Bit−Plane Arithmetic

(1)

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$%$ & ' &()* $%$ & ' &()*

+, (* -(./ 01 23456 788," 9/ 01 233:;

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0 =( 6>/ 6222

?@ABCDEB

FGHI JKLMNHOOHP QRPHK RO SNTIOLRSSHP KQHN HNTOUNHVMNKIH JGTIIHWOX HNV

NKNO YRWW MNKMTZTSH YGHIHQHN SHLMKNTW KN OMTSRTW MNHPRJSRKI RO UOHP[ \]MRV

JTW SKKWO SK JKL^TS SGRO HNNKN MNKMTZTSRKI TNH MTJ_HSR`TSRKIX NHVO]IJGNKIR`RIZ

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JTWWHP bPNRcSd GTO OHIS NHOHTNJGHNO SKYTNP OSNUJSUNHO cKN OJTWT^RWRS] SGTS PK IKS

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GTQH IK PNRcS[ aI SGRO MTMHNX YH MNKMKOH TWSHNITSRQH OSNUJSUNHO cKN OJTWT^RWRS]

SGTS UOH MNHQRKUO HIGTIJHLHISVWT]HN RIcKNLTSRKI SK MNHPRJS SGH JUNNHIS ^TOH

WT]HNX YGRWH ORLUWSTIHKUOW] LTITZRIZ SGH NHOUWSRIZ MKOOR^RWRS] Kc PNRcS[ \GHOH

OSNUJSUNHO TWWKY ^HSSHN JKLMNHOORKI HeJRHIJ]X YGRWH RISNKPUJRIZ KIW] WRLRSHP

RLMTRNLHISO RI SGH fUTWRS] Kc SGH NHJKIOSNUJSRKI[

g hijklmnojpli

qrstuvwwvx yzxvr{ |}z~} wvw tuvxz~zyv ~rxz ruz}sw x yuzvv} ~rx

z{ zw wvwzzyv r v|ru zstzusvw wz~v }vwv ~ ~wv vuuru turtzr

wzv z vuuru ru vuwuv ~ ~wv wwz xvuxzr z r ~zr zw v r

wrt ru zsz }v vv r vuuru turtzr rzr ~rstvwzr r|w }v vuuru

r turtv r} vstru x wtz v~wv r}zw{}vuv }w vv vvwzyv

vru z }v yzxvr ~rssz r xvwz v| v~}zvw } zsz }v vv r vuuru

turtzr r|vyvu{ srw vstwr zszvuuru turtzr xv~uvwv }v

~rxz v~zv~{ wrsv xusz~ wr r vwuv }v vw rtvuzr r }v yzxvr

~rxvu z vuuruturv ~}v{ }v ~v v|vv uvwzzv~v x v~zv~ sw

v svx ~uv

~v ~rxz ruz}sw ~uvv tuzzrz r }v ~rstuvwwvx zwuvs zr

sruv x vww zstru tuw }zw r|w u ~rszzr |z} xzvuv

sv~}zwsw r tuzruzzv v|ru uwtru{ ru vstv{ suz vww zstru

tuw ru vu xzw~ux { ttz v vuuru turv~zr { ru ~zzz uv

s~}z v|vv v~rxvu x v|ru }v wvx z ~r ~zr |z} w~}

(2)

