Polycyclic evolution of the Eastern Central-Asia orogenic belt : microtectonic analysis, geochronology and tectonics in central Inner Mongolia
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(2) ÉCOLE DOCTORALE [SCIENCE ET TECHNOLOGIE] INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE D’ORLEANS SCHOOL OF EARTH AND SPACES SCIENCES, PEKING UNIVERSITY THÈSE EN COTUTELLE INTERNATIONALE présentée par : Guanzhong SHI soutenue le : 29 septembre 2013 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’Université d’Orléans et Peking Université Discipline : Sciences de la Terre et del’Univers. Polycyclic evolution of the Eastern Central-Asia Orogenic Belt Microtectonic analysis, geochronology and tectonics in Central Inner Mongolia. THÈSE dirigée par : M.Michel FAURE Professeur, ISTO, Université d’Orléans M.Bei XU Professeur, Université de Pékin M. Yan CHEN Professeur, Université d’Orléans RAPPORTEURS : M. Liangshu SHU Professeur, Nanjing University M. Wei LIN Professeur, Chinese Academy of Sciences IGG. JURY: M. Michel FAURE Professeur, Université d’Orléans – Directeur de thèse M. Yan CHEN Professeur, Université d’Orléans M. Bruno SCAILLET Directeur de Recherche, CNRS ISTO M. Bei XU Professeur, Peking University M. Liangshu SHU Professeur, Nanjing University M. Wei LIN Professeur, Chinese Academy of Sciences IGG M. Shihong ZHANG Professeur, China University of Geosciences M. Hongrui ZHOU Professeur, China University of Geosciences.
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(4) Polycyclic evolution of the Eastern Central-Asia Orogenic Belt Microtectonic analysis, geochronology and tectonics in Central Inner Mongolia Guanzhong Shi (Major in Structural geology) Directed by: Prof. Faure Michel (University of Orléans, France) Prof. Bei Xu (Peking University, China) Prof. Yan Chen (University of Orléans, France). Abstracts The study region located at the southeast of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is the ideal area to research ancient accretionary orogen. It is hotly debated about the final closural time and position of the Paleo Asian Ocean. Some geologists advocated the “Solonker” suture marks the final closural zone. However, the basal geological materials are few reported. The tectonic evolution of our three study areas, the Hongqi, the Ondor Sum and the Mandula is essential and important to solve those controversies. The Mandula area as part of the “Solonker” suture plays a curial role for us to understand the Permian tectonic setting. We recognize several litho-tectonic units in the light of the theory of accretionary orogen belt in the Hongqi, the Ondor Sum and the Mandula areas. A multidisciplinary research including structural geology, sedimentology and geochronology make us propose a new possible Paleozoic tectonic evolutional model for the three study areas. This model reinterprets the available lithological and geochemical data. Combined with the precursors’ research data, we reevaluate the central Inner Mongolia regional tectonic evolutionary history. The litho-tectonic units recognized in the Hongqi-Ondor Sum area include the Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt, the Bainaimiao arc belt, North China Craton and some post-orogenic unconformably sedimentary rocks. The matrix of the Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt mainly consists of sericite-chlorite schists, chlorite-quartz schists, sericite-quartz schists, chlorite-epidote schists and tuffaceous I.
(5) sandstones. Various sized of blocks, for example, marble, sandstones, pillow basalt and blueschist are imbedded in the matrix. The Bainaimiao arc is composed of the Bulongshan Formation and the Hala Formation in Hongqi area, granitic plutons in the Bater Obo, and amphibolitic intrusions, plagiogranite, gabbro in the Tulinkai area. The Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt experienced two phases’ ductile deformations and one phase ductile-brittle deformation. D1 is responsible for the regional greenschist foliation S1, elongated mineral lineation L1, and intrafolial fold F1. The kinematic criteria, such as sigmoidal object, oblique fabric, mica fish, shear band etc. indicates a top-to-the-NW shearing sense. D2 is characterized by various sized of unsymmetrical folds with nearly NE axis corresponding to the NW thrust shearing. D3 formed the regional framework in the Hongqi and the Ondor Sum areas. It developed typical SE trending upright fold in the Hongqi area whereas formed an E-W strike antiform structure in the Ondor Sum. The Devonian sediments are involved in the D3 deformation, confining a lower deforming time limit. We present a U-Pb zircon concordia age of 485±14Ma for a metavolcanic block in the mélange, suggesting it from the upper plate volcanic arc. The mélange belt contains Silurian fossiliferous limestone blocks, which is the youngest blocks in the mélange for current knowledge. The Early Devonian clastic sediments and fossiliferous carbonate rocks unconformably covering the Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt and the Bainaimiao arc belt suggest a coastal sedimentary environment. All those geological data support that a broad ocean has disappeared; Oceanic crust subduction terminated by the arrival of a potential microcontinent during Late Silurian and Early Devonian. The Mandula area contains olistostrome sediments, turbiditic sediments and volcano-sedimentary rocks. The olistoliths including limestone, sandstone, volcanic blocks and siliceous mudstone are imbedded in the matrix of disordered or semi-continuous sandy and argillitic sedimentary beds. Turbidite developing typical Bouma sedimentary sequence is divided as coarse turbiditic sedimentary subunit and fine turbiditic sedimentary subunits. The Dashizhai Formation consisting of several II.
(6) sequences of volcano erupting, effusive sediments and intermittent sediments presents a littoral environment. The Zhesi Formation interpreted as alluvial environment features by upperward fining and thinning conglomerate, coarse grain sandstone and fine grain sandstone association. The basaltic lavas in Mandula give a U-Pb concordia age of 289 ± 4Ma. A group of zircon xenocrysts are detected with U-Pb average age of 434 ± 4 Ma. Those xenocrysts are well proved the Permian magmatism is contaminated or metasomatized by Early Paleozoic arc magmatic materials. Therefore the Permian magmatic rocks present some arc-like features geochemically. A gabbro vein with U-Pb concordia age of 257 ± 1Ma intrudes into the turbiditic sediments implying it not typical ophiolitic fragments. The xenocrysts of ca.1850Ma, 1600Maˈ1000Ma in the gabbro suggest a potential Precambrian crystalline basement in deep. The limestone olistolith possibly came from the southern the Amushan Formation in the Hongqi area due to similar fossil associations. Detrital zircon grains in sedimentary samples have two notable age peaks of ca.270-280Ma and ca.420-440Ma, and several grains of 700-1000Maǃ1800-2200Ma and 2300-2500Ma. These two grain peaks argue the Mandula study area received the southern Bainaimiao arc materials and coeval Permian volcanic erupting materials nearby. The 1800-2200Ma and 2300-2500Ma grains probably are related to the North China Craton whereas the grains of 700-1000Ma are common in the southern Mongolia. Therefore a microcontinent is deduced existing to the north of study area. The regional lithological and structural features, temporal and spacial distribution of these litho-tectonic units and available geochemical data lead us to conclude a rifting setting in Permian. The paleogeography features a deep water environment in the southern Mandula while shallow or littoral environment in the north on the basis of sedimentary facies analysis. The so called “Solonker” ophiolitic fragments indeed are olistostrome. Typical ophiolite components, for example, ultramafic blocks and cherts are not observed in the Mandula area.. III.
(7) The sediments and volcanic rocks in Mandula area subject a nearly NW-SE or N-S compressional shortening, which is named D4 following the order in the study region. D4 presents various types of folds in the turbiditic sediments with well developed cleavage, such as isoclinal folds, recumbent fold and overturned folds. The volcanic rocks and coarse grains deposits in the northern Mandula are characterized by E-W or ENE-WSW trending open folds. We argue that the folding in the Late Permian to Early Triassic finally leads to the rift closure. Key words: Central Inner Mongolia; Central Asian Orogenic Belt; Polyphase deformation; Sedimentary facies analysis; Tectonic evolution. IV.
(8) Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 Section 1.1 Research background .............................................................................................1 1.1.1 Accretionary orogens ...............................................................................................1 1.1.2 A brief introduction of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) .................................3 1.1.3 Paleozoic tectonic evolution controversy and problems in Inner Mongolia ............5 1.2 Research contents and methods ..........................................................................................8 Ѡゴ ऎඳഄ䋼㚠᱃ ( Regional Geological Setting) ..............................................................10 Ѡ㡖 ⷨおऎഄ䋼㚠᱃(Geological background)...........................................................11 ढ࣫ᵓഫ( the North China Craton)...................................................................12 ⱑЗᑭቯᓻऩܗऎ(The Bainaimiao Arc Belt) .................................................13 ⏽䛑ᇨᑭ⫳ᴖችऎ(The Ondor Sum Subduction/Accretion Belt) ................14 Ā㋶Ӻ㓱ড়㒓āऩܗऎ(The “Solonker Suture” Suture) ..................................15 ᖂ䰚ഫ Microcontinents
(9) .................................................................................18 ϝゴ ᮽস⫳ҷഄᵘ䗴⡍ᕕ (The Early Paleozoic Tectonics ).............................................19 ϔ㡖 㑶᮫⠻എⷨおऎ˄The Hongqi area˅ ....................................................................19 ችᵘ䗴ऩ(ߚߦܗThe Litho-tectonic framwork)...........................................19 㑶᮫⠻എ⏋ᴖችবᔶߚᵤ(the structual and kinematic analysis) ...................38 Ѡ㡖⏽䛑ᇨᑭⷨおऎ(The Ondor Sum area).................................................................44 ችᵘ䗴ऩ(ߚߦܗThe litho-tectonic framwork) ...........................................44 ⏽䛑ᇨᑭഄऎবᔶߚᵤ (The Structural and kinematic analysis) ....................50 ϝ㡖ᇣ㒧(Summary) ......................................................................................................55 ಯゴᰮস⫳ҷᵘ䗴⡍ᕕ(The Late Paleozoic tectonics) ........................................................57 ϔ㡖 ⒵䛑ᢝഄऎᵘ䗴ऩ( ߚߦܗthe litho-tectonic framwork in the Mandula area)......57 ⒥ภේ⿃ऩ(ܗthe Olistostrome Unit)...............................................................58 ⌞⿃ችऩ(ܗThe Turbidite Unit) ....................................................................67 ᮃ㒘≝⿃ऩ(ܗThe shallow water sediments, the Zhesi Formation)............73 ᆼ☿ቅችऩ(ܗthe Permian volvanic rocks, the Dashizhai Formation) ...77 Ѩゴ 䗴ቅᏺⱘᑈҷᄺ㑺ᴳ the Time Constraints
(10) ..............................................................88 ϔ㡖 䆩偠ᮍ⊩ (Analytical methods) ...............................................................................88 ḋક໘⧚ (Sample experiment process) .............................................................88 /$,&306 䫚 83E ᅮᑈ(LA-ICP-MS dating methods) ..............................89 Ѡ㡖⌟䆩㒧ᵰ(Dating results)........................................................................................90 ⏋ᴖᏺব☿ቅችഫԧ the metavocanite blocks in the Hongqi mélange Belt) 90 ⒵䛑ᢝ⥘℺ች(the basalt in the Mandula area) .................................................91 ⒵䛑ᢝ㱔ব䕝䭓ች(the altered gabbro in the Mandula area)............................92 ⒥ภේ⿃䋼(The matrix of olistostrome in the Mandula area).....................93 ㉫⌞⿃ች(the turbidite sandstones in the Mandula area)..................................96 ⸙䋼⊹ች(the silicified mudstones) ..................................................................96 ϝ㡖 ᑈҷᄺᛣНঞᇣ㒧 Summary
(11) ...........................................................................98 Chapter 6 The Paleozoic Tectonic evolution in Central Inner Mongolia ...................................102 Section 6.1 The Litho-geochronological Framwork .............................................................102 Section 6.2 Polyphase deformation and time constraints......................................................104. V.
(12) Section 6.3 A possible geodynamic evolutional modle.........................................................106 Section 6.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................110 6.4.1 The Palezoic tectonic evolution in Inner Mongolia ..........................................110 6.4.2 A doult to the “solonker” ophiolite ................................................................... 111 Chapter 7 Conclusion.................................................................................................................113 References.....................................................................................................................................115 Appendix table 1 The summary of the geochoronological data in the study areas .......................139 Appendix table 2 The magmatic zircon U-Pb dating data ............................................................140 Appendix table 3 The detrital zircon U-Pb dating data.................................................................141 Article 1: Structural and kinematic analysis of the Early Paleozoic Ondor Sum-Hongqi mélange belt, eastern part of the Altaids (CAOB) in Inner Mongolia, China ...............................150 Article 2: Late Paleozoic crustal evolution of the Mandula area, Inner Mongolia and a question to the Solonker suture .......................................................................................................................167. VI.
(13) Chapter 1 Introduction Section 1.1 Research background 1.1.1 Accretionary orogens Currently three end-member types of orogens are recognized namely, collisional, accretionary and intra-cartonic (Cawood et al., 2009, Fig.1-1-1). Collisional orogens related to continent-continent collision imply that the mountian building occupy the internal location among the assembled continents (Wilson, 1966; Dewey, 1969). However, this model can not explain the orogenic belts that lie at the plate margin characterized by continuing subduction and accretion. These belts are termed accretionary orogens, also refers as non-collisional or exterior orogens, Cordilleran-, Pacific-, Andean-, Miyashiro- and Altaid-type orogens, or zones of type B subduction (Matsuda and Uyeda 1971; Crook 1974; Bally 1981; Murphy and Nance 1991; Windley 1992; Sengor 1993; Sengor and Natal’in 1996; Maruyama 1997; Ernst 2005; Cawood; 2009).. Fig.1-1-1 Schematic cross-sections through (a) collisional, (b) accretionary and (c) intracratonic orogens (after Cawood et al., 2009). 1.
(14) Our understanding of the evolutional process for accretionary orogens is moderately well established in modern orogens such as the Andes, Japan, Indonesia and Alaska. The western and northern Pacific extending from Indonesia via the Philippines and Japan to Alaska, and the North and South American Cordillera are archetypical modern examples. The ancient examples, taking the Phanerozoic Terra Australis and Central Asian orogens for example, also contribute to the understanding of accretionary orogens (Windley 1992; Kroner et al., 2008; Cawood et al., 2009). Accretionary orogens include accretionary prism, island arcs, back-arcs, dismembered ophiolites, oceanic plateaux, old contienntal blocks, post-accretion granitic rocks, syn-deformation metamorphic rocks and clastic sedimentary basins (Cawood, 2009). The accretionary prism is usually associated with the offscraping and underplating of matrial from the downgoing plate to the upper plate in intraoceanic or continental subduction zones. High fluid pressure and shearing lead to a spectrum of strucutre within the prism ranging from discrete thrust imbrication of relatively coherent sedimentary packages to chaotic melange formation. Locally, the sequence displays a distinctive ocean plate stratigraphy consisting, from bottom to top, of a succession of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), chert, hemipelagic mudstone, turbidite or sandstone and conglomerate. All these materials preserve a record of deformation and metamorphism during the burial in the lower plate, the accretion process at maximum depth, and exhumation in the upper plate (Kimura et al., 1996; Agard et al., 2001, 2009; Lister and Forster, 1996; Stanek et al., 2006). The high-P/Low-T metamorphism may occurred at both the wedge and/or in the subduction channel (Platt, 1993; Ring et al., 1999; Jolivet et al., 2003; Agard et al., 2009; Guillot et al., 2009). The downward migration of subducting materials creates a serieous of faults, including subduction thrust, later reverse faults, or out of sequence thrust, high-angle and detachment normal faults, and strike-slip fault systems which alter substantially their original architecture(Ring and Brandon, 1994; Ring et al., 1999; Ring and Layer, 2003; Mann, 2007). The arrive of the low-density continental material in the subduction channel is generally thought to be responsible for the choking of subduction and linking to ocean closure, which then stops or jumps outboard of the 2.
