the questionnaire for data processing purposes. The instruction will be given by the experimenter according to the greeting script.

(Oddly enough, it seems to me that most of the sentence have more than one possibility and that they could also prime other concepts. Given this, note that I’m uncertain about the unscrambled version of some statements as well as their proper translations.

Besides, multiple possible answers will make the participants ask for some clarification, which is against the minimal interaction rule between the experimenter and the

participant )

Material

For demonstration purposes the scrambled sentence will be written both shuffled and in the right order. The participant only sees the scrambled order. Sentences in bold contain a prime word. Items in italic are either a prime word or a prime word that has been replaced by a neutral word.

In order to ensure that the primes actually activate the concept, one must pretest the relevance of the primes. This was achieved by pretesting the primes in an online survey taken by participants of the same population (not sample) that as we will be testing.

In that survey we presented all the 23 potential primes reported by Bargh and Chartrand 2000 and asked the participants to rate them on a 5 points lickert scale according the this question: "According to you, how much do the following terms fit the representation

(15)

Belgians have about old people? (0 = not at all, 5 = very much) ». We only kept the 10 top scoring primes as target word to elaborate the priming material. The result of the survey is available here:File:Pretestprimes.zip

The top rated primes were in descending order : retraité, vieilles, ridé, seules, têtu, prudent, traditionnel, ancien, gris, conservateur. Thus we kept the sentences 4, 6, 7, 13, 17, 18, 20, 24, 26, 29.

Finally, we slightly adapted the grammar of certain words in the French version so that there was only one possible solution for each sentence. The purpose of this modification was to make this task as clear as possible for our participants and avoid any questions and superfluous interactions with the experimenter.

English

▪ him was present she always

▪ from are Spain oranges temperature

▪ shoes give replace old the

▪ be will swear lonely they

▪ sky the seamless grey is

▪ be to back true better

▪ sew expensive buy item the

▪ he clever drops on seems

▪ are we stubborn courteous sometimes

▪ us tennis sing play let

▪ should now withdraw charming we

▪ somewhat prepared I was retired

▪ sunlight makes temperature wrinkle raisins

▪ is tall he usually studying

▪ a have traditional wedding holiday

▪ drink this looks seems cold

▪ there are they conservative going

▪ knits occasionally he occasionally them

▪ studies she texts ancient him

▪ constant it hides there over

▪ is he present plant so

▪ cautions alone very are they

1.She was always present/him

2.Oranges are from Spain /temperature

3.Throw the ball silently /toss

4.Replace the old shoes /give

5.He occasionally observes people /watches

6.They will be lonely /swear

7.The sky is grey/seamless

8.She ate it all /selfishly

9.Better to be true /back

10.Wrap the gift neatly /prepare

11.Buy the expensive item /sew

12.He seems clever /drops on

13.We are sometimes courteous /stubborn

14.Wash frequently the clothes /push

15.Let us play tennis /sing

16.We should now withdraw /charming

17.I was somewhat prepared /retired

18.Sunlight makes raisins wrinkle /temperature

19.He is usually studying /tall

20.Have a traditional wedding /holiday

21.The hardly picked apples /throw

22.This drink seems cold/looks

23.They meet him often /obedient

24.They are going there /conservative

25.He occasionally knits them /dependent

26.She studies ancient texts /him

27.It hides over there /constant

28.He is so present /plant

29.They are very cautious /alone

30.I send it over /mail

(16)

Français

1.lui était présente elle toujours

2.d’ sont Espagne les oranges température

3.balle la jette lance silencieusement

4.chaussures donne remplace vieilles les

5.il observe occasionnellement les gens regarde

6.être vont jure seuls ils

7.ciel le homogène gris est

8.mangé elle a égoïstement tout

9.il est retour véritable mieux d’être

10.prépare le cadeau emballe soigneusement

11.coudre cher objet l’

