Log and timber structures of the Ottawa area

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Log and timber structures of the Ottawa area

.. - ISSN 0701 -5232

LOG AND

TIMBER

STRUCTURES OF THE

OTTAWA AREA*

Log c o n s t r u c t i o n was t h e primary b u i l d i n g method during t h e s e t t l e -

ment of the Ottawz area, w h i c h began in t h e firsr y e a r of t h e l a s t century. The extensive use of t h i s construction is e v i d e n t in records

(1)

of t h e

County of Carleton, o f which Bytoun, l a t e r Ottawa, became the p r i n c i p a l community. They show t h a t

in

1851 almost 9 2 p e r cent o f t h e

dwellings in the County were b u i l t o f logs, while about

s i x

per cent were o f frame construction and t h e remainder were o f stone.

Although more than 5C0 a d d i t i o n a l l o g houses were b u i l t in t h e

County from 1851 to 1861, the proportion o f log houses declined, however,

such that by 1861 log dwellings accounted f o r about 85 per cent

of

the t o t a l , as i n d i c a t e d b y County records (2) f o r that year. Log construc- tion was used e x t e n s i v e l y for b a r n s and s c h o o l s ;

in

1864, the eight schools of The County's Huntley Township were log b u i l d i n g s , as were 13 of t h e 16 schools o f Osgoode Township.

Later records of t h e types of dwellings unfortunately do not differentiate between those of log and frame, but undoubtedly t h e

proportion o f l o g houses continued to d e c l i n e , as d i d wood houses

generally, in favour of b r i c k and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s . S t a t i s t i c s on the

dwellings of Carleton County given in the Census o f Canada show t h a t b r i c k houses (of which there were o n l y seven in t h e County in 1861)

comprised almost 50 p e r cent of the t o t a l by 1921, well ahead of wood houses which made up 44 p e r cent of the total.

I'hcrc c:tn b e little doubt about the reason f o r the extensive e a r l y usc of log construction

-

it provided a cheap and f a s t method of b u i l d i n g . 'I'l~c m n t c r i a l w a s r e a d i l y available

and in

any case the land had to be

clcnred f a r settlement. The r e l a t i v e cheapness of l o g b u i l d i n g s is i n d i c a t e d

in

the account (33 of a visitor who came to one of the

scttlcmcnt nrcas of Upper Canada in 1855; he wrote that l o g houses c o s t

as l i t t l c n s 5 pounds and as much as 5 0 , whereas frame houses c o s t

*Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e Conference on Log S t r u c t u r e s in Canada h e l d i n Banff, Alberta, O c t o b e r 1977 and reprinted i n this form w i t h permission

of The Resource C e n t r e , Faculty of Environmental Design, The University o f Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.

between 75 and 300 pounds. The low c o s t undoubtedly r e s u l t e d in part from t h e speed w i t h which a l o g house could be erected. I n a booklet printed

in

1857 (4) i n t e n d e d f o r s e t t l e r s

an

the Ottawa Road, t h e Crown Land Agent claimed t h a t , I'Twelve man

can

b u i l d a good shanty in a day, - t h e timber of which it i s c o n s t r u c t e d b e i n g always t o b e had on t h e s p a t

-

"

Log b u i l d i n g s predominated

in

t h e townships b u t were l e s s used

i n

t h e towns and villages, a situation t h a t perhaps reflected the economic status o f t h e i r owners. This d i f f e r e n c e between c o u n t r y and town houses

was observed (5) by a resident of t h e Rideau Setslement, who wrote in 1819 t h a t "The country houses are b u i l t o f l o g s and covered w i t h planks o r

bark

of trees," b u t in c o n t r a s t , "The town houses are frames

c o v e ~ e d w i t h planed boards, lapped o v e r one another to s e n d o f f the rain

and covered w i t h p i e c e s

of

wood about the size of slats. These axe c a l l e d shingles."