(15) continental block (Ernst, 2005; Chopin, 2003; Stern, 2004). When a large buoyancy mass (e.g. continental plate, large sea mount) enters the subduction zone, after a restricted period of time of being dragged into subduction belt, the collision develops. Accretionary orogens usually are divided into two types, namely retreating and advancing based on the relative velocity of two plate and contrasting geological character(Royden 1993). Accretionary plate margins and orogenic systems can switch between phases of advance and retreat (e.g. the Lachlan segment of the Terra Australis orogen; Collins 2002), Also the accretionary orogen can undergo multiple cycles of tectonic mode switching that the dock of microcontinent at a convergent plate margin was followed by a stepping out of the subduction zone beyond the accreted terrane (Lister et al., 2001; Beltrando et al., 2007). Island arc accretion in the accretionary orogen is important, for example, Japan (Isozaki 1996; Maruyama 1997) and Alaska (Sisson et al., 2003). The magmatism of Accretionary orogens can range from mafic to silicic. Magmatic arc activity is characteristically calc-alkaline in composition but also contain components ranging from low-K tholeiite to shoshonitic which partly depends on the nature of the interaction of the magma with the arc substrate (Tatsumi and Eggins 1995). Arc magmatism within accretionary orogens is invoked as the major source of continental growth. Geochemical and isotopic data have shown that the composition of continental crust resembles subduction-related igneous rocks and suggest a progressive growth modle of continental crust through time (Taylor 1967; Taylor and McClennan 1985; McCullonch and Bennett 1994; Arculus 1999). Thus, research the accretionary orogen belt is critical to clarity plate tectonics and to. understand the. significant crustal growth process (Sasmon and Patchett 1991; Sengor and Natal’in 1996; Jahn et al., 2000; Wu et al., 2000; Jahn 2004). 1.1.2 A brief introduction of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), also called Altaids (Altaid Tectonic Collage, Sengor et al., 1993; Sengor and Natal’in, 1996) is a complex collage of island arcs, micro-continental fragments and remnants of oceanic crust as well as 3.
(16) small forearc and backarc basins. It situated between the Siberian craton to the north and the Kazakhstan, North China and Tarim cratons in the south. To the east, the western margin of the Precambrian silvers of Mongolia and northeast China is a suggested border of the CAOB. To the south, the boundary follows the northern margin of the Karakum, Alai-Tarim, and North China cratonic blocks. In the west, the boundary starts near the Caspian Sea and then follows the Main Urals faults as a principal boundary between the non-oceanic and oceanic complexes (Fig.1-1-2, Sengor et al., 1993, Mossakovsky et al., 1994; Sengor and Natal’in, 1996; Yakubchuk et al., 2002; Jahn et al, 2000; Badarch et al., 2002; Jahn, 2004; Xiao et al., 2003, 2008; Windley et al., 2007).. Fig.1-1-2 the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and adjacent structures (modified after Alexander Yakubchuk, 2004). Sengor et al. (1993) and Sengor and Natal’in (1996) synthesize that the Central Asian Orogenic Belt formed from c.542Ma to 250Ma involving one main island arc (Kipchak-Tuva-Mongol arc) along the outboard marin of the Baikalides and Ore-Uralides orogen. This arc collaged to Siberia and Baltica by differential rotation, causing the arc duplication and oroclinal bending by the late Carboniferous. Some researchers enlightened by the geology and tectonics of the modern western Pacific. 4.
(17) suggested that island arcs, oceanic islands, seamounts, accretionary wedges formed in the Palaeo-Asian ocean and accreted to the margins of Siberia and Baltica. Simultaneously several Precambrian blocks were rifted off the margins of Gondwana and/or Siberia and drifted to dock with the growing accretionary margins (Zonenshain et al., 1990; Mossakovsky et al., 1993; Badarch et al., 2002; Khain et al., 2003).. 1.1.3 Paleozoic tectonic evolution controversy and problems in Inner Mongolia The vast territory of Central Inner Mongolia lies in the eastern part of the CAOB, also called Manchurides (Sengor and Natal’in, 1996; Fig.1-1-2). Numerous research have been carried out around the tectonic division and evolution, sedimentology, magmatism, structural deformation, paleobiogeography, and paleomagnetism of Inner Mongolia since several decades. However, there are markedly conflicting interpretations on some questions, such as the tectonic affiliation of the Permian marine basin in the eastern Paleo-Asian orogens, the postion and timing of the collision between the Sino-Korean and Siberian Paleoplates (Wang and liu 1986; Shao et al., 1991; Xiao et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2008, 2011; Jian et al., 2008, 2010; Xu et al., 2012 ). The Solonker (also called Solon Obo) suture is considered by most of geologists as the major structure that delineates the final location of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (Sengör and Natal’in, 1996; Xiao et al., 2003; Windly et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2009; Jian et al., 2010). However, the exact position of the Solonker suture is still in controversy. Some geologists advocated that the suture line extends from Solon Obo to the Hegenshan (Shao 1991; Nozaka and Liu 2002). On the contrary, some believes that the suture extends from Solon Obo eastwards through the region of Linxi and XarMoron river (Wang and Liu 1986; Tang 1990, 1992; Sengor and Natal’in 1996; Xiao et al.2003). Several different models have been proposed to explain the tectonic evolution of Inner Mongolia involving closure of ocean basins by multiple/doule-opposite subduction, accretion and collision of island arcs and microcontinents, and formation of multiple suture zones. Here list the main models: 1) Xiao et al.(2003) proposed a model for the evolution of the CAOB with three 5.
(18) main stages that are related to progressive two-way subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (Fig.1-3): 1) early to mid-Paleozoic Japanese-type subduction-accretion, 2) a Permian Andean-stage when the two opposing margins became sufficiently consolidated, and 3) continent-continent collision, leading to the formation of the Solonker suture zone at the end of the Permian during the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean due to its coeval southward and northward subduction beneath the Tarim and North China cartons and Siberia, respectively. This process was accompanied by emplacement of immense volumes of mafic and granitic magmas (Chen et al., 2000; Jahn et al., 2000, 2004; Wu et al., 2002). 2) Jian et al. (2008, 2010) proposed two phases of orogenic cycles with a timporal gap of ca. 120Ma. The southeastern CAOB evloved in a progression from oceanic. subduction/arc. formation. (ca.500-438Ma),. to. ridge. subduction. (ca.451-434Ma), and microcontinent accretion/collision (ca.430-415Ma). The Permian-Triassic orogenic cycle is associated with pre-subduction extension (ca.299-290Ma),. subduction. initiation. (ca.294-280),. ridge-trench. collision. (ca.281-271Ma) and slab break-off (ca.255-248Ma). 3) Recently, Xu et al., (2012) recognized several litho-tectonic units in Inner Mongolia on the basis of regional lithological correlation and geochronology. It argued that during early Palezoic, a south-directed oceanic subduction below the North China Craton coeval with a north-directed oceanic subduction. Finally, the two opposite subduction systems ended around 420-380Ma. These numerous differing models are mostly based on various types of geological data such as regional stratigraphic correlation, paleomagnetism, paleontology, geochronology and geochemistry (Zhang and Tang, 1989; Tang, 1990; 1992; Shao, 1991; Ren et al., 1999; Nozaka and Liu, 2002, Chen et al., 2000, 2008;. 6.
(19) Fig.1-1-3 the exiting modles about the tectonic evolution of Inner Mongolia. Jian et al., 2008, 2010). However, none appears to account for all the geological data. Here we synthsis all these problems about several geodynamic scenarios: A) Although there were several models, the structure of this zone is poorly constrained, so that it is difficult to evaluate these models. B) It is widely regarded that the Solonker suture represents the final closure positon of CAOB. However, there is rare geological data are documented about the Solon Obo ophiolite and surrounding geology.. 7.
(20) C) The Permian tectonic affinity in Inner Mongolia is arc or rifting setting. It is still debated problem, even though plenty of geochemical data were reported. D) The feaures of microcontinent that involved in the evolution of CAOB is another problem. Rare existing evidences are reported, even though plenty of models mentioned the existence of a microcontinents titled the South Gobi microcontinent (Sengör and Natal’in, 1996; ), South Mongolia microcontinent (Xu et al., 2012) and Hutag Uul terrane (Badarch et al., 2002). Thus, the structural deformation data, new geological observation about the Solonker ophiolite and new age dating data are important and will be critical constraints about the eastern segment of the CAOB.. 1.2 Research contents and methods To solve the problems mentioned above, three research areas, Hongqi area, Onder Sum area and Mandula area respectively, are seleted to carry out detailed geological mapping about Paleozoic lithological and structural feasures. A multidisciplinary research was carried into execution in this project, including: 1) Differentiating the litho-tectonic units concerning the accretionary orogenic process on the basis of regional geological survey, lithological correlation and deformation features. Recognizing the relationship between the differing the litho-tectonic units. 2) Structral analysis: recording the geometric and kinematic characteristics, especially the mélange belt. Differentiating the successive deforming phases to discuss the relationship with the subduction-collision process. 3) Sedimentary facies analysis: analyzing the sedimentary facies and sedimentary environment on the basis of sedimentary stratigraphy geometry, thickness and distribution, sedimentary structure etc. Discussing the relationship between stratigraphic development and the collision and/or rifting phases. 4) Geochronology and provenace analysis: with the help of the detrital zircon dating method, creating the litho-geochronlogical framwork in the study area. comparing the age distribution with the regional particular tecotnic event to anaylize the sediementart provenace. 8.
(21) Finally, synthesizing our geological survey data and precursors’ research results, a tentative geodynamic evolution model was proposed about the Central Inner Mongolia to solve the problems mentioned above and to evaluate the existing geodynamic modles.. . 9.
(22) Ѡゴ ऎඳഄ䋼㚠᱃ ( Regional Geological Setting) ϔ㡖 ⷨ お ऎ ⱘ ഄ ⧚ Ϣ ᵘ 䗴 ԡ 㕂 (Geographic and Tectonic position) ⷨおऎ໘Ѣ៥ݙ㩭স㞾⊏ऎˈ▦ЈЁ㩭䖍⬠˄ ˅ˈफ䍋Ѣ⌽ ⡍ҹ࣫ˈ㑺࣫㒀 eˈҹ࣫㟇Ё㩭䖍⬠DŽϰ㽓䎼ᑺ䕗ˈ䎼䍞њ (e(e ᑓഄऎDŽഄ䉠ϞሲѢ㩭স催ॳϬ䱉ഄᏺˈ݊Ўቅഄᑇॳˈᑇഛ⍋ᢨ ㉇ᎺেDŽ݈ᅝኁǃ䰈ቅǃ䌎݄ቅ㴓㳦Ⳍ䖲ˈਜ 6 ᔶ䌃こܼऎDŽ῾Ѭݙ㩭সЁ䚼 ⱘ䰈ቅቅ㛝ˈ⬅䴦ቅǃРᢝቅǃ㡆ᇨ㝒ቅ⣐ቅ㒘៤ˈ㓉ᓊ NPˈ⍋ᢨ PDŽⷨおऎഄ㸼㹿ỡ㹿㽚Ⲫˈഄ䉠Ⳍᇍ催Ꮒ䕗ᇣˈ䴆༈ߎ䴆䕗Ꮒˈ㒭 ഄ䋼䇗ᶹᎹᏺᴹೄ䲒DŽ . ݙ㩭সഄऎऎඳԡ㕂˄ KWWS ZZZPDVWHUILOHFRPׂᬍ˅ . ഄᵘ䗴ԡ㕂ϞˈⷨおऎሲѢЁѮ䗴ቅᏺЁ๗ⱘݙ䚼ߚˈ㽓Ϣ㩭স๗ ⱘݙ䗴ቅᏺᇍᑨDŽ䆹ऎᰃসѮ⌆ᵘ䗴ඳⱘ䞡㽕㒘៤䚼ߚˈ࣫Ϣ㩭সü䛖䳡㣼ܟ䗴 ቅᏺⳌ䚏ˈफढ࣫ܟᢝ䗮˄ ˅DŽ៥ഄ䋼ᄺᆊ⿄݊Ў݈㩭䗴ቅᏺˈ݊ फջⱘढ࣫ᵓഫᰃ৩ṕ䖤ࡼৢᏆᴀ㒧ⱘ〇ᅮഫԧˈϸ㗙ҹ催ᆊづРᢝ⡍ৢ ᮫࣪ᖋ䌸ዄ⏅ᮁ㺖Ў⬠DŽݙ㩭সЁѮ䗴ቅᏺЏ㽕ࣙᣀࡴ䞠ϰ⍋㽓ㄝϡৠᯊ. 10.
(23) ᳳችഄሖऩৢˈܗ㹿Ёᮄ⫳ҷⲚഄ㽚Ⲫ˄ݙ㩭সऎඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˅DŽ⬅Ѣ䆹 ऎ⍝ঞসѮ⌆⋟ᵘ䗴ඳ᳔㒜ᣐড়ⱘԡ㕂ঞᯊҷㄝ⸔ഄ䋼䯂乬ˈᰃⷨおЁѮ䗴ቅ ᏺস⫳ҷᵘ䗴ⓨ࣪ǃ⏅䚼ࡼᄺ㚠᱃ⱘ⧚ᛇПഄˈℸফࠄݙഄ䋼ᄺᆊ᠔݇ ⊼DŽ. ЁѮ䗴ቅᏺഄᵘ䗴ᏺߦߚ˄ $OH[DQGHU<DNXEFKXNˈ ׂᬍ˅. Ѡ㡖 ⷨおऎഄ䋼㚠᱃(Geological background) 㑶᮫⠻എ⏽䛑ᇨᑭ⒵䛑ᢝഄऎ䎼䍞њढ࣫ᵓഫ݈㩭䗴ቅᏺϸᵘ䗴ऩ ܗDŽࠡҎḍऎඳϞⱘᵘ䗴ች⡍ᕕҹঞ㾺݇㋏ˈᇚЁѮ䗴ቅᏺݙ㩭স↉ߚЎ फ࣫ϸϾ䗴ቅᏺ˄ ˈ:DQJDQG/LXHWDO ˗;LDRHWDO˗ -LDQHWDO˗;XHWDO ˅DŽ࣫䗴ቅᏺߚᏗѢ㢣ሐ⡍ Ꮊ᮫䫵ᵫ⌽⡍ϔ㒓ˈ⬅ϔ㋏߫ⱘफӄⱘކᏺ㒘៤ˈࣙԢ 37 ব䋼ᴖችǃ׃ ކ⫳ᴖች։ܹች˄㚵偕ˈ ˗;LDRˈ˗;XHWDOˈ ˅DŽफ 䗴ቅᏺԡѢ⏽䛑ᇨᑭⱑѥ䛖मϔ㒓Џ㽕ࣙᣀ Ͼᵘ䗴ችऩˈܗҢफ࣫ձ Ў˖ढ࣫ᵓഫ˄ܟᢝ䗮˅ǃⱑЗᑭቯᓻᏺǃ⏽䛑ᇨᑭކ׃⫳ᴖችǃ. 11.
