',>,D":\>Z6 *4D,8H@D BD,*FH"&:b,H >"FH@bV46 *@8:&#34

¹ % F@@H&,HFH&44 FBJ>8H@< 4.23 A@:@0,>46 @FB4F8"N ^8FB,DH@&-8@>FJ:\H">H@& 4 8@<4H,H"N ^8FB,DH@&

(?F>@&>Z,*@8J<,>HZ%?1, 40-,42*., 1995 (., F. 125).

²%F@@H&,HFH&44FBJ>8H@< 4 B@FH">@&:b`V,6R"FH4D,2@:`P44 EB17.R13.

3EA?9=3G+9[=Y5 AJ>8H 11.2 BD,*&"D4H,:\>@6B@&,FH84*>b +%

7?;3G+G 17 >@b$Db 1997 (.

EH@ B,D&"bF,FF4b

)?79!)?E?%+U!=3aM7?;3G+G?%]7EA+CG?%3 3EE9+)?%!G+9[E73M'CIAA

)@8:"*',>,D":\>@(@*4D,8H@D"

',>,D":\>Z6 *4D,8H@D BD,*FH"&:b,H >"FH@bV46 *@8:"* @ F@&,V">4bN *&JN 8@<4H,H@&

^8FB,DH@&¹ 4 *&JN 4FF:,*@&"H,:\F84N (DJBB. ² % @H>@T,>44 8"0*@(@ 8@<4H,H" ^8FB,DH@& 4 8"0*@64FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@6(DJBBZ@B4FZ&"`HFbD,8@<,>*"P44, F@*,D0"V4,Fb &*@8:"*,, BD4R,<@F>@&>@,&>4<">4,@$D"V",HFb>"4NB@H,>P4":\>Z6&8:"*&J:JRT,>4,F@FH@b>4b

@$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b & (@FJ*"DFH&"N-R:,>"N 4 >" B@F:,*FH&4b *:b BD@(D"<<Z

%?1.

3FB@:>4H,:\>@<J 8@<4H,HJ BD,*:"(",HFb BD@8@<<,>H4D@&"H\ *@8:"* ',>,D":\>@(@

*4D,8H@D".

¹E,H\P,>HD@&"8&"8J:\HJDZ&!2444G4N@<@8,">,.

E?)+C/!=3+

EHD

7?;3G+G]7EA+CG?%%?1A?EG!=)!CG31!O33#3?9?'3Q+E73M

AC+A!C!G?%

E@D@8T,FH@6*@8:"* 3

AC?'C!;;3C?%!=3+1)?C?%[aA?)C?EG7?%

)@8:"*3FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@6(DJBBZ%?1/_=KA!/_=3E+K 5

7?;3G+G]7EA+CG?%%?1A?9+AC+

E,*\<@6*@8:"* 7

%?AC?EY#+1?A!E=?EG3AC?)?%?9[EG%3a%E%a13EAC?)I7O3+5

!7%!7I9[GICY

E@&<,FH>"b4FF:,*@&"H,:\F8"b(DJBB"%?1/K!?/=!7!¹ 9

AC39?/+=3+ 1. 7@<4H,H^8FB,DH@&%?1B@:,BD,: F,*\<@6*@8:"* -

%Z&@*Z4D,8@<,>*"P44 12

AC39?/+=3+ 2. %@BD@FZ$,2@B"F>@FH4BD@*@&@:\FH&4b&F&b24 FBD@*J8P4,6"8&"8J:\HJDZ: F@&<,FH>"b4FF:,*@-

&"H,:\F8"b(DJBB"%?1/K!?/=!7! - &Z&@*Z4

D,8@<,>*"P44 13

¹E,D4bH,N>4R,F84N*@8:"*@&%?1, No. 872 (&B,R"H4).

7?;3G+G]7EA+CG?%%?1A?EG!=)!CG31!O33#3?9?'3Q+E73MAC+A!C!G?%

E@D@8T,FH@6*@8:"*

/,>,&"@8Hb$Db(¹

C,2`<,&Z&@*@&4D,8@<,>*"P46

1. 7@<4H,H^8FB,DH@&%?1B@FH">*"DH42"P44$4@:@(4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&, 8@H@DZ6BD@&@*4H

@$2@D B@:@0,>4b & @$:"FH4 $4@:@(4R,F84N BD,B"D"H@&, 4FB@:\2J`V4NFb & <,*4P4>,, JFH">"&:4&",H<,0*J>"D@*>Z,^H":@>>Z,<"H,D4":Z4D"2D"$"HZ&",HHD,$@&">4b4BD4>P4BZ

*:b BD@42&@*FH&" H"84N $4@:@(4R,F84N BD,B"D"H@& 4 8@>HD@:b 2" >4<4, BD@&,: F&@, F@D@8 T,FH@,F@&,V">4,&/,>,&,&@8Hb$D, 1995 (.