12.il malin goutter à l’air

13.sommes nous têtu courtois parfois

14.les pousse lave fréquemment vêtements

15.allons tennis chanter jouer au

16.devrions nous retirer charmant nous

17.peu préparé j’ étais retraité

18.La lumière rend température ridés raisins

19.grand il souvent étudie

20.un organiser traditionnel mariage vacance

21.ramassées jetter pommes durement les

22.boisson cette regarde semble froide

23.ils obédient le régulièrement rencontrent

24.là-bas vont ils conservateur aller

25.tricote droite il occasionnellement les

26.étudie elle des textes anciens lui

27.constant c’est caché là-bas

28.est il présent plante tellement

29.prudents seul très sont ils

30.l’envois je courrier te

1.Elle était toujours présent/lui

2.Les oranges sont d’Espagne /température

3.Jette la balle silencieusement /lance

4.Remplace les vieilles chaussures /donne

5.Il observe occasionellement les gens /regarde

6.Ils vont être seuls /jure

7.Le ciel est gris/homogène

8.Elle a tout mangé /égoïstement

9.Il est mieux d’être véritable /retour

10.Emballe le cadeau soigneusement /prépare

11.Achète l’objet cher/coudre

12.Il a l’air malin /goutter

13.Nous sommes parfois courtois/têtu

14.Lave fréquemment les vêtements /pousse

15.Allons jouer au tennis /chante

16.Nous devrions nous retirer /charmant

17.J’étais peu préparé /retraité

18.La lumière rend les raisins ridés/ température

19.Il étudie souvent /grand

20.Organiser un mariage traditionnel/vacance

21.Les pommes ramassées durement /jeter

22.Cette boisson semble froide/regarde

23.Ils le rencontre régulièrement / obédient

24.Vont ils aller là-bas /conservateur

25.Il les tricotte occasionellement /droite

26.Elle étudie des textes anciens/lui

27.C’est caché par là-bas /constant

28.Il est tellement présent /plante

29.Ils sont très prudents /seul

30.Je te l’envois /courrier

References

1.↑ Bargh, J.A. & Chartrand, T.L., (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H.T. Reis and C.M. Judd (Eds.),

Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology, New York:

Cambridge University Press[1]

Retrieved from "http://www.replicate.vgbrain.net/index.php?

title=Priming_material&oldid=220"

(17)

Neutral material

Description

The neutral scrambled sentences are exactly the same than the priming material but for the sentences 4, 6, 7, 13, 17, 18, 20, 24, 26, 29. where the prime words have been replaced by neutral words.

Material

For demonstration purpose the scrambled sentence will be written both shuffled and in the right order. The participant only sees the scrambled order. Sentences in bold contain a prime word. Items in italic are either a prime word or a prime word that has been replaced by a neutral word.

(18)

English

▪ him was present she always

▪ from are Spain oranges temperature

▪ shoes give replace red the

▪ be will swear happy they

▪ sky the seamless blue is

▪ be to back true better

▪ sew expensive buy item the

▪ he clever drops on seems

▪ are we stubborn courteous sometimes

▪ us tennis sing play let

▪ should now withdraw charming we

▪ somewhat prepared I was rested

▪ sunlight makes temperature juicy raisins

▪ is tall he usually studying

▪ a have sumptuous wedding holiday

▪ drink this looks seems cold

▪ there are they balanced going

▪ knits occasionally he occasionally them

▪ studies she texts complicated him

▪ constant it hides there over

▪ is he present plant so

▪ cautions alone very are they

▪ She was always present/him

▪ Oranges are from Spain /temperature

▪ Throw the ball silently /toss

▪ Replace the red shoes /give

▪ He occasionally observes people /watches

▪ They will be happy/swear

▪ The sky is blue/seamless

▪ She ate it all /selfishly

▪ Better to be true /back

▪ Wrap the gift neatly /prepare

▪ Buy the expensive item /sew

▪ He seems clever /drops on

▪ We are sometimes courteous /true

▪ Wash frequently the clothes /push

▪ Let us play tennis /sing

▪ We should now withdraw /charming

▪ I was somewhat prepared /rested

▪ Sunlight makes raisins juicy/temperature

▪ He is usually studying /tall

▪ Have a sumptuous wedding /holiday

▪ The hardly picked apples /throw

▪ This drink seems cold/looks

▪ They meet him often /obedient

▪ They are going there /balanced

▪ He occasionally knits them /dependent

▪ She studies complicated texts /him

▪ It hides over there /constant

▪ He is so present /plant

▪ They are very cautious /alone

▪ I send it over /mail

(19)

Français

1.lui était présente elle toujours

2.d’ sont Espagne les oranges température

3.balle la jette lance silencieusement

4.chaussures donne remplace rouges les

5.il observe occasionnellement les gens regarde

6.être vont jure heureux ils

7.ciel le homogène bleu est

8.mangé elle a égoïstement tout

9.il est retour véritable mieux d’être

10.prépare le cadeau emballe soigneusement

11.coudre cher objet l’