(24) ݙ㩭সস⫳ҷЏ㽕ᵘ䗴ችऩ ˄ߚߦܗ%DGDUFKHWDO˗;LDRHWDO ˗;XHWDOˈׂᬍ˅1&& ढ࣫ܟᢝ䗮ˈ62% फ䗴ቅᏺˈ+% ⌥䖒ܟ䰚ഫˈ600 फ㩭সᖂ䰚ഫˈ12% ࣫䗴ቅᏺDŽ. Ā㋶Ӻ㓱ড়ᏺāҹঞ࣫䚼ৃ㛑ᄬⱘᖂ䰚ഫDŽ䗴ቅᏺⱘⷨおЁˈ䗮䖛ߚᵤഄሖ ⱘ⠽䋼㒘៤ǃᯊぎߚᏗ㾘ᕟǃ៤⦃๗ҹঞϢች⌚⌏ࡼ݇㋏ˈ㛑ᇍ䗴ቅᏺⱘᔶ ៤ⓨ࣪䖯㸠㑺ᴳDŽᴀ᭛ⷨおऎЏ㽕䎼ඳњफ䗴ቅᏺᵘ䗴ऩˈܗϟ䴶ḍЏ㽕ഄሖ ⱘᯊҷߚᏗ⡍ᕕˈᇚࠡҎߦߚⱘች㒧ᵘऩ߿ߚܗ䖯㸠ㅔ㽕ⱘҟ㒡DŽ . ढ࣫ᵓഫ( the North China Craton) ढ࣫ܟᢝ䗮Џ㽕⬅সҷ㒧ᑩ≝⿃Ⲫሖ㒘៤˄㙪㤷䯕ㄝˈ˗ݙ㩭 স㞾⊏ऎऎඳഄ䋼ᖫ ˅DŽ㒧ᑩ⬅সস⬠݈ች㕸ǃЁস⬠Рᢝቅች 㕸ᮄস⬠㡆ᇨ㝒ቅች㕸㒘៤ˈ䖬ߚᏗ᳝䞣সҷⱘ 77* ች㋏ˈব䋼 ᑺ䖒Ԣ㾦䮾ችⳌˉ咏㉦ችⳌDŽℸРᢝ⡍ৢ᮫ⱑѥ䛖मϔᏺߚᏗ᳝সܗস⬠ ᅱ䷇㕸ˈችᗻЎ⠛ችǃ㣅ች⧚ችㄝˈЎϔ༫㾦䮾ችⳌব䋼ഄሖˈᯊҷЎ *D˄ᕤˈ˗ᓴ㞷ㄝˈ˗ᓴ⥝⏙㢣ᅣӳˈˈᓴ⥝⏙ˈ ˈ˗≜ᄬ߽ㄝˈ˅DŽЁᮄܗস⬠ⱑѥ䛖म㕸⏷ᇨ⋄ቅ㕸ˈЎढ࣫ ഄৄᔶ៤ৢⱘϔϾ˄Ⲫ˅ޚሖ≝⿃ˈᅗӀሲѢϸϾ䖥ᑇ㸠ⱘ㺖䈋ൟ≝⿃˄⥟Ἷ. 12.
(25) ㄝˈ ˅DŽⱑѥ䛖म㕸Ўϔ༫ሥችǃ⺇䝌Ⲥችᓎ䗴ˈ།᳝ᵓችঞᇥ䞣☿ቅችˈ ⌙ব䋼ব䋼DŽ݊Ёᗻ☿ቅችሖऩ乫㉦䫚 83E ᑈ啘 f0D˄⥟Ἷㄝˈ ˗&KDRHWDO ˗ᓴᅫ⏙ㄝˈ˅ DŽ⏷ᇨ⋄ቅ㕸ᰃϔ༫ሥችǃ⺇䝌 Ⲥችঞ咥㡆义ችᓎ䗴ˈ≝⿃ྟѢ 0D Ꮊে˄⥟Ἷˈ ˗䰜Ңѥˈ ˅DŽ ढ࣫ܟᢝ䗮࣫㓬ˈⱑѥ䛖मഄऎߚᏗ䳛ᮺ㋏㝂ᵫ⋲㒘ᆦ℺㋏䰓⠭ⱏ㒘ˈЎϔ ༫⺇䝌Ⲥች།ሥችᓎ䗴᳝㯏㉏ㄝᖂԧ࣪ˈᑩ䚼Ϣⱑѥ䛖म㕸ਜᮁሖ㾺ˈ 䚼ߚਜ亲ᴹዄᔶᓣߎ⦄˄ⱑѥ䛖मᐙ ϛऎ䇗ˈ˅DŽϟѠ㒳㢣ঢ়㒘ˈਜ ࣫㽓ǃ䖥ϰ㽓ᏺ⢊ሩᏗѢⱑѥ䛖मᮁ㺖ҹफˈችᗻЎ䰚ⳌЁ䝌ᗻ☿ቅሥችǃ ☿ቅ❨ችˈᑩ䚼ϡᭈড়ⱑѥ䛖म㕸䰓⠭ⱏ㒘ПϞˈ㹿ⱑൽ㋏ᴢϝ≳㒘ϡᭈড় 㽚ⲪDŽ䖭ѯ≝⿃ഄሖ᱂䘡㹿ᮽЁѠϪǃϝ㑾㢅ቫች։ܹ ݙ㩭সऎඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˗+VXHWDO ˗=KDRHWDO
(26) DŽ⊓ⴔϰ㽓ሩᏗⱘⱑѥ䛖 म䌸ዄᮁሖ㹿䅸Ўढ࣫ܟᵓഫⱑЗᑭቯᓻⱘ䖍⬠㒓 䚉⌢ᅝˈ ˗ܟϰˈ ˗7DQJHWDO ˗;LDRHWDO
(27) DŽ . ⱑЗᑭቯᓻऩܗऎ(The Bainaimiao Arc Belt) ⱑЗᑭቯᓻऩܗਜᴵᏺ⢊䖥ϰ㽓ሩᏗˈҢ㽓䚼ⱘস᮹Ḑ㟇ϰ䚼䌸ዄᓊԌ 䖥ग݀䞠˄ ˅ˈЏ㽕⬅༹䱊㋏ᖫ⬭㋏☿ቅችǃሥች⺇䝌Ⲥ㒘៤DŽ ⱑѥ䛖मϰ࣫㟇䖒㣖᮫ҹ࣫ᑓ⊯ߚᏗ༹䱊㋏ࣙᇨ∝㕸ᖫ⬭㋏㽓߿⊇㒘DŽࣙ ᇨ∫㕸ߚϸϾች㒘ˈϟ䚼ЎᏗ啭ቅ㒘ˈϞ䚼Ўજᢝ㒘DŽᏗ啭ቅ㒘Џ㽕Ўᮽᳳ ߎᢝᵓ⥘℺ችˈৢᳳߎ䩭⺅ᗻ㋏߫ⱘᅝቅችǃ㣅ᅝችঞ☿ቅ㾦⸒ችㄝˈҹঞ ㉝ⷖ⸙⊹䋼ᵓችǃ⸒ⷖችǃ⧚ችǃ䪕㣅ች㭘ሖˈ८ᑺ P˄ݙ㩭সऎ ඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˅ DŽᏗ啭ቅ㒘乊䚼ⱘ♄ޱ䋼㉝ⷖችЁ䞛ࠄヨ˖&DOORJDSWXVVS 'HVPRJUDSWXVVS 'LFW\RQHPDVS$VSLGRJUDSWXVVS'LFUDQRJUDSWXV"VS ᯊҷሲѢ༹䱊㑾˄ܟϰㄝˈ ˅DŽજᢝ㒘߭Џ㽕ᰃϔ༫Ёᗻ☿ቅ❨ችǃ☿ ቅሥችˈᭈড়䗚ކ㽚ⲪѢᏗ啭ቅ㒘ПϞDŽϢ☿ቅችৠᯊѻߎ䞣ⱘ㢅ቫችˈ 㢅ቫ䮾䭓ች㣅䮾䭓ችߚᏗѢᏈ⡍ᬪࣙϔᏺDŽ䮾䭓ች㣅䮾䭓ችሲѢ催䪒 Ё䪒䩭⺅ᗻ㋏߫ˈഄ࣪⡍ᕕᰒ⼎ᔎ⚜ⱘ /,/( ᆠ䲚さߎⱘ 1E7D 7L 䋳ᓖᐌˈ 催 6Uǃ%D Ԣ <ǃ<E ⡍ᕕ᳝ DGDNLWH ⡍ᗻˈ/D<E ব࣪䕗ᑊԈ䱣ⴔԢ <E ⡍ᕕˈ ৃ㛑Ϣ䭓㾦䮾ⱘߚᓖ⫼᳝݇˄䆌ゟᴗㄝˈ˗䱊㒻䲘ㄝˈ˗-LDQ HWDO˅DŽ䆹ഄऎⱘ㢅ቫ䋼ች㦋ᕫ䫚ᑈҷ 0D П䯈˄-LDQHW 13.
(28) DO˗ᴢᓎ䫟ㄝˈ˅DŽᏈ⡍ᬪࣙഄऎ㽓߿⊇㒘ϡᭈড়㽚Ⲫ༹䱊㑾㢅ቫች ПϞˈ≝⿃ᑈҷЎᰮᖫ⬭㑾˄-RKQVRQHWDO˅DŽ ⱑЗᑭ⏽䛑ᇨᑭഄऎˈ༹䱊㋏ഄሖ⬅ⱑЗᑭ㕸㒘៤DŽⱑЗᑭ㕸ৃߚЎϝ Ͼ☿ቅ≝⿃ች㒘DŽϟ䚼Р剕Р㢣㒘Џ㽕⬅ᗻ☿ቅችঞ☿ቅ≝⿃ች㒘៤ˈϟ䚼 ҹ≝⿃ችЎЏˈϞЎᗻ❨ችˈϞߎ⦄ᅝቅ䋼☿ቅችˈ䆹ች㒘८ᑺѢ P˗ ݊Ϟⱘᷥ≳㒘Ўϔ☿ቅথᮟಲѻ⠽ˈ䆹㒘ϟ䚼≝⿃ችЁي།⧚ች䗣䬰 ԧˈች㒘८㑺 PDŽ᳔Ϟ䚼ⱘᕤሐР㢣㒘Ϣ݊ϟⱘ☿ቅችሖᭈড়ѻߎˈЏ㽕⬅ ⹀ⷖች㉝ⷖች㒘៤ˈ८ P˄ݙ㩭সऎඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˅DŽⱑЗᑭቯᓻϢढ ࣫ᵓഫᮁሖ㾺ˈ㚵偕ㄝ˄ ˅ⱑЗᑭቯᓻⳌ݇≝⿃Ёথ⦄ヨ࣪ˈᯊҷ ᅮЎᮽЁ༹䱊㑾DŽ=KDQJHWDO
(29) ⱑЗᑭ㕸☿ቅችЁ㦋ᕫ 6+5,03 䫚ᑈ . . 啘Ў 0DDŽⱑЗᑭ㕸☿ቅችৠԡ㋴ᰒ⼎催 6U 1G Ԣؐ˄ 6U 6U İ1G f˅ ˈ䇈ᯢ᳝ഄܗ㋴ⱘ⏋ܹˈ㹿㾷䞞Ў䰚䖍㓬ᓻ⦃๗˄6KDR ˗ 1LHDQG%M噌UO\NNHˈ ˗;LDRHWDO˅DŽ . ⏽䛑ᇨᑭ⫳ᴖችऎ(The Ondor Sum Subduction/Accretion Belt) ⏽䛑ᇨᑭ⫳ᴖችᏺϰ㽓ᓊԌ㑺 NPˈ῾䎼㽓䚼ⱘⱑѥ䛖म㟇ϰ䚼ⱘ㽓ᢝ Ӻ⊇ᑓ䯨ऎඳ˄:DQJDQG/LX ˗;LDRHWDO˅DŽݙ㩭সЁ䚼䲚 Ѡ㒓ϸջ᳝䕗དⱘߎ䴆ˈ㹿ੑৡЎ⏽䛑ᇨᑭ㕸˄ݙ㩭সऎඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˅ˈЏ 㽕⬅ϔ༫⍋Ⳍ☿ቅ≝⿃ⱘব䋼ች㋏㒘៤ˈ᳝ࣙ㪱⠛ች䍙ᗻችഫԧDŽܟ ϰㄝҎ˄ ˅ᇚ⏽䛑ᇨᑭ㕸ߦߚЎ ⾡ች㒘ড়˖े㣅⠛ች㣅ች㒘ড়ǃ 㓓⠛ችᢝ᭥⥘℺ች㒘ড়ǃ⧚ች㒘ড়ǃ䕝䭓䕝㓓ች㒘ড়ˈ䍙ᗻች㒘ড়ঞ⠛咏 ⢊᭰䭓㢅ቫች㒘ড়DŽ⏽䛑ᇨᑭ㕸ᘏⱘ⡍⚍ᰃϔ༫ҹ㓓⠛ችЎЏⱘ☿ቅሥች།Ё ᗻ❨ችℷᐌሥ≝⿃ˈሲѢ⍋ᑩথⱘѻ⠽DŽ㚵偕ㄝ˄ ˅ᑨ⫼ᮍ㾷㓓⊹ ⠛ችǃ䪕ሖᴵᏺ⢊㣅ችㄝᷛᖫˈ䞡ᓎњ⏽䛑ᇨᑭ㕸ⱘሖᑣˈЏ㽕⬅ḥ䖒 ᴹ䷇㒘㒚㾦᭥ችǃજᇨજ䖒㒘䪕⸙䋼ች⏋ᴖԧ㒘៤DŽϟ䚼ḥ䖒ᴹ䷇㒘Џ㽕⬅ Ёᗻথችǃ❨ች㒘៤ˈ䚼ߚЎഫ⢊㗙⠛⧚࣪ⱘ㓓⊹㒚ችǃ㒚䋼♄ޱ ች⥘℺ችǃᅝቅ⥘℺ችǃᅝቅ⥶ች䕝㓓ችঞ♄ޱች㒘៤ˈᐌ།㉫㉦⧚ች ⧚ች࣪♄ችDŽችᐌ㾕ᔎ⚜ⱘ㓓⊹࣪ǃ⺇䝌Ⲥ࣪⸙࣪DŽϞ䚼જᇨજ䖒㒘ች ᗻऩϔˈЏ㽕Ў㣅ችǃ䪕㣅ች㓓⊹㒶ѥ㣅⠛ችˈॳችҹ⏅⍋Ⳍ⸙䋼࣪ ᄺ≝⿃ЎЏDŽ㓓⠛ች㋏Ё᱂䘡থ㚆㪱䮾⠛ችˈ㪱䮾ⱘች㉏ൟ᳝䩴䭓㪱 14.