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Three techniques o f logwork, which had been used

i n

e a r l i e r s e t t l e - ment elsewhere, were mainly employed

in

the Ottawa area: l o g s l a i d horizontally w i t h dovetailed corner j o i n t s ; v e r t i c a l l o g s spaced a l o n g a

wall

w i t h t h e i n t e r v a l s between these p o s t s

filled

w i t h h o r i z o n t a l l o g s

tenoned to f i t grooves cut into the s i d e s of the p o s t s ; and s h o r t l e n g t h s o f l o g s stacked like stovewood t o form a w a l l .

The first technique, which was previously well known in

t h e

United

S t a t e s , u n d o u b t e d l y migrated to t h e Ottawa area w i t h settlers from that

country. The d o v e t a i l corner was e x t e n s i v e l y used

in

the region w i t h b u t occasional use of s a d d l e - , square- and V-notch c o r n e r i n g .

The second construction, a combination o f

v e r t i c a l

a n d h o r i z o n t a l l o g s , r e f l e c t s an i n f l u e n c e from Quebec. T h i s type of cunstruction had been e x t e n s i v e l y used in New France and subsequently appeared along the

Ottawa River, a main route f o r t h e fur t r a d e r s . 'Ihe t h i r d type of log c o n s T r u c t i o n , stovewood, which appeared later in t h e O t t a w a area, p r o h a h I y o r i g i n a t e d in t h e United StaTes.

LO(;

1:ONS'rRUCTT ON

WITH DOVETAILED

CORNERS

---

'lhc dovctsiled corner j o i n t , a k i n d of mortise-and-tenon inter-

locking c u n n c c t i o n where the tenon of a l o g o f one w a l l f i t s a mortise

citt i n t o t h e logs of t h e o t h e r wall, was employed in l o g b u i l d i n g s o f tllc O t t a w a arc7 i n i t s two forms o f h a l f - and full-dovetail corners. In

h i l l f - J o v c t a i l work thc n a t u r e of t h e slope o f the upper and lower

s u r f n c c s o f a t e n o n i s s u c h that the extremity of t h e bottom s u r f a c e forms n hosizuntal l i n e on t h e wall while t h e e x t r e m i t y of its t o p

surface forms a s l o p i n g line. I n c o n t r a s t , in t h e full-dovetail corner,

t h e extremities sf b a t h t h e t o p and bottom surfaces

of

the tenon form sloping lines on the w a l l surface.

The l o g b u i l d i n g s o f the farms in t h e Ottawa area sometimes comprise a c u r i o u s mixture of corner techniques, f o r example those used i n the house a n d barns of a

farm

located west of Ottawa on t h e Carp-Stittsville Road, and b e l i e v e d to have been c o n s t r u c t e d about 1850. The logwork o f

the small house (Figure l), which has been boarded over except on t h e

west wall where t h e r e was a s h e d , c o n s i s t s o f c a r e f u l h a l f - d o v e t a i l work of logs about 7 in. t h i c k and between 12 and 24 in. w i d e . In a d d i t i o n

to their h a l f - d o v e t a i l interlocking, however, several legs have been secured b y wooden p i n s passing through them i n t o t h e ad j o i n i n g l o g s .

Half-dovetail cornering was also employed i n one o f t h e b a r n s of t h e farm, while another barn (Figure 23 was constructed with f u l l - dovetail corners. A t h i r d barn on The p r o p e r t y ( F i g u r e 3) e x h i b i t s yedt a n o t h e r type of corner, the V-notch.

The corners

of

a log building w e r e usually constructed entirely

of

h a l f - d o v e t a i l or full-dovetail joints. In the Ottawa area, however, it

is n o t unusual to find a building w i t h corner j o i n t s of b o t h types, i n t e r s p e r s e d w i t h square-notch j o i n t s .