2. 3FB@:\2@&">4,<,0*J>"D@*>ZN^H":@>>ZN<"H,D4":@&*:b@BD,*,:,>4b"8H4&>@FH44:4

*:b4*,>H4L48"P44$4@:@(4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&, 4FB@:\2J`V4NFb*:bBD@L4:"8H484, H,D"B44 4:4 *4"(>@FH484, @$,FB,R4&",H F@B@FH"&4<@FH\ "8H4&>@FH4 ^H4N &,V,FH& &@ &F,< <4D,. 7@<4H,H BD4>b: 8 F&,*,>4`, RH@ & 1994 (. R,HZD, <,0*J>"D@*>Z, :"$@D"H@D44 %?1 B@

$4@:@(4R,F84< FH">*"DH"< D"FBD@FHD">4:4 $@:,, R,< & 80 FHD">"N BD4<,D>@

11 000 <,0*J>"D@*>ZN ^H":@>>ZN <"H,D4":@&. S4D@8@, 4FB@:\2@&">4, <,0*J>"D@*>ZN

^H":@>>ZN <"H,D4":@& B@8"2Z&",H, 8"8J` &"0>J` D@:\ @>4 4(D"`H & @$,FB,R,>44 FH">*"DH42"P44 8"R,FH&"$4@:@(4R,F84N BD,B"D"H@& >"<,0*J>"D@*>@< JD@&>,. =" @F>@&, D,2J:\H"H@& <,0*J>"D@*>ZN F@HDJ*>4R,F84N4FF:,*@&">467@<4H,H ^8FB,DH@&JH&,D*4: 10

>@&ZN4:42"<,>b`V4N<,0*J>"D@*>ZNFH">*"DH>ZN<"H,D4":@&4@H<,>4:@*4>.

3. 7D@<,H@(@, @>BD4>b:B,D,F<@HD,>>Z,HD,$@&">4b&@H>@T,>44&"8P4>Z*:b0,:H@6 :4N@D"*84 4 H,FH@& >" FH,D4:\>@FH\ <48@B:"2< (R"FH\ ?$V4N HD,$@&">46 8 FH,D4:\>@FH4

$4@:@(4R,F84N &,V,FH&), " H"80, 8D"H846 BD@H@8@:B@ &ZBJF8J8DJB>ZNB"DH46 8@>,R>ZN :4>46 &4DJF>ZN &"8P4> & $@:\T4N ,<8@FHbN. A,D,F<@HD,>>Z, HD,$@&">4b & @H>@T,>44 8:,H@R>ZN FJ$FHD"H@&*:bBD@42&@*FH&"$4@:@(4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&H"80,D"FF<"HD4&":4F\,

@*>"8@ >, $Z:4 BD4>bHZ. %<,FH@ ^H@(@ 7@<4H,H D,8@<,>*@&": BD@&,FH4 *":\>,6T4, 8@>FJ:\H"P44 & B,DFB,8H4&, BD,*FH@bV,(@ <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ F@&,V">4b B@ $,2@B"F>@FH4

$4@:@(4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&, BD4(@H@&:,>>ZN42FJ$FHD"H@&8:,H@8<:,8@B4H"`V4N. 7@<4H,H H"80, BD4>b: 8 F&,*,>4` BD,*&"D4H,:\>Z6 BD@,8H BD4>P4B@& BD@42&@*FH&" 4 8@>HD@:b 8"R,FH&"F4>H,H4R,F84N B,BH4*>ZN&"8P4>. ?> BD42>": >,@$N@*4<@FH\H"84NBD4>P4B@& &

F&b24 FD"FT4Db`V,6Fb*@FHJB>@FH\`<"H,D4":" *:b8:4>4R,F84N4FBZH">46, 2"R"FHJ`@H

<":ZNBD@42&@*4H,:,64"8"*,<4R,F84NJRD,0*,>46, 8@H@DZ,>,4<,`H*@FH"H@R>@(@@BZH"

& BD"8H4R,F8@< @$,FB,R,>44 8"R,FH&". +F:4 >,:\2b $J*,H B@:"("H\Fb >" ,*4>@@$D"24, 4FB@:\2J,<@(@ 42 D"2:4R>ZN B"DH46 <"H,D4":", ^H@ B@FH"&4H B@* J(D@2J 4>H,DBD,H"P4`

*">>ZN8:4>4R,F84N4FBZH">46.