}zw ~rsvw }v tuz~v r uvx~vx ~rstuvwwzr v~zv~

}v wxuxw uv{ ¡¢

w~zz r|w

sv}rxw r zurx~z w~

zz£ ¤¥{ wtz{ x vstru }v svw ~ v wrsv|} szwvxz{

wz~v wuz~ zstvsvzr r ¡¢ ¤¥ w~zz ¦¤¥§ wvw tuvw~uzvx

rvrrt v~rxvu wu~uv{|}zv ¡¢

wtz w~zz ¦§ wz zxvz~uvw

rzrw z }v wv x v}~vsv vu turx~vw r}vu rus r ¤¥ wz

|rrrt v~rxvuwu~uv }zwttvu{|v uvvur ¡¢ ¤¥ w}v wuz~zs

tvsvzr ~~ruxz r }v wxux{ x ¡¢

w vz}vu r }v ruz}sw

wz }v ¡¢

wtz w~zz w

¨

x ¡¢ w~zz }yv v|vu rtzrw{ zszz }v v~rxvu rt

zrw r }rwv } ru~v r xuz z r }v wvvu wz zw uv~vzyvx ¦ vuv{ ©ª«¬

zw xv®vx w }v turtzr r vuuruw xv r tuz uv~vtzr r }v vww zstru

v}~vsvvu zruszr }zw zw z ~ruw r }v sruv vvu vus

¯

ªª°ª ±ª°±²³²«°´{ |}z~} |v wv r z~xv }v uvw r tuz uv~vtzr r }v sruv

zstru wvvu zruszr § ¡¢ µzv ¢uu ~zz ¦µ¢§

u}vu uvwuz~w }v rtzrw uvzuz } }v v~rxz r }v v}~vsvvu

r wv v~}zvw } |rx zurx~v xuz{ }r} z xrvw }yv }v xyv

r ztv v~rxz

}v uvwvu~} zvuuv{ urx v ¨ ~rwzxvu yuzrw rrt wu~uvw xv

wzvx r vzszv xuz r|vyvu{ }vzu ~rxvuw uv vww v~zv } ¡¢

¤¥s x ¶}ru ·wv tuvxz~zr wu~uv ruztv v~rxvu|}z~}

xrvwrwv vwwzstruztvwrtuvyzrwwxwr tuvxz~sruvzstru

ztvw r }v ~uuv wx }zw ~ uvx~v ~rstuvwwzr v~zv~ zs

zw vuuru turtzr ruv uv~v }vuv zw ~rzvx vru r xvyvrtz w~v

yzxvr ~rxvuw{ r |}z~} r~wvw r rvuz wrv r xuz ¸{¹

}zvw~v yzxvr ~rxz ruz}swuv v~rsz sruv v~zv ~rstuvwwz

}v yzxvr{}v rwv ~rstuvwwzr v~zv~ v~wv }v zruv v}~vsvvu

zruszr|}v tuvxz~z}v wv vu tuz~u{vtvuzsvww}r| }|z}

¡¢ { ¡¢ x ¨

w~zz srxvwwvuurs ºx rwwvwru

vyvu vu { º }v uv~v xvyvrtsv r µ¢ { {}v xvwz tur~vww |w

yvu ~r~vuvx |z} }v ~rstvv vzszzr r xuz w uvw{ }v ruz}s

wvuw wvyvuv ~rstuvwwzr zv~zv~ }vuv }yv vv wrsv tzw}vx vstw

r xxuvww }v ~rstuvwwzr zv~zv~ { }vwv uv wr wvx r }v tuz~ztv

r rvuz r xuz

}v uv~rzzr } }v zst~ r vuuruw z rvvu ~rxvu ~ v turzzw

z~ ~}u~vuzvx }v v~rxvu }w vx r uv r sv}rxw{ z~xz }rwv

r vvu x qr»v¼ { ¶} v { x v }v zst~ r vu

uruw z |rvu ~rxvu }w wr vv turzzwz~ ~}u~vuzvx z }v v~rxz

tur~vww ¶} v z ¨ r|vyvu{ |}zv }v ~rwzxvu }v zst~ r vuuruw

z }v v}~vsvvu uv~rwu~zr{ }v v~rxvu }v rtzszv xrvw r }yv

}v rtzr r r|z xuz r vvu zr }v wvvu uv~rwu~zr v~v{ }vzu

w~}vsv wz }w zszvx ~rstuvwwzr v~zv~ ~rstuvx r rvvu v~rxvu

½u |ru zw wvx r }v rwvuyzr } z rv ~ vv~zyv sv vuuru

turtzr z r} rvvu v~rxvu x |rvu v~rxvu } xrvw r r|

(3)