(30) 䮾⠛ችǃ䩴䭓㓓⊹㪱䮾⠛ችǃ㓓Ꮼ㓓⊹㪱䮾⠛ችǃ㪱䮾㓓Ꮼ⧚ችㄝˈ㪱⠛ች ਜ䗣䬰⢊ಶഫ⢊ᮁ㓁ߎ䴆DŽࠡҎᇍ⏽䛑ᇨᑭⱘ⏋ᴖች䖯㸠њ䆺㒚ⱘব䋼ችᄺ ⷨお˄:DQJDQG/LX ˗<DQHWDO ˗7DQJDQG<DQ ˗'H-RQJ HWDO˅ˈ㪱⠛ች݅⫳ⱘⷓ⠽㒘ড়᳝˖㪱䮾⸙ⱑѥ↡咥⹀㓓⊹ ᭛䩴䭓㣅ˈ㪱䮾㕳⸙䬄䪕䪕⒥DŽব䋼ᗻ❨ችЁߎ⦄㪱⠛ችⳌ ⷓ⠽㒘ড়Ў⹀᷅㓓⊹䩴䭓㣅ˈ⹀᷅㓓Ꮼ㓓⊹ὡDŽ⏽䛑ᇨ ᑭഄऎߚᏗⴔ䖥ⱒϾ䍙ᗻችԧˈਜϰ㽓ሩᏗˈϾԧ㾘ᇣˈችⳌㅔऩˈ㱔ব ᔎ⚜ˈਜ䗣䬰⢊ǃᴳ⢊ϡ㾘߭ⱘഫ⢊ǃ⠛⢊ѻߎDŽ ;LDRHWDO
(31) 䘧њР݄≳ഄऎഄ䋼㒘៤ˈࣙᣀϝϾ㒧ᵘऩܗDŽ ˖݊ Ё⏋ᴖች⬅䞥ѥ↡㣅㊰ễችǃ㣅㒶ѥ⠛ችǃѥ↡㣅⠛ችǃ㓓⊹㓓Ꮼ⠛ች ㄝᵘ៤ˈ⏋᳝ᇣϡㄝⱘব䋼⥘℺ችǃ⸙䋼ችǃ⧚ች㪱⠛ችㄝഫԧDŽР݄ ≳ϔᏺথ⦄ⱘ㪱⠛ችᮄ㦋ᕫⱘ $U$U ᑈ啘Ў f0D f0D˄'H -RQJHWDO˅f0D˄䚉⌢ᅝㄝˈ˅DŽᵫ߃ഄऎ㲛㓓⏋ᴖች ᏺ⬅ϔ㋏߫फӄⱘކᐁ⢊ԧᵘ៤ˈϰ㽓ᓊԌ NPˈᆑ NP ᎺেDŽ䆹⏋ᴖች ᑩ䚼Ў NP ⱘ㾦䮾ችⳌব䋼ऩˈܗϞ䚼㹿ᖫ⬭㑾⸒ችǃ⹀ⷖች⺇䝌Ⲥᓎ䗴㽚Ⲫ ˄㚵偕ㄝˈ ˗⥟㤗ㄝˈ ˅ˈ݊Ё᠔ች⌚ችഫԧ㦋ᕫ 0D 䫚ᑈ 啘˄߬ᬺϔㄝˈ˗-LDQHWDO˅DŽ . Ā㋶Ӻ㓱ড়㒓āऩܗऎ(The “Solonker Suture” Suture) ᰮস⫳ҷഄሖ 䆹ऩ῾ܗこњ㋶Ӻᬪࣙ㟇㽓ᢝӺ⊇ⱘᑓ䯨ऎඳˈϔѯഄ䋼ᄺ㗙䅸Ў㋶Ӻ㓱 ড়㒓ЎসѮ⌆⋟᳔㒜ⱘᣐড়ԡ㕂˄ ˗;LDRHWDO˗&KHQHW DO˗-LDQHWDO˅DŽ䆹ऩܗЏ㽕ߎ䴆ᰮ⚁㋏ᴀᏈ㒘ǃ 䰓ቅ㒘Ѡ㋏ഄሖ ݙ㩭স㞾⊏ऎऎඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˗ᴢ᭛ㄝˈ
(32) DŽᴀ Ꮘ㒘Џ㽕ߚᏗ㢣ሐ⡍Ꮊ᮫ǃ䖒ᇨ㔩㣖ᯢᅝ㘨ড়᮫ϔᏺˈЎϔ༫⌙⍋Ⳍሥች ㋏ˈች㒘ড়Ўᴖⷖችǃ䭓ⷖችǃ㣅ⷖችǃব䋼㉝ⷖችঞ♄㡆ᵓችˈ།᳝♄ ች䗣䬰ԧ☿ቅሥችDŽҢችᗻ㒘ড়ᴹⳟˈᴀᏈ㒘ᔶ៤Ѣ䕗Ўࡼ㤵ⱘ≝⿃⦃๗ ᴢ ᭛ ㄝ ˈ ˗ 剡 ᑚ Ё ㄝ ˈ
(33) DŽ ᴀ Ꮘ 㒘 ࣙ Ͼ ࣪ 㒘 ড় ᏺ ˈ. (RVWDIIHOOD0LOOHUHOOD㒘ড়ᏺ 7ULWLFLWHV3VHXGRVFKZDJHULQD㒘ড়ᏺˈ ᯊҷЎ⚁㑾࿕ᅕϪ˄⒵䛑ᢝഄऎ ϛऎ䇗ˈ˅DŽ䰓ቅ㒘ߚᏗ㣗ೈϢᴀ 15.
(34) Ꮘ㒘ϔ㟈ˈ῾ϞϢᴀᏈ㒘ਜ䬃啓⢊䗦ব݇㋏ˈЎϔ༫ҹ⍋Ⳍ⺇䝌ⲤችЎЏ ⱘችഄሖᑣ߫ˈች㒘ড়Ў⫳⠽♄ችǃⱑѥ䋼♄ችǃ㾦⸒⢊♄ች།䩭䋼ⷖችǃ ㉝ⷖችㄝˈЄᆠⱘ⍋Ⳍࡼ⠽࣪ˈ᳝㜩䎇㉏ǃ㝍䎇㉏ǃঠ㉏ǃ㢨㮧㰿ㄝ࣪ ᴢ᭛ㄝˈ ˗剡ᑚЁㄝˈ˗⒵䛑ᢝഄऎ ϛऎ䇗ˈ
(35) DŽ ⷨおऎѠ㑾ഄሖߚᏗᑓ⊯ˈ㞾ϟ㗠Ϟձথ㚆ᆼ㒘ǃᮃ㒘ˈݙ㩭 সᵫ㽓ഄऎЏ㽕থ㚆ᰮѠϪᵫ㽓㒘ㄝഄሖऩݙ˄ܗ㩭স㞾⊏ऎችഄሖˈ ˅DŽᆼ㒘☿ቅችߚᏗѢ㽓䚼ⱘ⒵䛑ᢝˈѠ䖲⌽⡍ǃ䫵ᵫ⌽⡍ҹঞϰ䚼ⱘ ᵫ㽓ㄝഄˈথ⦃๗Ў⌙⍋ⳌⒼ⍋Ⳍˈ᳝ 'HUE\LDVS6WUHSWRUK\QFKXVVS ㄝ㜩䎇㉏࣪˄ᴢ᭛ㄝˈ ˅DŽ⒵䛑ᢝഄऎЏ㽕ߎ䴆Ё䝌ᗻ❨ች།☿ቅ ሥችঞℷᐌ≝⿃ሥች˄㢣ᮄᯁㄝˈ˅DŽ䫵ᵫ⌽⡍ϔᏺˈ⬅⌕㒍㣅ᅝች ⥘℺䋼ᅝቅችˈ᳝ঠዄ☿ቅችⱘ⡍ᕕˈᯊҷЎ 0D˄=KDQJHWDO˅DŽ ᵫ㽓ഄऎ䆹☿ቅᑣ߫Џ㽕Ў⥘℺ችǃ⥘℺䋼ᅝቅችǃ㉫䴶ᅝቅችⳌ݇ⱘ♄ޱ ችঞ☿ቅሥ≝⿃ =KXHWDO
(36) DŽ㢣ሐ⡍Ꮊ᮫ഄऎˈᆼ㒘㞾ϟ㗠Ϟ⬅Ꮌ ८ሖᅝቅ䋼⦏ሥሥችሥ♄ޱች།ᅝቅችᇥ䞣⥘℺䋼❨ች䖛⏵ࠄᅝቅች㣅 ᅝች⌕㒍ችЎЏⱘЁ䝌ᗻߎች㋏˄ᴢ䗄䴪ㄝˈ ˗ᓴᰧᰪㄝˈ˅DŽ咘ቫ ṕᵫ㽓ഄऎˈ߭⬅ϟ䚼ⱘ㾦᭥ች㣅㾦᭥ች⌕㒍ች㒘ড়ˈЁ䚼ᵩ⢊㒚ች ⥘℺ች㒘ড়ˈϞ䚼⥘℺ችᅝቅ⥘℺ችЎЏⱘЁᗻ❨ች㒘៤˄䚉⌢ᅝˈ ˗ ৩ᖫ៤ㄝˈ˗=KXHWDO˅DŽᮃ㒘ᰃⷨおऎᆼ㒘☿ቅችПৢথ 㚆ⱘ᳔Ўᑓ⊯ⱘ≝⿃ഄሖˈᅗᰃϔ༫⌙⍋Ⳍⷖችǃ义ች⺇䝌Ⲥ㒘ড়ˈ䚼ߚഄऎ থ㚆᳝☿ቅሥች⸙䋼ችˈѻ䴲ᐌЄᆠⱘ⍋Ⳍ⫳⠽࣪˄⥟៤⑤ㄝˈ˅DŽ ᇍѢᮃ㒘᠔ҷ㸼ⱘഄᵘ䗴⦃๗ⷨおˈࠡҎ䅸Ў݊ҷ㸼њ⌙∈ⱘ≝⿃⦃๗ ˄ݙ㩭স㞾⊏ऎऎඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˗催ᖋ㟏ㄝˈ ˗⥟ᚴㄝˈ˅DŽԚ᳔䖥 ⱘⷨお⊹义ች≝⿃Ё㦋ᕫњᬒᇘ㰿ㄝ࣪ˈᣛ⼎䕗⏅∈≝⿃⦃๗ˈ˄ᇮᑚढˈ ˅DŽϞѠ㒳ᵫ㽓㒘Џ㽕⬅ϔ༫咥㡆ᵓችǃ㉝ⷖችǃⷖች㒘Єᆠⱘ⎵∈⪷ 劗㉏ỡ⠽࣪DŽᴢ⽣ᴹㄝ˄ ˅ᑨ⫼ഄ⧗࣪ᄺᮍ⊩ᇍݙ㩭সϞѠ㒳ᵫ㽓 㒘ⱘ≝⿃⦃๗䖯㸠њⷨおˈ䗮䖛≝⿃⦃๗߸߿ᣛᷛⱘߚᵤ⹂ᅮᵫ㽓㒘Ўᓔ䯨ⱘ ⎵∈⦃๗Џ㽕Ў䰚Ⳍ≝⿃ԧ㋏݊≝⿃߱ᳳЎ⍋䰚ѸѦ⦃๗DŽ 䬕䪕䍙䬕䪕䋼ች ㋶Ӻഄऎ˖㋶Ӻቅ㲛㓓ች⊓Ё㩭䖍⬠ߚᏗˈ៥๗ߎݙ䴆䭓㑺 NPˈᆑ ᇣѢ NPDŽࣙᣀ᭄ⱒϾ㲛㓓ችഫˈ㗙䖒Ϟⱒᑇᮍ݀䞠ˈᇣ㗙᭄ᑇᮍ㉇ˈਜ᠕䈚 16.