4. 7@<4H,HBD4>b:8F&,*,>4`, RH@$Z:BD@&,*,>@$2@DBD@42&@*4H,:,6&"8P4>Z@H0,:H@6 :4N@D"*84, B,D,R4F:,>>ZN & F@D@8 &H@D@< *@8:"*,. =" >,8@H@DZN BD,*BD4bH4bN $Z:"

BD@&,*,>" 4>FB,8P4b, 4 >">,8@H@DZN BD@42&@*FH&@ $Z:@ BD,8D"V,>@. E,<\ @D(">42"P46 B@:JR4:4D"2D,T,>4,>"BD@42&@*FH&@&"8P4>Z@H0,:H@6:4N@D"*84.

5. )DJ(4,&@BD@FZ, D"FF<@HD,>>Z,7@<4H,H@<, &8:`R":4FH">*"DH42"P4`4BD4@D4H,HZ*:b

*,6FH&46&@$:"FH4*4"(>@FH4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&, >,@$N@*4<@FH\&>,8@H@DZN@$:"FHbN$ZFHD@6

D"2D"$@H84 BD@<,0JH@R>ZN^H":@>>ZN <"H,D4":@& *@H@(@, 8"8 <@0>@ $J*,H @FJV,FH&4H\

B@:>J`BD@(D"<<JJFH">@&:,>4b<,0*J>"D@*>ZNFH">*"DH@&, "H"80,*@8:"*>,L@D<":\>@(@

8@>FJ:\H"H4&>@(@F@&,V">4b%?1B@FH">*"DH"<*:bP4H@84>@&. 7@<4H,HBD4T,:8<>,>4`, RH@&@$:"FH4*4"(>@FH484BD4@D4H,HF:,*J,H&Z*,:4H\FH">*"DH42"P44H,FH4D@&">4b8D@&4 4 BD,B"D"H@& 8D@&4 &&4*J 4N @(D@<>@(@ 2>"R,>4b *:b @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b,

@F@$,>>@&@H>@T,>44H,FH4D@&">4b>"%3Q4&4DJF>ZN<"D8,D@&>"(,B"H4H%4E.

6. 7@<4H,HH"80,D"FF<@HD,:*@8:"*>,L@D<":\>@(@8@>FJ:\H"H4&>@(@F@&,V">4b%?1B@

>4284< JD@&>b< "8H4&>@FH4 ^>24<" @$D"H>@6 HD">F8D4BH"2Z, @$>"DJ0,>>Z<& >,8@H@DZN

&4DJF>ZN&"8P4>"N, BD@42&,*,>>ZN 428JD4>ZN8:,H@8, 4@F@$,>>@ & &"8P4>,BD@H4&8@D4, F&4>8448@<$4>4D@&">>@6&"8P4>,BD@H4&8@D4, F&4>84, 8D"F>JN440,:H@6:4N@D"*84. ]H"

"8H4&>@FH\, @$ZR>@ F&b2">>"b F D,HD@&4DJF"<4, $Z:" @$>"DJ0,>" F B@<@V\` >@&ZN F&,DNRJ&FH&4H,:\>ZN H,FH@&, 4 $Z:" BD,*BD4>bH" *":\>,6T"b D"$@H" *:b @P,>84 RJ&FH&4H,:\>@FH4, FB,P4L4R>@FH4 4 &@FBD@42&@*4<@FH4 ^H4N H,FH@& 4 *:b B@FH">@&84 &

BD"&4:\>J`B,DFB,8H4&J>Z>,T>4N>4284NJD@&>,6H"8@6"8H4&>@FH4&>,8@H@DZN8:,H8"N B@2&@>@R>ZN 4 & BD@*J8H"N, BD@42&,*,>>ZN 42 >4N. IR4HZ&"b 4<,`VJ`Fb 4>L@D<"P4`, 7@<4H,HBD4T,:8&Z&@*J, RH@@BJ$:48@&">>Z,%?1HD,$@&">4b&@H>@T,>44BD@42&@*FH&"