"EN COUL ISSE" CONSTRUCTION

A form o f timber-frame c o n s t r u c t i o n employed in New France c o n s i s t e d

of corner and intermediate posts that were grooved along the s i d e s ; the

s l o t s , about 2 in. wide and 3 in. deep, provided a continuous mortise f o r the t e n o n s of horizontal Logs l a i d between the p o s t s . A general term applied to such construction is "2 poteaux et ii pisces c o u l i s s a n t e s "

( 6 ) ; o t h e r terms used, r e f l e c t i n g d i f f e r e n c e s in the nature o f t h e

h o r i z o n t a l members, arc "pieux en coul isse," 'Ipoteaux en coul i s s e f t or "madriers e n c o u l i s s e " (7). O t h e r names include "'Hudson s Bay S t y l e " ' (reflecting e x t e n s i v e u s e of t h i s construction by t h e Company], "Red

River Frame," "Manitoba Frame," and (by Americans in t h e

U

.S

.

Noxth- West), "Canadian S t y l e . * i

The e a r l y use of lten ceulisse" construction

i n

the Montreal area, where voyageurs were recruited for t h e fur trade, i n d i c a t e s that t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n migrated w i t h them ( 8 ) . Because t h e Ottawa River served as t h c route o f t h e n o r t h w e s t f u r trade, "en c o u 1 i s s e ' ~ o n s t r u c t i o n a p p c a r c d in thc p o s t s and settlements e s t a b l i s h e d along t h e r i v e r .

Iixnapl es i n c l ude a small house within the grounds of t h e monastery at O k a

a n d n b a r n ( c . 1805) of Duldregan Hall at L 'Orignal (Figure 4 ) . The f a c t n r l s house and o t h e r buildings of t h e o l d t r a d i n g p o s t at F o r t

W i l l i a m , ahout 100 milcs w e s t of Ottawa, provide additional examples of "cn coulisse" c o n s t r u c t i o n , which has also been observed in b u i l d i n g s

i n

t h e c o m m u ~ i t i e s o f Aylmer, Lachute and ChGnCville. I t s u s e i n Ottawa has hcen revc,;led b y the demolition of o l d houses, one of them believed

to h a v e been built early in t h e h i s t o r y o f the community ( 9 ) . An example of t h e construction [ F i g u r e 5) was revealed when p a r t of t h e s i d i n g w a s removed from a b u i l d i n g on St. Patrick St., believed t o have been b u i l t

STOVEWOOD CONSTRUCTION

Stovewood w a l l s , sometimes also termed stack wall, l o g b u t t and cedar l o g construction, are a form o f l o g masonry consisting of s h o r t

l e n g t h s o f logs laid across t h e plane of t h e wall

Tn t h e

manner o f stacked stovewood, with t h e spaces between t h e logs f i l l e d w i t h mortar.

Unlike d o v e t a i l e d and "en coulisse" logwork, whose o r i g i n s

can

b e

traced ultimately to Europe, stovewood construction appears to have o r i g i n a t e d in N o r t h America, perhaps in t h e early years of the l a s t

century. I n Wisconsin, b u i l d i n g s o f t h i s type, c o n s t r u c t e d in 1848 and 1850, were a t t r i b u t e d (10) to b u i l d e r s from New York S t a t e , which is p o s s i b l y also the place o f o r i g i n o f t h e stavewood canstruction that

f i r s t appeared i n t h e Ottawa r e g i o n .

This

method o f building h a s been used in many areas, i~cluding Quebec, the Penetanguishene region on Georgian Bay in Ontario, and Michigan.

Stovewood c o n s t r u c t i o n has been employed in some cases simply as an

i n f i E ling o r n o g g i n g between the posts o f timber-frame structures, b u t

usually it h a s been used t o provide a s t r u c t u r a l w a l l . Ground-floor walls o f barns c o n s t r u c t e d in stovewood

are

a camman sight in the Ottawa

a r e a , but t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n has a l s o been used f o r t h e walls

of

h o u s e s and o t h e s s t r u c t u r e s . A number of stevewood b u i l d i n g s in Hull, k n o t i c k and North Gower, b u i l t between 1937 and 1 9 4 9 , and examined b y G.W. S h o r t e r of t h e Division of Building Research o f the National Research Council o f Canada, had been b u i l t of cedar l o g s varying from 12 to 16 in. in length. In one case t h e l a g s had been obtained from a demolished barn, a p p a r e n t l y

a comon source o f m a t e r i a l for t h e construction.