(37) ⢊䗣䬰⢊ⱘഫԧ⣁䭓ⱘᮁ⠛ѻߎѢЁϞ⚁㒳ϟѠ㒳ഄሖЁDŽഫԧЏ㽕 ⬅ব䋼‘ችǃ䕝䭓ችǃ᭰䭓㢅ቫች䕝㓓ችች㕸ಯ䚼ߚ㒘៤DŽ䞢㾕ࠄ㲛㓓 ችഫԧᗻ㛚㗠⸈㺖ˈ㡖⧚থ㚆DŽ䪏⠽䌘᭭䆕ᯢᅗӀᰃ᮴ḍⱘˈ㋶Ӻችԧ ϟᓊ㓁 P ৢˈ֓䗤⏤ᇪ♁˄䚉⌢ᅝㄝˈ ˅DŽഄ㸼⅟⬭ⱘ䍙䬕䪕䋼ች 㸼䴶ᕔᕔৃҹ㾕ࠄ亢࣪ᬷ㨑ⱘ㑶㡆䪕⥝ችችഫ㗙䍁㡆ⱘ⸙䋼亢࣪˄ܟϰ ㄝˈ ˗䚉⌢ᅝㄝˈ ˅DŽ ⒵䛑ᢝഄऎ˖䖒㣖᮫࣫䚼ⱘ⒵䛑ᢝഄऎˈ䍙ᗻüᗻችഫਜᵘ䗴։ԡ˄㢣 ᮄᯁㄝˈ˅亲ᴹዄ˄䱊㒻䲘ㄝˈ˅ᔶᓣѻѢ⚁㋏ᴀᏈ㒘ЁDŽችഫ Џ㽕Ўᇣϡㄝⱘᔶᗕᓖⱘ䍙䬕䪕䋼ችǃ䕝䭓䋼ችǃ䬕䪕䋼☿ቅችǃ⸙䋼ችㄝ ችഫˈ䋼Ёⱘ䞣㑺ऴ ˈ㲛㓓ችҹᵘ䗴ഫᔶᓣߎ⦄ˈѻߎ⢊ᗕ ᵘ䗴⡍ᕕഛ㸼ᯢᅗӀᰃᓖഄ⅟⬭ⱘস⋟ഫ˄㢣ᮄᯁㄝˈ˗䱊㒻䲘ㄝˈˈ ˅DŽϔѯഄ䋼ᄺᆊⷨお䅸Ўˈᮽ⚁Ϫৢ⬅Ϟ䗄ᗻü䍙ᗻችҷ㸼ⱘ⋟ ࣫ˈކ׃ᔶ៤ᰮ⚁ϪüᮽѠϪቯᓻᏺᵘ䗴⏋ᴖᏺˈℸ⒵䛑ᢝഄऎ㲛㓓 ችᏺҷ㸼ᰮস⫳ҷ㓱ড়ᏺ˄㢣ᮄᯁㄝˈ˗-LDQHWDO˅DŽ⸙䋼ችЁ ᮄথ⦄ⱘЁѠ㑾ᬒᇘ㰿˄⥟ᚴㄝ ˗ᇮᑚढˈ˅ˈ䆹㲛㓓ችᏺ㹿䅸Ўҷ 㸼ЁѠϪᮽᳳⱘস⋟ⲚDŽ䱊㒻䲘ㄝ˄˅ḍব䋼䕝䭓ችⱘऩ乫㉦䫚ᑈ 啘˄f0D˅䰘䖥᳝স㗕ഄഫⱘ⡍ᕕ䅸Ў䆹㲛㓓ችᏺৃ㛑ҷ㸼Ёস⫳ҷ ⱘ䰚䯈ᇣ⋟ⲚDŽ Ѡ䘧ѩᴖች˖Ѡ䘧ѩഄऎҹ࣫ϰϰफ㽓㽓ᓊԌ㑺 NPˈᆑ㑺 NPˈ ⬅বᔶϡഛϔⱘ䋼㉏ችഫ㒘៤DŽችഫⱘ㉏ൟҹⱑѥች᳔ˈ݊Ў㣅ች 㣅⠛ችǃ䍙䬕䪕䋼䬕䪕䋼ችǃ⧚ችǃ♄ችǃ⸒ች㪱⠛ችDŽ䋼⬅ব 䋼ⷖችǃব䋼☿ቅችѥ↡㣅⠛ች㒘៤ˈ䙁ফ㓓⠛ችⳌব䋼⫼˄ᕤ䰜᭠ˈ ˗ᓴ㞷ਈ⋄✊ˈ ˅DŽ㲛㓓⏋ᴖች㹿ᰮ⊹ⲚϪ㡆᮹Ꮘᔺᬪࣙ㒘ሥችϡ ᭈড়㽚Ⲫ˄ᕤㄝˈ ˅ˈ݊Ё᠔㪱⠛ችችഫⱘ $U$U ᑈҷЎ f0D˄ᕤ ㄝˈ˅DŽḍ㪱⠛ችᑈ啘ϡᭈড়݇㋏ˈ䖭ᴵ⏋ᴖችᏺ㹿䅸ЎሲЁস⫳ҷ 䗴ቅᏺⱘ⏋ᴖේ⿃ᏺDŽԚ ;LDRHWDO ˅䅸Ў䆹ᏺሲѢᰮস⫳ҷ⏋ᴖේ⿃ ⱘϟ䚼㒘ড়ˈϞ䗄㪱⠛ችᑈ啘ҙҷ㸼ކ׃ᏺ催य़ችैދϞछᑈ啘DŽ 㽓ᢝӺ⊇ഄऎ˖㽓ᢝӺ⊇࣫ջˈᮁ㓁ߎ䴆ϔѯ㲛㓓ችഫDŽ᷃ऩቅ㲛㓓 ችᵘ䗴։ԡѢѠ㋏ഄሖЁˈϢೈችਜᮁሖ㾺݇㋏ˈ㹿Ёգ㔫㒳☿ቅ≝⿃ች㽚. 17.
(38) ⲪDŽࣙഫԧ᳝᭰䕝䕝‘ችˈ䕝‘ችㄝˈᔎ⚜㲛㒍ች࣪⺇䝌Ⲥ࣪ˈਜೳ咘㡆˄䚉 ⌢ᅝㄝˈ ˅DŽᴣᷥ⌐ϔᏺˈ㲛㓓ችᵘ䗴։ԡѢϞᖫ⬭㒳ˈች㱔ব⸈ ᔎ⚜ˈᔎ⚜⠛⧚࣪˄䚉⌢ᅝㄝˈ ˗⥟㤗ㄝˈ ˅DŽ ᖂ䰚ഫ 0LFURFRQWLQHQWV
(39) ⷨおऎ⍝ঞࠄⱘস㗕ഫԧা㽕᳝फ㩭ᖂ䰚˄600˅⌥䖒ܟ䰚ഫ˄+%˅ DŽ फ㩭সᖂ䰚ഫজ⿄Ў +XWDJ8XO 㗙 7RWRVKDQ8ODQXO˄%DGDUFKHWDO˗ 'HPRX[HWDO ˅ ˈ⊓ϰ㽓ᓊԌ䖥 NPˈЁ๗ݙҹ㡒Ḑᑭ㕸Ўҷ 㸼DŽ㡒Ḑᑭ㕸ߚᏗѠ䖲⌽⡍㽓फ㡒ḐᑭഄऎˈЏ㽕⬅ϔ༫Ёㄝব䋼ⱘ⧚ ችǃ㒧♄ችǃ㣅ችঞ㒶ѥ㣅⠛ች㒘៤DŽ८ᑺѢ ㉇DŽ䆹㕸᠔䞛㯏㉏ ᳝࣪ 9HUPLFXOLWHVFIWRUWXRVXV5HLWOOLQJHU ঞ 9HUPLFXOLWHVLUUHJXODULV. 5HLWOLQJHU 2VDJLD FIOLELGLQRVD =KXUDYOHYD ˈ 5DGLRVXV FI EDGLXV =KXUDYOHYD ㄝ݊ᯊҷⳌᔧѢᰮܗসҷ˄0D˅˄㡒Ḑᑭ ϛऎ䇗ˈ ˅DŽ ᠬᠬᇮቅϰ䚼ˈफ㩭সᖂ䰚ഫ⬅ᠬ䳋ࡾᮃ㕸㒘៤ˈϟ䚼Ў⧚࣪♄ችˈ ᕔᕔ᳝䩭⊹䋼㛊㒧ⱘ㾦⸒⢊♄ችˈϞ䚼Ў⎵♄㡆ǃ⥿⩄♄㡆♄㓓㡆⌕㒍䋼᭥ ችˈ᳝ᯊЎ䳣㒚᭥ች˗乊䚼Ў⺇䝌Ⲥች㟇ሥችሖDŽᠬ䳋Рᢝቅϰ NP ໘ⱘ䆹 㕸Ϟ䚼ሖԡЁ䞛ࠄ㯏㉏࣪˖9HVLFXODULWHVFRQFUHWXV=KXU9FRQJHUPDXV =KXU 1XEHFXODULWHV DEXVWXV =KXU ࣪ ሖ ԡ ᯊ ҷ ᔦ ሲ Ѣ ᭛ ᖋ 䰊 ˄ 㑺 0D˅ ˄㡒Ḑᑭ ϛऎ䇗ˈ ˅DŽ 䞣ⱘ⠛咏ች䫚ᅮᑈᰒ⼎Ёǃफ㩭সࠡᆦ℺㑾ഄԧⱘᄬ˄$QWRLQH 'HPRX[ˈ ˗+DUJURYHHWDO˗.URQHUHWDO
(40) DŽ$'HPRX[ %DJD%RJG˄फ㩭স˅㢅ቫ䋼⠛咏ችЁ㦋ᕫ䫚 6+5,03 ᑈҷ f0D 㒻ᡓ 䫚ᑈҷ 0Dˈ䇈ᯢफ㩭স %DJD%RJG ഄऎসܗসҷЁܗসҷഄⱘᄬˈ ։ܹ䆹⠛咏䋼ችⱘ㢅ቫችԧ㦋ᕫ䫚 6+5,03ᑈ啘Ў fˈ f f0Dˈ㗠ᠬᠬᇮቅ WRWRVKDQ8ODQXO
(41) ഫԧˈ㢅ቫ䋼⠛咏ች㦋ᕫ f0D ᑈ啘ؐ˄83E ऩ乫㉦䫚⊩˅ <DUPRO\XNHWDO
(42) DŽ ;XHWDO
(43) 䗮䖛ⷨお⏽䛑ᇨᑭ㕸ⱘሥ䫚ᑈ啘ߚᏗˈߚᵤ᳝݊ⱘ 0D 0D ⱘᑈ啘䈅ዄϢढ࣫ܟᢝ䗮⠽⑤࣫䚼㩭সഄऎϡϔ㟈ˈ ᮁ⌥䖒⓴≭ܟϟ䴶ᄬᖂᇣ䰚ഫDŽ. 18.
(44) ϝゴ ᮽস⫳ҷഄᵘ䗴⡍ᕕ (The Early Paleozoic Tectonics ) ᴀ᭛䗝ᢽⱑѥ䛖मഄऎ㑶᮫⠻എⷨおऎ䭊咘᮫⏽䛑ᇨᑭⷨおऎ䖯㸠䞡⚍ ߚᵤˈ䗮䖛䞢ഄ䋼㗗ᆳˈᇍⷨおऎ䖯㸠њ䗴ቅᏺ㑻ᵘ䗴ऩߚߦܗᵘ䗴বᔶ ߚᵤDŽ. ϔ㡖 㑶᮫⠻എⷨおऎ˄The Hongqi area˅ 㑶᮫⠻എⷨおऎԡѢⱑѥ䛖म࣫䚼ˈ݊ϰջⱘᏈ⡍ᬪࣙഄऎߎ䴆䞣ⱘ㢅ቫ ችǃ㢅ቫ䮾䭓ችˈᰃफ䗴ቅᏺЏ㽕㒘៤䚼ߚDŽḍഄ䋼㒘៤⡍ᕕǃᇚ㑶᮫⠻എⷨ おऎҢफ࣫ߦߚЎಯϾ㑻ᵘ䗴ᏺˈߚ߿Ўढ࣫ᵓഫ˄ࠡᆦ℺㋏˅ǃⱑЗᑭቯ ᓻᏺǃ㑶᮫⠻എ⏋ᴖችᏺᰮ⊹Ⲛ㋏⚁㑾Ⓖ⌙⍋Ⳍⱘ⺇䝌Ⲥች䰚㓬ሥች ≝⿃DŽϟ䴶ߚ߿䖯㸠䆎䗄˖ ችᵘ䗴ऩ(ߚߦܗThe Litho-tectonic framwork) ढ࣫ᵓഫ(The North China Craton) ᴀⷨおᇚসܗস⬠ᅱ䷇ች㕸Ёᮄܗসҷⱑѥ䛖म㕸Ўढ࣫ᵓഫⱘ ᑩˈЏ㽕ߚᏗРᢝ⡍ৢ᮫ⱑѥ䛖मϔᏺDŽᅱ䷇ች㕸Ўϔ༫催㓓⠛ችüԢ 㾦䮾ችⳌⱘব䋼ችˈϟ䚼Џ㽕Ў㣅ችǃ⧚ች㒘ড়ˈϞ䚼Џ㽕Ўϔ༫㣅⠛ች །㣅ችǃ㭘ሖ⢊⧚ች䗣䬰ԧ䰇䍋⠛ች䗣䬰ԧˈᯊҷЎ *D˄ᕤˈ ˗ᓴ㞷ㄝˈ˗ᓴ⥝⏙ㄝˈˈᓴ⥝⏙ˈ˗≜ᄬ߽ㄝˈ˅DŽⱑ ѥ䛖म㕸ਜ䖥ϰ㽓ሩᏗЏ㽕ߚᏗРᢝ⡍Ё᮫ǃⱑѥ䛖मǃ䖒㣖᮫ǃಯᄤ⥟ ᮫ ㄝ ഄ ᰃ Ё ü ᮄ ܗস ҷ ढ ࣫ ഄ ৄ ࣫ 㓬 㹿 ࡼ 䰚 䖍 㓬 ≝ ⿃ ѻ ⠽ ˄ &KDR HW DO ˗ᓴᅫ⏙ㄝˈ˅DŽⱑѥ䛖म㕸ϟ䚼⬅ⷖ⸒ች↉ǃ㣅ች↉ǃ咥㡆ᵓ ችǃⱑѥች♄ች᠔㒘៤˗Ϟ䚼ЎⒼ⌙⍋⺇䝌Ⲥৄഄ㟇䕗⏅∈䰚വ⒥ภේ⿃Ϣ⌞ ⿃ች˄ݙ㩭স㞾⊏ऎऎඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˅ˈ݊Ёᗻ☿ቅችऩ乫㉦䫚 83E ᑈ啘 f0D˄⥟Ἷㄝˈ ˅DŽ 19.
(45) ⱑЗᑭቯᓻᏺ(The Bainaimiao Arc Belt in Hongqi area) 䞢⡍ᕕ ☿ቅቯᓻЏ㽕⬅Ёϟ༹䱊㒳ࣙᇨ∫㕸☿ቅችǃ☿ቅሥችঞ⏅៤ች㒘៤DŽ☿ቅ ችᵘ៤ቯᓻЏԧቯᓻች⌚ች։ܹ݊ЁDŽⱑѥ䛖मഄऎˈࣙᇨ∝㕸Џ㽕ߚᏗ. 㑶᮫⠻എഄऎ䗴ቅᏺችᵘ䗴ऩ ߚߦܗᑈҷ᭄ঞᴹ⑤㾕䰘ӊ
(46) . ⱑѥ䛖म࣫ ݀䞠ḐᇥᑭϔᏺˈৃߚϸϾች㒘ˈϟ䚼ЎᏗ啭ቅ㒘ˈϞ䚼Ўજ ᢝ㒘DŽᏗ啭ቅ㒘Џ㽕Ў♄ޱ䋼㉝ⷖችǃ⸒ⷖችˈ݊Ё།᭄ሖ☿ቅችሖˈҢᢝ᭥ ⥘℺ች䗤⏤䖛⏵ࠄᅝቅችᇥ䞣㣅ᅝችˈৠᯊѻߎ᳝䞣☿ቅ㾦⸒ች♄ޱችDŽ જᢝ㒘Ўϔ༫Ёᗻ☿ቅ❨ችǃ☿ቅሥችDŽЎњདഄᦣ䗄Ꮧ啭ቅ㒘ⱘഄ䋼㒘 ៤ሖᑣ⡍ᕕˈ៥ӀḐᇥᑭҹϰ㑺 NP ໘⌟ᅮњ㊒㒚ⱘࠪ䴶ˈᦣ䗄བϟ˖. 20.