v~rxvu } xrvw r| }v zurx~zr r xuz zr }v wv vu ~} v

~rxvu |z }yv uvvu ~rstuvwwzr v~zv~ ru }z}vu zuvw{|z} r wz}

xvuxvx uvwzzv~v ru }v r|vu zuvw

tuz~u{xvwtzv }v tuvxrsz~v rusvwz }v zvuuv szzz

} wwvsw w}rx r v xvwzvx r r| xuz{}vuv zw wrsv vyzxv~v } xuz

vvx r v vzszvx ~rstvv uyzx v { }v ¡¢ ¤¥ |z}

º¾ ~v rwwvw |w zyzwzv vyv |}v }v wv zuv |w r

¾ r }v r

zuv µu}vu{ z ·{ }v rrt wu~uv |z} r tuz szws~} ~rur

turyzxvx }v vw wzv~}v uv~rwu~zr z ru zyv uvxx~ z

srzr~rstvwvx sztv xvw~uztzr yzxvr ~rxvu

}zw ttvu{ |v ~rwzxvu wu~uvw ru sz xuz z w~v ¿qwvx

srzr~rstvwvx yzxvr ~rxvu µru ~rstuv}vwzyv svsv r xuz{ ®yv

vuvw uv v~vwwu uz svsv r xuz zw trwwzv |z} xzvuv wwvw

r }vwv ®yv vuvw

À

µzuw{}vuv w}rx v svwr zurx~v xuz z~uvsv }zw zw wuz}

ru|ux r ~}zvyv ztv v~rxz ru ~uvz vsvxxvx zwuvs

}zw |zr v vv~zyv{ }r|vyvu{z wvx z ~r~zr |z} sv~}zws z

}v uwtru turyzxvw sruv uvzv xvzyvu r }v sruv zstru ztvw

r }v uv~vzyvu ¡stvw ~ v rx z x

À

v~rx{ }vuv w}rx v | ru }v v~rxvu r svwuv }v xuz vz tr

vz zurx~vx{wr z r|w |}v xuz zw v~rsz wzz®~

À

}zux{}vuv w}rx v v~rxz rtzrw } ~ r| xuz ¦zv{ r| vuuruw z

}v v}~vsvvu r turtv zr }v wv vu§{ |}zv wzsvrw

vvtz }v sr r xuz xvu ~rur

À

µru}{}vuv w}rx v svw r xuwz~ uvx~v ru vzszv xuz |z}r

}v vvx ru usv

À

µz}{ }vuv w}rx v wwvsvyv rtzszzr{ xvwzvx r szszv v

tv~vx z ~urww vtv~vx uv~vzyvuw }vuv r }zwrtzszzr{}vuv

sw v wrsv ¦trwwz z~~uv§ r|vxv r }v tu r }v v~rxvu w r

}r| s vuuruw }v ~}v |z zurx~v{ x }r| }rwv vuuruw |z v zur

x~vx ¦ux ztv ztv{ ru wxxv |}v vzuv t~v r

}z}tuzruz x zw rw§

}zw ttvu{ |v tutrwv xrÁ ~rwzxvu wu~uvw zv usvw ru Áusvw

¦|}z~} uv wzszu r usvw |z}r ru|ux tuvxz~zr{ x |}z~} uv vvx

¥vvuv~v z~uv vv~zr ¦ ¥ § srxv r v ¤ z ¨

Â

§{ vyv }r}

}vwv wu~uvw u uvx~v xuz }yz v|vu tuvxz~zrw sxv urs tu

z ~ruuv~ x wvx |v r~w r |w r sv xuz |z}z }v tuvxz~zyv

usv|ru r usvw x Áusvw ~ vwz v z~rutruvx zr ru wwvs

vyv wu~uv{ x zxvvx{ Áusv zw rv | r zsz }v vstru vv r

vuuru turtzr |z}r usv{ vyv ru rvvu v~rxvu

(4)

Bit−Plane Arithmetic VLC

Bit−Plane Arithmetic

VLC IQ

IQ

IQ c

IDCT

IDCT Motion

Comp.