One o f t h e b u i l d i n g s examfned had 1 2 - i n . square cedar p o s t s a t t h e c o r n e r s , b u t the o t h e r s , representing the general p r a c t i c e , had t h e i r c o r n e r s arranged as a combination o f short l o g s and much l o n g e r squared

l o g s , t h e l a t t e r l a i d parallel to t h e w a l l face and o v e r l a p p e d at the c o r n e r s [Figure 6 ) . The m o r t a r was sometimes continuous through t h e w a l l , b u t o t h e r w i s e , as shown

i n

Figure 7, it contracted t h e logs o n l y n e a r t h e i r ends. Various i n t e r i o r f i n i s h i n g s , including plastering

d i r c c t l y

an

thc logs and a p p l y i n g furring s t r i p s and wallboard, were used i n t I ~ c buildings, some of w h i c h were f i n i s h e d externally with stucco.

Stavcwood c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t i n u e s to be employed in the O t t a w a area. A s r c c c n t l y as 1961, a t l c a s t one c o n t r a c t o r of t h e region specialized

i n t h c cscction o f stovcwaod buildings ( 1 1 ) . H e had s t a r t e d ta use the construction :I dccade earl i e r , employing cedar logs, which are r e a d i l y

available; a b o u t 2 7 c o r d s a r e r e q u i r e d t o construct a house.

SI! I (;N TORY CLUB LODGE

tIndouhtcJ1y t h e l a r g e s t log b u i l d i n g o f the O t t a w a area, t h e

Scigniary C l u h I,odgc (12) was erected as t h e S e i g n e u r i e d e l a Petite- N;t t lot\ ncar M o n t e l ~ c l l o , Quebec, in 1930, u s i n g a v a r i a n t o f "en coulisse"

t e c h n i q u e , although c e r t a i n corners of t h e building were c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h saddle-notch j o i n t s . Built of West Coast r e d cedar l o g s , t h e l o d g e

takes t h e form of f i v e w i n g s radiating from a central area. Figure 7

shows t h e lodge under construction; details are shown in Figure 9 .

The walls are g e n e r a l l y two s t o r e y s high, consisting of p o s t s 23 ft

h i g h , spaced about 29 ft a p a r t , with h o r i z o n t a l l o g s l a i d between t h e

p s t s . Instead of a grooved-post arrangement, however, the h o r i z o n t a l

l o g s were grooved on t h e i r ends to r e c e i v e a wooden s t r i p 2 in. w i d e , nailed to each s i d e of the p o s t s , which had been slabbed t o provide f l a t surfaces.

To account for t h e i r t a p e r , t h e l o g s were laid w i t h t h e wide end o f one l o g over the narrow end sf that below it. The logs were bonded t o g e t h e r by means of thick wooden dowels, located about 3 Et from each end, p a s s i n g through one log into the log beneath. The wide spacing o f the p o s t s made it desirable t o provide i n t e r m e d i a t e posts, which were

made of squared timber. These p o s t s , located behind the facing logs

and t i e d t o them by means o f l o n g screws, a l s o served to support t h e f l o o r system of t h e second s t o r e y .

To reduce their s h i p p i n g weight, to lessen s h r i n k a g e effects, a n d t o make them easier t o work, t h e l a g s were c u t a y e a r b e f o r e u s e . Provision f o r their dimensional changes in t h e b u i l d i n g was made b y

Leaving a space between t h e bottom o f l i n t e l s and t h e t o p s o f t h e window- and door-frames; for flexibility, the screws that t i e d t h e f a c i n g l o g s t o the intermediate posts passed through slots in the posts.

To seal the walls, oakum w a s placed along she scored top s u r f a c e o f a l o g b c f o r e the next l o g was s e t . T h i s material was also placed between the posts and the ends o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l l o g s . The e x t e r i o r

j o i n t s between t h e l o g s were caulked w i t h a plastic cement, while on t h e i n s i d e , quarter-round wood s t r i p s n a i l e d between t h e logs s e r v e d to h o l d t h e oakum in place as well as to p r o v i d e a f i n i s h e d appearance.