(47) ḐᇥᑭഄऎᏗ啭ቅ㒘ᅲ⌟ࠪ䴶 , . รߎՄ ݇ౄౖ̝ཛP ᆌ܃ౄͪЊᅱၲી݇ཛP ݇ౄ༩๓ཛ୷ࣄٲႏۤఅٲႏࠀ֟၂P ݇ౄͪЊᅱી݇ཛ P ᆌ܃ౄͪЊᅱၲཛP ᆌ܃ౄ݇͂ౄͪЊᅱၲཛēՄϦྡྷۃЊ݇͂ᆌ܃ౄ܈ЊҹཛP ݇͂ౄͪЊᅱી݇ᄩཛēՄϦน݇ౄ୷ࣄᅱౖ̝ཛP ݇͂ౄౖ̝ཛēՄϦนᆌ܃ౄҹཛۤͪЊી݇ཛ P ͪЊᅱၲטཛP ݇͂ౄౖݥാཛۤ݇ౄॄۃཛēॄದюॄౖݥྻדcી݇ཛนᅖēӖ໌ၟPP ۃ२ၟ P ᆌ܃ౄॄཛē͂݇ۃౄཛࡄP รߎԘ . . ḐᇥᑭഄऎᏗ啭ቅ㒘ᅲ⌟ࠪ䴶 ,, รߎՄ ౖ̝ཛP ͪЊᅱၲી݇ᄩטཛP ౖ̝ཛޣЊP 21.
(48) ᆌ܃ౄၲી݇ᄩཛ P ݇ౄౖ̝ཛP ᆌ܃ౄၲᅱી݇ᄩטཛP ᆌ܃ౄ܈ЊᅱҹཛP ݇ౄͪЊᅱၲી݇ཛēࡥϦౖ̝ۃཛޣЊP ිܻౄౖ̝ཛP ݇ౄ܈ЊᅱཛēՄϦนͪЊၲી݇ᄩטཛP ݇͂ౄҹཛူͪЊᅱၲી݇ᄩטཛܚЊP ᆌ܃ౄၲી݇ᄩטཛP ܻౄිܻౄౖ̝ཛޣЊP ᆌ͂݇܃ౄၲી݇ᄩཛטཛP ᆌ܃ౄҹཛēۃી݇ཛॄದॄࡅၟ PPP รߎԘ . ᴀⷨおऎᏗ啭ቅ㒘Џ㽕Ў⸒ⷖችǃ♄ޱ䋼ⷖችǃ㉝ⷖች♄ޱች㭘ሖˈ݊ Ё།᭄ሖ☿ቅችሖ˄ $˅ˈሔ䚼ߎ䴆ᅝቅ⥶ችˈᘏԧϞৃߚЎ᭄Ͼᅝቅ䋼 ⥘℺䋼☿ቅች㒚ሥ≝⿃ᮟಲˈҷ㸼њ☿ቅথ䯈ℛ≝⿃⫼DŽ☿ቅ থ≝⿃ᮟಲDŽࠪ䴶ᑩ䚼⥘℺ችЏ㽕Ўഫ⢊❨ችˈথ㚆䞣ⱘᴣҕԧˈ㹿ᮍ㾷 ܙ฿DŽ⥘℺ችПϞⱘ☿ቅሥችЏ㽕Ў☿ቅ㾦⸒ችˈ❨㒧♄ޱችㄝˈ㋿㑶㡆ˈ ഫ⢊ᵘ䗴ˈ㾦⸒ᇣϡㄝˈ៤ߚҹ⇨ᄨᴣҕ⢊⥘℺ችЎЏˈ䋼Ўễ㾦⢊䭓 ሥ㓓⊹࣪☿ቅ♄ˈ乊䚼ৃ㾕ᇥ䞣ⱘ♄ޱች %
(49) DŽ䆹ᮟಲПϞߎ䴆 ᅝቅችˈҷ㸼ⴔজϔ☿ቅথ⌏ࡼᓔྟDŽ☿ቅችЁ䞣ⱘᴣҕԧᄬৃ㛑Ϣ☿ ቅথᯊ∈ԧ䕗⌙᳝݇DŽࠪ䴶Ϟ䚼ሖԡߎ⦄ᄤ㋿㑶㡆䴦♄㡆ⷖ♄ޱችˈⷖችЁ 䴦♄㡆♄ޱ䋼㉝ⷖች㭘ሖ䗣䬰ԧˈⷖች៤ӑҹ䭓ǃ☿ቅሥЎЏˈথ⫳㓓⊹ 㱔বˈ㛊㒧⠽Ў♄ޱ䋼⊹䋼DŽϞবЎ䕗㒚ⱘ㋿㑶㡆♄ޱ䋼㉝ⷖችⷖች䷉ᕟ ˄ &˅ˈথ㚆∈ᑇሖ⧚ˈᣛ⼎њⳌᇍ䕗⏅ˈ∈ࡼ䕗ᔅⱘ≝⿃⦃๗DŽᴀ ⷨ お ऎ Ⳍ ᔧ Ѣ Ꮧ 啭 ቅ 㒘 ♄ ޱ䋼 ㉝ ⷖ ች Ё ˄ ࠪ 䴶 ,, ሖ ˅ থ ⦄ ヨ ࣪ . &DOORJUDWXVVS'HVPRJUDSWXVVS'LFW\RQHPDVSᯊҷᅮЎ༹䱊㑾˄ݙ 㩭সऎඳഄ䋼ᖫˈ ˅DŽ. 22.
(50) ḐᇥᑭഄऎᏗ啭ቅ㒘☿ቅች䞢䴆༈⡍ᕕ⠛ $˖⥘℺䋼☿ቅችሖϢ♄ޱ䋼ⷖችǃ㉝ⷖች≝⿃Ѧሖ˗%˖☿ቅችሥች乊䚼ⱘ♄ޱች།ሖ˗ &˖㭘ሖ⊹䋼㉝ⷖችϢ⊹ችᔶ៤ⱘ䷉ᕟሖ. જᢝ㒘Ḑᇥᑭϰफϔᏺߎ䴆䕗དˈች㉏ൟЏ㽕Ўᅝቅችǃ⌕㒍ችǃ☿ ቅሥችⷖችˈ䖭ѯችഛ䙁ফϡৠᑺⱘ㱔বDŽ⬅Ѣ䴆༈䖲㓁ᗻ䕗Ꮒ˄ $˅ˈᴀ᭛ҙ䗮䖛 *36 ᅮԡˈߦߚњ݊☿ቅችሖᑣˈᦣ䗄བϟ˖ รߎՄ ݇͂ౄࣖᅱࠒౖ̝ٲཛ ܻ݇ౄಫέౖݥཛ ݇ౄᄡੁࣖᅱಫέౖ̝ཛౖݥཛ ݇ౄ൯ശབྷܤఅᅱౖ̝ཛēࡥϦౖ̝ޣᄩࣖނఖཛ ಇ݇ౄಫέఅᅱౖ̝ཛēఅᅖྑนЩᄩ࣠ ஐ݇ౄౖ̝ཛē୷ࣄٲႏ֟၂ ᆌ܃݇ౄͪЊᅱી݇ᄩཛē֟ಓࡽၩಫέ ݇͂ౄᄡੁࣖᅱࠒٲঠีཛ รߎԘ. જᢝ㒘Ё❨ችҹᅝቅችЎЏˈ᳝ᇥ䞣⥘℺ችDŽᴣҕᵘ䗴ᰃᴀࠪ䴶ᅝቅችⱘ. 23.
(51) ϔϾ⡍⚍ˈ⇨ᄨⳈᕘϔ㠀 PPˈ㹿ᮍ㾷䭓㣅䋼ⷓ⠽฿˄ܙ %˅ DŽ ᅝቅ䋼䲚ഫ❨ች⬅ᇣϡㄝⱘ☿ቅഫԧ㒘៤ˈᔶᗕЎễ㾦⢊ǃἁ⧗⢊ˈথ⫳䕗 ᔎⱘลᗻবᔶˈ㛊㒧⠽Ў㻤㓓㡆⠽䋼ˈথ⫳㓓⊹࣪㱔ব˄ &˅DŽ䆹ࠪ䴶 ᑩ䚼ҹ⌕㒍ችЎЏˈϞߎ⦄ⷖች≝⿃˗Пৢᰃߎ䴆䞣ⱘᅝቅችˈҷ㸼њϔ ᳳⱘ☿ቅ⌏ࡼDŽ. . Ḑᇥᑭഄऎજᢝ㒘☿ቅችሖᑣᅲ⌟ࠪ䴶. ቯᓻ⏅៤ችᏈ⡍ᬪࣙഄऎ䴶⿃ߎ䴆ˈЏ㽕⬅䮾䭓ችǃ㣅䮾䭓ችǃ㣅 ѥ䮾䭓ችǃ㢅ቫ䮾䭓ችಯϾችऩܗ㒘៤Ⳍᇍᯊᑣ⬅ᮽࠄᰮߚ߿Ў Ё㒚㉦䮾 䭓ችǃ㒚㉦咥ѥ㣅䮾䭓ችǃЁ㒚㉦㣅ѥ䮾䭓ችǃ㢅ቫ䮾䭓ች˄䱊㒻䲘ㄝˈ˅DŽ ࠡҎᇍ݊䖯㸠њ䆺㒚ⱘችᄺǃഄ⧗࣪ᄺᑈҷᄺⷨおˈችഄ⧗࣪ᄺ⡍ᕕϢ ൟⱘ☿ቅቯᓻⳌԐˈ݊ᑈ啘 0D П䯈˄䆌ゟᴗㄝˈ˗䱊㒻䲘ㄝˈ˗ -LDQHWDO˗ᴢࠥ䫟ㄝˈ˅DŽ . ☿ቅችᄺ⡍ᕕ ࣙᇨ∫㕸☿ቅችҹ❨ች㉏ЎЏЏ㽕Ўᴣҕ⢊⥘℺ችǃ㟈ᆚഫ⢊ᅝቅችǃ ᴣҕ⢊㱔বᅝቅችǃ㱔ব㾦䮾ᅝቅችǃᅝቅ⥶ችㄝDŽ☿ቅሥች㉏᳝ᅝቅ䋼♄ޱ ች☿ቅ䲚ഫችˈᅝቅ䋼ሥ♄ޱችㄝЎЁᗻ☿ቅሥች㉏DŽ ᴣҕ⢊⥘℺ች˄ $˅ ˖♄㓓㡆ˈ᭥⢊㒧ᵘǃ䋼䯈㉦㒧ᵘ䯈䱤㒧ᵘˈ ᴣҕ⢊ᵘ䗴DŽ᭥Џ㽕⬅᭰䭓䕝㒘៤ˈ䞣㑺 DŽ᭰䭓Ў PPˈ 㞾ᔶञ㞾ᔶᵓ⢊DŽ䕝᭥ᇣ㑺 PPˈᐌ㹿䮾ǃ㓓⊹ǃ㓓Ꮼ㱔 বDŽ䋼⬅ᖂᵓᴵ⢊᭰䭓˄㑺 ˅㑸⢊⦏⩗䋼⠽䋼㒘៤ˈᇥ䞣⺕䪕 ⷓˈ㉦ᑺᇣѢ PPDŽ⇨ᄨǃᴣҕԧথ㚆ˈ䬰ϟᐌ㾕 PP ⱘ⧗㉦ᵘ䗴ˈ⧗ ㉦㹿⦏⩗䋼䭓㣅䋼ᖂ㒘៤ˈ⧗㉦ݙ䚼⬅㑸㓈⢊ⱘ㓓⊹ᬒᇘ䲚ড়ԧ㒘 ៤ˈᴣҕԧݙ䚼㹿ᮍ㾷฿ܙDŽ 㟈ᆚഫ⢊ᅝቅች˄ %˅˖♄㓓㡆ˈ᭥⢊㒧ᵘˈ䋼Ѹ㒛㒧ᵘ䯈㉦. 24.
(52) 䯈䱤㒧ᵘˈഫ⢊ᵘ䗴DŽ᭥Џ㽕Ў᭰䭓ˈ䞣㑺 Ꮊেˈᇣ PP П䯈ˈ㞾㸠ᵓ⢊㒧ᵘˈᐌথ⫳㒶ѥ↡㉬ೳ㱔বDŽ䋼Џ㽕⬅⦏⩗䋼᭰䭓䲣 㒘៤DŽᇥ䞣⺕䪕ⷓDŽ. ḐᇥᑭഄऎᏗજᢝ㒘☿ቅች䞢䴆༈⡍ᕕ⠛ $˖જᢝ㒘☿ቅች䞢ᅣ㾖䴆༈⡍ᕕˈ㹿ỡ㹿㽚Ⲫϡ䖲㓁˗%˖⇨ᄨ⢊ᅝቅችˈ᳝ⱘ㹿ᮍ㾷 䭓㣅䋼ⷓ⠽฿˖&˗ܙᅝቅ䋼䲚ഫ❨ችˈᔶᗕЎễ㾦⢊ǃἁ⧗⢊থ⫳㓓⊹࣪㱔ব . ᴣҕ⢊ᅝቅች˄ &˅˖⌙♄㓓㡆ˈ᭥⢊㒧ᵘǃᴣҕ⢊ᵘ䗴DŽ᭥Ё ᭰䭓 ˈ㉦ᑺ PPˈ㞾ᔶञ㞾ᔶ㒧ᵘˈᔎ⚜㒶ѥ↡࣪˗䋼䱤䋼㒧 ᵘˈᇥ䞣᭰䭓䲣ᔅᅮᥦ߫DŽᴣҕԧ᭄Ў PPˈ⌥⢊ǃἁ⢊ঞϡ 㾘߭⢊ˈ៤ӑЎᮍ㾷ǃ㣅ㄝDŽ ᅝቅ䋼⥶ችᰃ⌙։☿ቅችˈ᳝᭥⢊㒧ᵘԐ᭥⢊㒧ᵘˈ᭥Џ㽕Ў᭰䭓ˈ 㞾ᔶञ㞾ᔶ㒧ᵘˈ᭰䭓ᕔᕔ㱔বЎ㓓⊹ǃ㓓Ꮼǃ催ኁㄝDŽ ⌕㒍ች˄ '˅˖㻤♄㡆ೳ咘㡆ˈᇥ᭥⢊㒧ᵘǃ⌕㒍ᵘ䗴DŽ᭥䞣 㑺 ˈ៤ӑЏ㽕Ў᭰䭓ˈ㉦ᑺ PP ϡㄝˈਜᵓᴵ⢊ˈञ㞾ᔶ㒧ᵘˈي㾕 㘮⠛ঠ˗㣅㑺 ˈ㉦ᑺ PPˈᅗᔶ㉦⢊㒧ᵘ˗䋼䞣㑺 ˈ䱤 䋼ˈ䳣㒚㒧ᵘˈ⬅㣅ǃ䭓ঞ⦏⩗䋼㒘៤DŽ . . 25.