FM f

FM c

Motion Comp.

Drift Comp.

Decoder Output

Base VLC

f a

Base bits 2nd part of enhancement bits

1st part of enhancement bits

p ^ nf

p ^ nc

Control information (motion comp. + macroblock type)

µzuv £ |rrrt xv~rxvu |z} xuz ~rur

}zv |v vtz~z ~rwzxvu r }uzx r~wvx ¿q ttur~}vw r vuz

}vuv{ }v wz~ zxvw ~rx wr v ttzvx r |yvv yzxvr ~rxvuw } wv wrsv rus

r srzr~rstvwvx tuvxz~zr

v~zr

tuvwvw }v vvu w~v ~rxvu |z} xuz ~rur wv~zr

|v tuvwv vuv rtzszzr ~uzvuz ru }v w~v yzxvr v~rxvu v~zr

xvsrwuvw } ru ~rxvu tvurusw vvu } }uvv vuzyv v~rxvuw ~urww

srw r }v uv r ~}v zuvw{ vyv }r} ru ~rxvu wvuw suz tvu

rus~v xvuxzr }v r|vw zuvw ~rstuvx r }v rxuz v~rxvu vu

zyvw

Ã ÄoÅÆÅÇÆÈ ÉÊË olmÈk ÌpjÍ mkpÎj olijklÆ

}v w~v ¿q xv~rxvu |z} xuz ~rur w}r| z µzuv z~rutruvw ®yv

~rstrvw v~vwwu ru vv~zyv xuz svsv vw }uvv vyvw r zt

}v wv zw{ |z} z uv ÏÐÑ{ uv wwsvx r v |w yzv }v ®uw

tu r }v v}~vsv zw{ |z} zuv ÏÐÒ Ó ÏÐÑ{ s r v uv~vzyvx }v

xv~rxvu{ z uv~vzyvx{ uv wvx r tuvxz~ }v v usv }v wv~rx tu r }v

v}~vsv zw{ |z} zuv ÏÐÔ Ó ÏÐÒ{ s r v uv~vzyvx{ x zw vyvu wvx

r tuvxz~ }v v usv

r} }v xv~rxvu x }v v~rxvuszz|rusv svsruzvw }v Õ°²ªÖ

¯

¬ª²×

¯

×

¯

×°ªØ xvtvxw r r }v wv zw x vyvu xuzw }v Ù´

¯

¬ª²×

¯

×

¯

×°ªØ zw

txvx ®uw ~rszz r} srzr ~rstvwvx usv svsruzvw{ x }v

ttz }v wv zw x }v ®uw tu r }v v}~vsv zw }v ®v svsru

xuzw |}v wrsv r }vwv v}~vsv zw uv rw

Úv »

Û

ÐÑx »

Û

ÐÒ v srzr~rstvwvx tuvxz~zrwurs }v ~ruwv x ®v svs

ruzvw ru s~urr~ Ü µru v~} s~urr~{}v xuz ~rstvwzr r r µzuv

~rszvw }v ~ruwv x ®v tuvxz~zrw ~~ruxz r s~urr~tv zruszr

}v ®uw rtzr vzszvw xuz z }v ~ruwv tuvxz~zr »

Û

ÐÑ r ¦w z µ¢§

(5)

DCT Q _c

I DCT I Q _c

FM f

VLC Bit-plane VLC Q _f

I Q _f

Input signal

First

bits

Base bits Q _a

Second part of enhancement bits

Arithmetic encoder

Bit-plane Arithmetic encoder

part of enhancement VLC

FM c

I DCT drift

control

µzuv £ |rrrt v~rxvu |z} xuz ~rur

}v wv~rx rtzr r|w xuz z }v ®v tuvxz~zr »