Iko i m p o r t a n t features of t h e constructian of the S e i g n i o r y Club

Lodge were t h e magnitude of t h e project, which required 8,600 l o g s ,

and t h e attractively rustic appearance of t h e f i n i s h e d work. A t h i r d f e a t u r e , however, is n o t e w o r t h y - the p r o j e c t was completed in a short t'imc, h a v i n g becn s t a r t e d in February and f i n i s h e d in July of t h e same y car.

111 thc general dcvcIopment of wood c o n s t r u c t i o n i n N o ~ t h America, tjmhcr-frame nncl l o g construction was r e p l a c e d by balloon-framing, a system i n v e n t e d in Chicago

in

t h e 1 8 3 Q t s , in which l i g h t , sawn s t r i p s of

wood were n a i l e d t o g e t h e r to form t h e s t r u c t u r e . A l t h o u g h b a l l o o n -

f r a m i n g a l s o became t h e general method of wood construction in the O t t a w a

c o n n e c t i o n s , and b o t h derived from logwork, were used b y Ottawa b u i l d e r s

.

These b u i l d i n g techniques employed planks, probably t h e "deals" pfoduced by O t t a w a mills f o r t h e E n g l i s h lumber trade.

In one of the c o n s t r u c t i o n s , which p o s s i b l y o r i g i n a t e d in Ottawa, over1 apping logwork was d u p l i c a t e d by stacking planks on edge one above

thc e t h e r , w h i c h overlapped at the corners, The end surface of a plank

was madc f l u s h w i t h the o u t s i d e surface o f the planks o f t h e o t h e r wall,

and n a i l s d r i v e n through t h e p l a n k i n t o the plank it a b u t t e d held them together. Nails were a l s o d r i v e n t h r o u g h t h e bottom part of a plank

i n t o the one b e n e a t h it. Because planks of random w i d t h were generally used, t h e i r ends had ta be notched t o fit t h e a d j o i n i n g plank of t h e o t h e r wall.

Several examples of t h i s construction have been observed in b u i l d i n g s of t h e 1880's r e c e n t l y d e m l i s h e d

in

O t t a w a (131, t h e plank- work in some cases covered w i t h b r i c k

veneer,

and

in

others, with tongue-and-groove boards; the interior f i n i s h was usually lath and

p l a s t e r on furring s t r i p s . Some o f the b u i l d i n g s were c o n s t r u c t e d o f

3 - i n . p l a n k s , t h e o t h e r s , of 2-in. p l a n k s .

A form of p l a n k canstruction, undoubtedly derived f r o m 'ken coulisse" logwork (14), comprises v e r t i c a l planks t h a t correspond t o t h e p o s t s of t h e e a r l i e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i t h h o r i z o n t a l planks o f t h e same t h i c k n e s s l a i d

on

edge t o f i l l t h e space between t h e vertical members, and t h e planks nailed to each o t h e r . The e n d s o f t h o s e p l a n k s t h a t serve as l i n t e l s p r o j e c t i n t o cut-away areas o f t h e v e r t i c a l planks that s u p p o r t them.

Such plank constructian probably o r i g i n a t e d

in

Montreal, where it was r e f e r r e d t o i n that city's building r e g u l a t i o n s (15) f o r the y e a r

1891 as Ifen pans de bois

."

Its use was permitted in b u i l d i n g s

not

exceeding two s t o r e y s , provided t h a t t h e planks were sound, n o t l e s s than 3 in. t h i c k , and well fastened t o g e t h e r , and t h a t t h e wall w a s

vcncered -with b r i c k s as soon as it was erected, w i t h l o n g nails t y i n g the brickwork to t h e planks. T h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n , d e t a i l s o f which a r e shown in F i g u r e 9, has been termed elsewhere (16) llun systSme de pans 5 c h a r p e n t e p 3 e i n e f b n d "une construction 5 charpente pleine.'"