4 8@>HD@:b &"8P4>, BD@42&,*,>>ZN >"8JD4>ZN 8:,H8"N, @FH"`HFb BD4(@*>Z<4. ?> H"80, BD4T,: 8 &Z&@*J, RH@ H"84, &"8P4>Z F:,*J,H 4 *":\T, 4FB@:\2@&"H\ *:b BD,*JBD,0*,>4b

$@:,2>,6, BD@H4&8@H@DZN@>4BD,*>"2>"R,>Z, B@F8@:\8J4NB@:@04H,:\>@,&@2*,6FH&4,B@

>,*@BJV,>4` 2"$@:,&",<@FH4 4 F<,DH>@FH4, F&b2">>ZN F ^H4<4 4>L,8P4b<4, N@D@T@

JFH">@&:,>@, 4>,4<,,HFbF&4*,H,:\FH&@H@<, RH@@>4F@*,D0"HBH4R46&4DJF, 8@H@DZ6<@0,H 4<,H\8"8@,-:4$@<,*4P4>F8@,2>"R,>4,*:b:`*,6.

1>"R,>4,*:bB@:4H484@$V,FH&,>>@(@2*D"&@@ND">,>4b

7. ),bH,:\>@FH\%?1&@$:"FH4FH">*"DH42"P44$4@:@(4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&4<,,H$@:\T@, 2>"R,>4, 8"8 *:b D"2&4&"`V4NFb, H"8 4 D"2&4HZN FHD">. =" $4@:@(4R,F84, &,V,FH&"

BD4N@*4HFb&F,$@:\T"b4$@:\T"bR"FH\>@&ZNH,D"B,&H4R,F84N4BD@L4:"8H4R,F84N<,D, 4 8@>P,BP4b4FB@:\2@&">4bN@D@T@N"D"8H,D42@&">>ZNBD,B"D"H@&$4@:@(4R,F84N&,V,FH&&

8"R,FH&,^H":@>@&, B@FD"&>,>4`F8@H@DZ<4@P,>4&"`HFbB"DH44>"JR>@-4FF:,*@&"H,:\F84N

<"H,D4":@& 4 BD@*J8P44 @H BD@42&@*4H,:,6, @FH",HFb @F>@&@6 @$,FB,R,>4b 4N 8"R,FH&"

>,2"&4F4<@@HH@(@, B@*(@H@&:,>Z :4@>4HD"*4P4@>>Z<4<,H@*"<44:4FB@<@V\`>@&ZN

$4@H,N>@:@(46. ]H@, & F@R,H">44 F @FJV,FH&:,>4,< D,8@<,>*"P46 B@ BD@42&@*FH&J 4 8@>HD@:` 8"R,FH&" $4@:@(4R,F84N BD,B"D"H@&, @$,FB,R4&",H @F>@&J, >" 8@H@D@6 <@0>@ F J&,D,>>@FH\` D"2&@D"R4&"H\ H"84, BD@(D"<<Z @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b F 4FB@:\2@&">4,<$4@:@(4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&, 8"8&"8P4>"P4b&D"<8"NC"FT4D,>>@6BD@(D"<<Z 4<<J>42"P44. %Z&@*Z4D,8@<,>*"P447@<4H,H"&@H>@T,>44@BD,*,:,>4b>4284NJD@&>,6

"8H4&>@FH4@$D"H>@6HD">F8D4BH"2Z&>,8@H@DZN&"8P4>"NF:J04HBD4<,D@<H@(@, >"F8@:\8@

&"0>@*@FH40,>4,<,0*J>"D@*>@(@8@>F,>FJF"^8FB,DH@&B@F,D\,2>Z<&@BD@F"<. +0,(@*>Z6

*@8:"* 7@<4H,H", H"84< @$D"2@<, F@*,D04H &"0>J` 4>L@D<"P4` *:b >"P4@>":\>ZN 8@>HD@:\>ZN @D(">@&, 42(@H@&4H,:,6, >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN @D(">42"P46 4 "8"*,<4R,F84N JRD,0*,>46. C,2`<, @F>@&>ZN &@BD@F@&, B@*>bHZN & F@D@8 T,FH@< *@8:"*,, $Z:@