12.il malin goutter à l’air

13.sommes nous fidèle courtois parfois

14.les pousse lave fréquemment vêtements

15.allons tennis chanter jouer au

16.devrions nous retirer charmant nous

17.peu préparé j’ étais reposées

18.La lumière rend température juteux raisins

19.grand il souvent étudie

20.un organiser somptueux mariage vacance

21.ramassées jetter pommes durement les

22.boisson cette regarde semble froide

23.ils obédient le régulièrement rencontrent

24.là-bas vont ils équilibré aller

25.tricote droite il occasionnellement les

26.étudie elle des textes compliqués lui

27.constant c’est caché là-bas

28.est il présent plante tellement

29.présent seul très sont ils

30.l’envois je courrier te

1.Elle était toujours présent/lui

2.Les oranges sont d’Espagne /température

3.Jette la balle silencieusement /lance

4.Remplace les chaussures rouges/donne

5.Il observe occasionnellement les gens /regarde

6.Ils vont être heureux/jure

7.Le ciel est bleu/homogène

8.Elle a tout mangé /égoïstement

9.Il est mieux d’être véritable /retour

10.Emballe le cadeau soigneusement /prépare

11.Achète l’objet cher/coudre

12.Il a l’air malin /goutter

13.Nous sommes parfois courtois/loyal

14.Lave fréquemment les vêtements /pousse

15.Allons jouer au tennis /chante

16.Nous devrions nous retirer /charmant

17.J’étais peu préparé /reposé

18.La lumière rend les raisins juteux/ température

19.Il étudie souvent /grand

20.Organiser un mariage somptueux/vacance

21.Les pommes ramassées durement /jeter

22.Cette boisson semble froide/regarde

23.Ils le rencontre régulièrement / obédient

24.Vont ils aller là-bas /équilibré

25.Il les tricote occasionnellement /droite

26.Elle étudie des textes compliqués/lui

27.C’est caché par là-bas /constant

28.Il est tellement présent /plante

29.Ils sont très prudents /juste

30.Je te l’envois /courrier

title=Neutral_material&oldid=108 »

1. This page was last modified on 24 April 2012, at 17:06.

(20)

Welcome script

Only the french version (see below) will be given to the experimenters.

English

Aim

The aim of this script is to provide to the experimenter strict guidelines on how to interact with each single participants. This script will ve handed out to each experimenter.

Script

As soons as you hear through the closed door that the participant has arrived and is sitting on the chair next to the experiment room, proceed with the greetings. If a participant is more than 15 minutes late, dismiss him or her without taking the test. If the participant is paid with money, you will hand out the cash and make him or her fill in the justification piece prior to the experiment.

Hello and thank you for coming to this experiment.

You invite the participant inside the romm and point him or her to the chair on which he or she will remain to do the test. Take an envelop that enclose the questionnaire from the pile and hand it out to the participant.

In this envelop, you will find a small french test. It might be normal to find that this

(21)

task is too easy. In fact, this is a dest developped by speech therapist and you are part of the normal population on which we are calibrating it.

In this test, there are 30 scrambled sentences. In each sentence there is a word that doesn’t fit in its meaning. Your task is to cross out that word and rewrite the sentence in the right order on the line below it.

There is no time limit. Let me know when you are finished.

While the participant is doing the task, you quietly sit unnoticed in a corner of the experiment room.

Français

Objectif

L’objectif de ce scritp est de fournir à l’experimentateur des lines de conduites strictes pour interagire avec chaque participants. Ce script sera remis à chaque expérimentateur.

Script

Dès que vous entendez au travers la porte fermée que le participant est arrivé sur la chaise à côté du local d’expérimentation, veuillez l’acceuillir. Si un participant a plus de 15 minutes de retard, vous devez le renvoyer. Si le participant est rémunéré en argent, vous veillerez à lui donner directement le cash avec le justificatif à compléter avant l’expérience.

Bonjour et merci de venir participer à cette expérience.

Vous faites rentrer le participant et lui indiquez la chaise sur laquelle il réalisera le test.

Vous prenez une enveloppe de la pile et lui remettez une enveloppe contenant un questionnaire.