A l s o known as "plank frame walls,lt the construction has been long

cmploycd b y builders i n t h e Ottawa area, as revealed by t h e d e m o l i t i o n of I) u i l d i n g s i n Ottawa a n d IIull

,

some of which had p r o b a b l y been built I ~ c f n r c thc crld o f t h c l a s t century. But: i t s use h a s n c t d i e d out and i t rcmnins i l c u r r e n t technique o f b u i l d i n g in t h e r e g i o n .

CUNCLLR IONS

Leg construction was the most important b u i l d i n g t e c h n i q u e i n the

scttlemcnt of t h e Ottawa area, undoubtedly because it was expedient, p r o v i d i n g a t once an inexpensive, rapid and simple method o f b u i l d i n g .

T t a l s o provided reasonably d u r a b l e s t r u c t u r e s ,

many

e a r l y l o g l ~ l ~ i l d i r ~ g s

of the area hawing s u r v i v e d f o r a century

o r more.

Three forms

of

log constructian, a l l of which o r i g i n a t e d elsewhere, have been used

in

buildings o f the Ottawa area - horizontal logs a v e r -

lapped a t t h e corners, grooved p o s t s w i t h horizontal infilling l o g s , and

stovewood c o n s t r u c t i o n . In the f i r s t of t h e s e constructions, h a l f - a n d

full-dovetail joints were e x t e n s i v e l y used, with but occasional employment of s a d d l e - , square-, and V-notch work.

t o g c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e Ottawa area w a s largely displaced, probably in the l a t t e r decades o f t h e last century, by balloon-frame consTruction, and b y two t y p e s of p l a n k c o n s t r u c t i o n d e r i v e d from methods o f b u i l d i n g

with l o g s . One of the plank c o n s t r u c t i o n s , c o n s i s t i n g o f planks on edge

overlapped at t h e carriers, may have o r i g i n a t e d locally, b u t t h e o t h e r , o f vertical p l a n k s acting as p o s t s and i n f i l l e d with h o r i z o n t a l planks,

p r o b a b l y came from Montreal.

Although l o g b u i l d i n g s continue to b e erected

i n

the Otrawa r e g i o n ,

such c o n s t r u c t i o n is considered to account f o r b u t a small p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e total b u i l d i n g c a r r i e d out i n t h e area. The logwork now used is mainly saddle-notch and stovewood construction.

REFERENCES

(11 Belden, H . , " I l l u s t r a t e d Historical A t l a s sf the County of C a r l e t o n , O n t a r i o , ' ' Toronto, Belden, 1 8 7 9 .

(23 Walker, H . and Walker, O., " C a r l e t o n Saga," Ottawa, Runge P r e s s

L t d . , 1968.

(3) Held, C . R . , _- in "Early T r a v e l l e r s i n t h e Canadas, 1791-1867,'' G . M . Craig, ed., Toronto, Macmillan, 1955, pp. 202-211.

( 4 ) F r e n c h , T . P . , "Information f o r I n t e n d i n g S e t t l e r s on the Ottawa

and Opcango I4oad and its V i c i n i t y , " Ottawa, n . p . , 1857.

5 t i1

,

J S

,

"A Pionccr Ilistory o f the County o f Lanark,

'"

q u o t a t i o n of Andrew B e l l , Toronto, Best P r i n t i n g Co., 1 9 6 8 , p . 2 8 . ( 6 ) SGguin, R.

-L

.

,

''La maison en Nouvelle-France,

"

National blusems

o f Canada, B u l l e t i n 226, O t t a w a , 1968,

(7) Richardson, A . J . H . , "A Comparative Historical Study of Tiniber Buildi;:: i n Canada," Bulletin of t h e Association f o r Preservation Technology, Vol. V, No. 3, 1973, pp. 77-102.

8 Richardson, A.3. ti., t'Voyageur C o n s t r u c t i o n Methods

,"

B u l l e t i n of thc Association

for

Preservation Technology, V o l . V, No. 4 , 1973,

(9) "Log Mouses

in

t h e G r e e n b e l t , " N a t i o n a l Capital

Commission,

Information and Historical Division, Ottawa, 1964, 5 p -

(10) P e r r i n ,

W.