Û

ÐÒ r ¦ w z ¡¢

¤¥§ }v }zux rtzr uvx~vw Ý xrvw r vzszv Ý xuz yvuz r}

tuvxz~zrw ¦»

Û ÐÑ

Â

»

Û ÐÒ§Þ

µru wzstz~z{ |v r ~rwzxvu }vuv }vwv }uvv rtzrwß

zurx~z v| ~rszzrw |rx u vvx ru w~}vsv

}v w~v ¿q v~rxvu ¦µzuv § u~w r} usv svsruzvw xvu }v

wwstzr } zw uv uv~vzyvx }v xv~rxvu }v v~rxvu svw wvyvu

xv~zwzrw } v~ }v xv~rxvu xuz z }v ®v svsru }v ®uw xv~zwzr zw }v

wvv~zr r ~rszzr srxv ru }v xuz ~rstvwzr }v wv~rx xv~zwzr

zyryvw }v svu r ztvw } sz} v wvx z }v tuvxz~zr rrtß }zw zw

~~rstzw}vx xwz }v zzr àÒ uvzyv r }v ® zzr àÔ

}zux v~}zv ~rx v r tt ®vu r }v tuvxz~zr urs }v ~ruwv rrt

z ruxvu r wsrr} }v xzw~rzzzvw wwr~zvx |z} tuvxz~zr r~w } wuxxv

s~urr~ rxuzvwß |v xr r vtruv }zw vu trwwzzz z }zw ttvu

¿zvuv zsvw }yv xzvuv uxvrw v|vv v~zv~ x uvwzzv~v w

~zr r }vwv xuz ~rur xv~zwzrw }v v~rxvu sw sv }vwv xv~zwzrw x

wvx }zw zruszr r }v xv~rxvu }v v~rxvu svw }vwv ~}rz~vw r s~

urr~ wzw |z} }v r r rtzszz }v r wwvs tvurus~v w xvw~uzvx

z wv~zr

r szzszv }v záv~v rxuzz vvu{|v wv vsvxxvx ~rxvu ¦xvw~uzvx

z wv~zr §r ~rstuvwwv~} zxzyzxusv }zwr|wsruv wzz®~v}~v

sv vu ztvw r v uv~vzyvx x xv~rxvx vyv z }v v|ru xrvw r }yv

w~zv x|zx} r wvx }v vzuv v}~vsv vu }v wvvu âÚq wr

uvzvw r uz}svz~ ztv ~rxz{ ~rx wr v zstvsvvx wz }v w

s sv}rx ~urr~ tv zruszr x srzr yv~ruw uv z~xvx z

(6)