Dans cette enveloppe, tu trouveras une petite épreuve de français. Si celle-ci te semble trop simple, c’est normal. Il s’agit en réalité d’un test qu’on développe en logopédie.

Vous êtes la population normale sur laquelle on calibre ce test.

Dans ce test, vous allez trouver 30 phrases mélangées. Chacune de ces phrases

(22)

comporte également un mot en trop, c’est-à-dire qu’il ne ve pas dans le sens de la phrase. Votre tâche est barrer le mot en trop et de réécrire la phrase dans le bon ordre sur la ligne en dessous de celle-ci.

Il n’y a pas de limite de temps. Faites-moi signe lorsque vous avez terminé.

Alors que le participant réalise la tâche, vous vous dirigez dans un coin de la pièce et vous occupez de manière silencieuse.

title=Welcome_script&oldid=51 »

▪ This page was last modified on 5 April 2012, at 12:12.

(23)

Dismissal script

English

This script will be in french (see below) and given to the experimenter)

Aim

Dismiss the participant in a utterly natural manner.

Script

When the participant summon you upon completion of the task simply tell him or her that the experience is over. Thank the participant and dismiss him or her before the door.

Keep this phase brief.

The task is over. Thank you very much for you collaboration.

You can now go, have a pleasant day.

Collect that participants’ questionnaire and pile it in the ad hoc box.

(24)

Français

Objectif

Libérer le participant de manière la plus naturelle qui soit.

Script

Lorsque le participant aura terminé et vous appellera, dites-lui simplement que

l’expérience est terminée. Remerciez-le pour sa participation et libérez-le avant la porte.

Faites en sorte que ce moment soit bref.

L’expérience est terminée. Merci beaucoup pour votre collaboration.

Vous pouvez y aller, passez une bonne journée.

Ramassez le questionnaire du participant et placez-le dans la boite ad hoc.

title=Dismissal_script&oldid=53 »

▪ This page was last modified on 5 April 2012, at 14:40.

(25)

Data analysis

Sources of data

There are three different sources of data. The priming questionnaires. The sensor activity data. The post tests.

Data collection

The data collection is complete when at least 42 participants have been tested.

Data handling

Data should be passed on to the Data referee as soon as possible for processing. Priming questionnaires should also be scanned and sent to Data referee. The data should only be analyzed after full completion of the acquisition phase for the planned sample size.

Data analysis

(26)

The analysis should be planned and agreed upon in advance.

Sample size

As our estimate of effect size for the manual timing data, we shall use .88, which was found in experiment 2b of Bargh et al., 1996 (the effect size was 1.04 in experiment 2a).

Based on this estimation, a total of 42 subjects per condition is necessary to achieve a power of .95.

Exclusion criteria

Priming

Participant did not complete the priming questionnaire in a satisfactory manner.

Data acquisition

Problem with the sensors: It participants walking speed can not be extracted from the raw data or if the testing session has been disrupted, the recoding of the sensors for that particular participant has to be excluded from the analysis.

Outliers

People with walking times higher than 4 SD above (or below) the group mean will be eliminated (based on McClelland, 2000).

Normality

The data will be checked for normality using Kolmogrov-Smirnov's test.

Tests

If the data do not deviate from normality, the means of the two groups will be submitted to an independent samples t test (two tailed). Alpha will be set at .05. To increase power, an ANCOVA will also be performed entering walking time (at the entrance of the hall) as a covariate. In case of deviations from normality, transformations will be applied. If the data are positively skewed, a logarithmic or square root transformation will be implemented (based on McClelland, 2000). If no such transformation achieves normality Mann-Withney's test will be applied.

(27)

Factors known to impact the effect

Certain

Activation of the concept or not

Speculative

Implicit attitudes: Check how those with a positive IAT differ of those with a negative IAT. Participants are aware of the prime : (answer yes for question XXX -to be specified when the debriefing is completed + correct id in the 4AFC).

References

McClelland, G. (2000). Nasty Data; In Reis, H. & Judd, C.M. Handbook of Research Methods in Social Psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

title=Data_analysis&oldid=218 »

(28)

Contributors

If you wish to contribute or support the project, please register on this wiki and add your name to the list.