(53) 㑶᮫⠻എഄऎࣙᇨ∝㕸☿ቅች䬰ϟ⡍ᕕ $˖ᴣҕ⢊⥘℺ችˈ᭥⢊㒧ᵘˈ䋼䯈䱤㒧ᵘDŽ᭥䞣㑺 ˈ䋼⬅ᖂᵓᴵ⢊᭰䭓 㑸⢊⦏⩗䋼⠽䋼㒘៤ˈᇥ䞣⺕䪕ⷓDŽ⇨ᄨǃᴣҕԧ㹿⦏⩗䋼㑸㓈⢊ⱘ㓓⊹ᬒᇘ 䲚ড়ԧ฿˗ܙℷѸ䬰ϟ˗%˖ഫ⢊ᅝቅች᭥⢊㒧ᵘˈ䋼䯈㉦䯈䱤㒧ᵘˈ᭥䞣㑺 Ꮊেˈথ⫳㒶ѥ↡㉬ೳ㱔বDŽ䋼⬅⦏⩗䋼᭰䭓䲣㒘៤ᇥ䞣⺕䪕ⷓ˗ऩܝأ䬰 ϟ˗& ᴣҕ⢊ᅝቅችˈ᭥⢊㒧ᵘǃᴣҕ⢊ᵘ䗴DŽ᭥䞣 ˈ㒶ѥ↡࣪㱔ব˗ᴣҕԧ⌥ ⢊ǃἁ⢊ˈݙ䚼៤ӑЎᮍ㾷ǃ㣅ㄝ˗ऩܝأ䬰ϟ˗'˖⌕㒍ችˈᇥ᭥㒧ᵘǃ⌕㒍ᵘ 䗴DŽ䋼䱤䋼ǃ䳣㒚㒧ᵘˈ⬅㣅ǃ䭓ᖂঞ⦏⩗䋼㒘៤˗ऩܝأ䬰ϟDŽ . ♄ޱች˖⏅♄ǃ♄㓓㡆ˈ⇻࣪㡆Ў㋿㑶㡆ˈ☿ቅ♄ޱ㒧ᵘǃഫ⢊ᵘ䗴DŽች ⬅ሥ ǃችሥ ˈঞᇥ䞣⦏ሥ㒘៤DŽችሥ៤ߚЎᅝቅችǃ㉦ᑺ PPDŽ ሥЏ㽕Ў᭰䭓ˈي㾕㣅ˈᔶ⢊ਜ䬃啓⢊ǃϡ㾘߭⢊ˈ㉦ᑺ˘PPDŽ⦏ሥ ਜᩩ㺖⢊ˈᏆ㜅⦏࣪Ў㉬ೳⷓ⠽ঞ䳣㒚⢊䭓㣅䋼DŽ㛊㒧⠽Ў☿ቅ♄ ˈᏆ䞡 㒧Ў㉬ೳⷓ⠽DŽ ᇣ㒧 Ꮧ啭ቅ㒘⬅ߎች♄ޱ䋼≝⿃ች㒘៤ˈᮽᳳߎᢝ᭥⥘℺ችˈৢᳳߎ䩭 ⺅ᗻ㋏߫ⱘᅝቅችǃ㣅ᅝችঞ☿ቅ㾦⸒ችˈ♄ޱ䋼≝⿃ችऴ䕗↨՟˄ᴀࠪ䴶㑺 ˅ ˈ䖭ѯডњൟቯᓻ☿ቅችথᓎ䗴⡍⚍DŽ⥘℺ችЁ☿ቅሥች䲚ഫች থ㚆ˈ䇈ᯢ㒣ग़њ䕗ᔎ⚜ⱘ⟚থ䰊↉ˈ㒚ሥች♄ޱ䋼㉝ⷖች∈ᑇ㒍ሖकߚথ 26.
(54) 㚆ˈ᳝䮼㉏ऩ䇗ⱘヨ࣪ˈᣛ⼎䴭∈Ԣ㛑⦃๗ˈ䰚⑤կ㒭ϡߚܙDŽજᢝ㒘ߎ 䴆䞣ⱘᅝቅች⌕㒍ችDŽᏗ啭ቅ㒘㟇જᢝ㒘☿ቅች㒣ग़њ⥘℺䋼☿ቅች㟇ЁϞ 䚼ⱘЁЁ䝌ᗻ☿ቅችˈᵘ៤ϔϾᅠᭈⱘቯᓻ☿ቅችⓨ࣪ᑣ߫DŽࠡҎ䖯㸠њ䆺㒚 ⱘഄ⧗࣪ᄺⷨおˈ䅸Ўࣙᇨ∝㕸☿ቅችҢԢ䪒ࠄ催䪒⥘℺ችǃᅝቅች䛑᳝ߎ䴆ˈ ሲѢ䩭⺅ᗻ㋏߫ˈᆠ䲚⾏ᄤ҆ܗ㋴ 5Eǃ%Dǃ7Kǃ. ㄝˈⳌᇍѣᤳ 1Eǃ=Uǃ 7L ㄝ催എᔎܗ㋴ˈᰒ⼎Ўቯᓻ☿ቅች⡍ᕕ˄䚉⌢ᅝ ˗ᇮᘦ㚰ㄝˈ˗䆌 ゟᴗㄝˈ˅DŽ. ⏋ᴖᏺ(The Hongqi melange belt) ⏋ᴖᏺԡѢቯᓻᏺ㽓࣫ջˈߚᏗѢРᖋϔᏺ⊓࣫ϰफ㽓ሩᏗᆑ໘ৃ䖒 NPˈじ໘᳝ⱒԭ㉇DŽ࣫䚼㹿Ё⫳ҷѠ䖲Ⲛഄ≝⿃⠽㽚Ⲫˈफ䚼㹿Ѡ㑾ች⌚ች։ ܹDŽ⏋ᴖᏺ㹿ϟ⊹Ⲛ㒳ᶹᑆજᏗ㒘ϡᭈড়㽚Ⲫˈϰ㽓ᘏ䭓ᑺ㑺 NP˄ $˅DŽ ⏋ᴖᏺ㹿㢣ঢ়ᮁሖߚЎϰ࣫ǃ㽓फϸ䚼ߚˈ㽓फ䚼Џ㽕⬅㣅ችǃѥ↡⠛ችǃ㒶 ѥ↡ᵓችǃगᵮችǃ䪕㣅ችǃব䋼ⷖችㄝ㒘៤ˈ᳝ᇥ䞣♄ችഫԧDŽሔ䚼ৃ 㾕㒚㉦㣅ⷖችব⊹䋼䷉ᕟѦሖˈֱ⬭ॳྟሖ⧚ˈৃ㛑Ϣᓻࠡ⌞⌕≝⿃ᵘ䗴⅟ ⠛᳝݇DŽ㢣ঢ়ᮁሖϰ࣫䚼⏋ᴖᏺ᳝ൟⱘᴖхේ⿃㒧ᵘˈЏ㽕⬅ѥ↡㓓⊹⠛ችǃ 㓓⊹㣅⠛ችǃ䩭䋼ᵓችǃ⸙䋼ችǃ♄ޱ䋼㉝ⷖችǃҹঞᇥ䞣ᴖⷖችㄝ㒘៤DŽ⏋ ᴖችഫᇣᓖˈ㗙ৃ䖒᭄݀䞠ˈ䭊ጠϞ䗄䋼Ё˄ $˅DŽችഫ㉏ൟ ৃҹߚЎᓖഄችഫॳഄችഫDŽᓖഄችഫЏ㽕Ў㒧ᑩᗻ䋼ⱘসܗস⬠ᅱ䷇ ች㕸ⱘ⧚ችǃ᭰䭓㾦䮾ች⋟ᗻ䋼ⱘ㲛㒍ችˈ㲛㒍࣪‘ችˈᵩ⢊⥘ ℺ችǃ⸙䋼ችDŽߎ䴆㲛㒍ችǃ㲛㒍ች࣪‘ችব䋼䕝䭓ችˈԚᰃᅗӀϡ᳝ ൟⱘ㲛㓓ችሖᑣˈ㸼⦄Ў㹿㙶㾷ⱘഫ˄ %˅ DŽॳഄഫԧЏ㽕Ў☿ቅቯᓻ Ⳍ݇ⱘ☿ቅችഫԧǃ࣪♄ችㄝDŽ䖭ѯችഫ㒣ग़њᔎ⚜ⱘࡼᬍ䗴থ⫳䶻ᗻ বᔶᅗӀҹᶨ⌕ⱘᔶᓣਜϡ㾘߭⢊ǃ䗣䬰⢊ǃᴵᏺ⢊䭊ጠ䋼ЁDŽ᳝ᯊक ᑇᮍ㉇ⱘ㣗ೈৃݙ㾕ࠄ⾡ϡৠᯊҷⱘች ഫ
(55) ⏋ᴖϔ䍋DŽ ᵩ⢊⥘℺ችഫԧਜ㓓㡆ˈऩᵩ㾘 P Ꮊেˈችᵩⱘᔶᗕϡ㾘߭ˈ ᳝䙁य़᠕বᔶ⦄䈵˄ &˅ˈ䚼ߚ❨ች⇨ᄨǃᴣҕᵘ䗴ˈ⇨ᄨǃᴣҕЁܙ ฿ৢᳳ㣅䲚ড়ԧǃᮍ㾷㛝DŽ䬰ϟЎ劲⠛㉦⢊ব㒧ᵘˈ⬅ᖂ咥ѥ↡ǃ䰇䍋 ǃ㓓⊹ㄝᱫ㡆ⷓ⠽⌙㡆䭓㣅ᴵᏺ⢊䲚ড়ԧ᠔㒘៤DŽችᵩП䯈฿ܙ⠽Џ㽕Ў 㓓⊹⠛ችDŽ 27.
(56) 㣅㾦䮾⠛ችഫԧˈ㣅ǃ᭰䭓ᵘ៤⌙㡆ᴵᏺϢ⠛⧚࣪㾦䮾ᵘ៤ⱘᱫ㡆 ᴵᏺⳌ䯈ᥦ߫˄ '˅ˈ㾦䮾䞣 ˈ㣅䞣 ˈ᭰䭓 ˈ䖬᳝ ᇥ䞣⺕䪕ⷓDŽ ব⌕㒍ችഫԧЎ♄ⱑ⌙♄㓓㡆ˈ䞢ᐌᐌਜᎼⱘቅϬѻߎˈ⬅Ѣফࠄࡼ य़⫼㣅乫㉦˄䲚ড়ԧ˅ᅮᢝ䭓˄ (˅DŽ䬰ϟ䡈ᅮˈ݊㒘៤ⷓ⠽ Џ㽕Ў㒚㉦䭓㣅䋼䲚ড়ԧ˄˅᭥⢊᭰䭓˄˅ ˈᰒ⼎ᅮᵘ䗴ˈᰒᖂ㉦ ⢊ব㒧ᵘDŽ. 㑶᮫⠻എഄऎ⏋ᴖᏺഄ䋼ㅔ˄$˅ǃࠪ䴶˄%˅ǃᵘ䗴᭄ߚᵤ˄')˅ . ⸙䋼ች⧚ችഫԧᐌᐌਜሖ⢊䭊ጠѢ䋼Ёˈሖ⧚Ϣ䋼⠛⧚ᑇ㸠ˈᓊԌ. 28.
(57) 㑶᮫⠻എഄऎ⏋ᴖᏺ䞢⡍ᕕ⠛ $˖᭄݀䞠㾘ⱘ♄ችഫԧĀඟā䋼Ёˈ♄ችഫԧջϡ䖲㓁˗%˖㹿㙶㾷ⱘ㲛㒍ችǃ 㲛㒍ች࣪‘ችব䋼䕝䭓ችഫˈ⬅Ѣ㱔বਜೳ咘㡆⏅㓓㡆˗&˖ᵩ⢊⥘℺ችഫԧችᵩ ⱘᔶᗕ䙁य़᠕বᔶ˗'˖㣅㾦䮾ችഫԧˈ㣅ǃ᭰䭓ᵘ៤⌙㡆ᴵᏺϢ㾦䮾ᵘ៤ⱘᱫ㡆 ᴵᏺⳌ䯈ᥦ߫˗(˖ব䋼☿ቅችഫԧˈ㣅ㄝ乫㉦ফ࠾ߛ⫼ᅮᢝ䭓˗)˖࣪♄ችഫԧˈ ⦞⨮ˈ⍋ⱒড়㣢࣪ᅮᢝ䭓ᡃᮁ˗*˖ব䋼㣅ⷖችगᵮችѦሖˈॳችЎ⌞⌕≝⿃˗+˖ ⸙䋼ᴵᏺ♄ችˈᔎ⚜࠾ߛՓ 6& 㒘ᵘ⡍ᕕ . 29.