@BJ$:48@&">@&:+2:HHNO\(SLGHPLRORJLFDO5HFRUG&"BD,:, 1996 (. A@F:,*FH&4b*:bBD@(D"<<?D(">42"P44

8. )":\>,6T"b D"$@H" 7@<4H,H" ^8FB,DH@& @$,FB,R4&",H >@&,6T4, D,8@<,>*"P44 B@

$4@:@(4R,F84< &,V,FH&"<, 4FB@:\2J,<Z< & <,*4P4>,, " H"80, >@&Z, <,0*J>"D@*>Z,

^H":@>>Z, <"H,D4":Z. EB@F@$Z J8D,B:,>4b H"8@6 D"$@HZ, 8"8 B@ L424R,F84<, H"8 4 B@

WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF. Action for Adolescent Health: Towards a Common Agenda. Recommendations from a joint¹ Study Group, Geneva: WHO, 1997 (*@8J<,>H WHO/FRH/ADH/97.9).

B4F\<,>>Z< FH">*"DH"<, F:,*J,H D"FF<"HD4&"H\ & F&,H, $ZFHD@(@ D"FT4D,>4b 4 D"FHJV,6 F:@0>@FH4&@$:"FH4$4@:@(4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&.

9. 1>"R,>4,^H@64>L@D<"P444D,8@<,>*"P46&*@8:"*,B@*R,D84&",H>,@$N@*4<@FH\8"8

<@0>@F8@D,,BD,*@FH"&:bH\D,T,>4,7@<4H,H"^8FB,DH@&&D"FB@Db0,>4,2"4>H,D,F@&">>ZN :4P4T4D@8@D"FBD@FHD">bH\FD,*4&F,NB@HD,$4H,:,6<,0*J>"D@*>ZN^H":@>>ZN<"H,D4":@&

4 HD,$@&">46, &8:`R"b >"P4@>":\>Z, 8@>HD@:\>Z, @D(">Z, >"P4@>":\>Z, 8@>HD@:\>Z, :"$@D"H@D44 4 42(@H@&4H,:,6 $4@:@(4R,F84N BD,B"D"H@&. G"84< @$D"2@<, $Z:@ BD4>bH@

D,T,>4, @BJ$:48@&"H\ 8D"H8@, F@*,D0">4, *@8:"*" & :+2 :HHNO\ (SLGHPLRORJLFDO 5HFRUG G"80, >,@$N@*4<@ BD,*BD4>4<"H\ $@:,, "8H4&>Z, *,6FH&4b & P,:bN @$,FB,R,>4b

@2>"8@<:,>4bF^H4<4*@8:"*"<4F@@H&,HFH&J`V4NH,N>4R,F84NF@HDJ*>48@&&(@FJ*"DFH&"N- R:,>"N, 4B@HD,$J,HFb*":\>,6T"bB@<@V\(@FJ*"DFH&"<-R:,>"<&J8D,B:,>44B@H,>P4":"4N

>"P4@>":\>ZN 8@>HD@:\>ZN @D(">@& 4 :"$@D"H@D46 & B:">, D"$@HZ F@ F:@0>Z<4

$4@:@(4R,F84<4 BD,B"D"H"<4, F H,< RH@$Z >, *@BJFH4H\ &ZN@*" >" DZ>@8 >,*@FH"H@R>@

8"R,FH&,>>ZN4:4>,*@FH"H@R>@$,2@B"F>ZN$4@:@(4R,F84NBD,B"D"H@&.

10. AD4>bH4,7@<4H,H@<^8FB,DH@&B,D,F<@HD,>>ZNHD,$@&">46*:b&"8P4>ZBD@H4&0,:H@6 :4N@D"*84&<,FH,F&Z*"R,6D"2D,T,>4bF,<4JRD,0*,>4b<>"BD@42&@*FH&@^H@6&"8P4>Z*:b 2"V4HZ :4P, F@&,DT"`V4N<,0*J>"D@*>Z,B@,2*84, B@<@(",H%?1&ZB@:>4H\F&@`D@:\ &

^H@6@$:"FH4.