vuw

ã äiolmÈk låjpæpçÅjpli

}v uxzzr ¦rv zstz~z§ rtzszzr |}v xvwzz w~v ~rxvu zw r

szzszv }v szss trwwzv xzwruzr }v xv~rxvu{ wv~ r }v ~rwuz

} }v ~}v uv Ï zw ÏèÑ é Ï é ÏèÔ tz~{ r} ÏèÑ x ÏèÔ uv r|{

}r} vz}vu }v zwvrw ~}v uv ru }v yvuv ~}v uv z wrsv

zsv zvuy zw r| }zw szss xzwruzr zw ~}zvyvx ru }v szzss uv

è

ÏÑ }w{ rtzszz wz }zw ~uzvuzr vxw r tuvxz~zr tur~vww } xrvw r

rvuv xuz z }v wv vu r|vyvu{ }zw wr uvww z uvu} v~vwwu

xzwruzrw uvw vu ÏèÔ v vtruv }vuv wrsv vuv ~uzvuz ru rtzszzr{

r ~}zvyv vvu ~rstuvwwzr }z} uvw |z}r w~uz®~z rr s~} z

r|vu uvw

½v rtzszzr~uzvuzrzwr szzszv}v xzwruzr }v }z}vwuv{wv~

r ~rwuz } }v xuz }v r|vw uv zw vt vr| wrsv yv }zw ~ v

vtuvwwvx w szêëÔì wv~ r ëÑ é ëèÑ x }v uv ~rwuzw

ÏÑ é ÏèÑ x ÏÔ é ÏèÔí ¦§

vuv{ ÏÑ x ÏÔ uv }v uvw wwr~zvx |z} }v wv zw{ x }v zw{ uvwtv~

zyv{ x ëÑ x ëÔ uv }v xzwruzrw r }v wwr~zvx uv~rwu~zrw

vuv rtzszzr ~uzvuzr zw r szzszv }v xzwruzr yvuvx ~urww

trwwzv ~}v uvw{ wv~ r }v uv ~rwuzw z ¦§ ¿vvuszz }v

yvuv xzwruzr{ }r|vyvu{ uvzuvw r|vxv r}v turzz xzwuzzr r }v

uvw }zw zruszr zwtz~ r yzv r|vyvu{ wzstv tturzszr zw

r szzszv |vz}vx xzwruzr îÑëÑÂ ¦ÓîÑ§ëÔ{wv~ r }v uv ~rwuzw

z ¦§ }v ~}rz~v r îÑ zw záv~vx }v ttz~zr

}vwv |r ~rwuzvx rtzszzrw ~ v wryvx ~ryvuz }vs r ~r

wuzvx Úuz rtzszzrw }v ~rwuzvx rtzszzr turvsw |z

}yv |r ru }uvv

Ú

uv tusvvuw{ x ~ v wryvx wz v~}zvw wzszu

r }rwv z { { ¨

v v wzstvu ttur~} }zw zsv z} }v xvwzuv r vvt }v sr

r xuz zszvx{ |v xv~zxv }r| r ~rxv v~} s~urr~ wvx r }v ws r }v

wrv vuuru r }v }uvv trwwzv tuvxz~zrw£ ïÐÑ{ ïÐÒ x ïÐðÑñÒò }v xuz

ru }zw s~urr~ |z v uvu } wrsv }uvw}rx{ ïÐÑ ó ôõö÷Òø{ |v ~}rrwv r

~rxv }v s~urr~ wz }v tuvxz~zr ¦

Û ÐÑ

Â

Û ÐÒ§Þ

½}vu|zwv{ |v ~}rrwv }v

tuvxz~zr } }w }v szzss ws r }v wrv vuuru

ù úÈûnÆjû

v ~rstuv }v tvurus~v r ru turtrwvx ~rxvu r }uvv wwvsw£ rvrrt

v~rxvu |z} r xuz ~rur{ }v v~rxvu r urx v ¨{ x µ¢ v~rxvu

v~rxvuw wv zxvz~ vsvxxvx ¿q ~rxvu ru ~rstuvwwzr

(7)