Editor Referees

Contributors

▪ Axel Cleeremans

▪ Aurore Crabeels

▪ Stéphane Doyen

▪ Olivier Klein

Supporters

▪ Hal Pashler

title=Contributors&oldid=122 »

1. This page was last modified on 11 May 2012, at 20:52.

(29)

Study 1 Method

Although this site is primarily designed to provide a standard, detailed and publicly criticized procedure to replicate Bargh et al. (1996), each replication attempt can display very slight discrepancy from what is described in the Method section.

Given the availability of the resources (i.e.: the empty hallway, the experimenters and the participants), this new replication attempt had to follow a very tight agenda that led us to launch the experiment without fulfilling some of the planned steps. Here is a list of the elements that differ from the initial project.

The Arbiter

We have engaged in an active process of finding an Arbiter that would meet the requirement of neutrality and expertise in the field. However, we did not manage to complete this step on time before the launch of the experiment.

The referee

Given the fact that no Arbiter was designated to oversee this experiment, no data nor logistic referee was designated.

The Set up

Given the available space at the University of Brussels, we had to settle for a set up that is as close as possible to what was planned in the initial project. However, the Post-Test

& Data acquisition room was located between sensor 1 and 2.

(30)

Indeed, the participant was called back for the debriefing after he or she had crossed the 2 beams. However, such a set up means that sensor 1 is activated three times after the priming manipulation:

▪ 1. When exiting (dependent variable measurement or walking time)

▪ 2. When he or she is called back for the debriefing

▪ 3. When the participant is completely finished and actually exiting the set up.

Additional measure

Infra Red Camera

In addition to the infrared sensors and the debriefing measures, we used infrared cameras to record participants movement in the hallway. The recordings for which we have the rights will be made available.

Pictures

Here are the pictures of the actual setup.

(31)

This arrow points to the floor where the experiment takes place. This is what the participants saw as they entered the building.

This is the hallway as the participants saw it on the way in.

This is where the participants sat to complete the scrambled sentences task.

This is the hallway as the participants saw it on the way out.

This is the debriefing room. The participant took the debriefing questionnaire on either of these

computers.

(32)

This is the control post where the overseers could check the arrival of each participant with an infrared camera.

This page was last modified on 3 July 2012, at 19:02.

(33)

Study 1 Results

Pretest of the primes

To ensure that the primes were related to the concept of old age, we ran an online survey in which we presented the french translation of the primes used in Bargh et al.

(1996). We ask the participants to rate on a 5 points scale (0 = Not at all, 5 = Very much) each item according to this question: "According to you, how does each adjective fit best the way belgian people represents themselves elderly?" 45 participants

responded to this survey whose answers are available here : File:Pretestprimes.zip. Only the 10 items toping the ranking were retained as priming material which can be found here: priming material

Raw data

Sensor activity

(34)

The walking speed is measured through infrared sensors disposed 9,75 meters apart in a featureless hallway just as explained in the method section. Technically, participants cross successively the beam of Sensor 1 or Channel 1 and the Sensor 2 or Channel 2 on the way in. The pattern is inverted on the way out. The USB multipurpose recorder generates a file that tracks the activity on each channel at 100Hz sample rate.

The walking time is obtained by substation of the timestamp information relative to the activity on each channel:

CH2 - CH1 = Time to walk in CH1 - CH2 = Time to walk out

Note that the electric activity is a number that varies form 0 to 255. Small deviation from 0 (up to about 10) can be considered as noise in the system. Note also that for some participants, the recoding does not reflect participants walking time. This is the case when: someone unexpected walked in the hallway, one of the sensor lost sync or the participant stopped between the two sensors. Note that in case of overlapping

participants (i.e.: the previous participant leaves the debriefing room while the following one arrives) two data files are created. This doesn't void the exit time measurement.

These case are not frequent, are reported in the subjects file and should be excluded from further analysis. Both the sensor data as well as the subjects file are enclosed in this archive : File:Sensors.zip.

Single-Category Implicit Association Test

This task is adapted from Karpinski and Ross (2006) single-category Implicit

association test[1]. We used 4 pictures of each stimuli category (Good - Bad - Elderly) The SC-IAT structure was as follow:

▪ Bloc 0 - Training 0: 30 trials with only good and bad pictures. Left label = Good, Right label = Bad

▪ Bloc 1 - Training 1: 24 trials with all categories. Left labels= Good + Elderly, Right label = Bad

▪ Bloc 2 - Experimental 1: 72 trials with all categories. Left labels= Good + Elderly, Right label = Bad

▪ Bloc 3 - Training 2: 24 trials with all categories. Left labels= Good, Right label = Bad + Elderly

▪ Bloc 4 - Experimental 2: 72 trials with all categories. Left labels= Good, Right label = Bad + Elderly

The raw data files are numbered according to participants number and are presented in .txt tab separated.