(58) . 䕗䖰ˈৃ䖒᭄ⱒ㉇DŽ᳝ᯊৃ㾕⧚ችЁ咥㡆⸙䋼ᴵᏺˈবᔶᔎ⚜ˈሔ䚼ৃ㾕᮴ ḍ㼊ⲅDŽ⏋ᴖᏺफ䚼ˈᖫ⬭㑾࣪♄ችⷖችഫԧ⦞⨮࣪ᅮᢝ䭓ᡃᮁ ˄ )˅DŽ䖭ѯ♄ችഫԧҷ㸼њ⏋ᴖᏺⱘ᳔ᑈ䕏ᑈ啘DŽ 㢣ঢ়ᮁሖ㽓फ䚼ሔ䚼ߎ䴆ব⌞⿃ች˄ *˅ˈ८ᑺ䕗DŽችᗻЏ㽕ҹग ᵮችǃⷖ䋼गᵮችЎЏˈሔ䚼།᳝䪕㣅ችᴵᏺDŽⷖ䋼ऩܗЏ㽕Ўবԭ㣅ⷖ ችˈবԭ䭓㣅ⷖችˈথ㚆ഫ⢊ሖ⧚DŽगᵮችऩݙܗথ㚆㭘ሖ㉝ⷖ䋼गᵮችϢ ⊹䋼गᵮች㒘៤ⱘ㭘Ѧሖ∈ᑇሖ⧚DŽⷖ䋼गᵮች♄㓓㡆ˈবԭⷖ⢊㒧ᵘˈगᵮ⢊ ᵘ䗴ˈ䬰ϟਜ㑸⢊ব㒧ᵘˈ⬅ⷖሥ䭓㒶ϔⱑѥ↡ǃ㣅㒘៤ˈ䭓Ꮖ㓓Ꮼ ࣪ǃѥ↡࣪㱔বDŽⷖችЁ᳝ᯊৃ㾕♄ችഫԧˈ⬅Ѣᔎ⚜࠾ߛ⫼ਜ 6& 㒘ᵘ ˄ +˅DŽᭈϾ⏋ᴖᏺҹ㓓⠛ችব䋼ЎЏˈব⊹䋼ችЏ㽕ⷓ⠽㒘ড়Ў㓓⊹ǃ ⱑѥ↡ǃ咥ѥ↡ǃ᭰䭓㣅DŽ།ᴖ݊Ёⱘ㾦䮾ችഫԧЏ㽕ⷓ⠽㒘ড়Ў㾦䮾ǃ ᭰䭓ǃ㓓Ꮼ㣅DŽ . ৢ䗴ቅ≝⿃ऩ(ܗThe overlying sedimentary succession) 㑶᮫⠻എഄऎⱘ≝⿃ഄሖЏ㽕ࣙᣀϞᖫ⬭㒳㽓߿⊇㒘ǃϟ⊹Ⲛ㒳ᶹᑆજᏗ㒘 Ϟ⚁㒳䰓ቅ㒘DŽ䖭ѯ≝⿃ഄሖϡᭈড়㽚ⲪϞ䗄ችഄሖऩܗПϞˈ䰸ᇥ ᭄㽓߿⊇㒘࣪♄ችഫԧ㒣ग़䶻ᗻবᔶˈ݊ᅗഄሖᰒ⼎㒣ग़ᔎ⚜ⱘ䶻ᗻব ᔶব䋼DŽ Ϟᖫ⬭㒳㽓߿⊇㒘 㽓߿⊇㒘Ꮘ⡍ᬪࣙഄऎߎ䴆䕗དˈЏ㽕⬅ϝ䚼ߚ㒘៤˖ϟ䚼⸒ችǃⷖ⸒ችǃ ⸒㉫ⷖችǃЁ㒚㉦ⷖችǃ㉝ⷖች།♄ች㭘ሖ䗣䬰ԧ˗Ё䚼Ў⏅♄㡆㭘ሖ⢊⫳ ⠽ሥ⊹♄ችˈ⌙♄㡆Ё८ሖ⢊⸒ሥ⫳⠽♄ችঞⷖሥ♄ችˈሔ䚼៤⻕DŽ♄ች Ёᆠ⦞⨮ǃሖᄨ㰿㢨㮧ㄝ䗴⻕⫳⠽䌟⻕⫳⠽Ў⍋ⱒড়㣢ǃ㜩䎇ㄝ˗Ϟ䚼Ў ♄㡆㉝ⷖች།६㉇㑻♄ችⷖች䗣䬰ԧˈሔ䚼Ў⸒Ё㉫㉦ችሥ䭓ⷖችDŽ ᴀⷨおߚ߿Ḑᇥᑭഄऎ⌟㒬њ↨՟ࠪ䴶˄ ˅ˈᦣ䗄བϟ˖ 9 ͪЊಓܤದ݇ཛ 8 ිܻౄͪЊᅱءᄩཛ 14.5m 7 ͪЊᅱಓܤದ݇ཛēࡥϦܻිޣౄͪЊءᄩཛ 26.2m 6 ිܻౄءᄩದཛۤͪЊءᄩཛē֟၂Ӗ२ໜЊस 17.1m. 30.
(59) 5 ݇͂ౄᄯͪЊᅱಓܤದ݇ཛēءޣᄩಓാཛē֟၂໌ໜЊस 14.5m 4 ݇͂ౄ-ᆌ܃ౄᄯ܈ЊᅱದЩದཛēࡥϦܤۃದ݇ཛࡄēՄϦน݇͂ౄ܈Њದ ҹཛ 16.7m 3 ݇ౄ-݇͂ౄͪЊᅱಓܤದ݇ཛēᄯܻිޣౄءᄩཛͪЊۤણᄩטཛēטཛ ᄯ݇ۃཛࡄĢՄϦนͪЊܤದ݇ཛۤءᄩཛܚЊēۃफԉܤದ 26.4m 2 ԘϦนॄཛcॄۃದҹཛཛē౨έนිܻౄᄯЊᅱءᄩཛͪޣЊᅱءᄩཛc טཛĢءᄩཛюדᅖྑนದēד༪ࠀЕēޣ२݇ཛࡄ. 16.3m. kkϢჼآ؍ۦkk 1 ౖ̝ཛ kkรߎՄkk. 㑶᮫⠻എḐᇥᑭഄऎϞᖫ⬭㒳㽓߿⊇㒘≝⿃ሖᑣᅲ⌟ࠪ䴶 , . 䆹ࠪ䴶ҷ㸼㽓߿⊇㒘ᑩ䚼ሖᑣˈϡᭈড়䆹Ѣ༹䱊㑾ᅝቅችПϞ˄ $˅ˈᑩ䚼⸒ች८㑺 Pˈ⸒䞣㑺 ˈ៤ӑЏ㽕Ў☿ቅችǃⷖች 㣅ች˄ %˅ ˈᇣ FP П䯈ˈᇣ⏋ᴖDŽϞ⏤বЎЎ㭘ሖ⢊ 㣅㉫ⷖችǃ䩭䋼ⷖችǃ⫳⠽࣪♄ች⫳ሥ♄ችDŽЁ䚼ⱘ㣅㉫ⷖችˈথ㚆䞣 ∈ᑇሖ⧚᭰ሖ⧚˄ &˅ˈ݊ݙ།᳝ᇥ䞣♄ች䗣䬰ԧˈҷ㸼∈ࡼ䕗ᔎ ⱘ╂䯈ᏺ⦃๗DŽ♄ችЏ㽕Ў♄㡆ǃ⏅♄㡆८ሖ㒧♄ች⫳⠽ሥ♄ች♄ችЁ ᆠ⦞⨮ǃሖᄨ㰿ㄝ࣪ˈ݊䯈།㋿㑶㡆㉫㉦䭓㣅ⷖችǃ⊹䋼㉝ⷖችㄝˈ८ ᑺ FP П䯈ˈ៤ሖᗻ䕗དˈջᓊԌ䕗䖰DŽⷖ⊹ች།ሖ៤ሖᗻདЎᓔ䯨 ৄഄⳌⱘѻ⠽䇈ᯢ∈ԧ䕗⏅⍋ᑇ䴶Ⳍᇍ〇ᅮЎ╂ϟԢ㛑⦃๗DŽ ៥ӀৠᯊᏈ⡍ᬪࣙഄऎ㒬ࠊњ㽓߿⊇㒘≝⿃ࠪ䴶˄ ˅ˈᦣ䗄བ ϟ˖ kkรߎՄkk 10 ܻౄ܈Њᅱॄۃҹཛēޣ२ͪЊטཛ > 42m 9 ݇ౄᄯͪЊᅱಓാ݇ཛēࡥϦࢶߎણᄩූࣖ 16.8m 31.
(60) kkծЊkk 8 ಓാ݇ཛēۃcคᆠफܤದ, ՄϦน݇͂ౄ܈Њᅱܤದ݇ཛ 7 ݇͂ౄ܈ЊᅱҹཛēᄩюךᅖྑนದۤЩದēࢶߎܻත࣠ĢՄϦέนཛ 47.4m 6 ݇͂ౄᄯЊᅱಓാ݇ཛ. 19.4m. 5 ܻౄॄۃҹཛēॄದۃ२ၟ 10%ēӖ໌ၟ 2mmēד༪ۤ੨ၕ࢈ࠀۚēюךᅖྑนದ ౖۤݥཛē֟၂଼ЊसēՄϦέนҹཛ 22.5m 4 ݇ౄ܈Њᅱᄯཛ 49.6m 3 ݇ౄॄۃཛēՄϦนણᄩטཛē֟၂ഃ଼Њस 8.7m 2 ݇ౄ܈Њᅱ-ᄯཛēᄩюךᅖྑนದۤЩದē֟၂৽ᅱЊस 12.3m 1 ຏϦนͪЊءᄩטཛēޣ२ᄯͪЊᅱܤದ݇ཛܤݧದ݇ཛࡄēܤದนۤؔᆠ फ 17.4m kkรߎԘkk. 㑶᮫⠻എᏈ⡍ᬪࣙഄऎϞᖫ⬭㒳㽓߿⊇㒘≝⿃ሖᑣᅲ⌟ࠪ䴶 ,, . 䆹ࠪ䴶ҷ㸼㽓߿⊇㒘ЁϞ䚼ሖᑣˈሥችϢ⺇䝌ⲤችѸѦߎ⦄DŽ䆹ࠪ䴶Џ㽕 ⬅⫳⠽࣪♄ችǃ⫳⠽ሥ♄ችǃⷖ⸒ችǃ䩭䋼ⷖች㭘ሖ⢊㉝ⷖች㒘៤DŽࠪ䴶 ϟ䚼㉫㉦䭓ⷖች䩭䋼㉝ⷖች㒘៤ˈሔ䚼ৃ㾕㛝⢊ሖ⧚ˈডᑨ∈ࡼЁㄝDŽⷖ ⸒ችሖП䯈ᐌথ㚆ᮁ㓁៤ሖⱘ↿㉇㑻⊹䋼ᴵᏺᴵ㒍ˈϞ⊹ች䗤⏤८㟇᭄६ ㉇ˈথ㚆∈ᑇሖ⧚䗣䬰⢊ሖ⧚˄ '˅ˈ݊ݙᐌ།᳝ⷖ⸒ች䗣䬰ԧDŽϞ 䚼⫳⠽ሥ♄ችЁ⫳⠽⠛㾕ᅠᭈ࣪ড∈ࡼ䕗ᔎDŽⷖ䋼៤ߚЏ㽕Ў 䭓㣅ˈߚ䗝⺼䕗དˈ៤ߚ៤❳ᑺ䕗Ԣˈ㒧ᵘ៤❳ᑺ䕗催ˈ䖭ড䰚⑤. 32.
(61) ሥկᑨˈߚܙЎЁㄝᔎ⚜ࡼ㤵∈⦃๗DŽ㓐Ϟߚᵤˈ㽓߿⊇㒘ЁϞ䚼ҷ㸼њЎ ∈ԧࡼ㤵ⱘ╂䯈╂ϟᏺ≝⿃⦃๗DŽ ϟ⊹Ⲛ㒳ᶹᑆજᏗ㒘. ᶹᑆજᏗ㒘ߚᏗⷨおऎϰ䚼फ䚼ˈРᖋϔᏺϡᭈড়㽚Ⲫ⏋ᴖᏺऩܗП ϞˈᏈ⡍ᬪࣙϔᏺˈҹ㾦ᑺϡᭈড়㽚Ⲫ㽓߿⊇㒘ПϞ˄ᓴ⥝⏙ㄝˈ˅DŽ. 㑶᮫⠻എഄऎϞᖫ⬭㒳㽓߿⊇㒘≝⿃⡍ᕕ䞢⠛ $˖㽓߿⊇㒘≝⿃ችϢ༹䱊㑾☿ቅችϡᭈড়㾺⠛˗%˖㽓߿⊇㒘ᑩ䚼⸒ችˈ䞣ϟӣ☿ ቅች㾦⸒⢊⸒˗&˖㽓߿⊇㒘ᑩ䚼≝⿃ሖᑣЁথ㚆ⱘῑ⢊᭰ሖ⧚˗'˖㽓߿⊇㒘乊䚼ሖᑣЁ থ㚆䗣䬰⢊ሖ⧚ . ᶹᑆજᏗ㒘ࣙ㋿㑶㡆ᑩ⸒ችǃ㋿㑶㡆ⷖችǃ♄ⱑ㡆䭓㣅ⷖችҹঞ⫳⠽⻕♄ ችˈ⫳⠽ሥ⊹♄ች㉝ⷖች≝⿃८ᑺѢ NPˈ᳝䞣㜩䎇ǃ⦞⨮ǃ㢨 㮧㰿ሖᄨ㰿ㄝ⫳⠽࣪DŽ䞢䇗ᶹ㸼ᯢˈРᖋഄऎᶹᑆજᏗ㒘Џ㽕ࣙᣀϸϾ ≝⿃㒘ড়ˈϟ䚼㒘ড়Ў⬅ᑩ䚼㋿㑶㡆⸒ችǃⷖች⺇䝌Ⲥች㒘៤ˈ⫳⠽࣪˄ ˅DŽϞ䚼㒘ড়Ў㋿㑶㡆䰚⑤ሥች㒘៤˄ ˅ˈথ㚆䞣ॳ⫳≝⿃ ᵘ䗴˄ ˅DŽРᖋϔᏺᅲ⌟ࠪ䴶བϟ˖ 13 ݇ౄಓാ݇ཛ 12 ᆌ܃ౄᄯЊᅱཛ. 33.
(62) 11 ݇͂ౄͪЊᅱણᄩטཛͪޣЊણᄩ݇ཛ 10 ݇ౄ݇ཛēՄϦนᆌ܃ౄҹཛ 9 ݇͂ౄણᄩ݇ཛ 8 ݇ౄಓാ݇ཛ 7 ݇ౄᄯ-ͪЊᅱಓാ݇ཛۤ܈ЊᅱॄۃҹཛܚЊ kkծЊkk 6 ᆌ܃ౄ܈Њᅱܤۃದ݇ཛ 5 ݇ౄᄯ܈Њᅱܤದ݇ཛēՄϦนڡۃᄩඨӛ݇ཛēڡᄩඨӛࣚၟ 1cm ᆰဗ 4 ᆌ܃ౄܤۃದ݇ཛ 3 ݇۱ౄᄯͪЊᅱ४࠶݇ཛ 2 ॄཛЊēॄದۃ२ၟ 30%ēדϣၽၶཛݮᄩᄯdॄದю؏ךၶēᅖྑนڡᄩཛcದ ཛcౖݥཛۤ݇ཛēד༪ࠀЕď4-7cmĐē੨ၕࠀۚēՇēՄϦนҹཛ kkϢჼۦkk 1 ݇͂ౄଫस݇ܤཛēဎဟюדך࿓֗юஐܻౄۤ݇͂ౄອדϣ. 㑶᮫⠻എРᖋഄऎϟ⊹Ⲛ㒳ᶹᑆજᏗ㒘ᑩ䚼≝⿃ሖᑣᅲ⌟ࠪ䴶 , . ⬅Ѣ䴆༈ߎ䴆䖲㓁ˈᬍࠪ䴶㽓फ㑺 NP ໘ˈ៥Ӏ䖲㓁㾖⌟њᶹᑆજᏗ㒘≝⿃ഄ ሖˈ݊≝⿃ሖᑣᦣ䗄བϟ˖ kkรߎՄkk 13 ᆌ܃ౄᄯͪЊཛē२ॄۃē֟၂ഃ଼Њस 12 ᆌ܃ౄ-ஐܻౄᄯͪЊᅱཛēד༪ࠀۚēՄϦέน܈ၟ 1m ԅҹौၶཛ 11 ᆌ܃ౄᄯͪЊᅱॄۃཛcၶཛēॄದюךᅖྑนದcЩದcౖݥാēॄࡅӖ໌ ၟ 3cm 10 ᆌ܃ౄͪЊᅱҹཛ. 34.
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