}v ¿q ~rv~zvw uv ®uw xzyzxvx }v ®vw zvu àÔ }v wrv yv

r }v zvvu rzv ~ |w v uvtuvwvvx wz |vyv zw }v ~rxvu tur

~vwwvw v~} r~ r ¨ ~rv~zvw zvuz r }v |vyv ztvw szzw

}uvv zu xtzyv ¶~rxvu ¸ ru v~} vu£ rv ru }v wv zw{ rv ru }v

®uw tu r }v uv®vsv zw{ x rv ru }v wv~rx tu r }v uv®vsv zw

}v ttvu ztvw uv v~rxvx wz }v ¶~rxvu wwr~zvx |z} }v wv zw

}v r|vu ztvw uv v~rxvx wz ¶~rxvu wwr~zvx |z} uv®vsv zw{

~~ruxz r }v ~}rz~vw r àÑÞàÔ x àÒÞàÔ

¡~} ztv zvuzr tur~vwwvw v~} ~rv~zv ~rxz |}v}vu }v zu

uvtuvwvzr r zw wrv yv ~rzw º ru ru }v ~uuv ztv }v

wz zwuv ~rxvxw vu~rxz }v ®uw rv~} ~rv~zv ~} ~rv~zvw uv

svx Ö«³´«ÙÕ ²´ uvyzrw ztv ~rxvuw ¹{

º v xyv r }v |yvv

uwrus wu~uv ~rxz xv~zwzrwxxuvwwz }v wzz®~~v rvzuv ~rv~zv

urtw }v wsv uvw zw ~}zvyvx ru z ruxvuvx ¿q ~rv~zvw ~rxz

wrttz xv~zwzr vu v~} wzz®~ ~rv~zv trwzzyv wrttz xv~zwzr

zxz~vw}rvr}v uvszz~rv~zvw|zv wzz®~vutur~vwwz }zw

ztv }v z zw r| } wrsv uvszz ~rv~zvw uv uvx wzz®~{

}vuv zw r vvx r ~rxv }v wrttz xv~zwzr

}v ¶~rxvu uvtuvwvw turzz xzwuzzrw wz ~rv yuzvw }vwv

yuzvw uv xtvx vu ~rxz v~} zu xv~zwzr ¡~} ztv zw v~rxvx

wz zw r| wv r ~rv yuzvw wr } z ~ v xv~rxvx |z}r r|vxv

r }v vwwzstru ztvw qrv yuzvw sz} v uvwv vu ~rxz

svu r r~w{ru zw~v vu v~} usv{ ru vu v~} v|ru t~v

üý

v wv v~} v~rxvu r ~uvv wzv v~rxz{~rzz }v wv vu x z

tvwrv}~vsvvuzruszr ¡~} ~rxvu wvw ®vx{zxvz~{zvu

z }v wv vu }v ~uuv zstvsvzr{ru turtrwvx ~rxvu wvw àÒ àÔ

r rz }v tvurus~v ~rstuzwrw z µzuvw

x ru }v wvv~vw

² ×°´«°ª x °ª

¯

×²´{ uvwtv~zyv{ |v w~~vwwzyv xzw~ux v}~vsvvu

ztvw x xv~rxv }v uvszxvu }v zw w}r|w }v xv~rxvx zuv{ x

}v zw w}r|w }v ¤¥ r }v uvwz xv~rxvu uv~rwu~zr w ztvw uv

xzw~uxvx wr w}r| zw }v tvurus~v r}v rvrrt v~rxvu |z} r rww ¦wrzx

zv§ }zw turyzxvw ttvu rx r }v tvurus~v r }v w~v ~rxvuw

}v µ¢ ~rxvu tvuruswtrru{vwtv~z ru}v srwwz wvv~v }v

rvvu xv~rxvu |z} xuz wvuw

x xvuxzr }v r|vw zuv{

~rstuvx r }v xuzuvv urx x µ¢ xv~rxvuw ½u turtrwvx ~rxvu wvuw

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Bit−Plane Arithmetic

Bit−Plane Arithmetic VLC

Bit−Plane Arithmetic

VLC IQ

IQ

IQ c

IDCT

IDCT

IDCT Motion

Comp.

FM f

FM c

Motion Comp.

Drift Comp.

Decoder Output

Base VLC

f a

Base bits 2nd part of enhancement bits

1st part of enhancement bits

p ^ nf

p ^ nc

Control information (motion comp. + macroblock type)

DCT Q c

I DCT I Q c

FM f

VLC Bit-plane VLC Q f

I Q f

Input signal

First

bits

Base bits Q a

Second part of enhancement bits

Arithmetic encoder

Bit-plane Arithmetic encoder

part of enhancement VLC

FM c

I DCT drift

control

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 28

30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

Kbits per second

PSNR (dB)

one−layer no loss one−layer drift Arnold proposed FGS

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

Kbits per second

PSNR (dB)

one−layer no loss one−layer drift Arnold proposed FGS

DCT Q _c

I DCT I Q _c

VLC Bit-plane VLC Q _f

I Q _f

Base bits Q _a