The columns are:

(35)

▪ Subject: Participant's number

▪ Sexe : Gender

▪ Laterailte : handedness

▪ Task version: used for bloc randomization (not applicable)

▪ Bloc : bloc number in the above structure

▪ Left Label: what label was on the left

▪ Right Label: what label was on the right

▪ Concept position : on what side was the concept

▪ Trial : trial number

▪ Stimulus : what was the stimulus

▪ Stimulus ID : what was the stimulus ID

▪ StimulusAttribute: what was the category of stimulus

▪ Correct Key : what is the expected key

▪ Key pressed: what is the key pressed by the participant

▪ Correct : is this a correct response (1 = Yes, 0 = No)

▪ Correct LatencySec: Response time in seconds

▪ Latency: Response time in millisecond File:Sc-IAT.zip

Participants

In the attached file, each level of assessment is represented by a letter: G for general, M for medium and S for sharp.

(36)

G1 Au cours de cette expérience, avez-vous remarqué quoi que ce soit d’inhabituel ? Oui Y Non N

G1_1 Qu’avez-vous remarqué de particulier au cours de cette expérience ?

G2 Avez-vous remarqué quelque chose de particulier avec les phrases mélangées ? Oui Y Non N

G2_2 Qu’avez-vous remarqué d’inhabituel avec les phrases mélangées ?

G3 Avez-vous remarqué quelque chose d’inhabituel dans votre comportement pendant l’expérience ? Oui Y Non N

G3_3 Qu’avez-vous remarqué d’inhabituel dans votre comportement ?

G4 Avez-vous remarqué quelque chose d’inhabituel dans le comportement de l’expérimentateur ? Oui Y Non N G4_4 Qu’avez-vous remarqué d’inhabituel dans le

comportement de l’expérimentateur ? M1 Avez-vous remarqué un lien entre les phrases

mélangées ? Oui Y Non N

M1_1 Quel lien avez-vous perçu entre les phrases mélangées ?

M2 Avez-vous remarqué un changement particulier dans votre comportement après avoir réalisé la tâche de phrases mélangées ? Oui Y Non N

M2_2 Quel changement avez-vous remarqué dans votre comportement après avoir réalisé la tâche de phrases mélangées ?

S1_A Par rapport à votre vitesse de marche habituelle, pouvez-vous décrire si vous avez marché plus vite (bougez le curseur vers la droite) moins vite (bougez le curseur vers la gauche) ou avez gardé une allure de marche normale (laissez le curseur inchangé et validez la question) lorsque vous avez quitté la salle d’expérience ?

S1_B Par rapport à votre vitesse de marche en entrant, pouvez-vous décrire si vous avez marché plus vite (bougez le curseur vers la droite) moins vite (bougez le curseur vers la gauche) ou avez gardé une allure de marche normale (laissez le curseur inchangé et validez la question) lorsque vous avez quitté la salle d’expérience ?

S1_1 A votre avis, à quoi est du ce changement de vitesse ? S2 Pensez-vous que l’expérimentateur ait pu avoir une

influence sur votre vitesse de marche ? Oui Y Non N S2_1 Comment l’expérimentateur a-t-il influencé votre

vitesse de marche ?

S3 Les phrases mélangées partageaient bien un concept commun. Pouvez-vous nommer lequel ?

S4 En réalité, les phrase mélangées partageaient des mots se rapportant à une catégorie sociale. Pouvez-vous identifier laquelle ? A1 Les personnes âgées A2 Les sportifs A3 Les personnes handicapées A4 Les personnes maghrébines

S5 Une étude antérieure a montré que lire des mots en rapport avec le concept de vieillesse dans des phrases mélangées engendre un ralentissement de la marche en quittant le local de l’expérience. Pensez-vous que cela a été votre cas ? Oui Y Non N

G1 Did you notice anything unusual during this experiment? Yes Y No N

G1_1 What did you notice with the experiment?

G2 Did you notice anything unusual with the scrambled sentences? Yes Y No N G2_2 What did you notice with the scrambled

sentences?