W,

,

'"Wisconsin

'

Stovewood' Walls," Wisconsin Magazine o f History, Vol. 4 6 , No. 3, 1 9 6 3 , pp. 215-219.

( 1 1) Couillnrd, R . G . , "La V a l f E e de ltOutaeuais et ses maisons en

rondins

dc ctidrc," I l a h i t a t , Vol.

IV,

no 6 , 1961, p p . 26-27.

t i 2 3 Ihrst, 11.

L.,

"Methods Used

in Erecting Large

Hotel o f Lag

C o n s t r u c t i o n , " Contract Record and Engineering Review, Vol. 4 4 , NO. 23, 1930, p p . 6 8 3 - 6 8 7 .

113) R i t c h i e , T., "The Use o f Planks

in

Wall Construction," Bulletin of t h e Association f o r Preservation Technology, Vol. VI, No. 3,

1974, pp. 26-34.

( 1 4 ) Ritchie, T., "Plankwall Framing,

a

Modem Wall Construction w i t h

an Ancient H i s t o r y , ' l Journal o f t h e Society of Architectural

l l i s t o r i a n s , V o l . XXX, No. 1, 1971, pp. 6 6 - 7 0 .

( 1 5 ) Pel i s s i e r , L . E . , " T r a i t g thGorique et pratique de l a

responsah i l i t E de s a s c h i t e c t e s e t d e s e n t r e p r e n e u r s , " M o n t r e a l , PGrjard, A , , 1891.

(16) Grcnier,

C.,

"Guide du constructeur," S e c r e t a r i a t de la Province

Figure l a Figure lb Figure 2 P i gurc 3a F i g u r e

36

Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8

LOG AND

TIMBER STRUCTURES

OF

THE O?TAi'iA AREA

T.

R i t c h i e

FIGURE

CAPTIONS

Farmliouse built about 1850, o f lags about 7

i n .

t h i c k and up t o 24

in.

wide, laid w i t h h a l f - d o v e t a i l corners.

Corner detail of the farmhause

o f

F i g u r e 1.

A l o g b a r n constructed w i t h full -dovetai l c o r n e r s , (same farm as F i g u r e la).

A log barn w i t h V-notch corner, a type of logwork n o t common in t h e Ottawa area, (same farm as Figure la). Corner detail of barn shown in Figure 3a.

Barn

of

"en coulisse" logwork, constructed about 1805 a t Alexander Grant % t ' l l ~ l d r e g a n Hall" a t LfOrignal.

Building of "en coulisseu logwork

on

St. P a t r i c k St., Ottawa, b e l i e v e d to have been built i n 1 8 4 7 .

Stovewood wall of a b u i l d i n g at N o r t h go we^, c o n s t r u c t e d in 1949.

Sketch o f corner arrangement of stovewood construction. Sci g n i o r y Club Lodge, Montebell o, Quebec, u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n i n 1930. (Photograph courtesy

o f

David R . Smith, Manager,) S c i g n i a r y C l u b Lodge, detail of wall construction showing p o s t s w i t h horizontal i n f i l l i n g logs and saddle-notch c o r n e r .

" C o n s t r u c t i o n 5 charpente pleine" ( p l a n k frame wall c o n s t r u c t i o n > , a d e r i v a t i v e of "en c o ~ l i s s e ' ~ logwork; a f t e r Char1 es Grenier, "Guide du c o n s t m c t e u r , '"942.

r i . $. ,

. . I

5 ' f :

. , ' * . .

-. +.- - '-T

-

, , . ,&, - - ,A.- .- I,., FIGURE 5

i r "

12" cedar l o g s apprax. 4" t o 6" d i a m . 1 a e p t n o M o r t a r for a _{C e d a r} c o r n e r pasts L I , - 1 - - - - / I ' s i l l p t a t e F o u n d a t i o n

i '

Figure 7