G3 Did you notice anything unusual with your behavior? Yes Y No N

G3_3 What did you notice with your behavior?

G4 Did you notice anything unusual with the experimenter's behavior? Yes Y No N G4_4 What did you notice with the experimenter's

behavior?

M1 Did you find a link between the scrambled sentences? Yes Y No N

M1_1 What link did you find between the scrambled sentences?

M2 Did you notice any particular change in your behavior after completing the scrambled sentences? Yes Y No N

M2_2 What change did you notice in your behavior after completing the scrambled sentences?

S1_A Compared to your usual walking speed, could you describe if you walked faster (slide the cursor to the right) slower (slide the cursor to the left) or kept a normal walking pace (leave the cursor untouched) when you left the experiment room?

S1_B Compared to your walking speed on the way to the experiment room, could you describe if you walked faster (slide the cursor to the right) slower (slide the cursor to the left) or kept a normal walking pace (leave the cursor untouched) when you left the experiment room?

S1_1 According to you, what caused this change is speed?

S2 Do you think the experimenter could have had any influence on your walking speed? Yes Y No N

S2_1 How did the experimenter influenced your walking speed?

S3 In fact, the scrambled sentences were related to a common concept, could you tell which one?

S4 In fact, the scrambled sentences shared words related to a social category. Could you identify with not? A1 Elderly A2 Sportsmen A3 Handicapped persons A4 Arabic people

S5 A previous study has shown that reading words related to the concept of age leads to a slower walking pace upon exiting the experiment room. Do you think that this was the car for you? Yes Y No N

File:Debrief-Participants.zip

(37)

Experimenters

In the attached file, each level of assessment is represented by a letter: G for general, M for medium and S for sharp.

G1 Avez-vous rencontré des difficultés pour réaliser votre tâche ? Oui Y Non N

G1_1 Quelles difficultés avez-vous rencontrées ? G2 Avez-vous remarqué quelque chose de particulier

avec votre tâche ? Oui Y Non N

G2_2 Qu’avez-vous remarqué de particulier avec votre tâche ?

M1 Avez-vous remarqué quelque chose de particulier avec le comportement de certains sujets ? Oui Y Non N

M1_1 Qu’avez-vous remarqué de particulier avec le comportement des sujets ?

M2 Avez-vous remarqué quelque chose de particulier avec les phrases mélangées ? Oui Y Non N M2_2 Qu’avez-vous remarqué de particulier avec les

phrases mélangées ?

S1 A votre avis, en quelques mots, quel est le but de cette expérience ?

S2 Avez-vous remarqué quelque chose de changé dans la vitesse de marche des participants ? Oui Y Non N S2_2 Qu’avez-vous remarqué de changé dans la vitesse

de marche des participants ?

S3 Les phrases mélangées partageaient bien un concept commun. Pouvez-vous nommer lequel ?

S4 En réalité, les phrase mélangées partageaient des mots se rapportant à une catégorie sociale.

Pouvez-vous identifier laquelle ? A1 Les

personnes âgées A2 Les sportifs A3 Les personnes handicapées A4 Les personnes maghrébines

G1 Did you encounter any difficulty in fulfilling you task? Yes Y No N G1_1 What difficulty did you encounter?

G2 Did you notice anything unusual with your task? Yes Y No N

G2_2 What did you notice with your task?

M1 Did you notice anything unusual with the participants' behavior? Yes Y No N

M1_1 What did you notice with the participants' behavior?

M2 Did you notice anything unusual with the scrambled sentences? Yes Y No N

M2_2 What did you notice with the scrambled sentences?

S1 According to you, what would be the purpose of this experiment?

S2 Did you notice any change in participants' walking speed? Yes Y No N

S2_2 What change did you notice in participants' walking speed?

S3 The scrambled sentences had a concept in common. Could you tell which one it is?

S4 In fact, the scrambled sentences shared words related to a social category.

Could you identify with not? A1 Elderly A2 Sportsmen A3 Handicapped persons A4 Arabic people

File:Debrief-Experimenters.zip

Processed data

File:Data.zip

Walking Time

(38)

3 measurement can be derived from the sensor activity.

1. Time to walk in (delta_in the data file) : CH2-CH1 2. Time to walk out (delta_out in the data file) : CH1-CH2

3. Time to complete the scrambled sentences (Time_Session) : CH2(out)-CH2(in) Column G through I

IAT scores

The average response time per participant per trial type was computed following this algorithm.

1. Only the experimental blocs were kept (Bloc 2 and 4) 2. Only the correct responses were kept

3. Only the congruent and the incongruent trials were kept

4. Those trials 3 standard deviation of the mean of their own type were deleted (126 trials out of 133040 at the sample level)

5. Average response time by trial type was computed for each participants.

D-IAT is the difference between the incongruent and congruent trials Column J through L

Awareness Scores

Each level of awareness assessment was carefully examined. A participant received a 1 if he or she was able to provide an explanation that shows he or she had a certain degree of awareness of the primes, the task or the effect. For each level a 1 was granted if the participant demonstrated any glimpse of knowledge of any of these 3 entities. A "Note"

column was appended to report whether the participants had found out about other aspects of the experiment such as the sensors or the camera. Column M through O and U

Speed deviation self report

Column P refers to the self reported speed deviation from the usual walking speed participant have. Column Q refers to the self reported speed deviation from participants' walking speed on the way in.

4-AFC

Participants » forced choice amongst the 4 social categories presented.

(39)

Interview Time

The time the participants took to complete the limesurvey debriefing. This therefore does not include the Sc-IAT.

Behavioral Priming Believable

This column displays participants' answer when we openly asked them whether the behavioral effect of the primes was indeed believable.

Analysis

Participants exclusion

According to our preset rule, people with walking times higher than 4 SD above (or below) the group mean will be eliminated (based on McClelland, 2000).

14 Experimenters were recruited for this experiment, none of which reported any awareness of neither the particular hypothesis of the experiment nor the existence of the experimental conditions or the participants assignation.

A total of 62 participants were tested, 31 in each condition. When asked directly, none of them reported any awareness of the social category used in the scrambled sentences.

7 participants in the «No-Prime» condition and 7 «Prime» condition were excluded for technical difficulties. These were mostly overlapping participants which made their sensor data undistinguishable from one an other. 2 more participants in the «No-Prime»

condition where excluded from the sample for displaying abnormal walking

measurement (above 35 seconds) leaving the sample with 22 participants in the «No- Prime» and 24 in the «Prime» condition.

Walking time Analysis

In this analysis we used participant’s walking speed as they entered the hallway as covariate. The result show no significant difference between the « Prime » (M = 6,95’’, SD = 3,21) and the « No-Prime » (M = 7,52’’, SD = 1,66) condition (F(1,45) = .617, p

= .44, ŋ² = .014).

No significant relation between the walking time and the implicit attitudes measured by the IAT was found (r = -.254, p = .24) in the «Prime» condition.

(40)

Awareness Analysis

As previous noted, when asked directly, none of the participant reported any awareness of the social category used in the scrambled sentences. The 4-AFC question revealed that both condition did not differ in the social category they picked (ϰ²(1) = 1.103, p = . 29). 48,39% of the participants in the Prime condition chose the picture of the elderly woman where as only 35,48% did in the Non-Prime condition.

References

1.↑ The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition. Karpinski, Andrew; Steinman, Ross B. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 91(1), Jul 2006, 16-32. doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16.

title=Study_1_Results&oldid=234 »

▪ This page was last modified on 10 January 2013, at 13:05.

Annexe 4 : étude 4

Annexe 4 : étude 4

Note introductive

Main Page

The project

Latest News

Pending tasks

Project description and context

References

Project management

The Arbiter

The logistics referee

The data referee

Method

Contents

Participants

The priming experimenters

The debriefing experimenter

The Participants

Material

The Set up

The priming scrambled sentence task

The neutral scrambled sentence task

Sensor activity recorder

Debriefing computer

Participants » debriefing tasks

Implicit Association towards elderly

Suspicion & Awareness probe

Priming experimenters’ debriefing task

Procedure

Phase 1 : Priming

Phase 2 : Walking

Measure

Data handling

Phase 3 : Post-tests

Procedure

Priming material

Contents

Description

Preparation

Procedure

Material

English

Français

References

Neutral material

Contents

Description

Material

English

Français

Welcome script

Contents

English

Aim

Script

Français

Objectif

Script

Dismissal script

Contents

English

Aim

Script

Français

Objectif

Script

Data analysis

Contents

Sources of data

Data collection

Data handling

Data analysis

Sample size

Exclusion criteria

Priming

Data acquisition

Outliers

Normality

Tests