AC?'C!;;3C?%!=3+1)?C?%[aA?)C?EG7?%

)@8:"*3FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@6(DJBBZ%?1_=KA!_=3E+K /,>,&">@b$Db*,8"$Db(

C,2`<,&Z&@*@&4D,8@<,>*"P46

11. 3FF:,*@&"H,:\F8"b(DJBB"BD4T:"8&Z&@*J, RH@B@*D@FH8@&Z6&@2D"FH, N"D"8H,D42J,<Z6

$ZFHDZ<D@FH@< 4D"2&4H4,<, &8:`R"bBF4N4R,F8@,D"2&4H4,4F@P4":\>Z,F&b24, b&:b,HFb

@F@$@&"0>Z<&D,<,>,<*:bJ8D,B:,>4b>Z>,T>,(@4$J*JV,(@2*@D@&\b, >@4@*>@&D,<,>>@

BD,*FH"&:b,H D4F84. 1>"R4H,:\>"b R"FH\ BD4&ZR,8, F8:"*Z&"`V4NFb & ^H@H B,D4@*

(@H>@T,>4b <,0*J B@:"<4, B@:@&@, B@&,*,>4,, BD4&ZR84 B4H">4b, JB@HD,$:,>4b H"$"8",

":8@(@:b 4 *DJ(4N >"D8@H48@&, FB@F@$Z D"2D,T,>4b 8@>L:48H@& 4 @H>@T,>4, 8 D4F8"<),

&@2*,6FH&J,H>"2*@D@&\,&H,R,>4,&F,6042>4, "H"80,&:4b,H>"2*@D@&\,$J*JV4N*,H,6^H4N

<@:@*ZN:`*,6.

12. 'DJBB"BD42>":", RH@ 2*@D@&\,4 D"2&4H4,B@*D@FH8@& B@*&,D("`HFbJ(D@2"<@H P,:@6 (DJBBZ&2"4<@F&b2">>ZNBD@$:,<, 8@H@DZ,BD@4FH,8"`H@H>,0,:"H,:\>@(@4>,$,2@B"F>@(@

F,8FJ":\>@(@B@&,*,>4b, H@8F48@<">44, >,FR"FH>ZNF:JR",&4>"F4:4b, >,BD"&4:\>@(@B4H">4b 4>,8@H@DZN^>*,<4R,F84N$@:,2>,64D"FFHD@6FH&, >"BD4<,DHJ$,D8J:,2"4*,BD,FF44. ]H4 BD@$:,<Z$Z:4@BD,*,:,>Z8"8BD4@D4H,H>Z,*:b2*@D@&\b4D"2&4H4bB@*D@FH8@&&F&,H,4N

$@:\T,6Jb2&4<@FH48&@2*,6FH&4`H"84NBD@$:,<, R,<*DJ(4N (DJBB>"F,:,>4b, 4$@:\T,6

&,D@bH>@FH4 $@:,, F,D\,2>ZN B@F:,*FH&46, " H"80, >,@$N@*4<@FH4 D,T"H\ ^H4 BD@$:,<Z D"2:4R>Z<4FB@F@$"<4*:bJ*@&:,H&@D,>4b8@>8D,H>ZNB@HD,$>@FH,6B@*D@FH8@&.

13. #Z:@@H<,R,>@, RH@ F4FH,<"H4R,F84,JF4:4b & D"2>@6@$FH">@&8,, &8:`R"b>" *@<J, &

T8@:"N, & @$V4>>ZN @D(">42"P4bN 4 <,*48@-F">4H"D>ZN P,>HD"N, <@(JH & 2>"R4H,:\>@6 FH,B,>4 FB@F@$FH&@&"H\ BD,*JBD,0*,>4` 4>&":4*>@FH4 4 F<,DH4 & D">>,< &@2D"FH, 4 RH@

>,@$N@*4<Z <,DZ *:b BD,*@FH"&:,>4b B@*D@FH8"< &@2<@0>@FH,6 B@:JR4H\ H@R>J`

4>L@D<"P4`4BD"&4:\>Z,>"&Z84, 4<,H\*@FHJB88@>FJ:\H4D@&">4`, 8<,*48@-F">4H"D>Z<

F:J0$"<404H\&$,2@B"F>@64*DJ0,:`$>@6FD,*,. ;>@(4,H"84,<,DZ 4<,`HD,T"`V,, 2>"R,>4,8"8*:b2*@D@&@(@D"2&4H4bB@*D@FH8@&, H"84*:bB,D&4R>@6BD@L4:"8H484<>@(4N BD@$:,<2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, 8"F"`V4NFb4N.

14. 'DJBB" @H<,H4:", RH@ & FHD">"N BD,*BD4>4<"`HFb &F, $@:\T4, JF4:4b *:b J*@&:,H&@D,>4b B@HD,$>@FH,6 B@*D@FH8@&, @*>"8@ BD4T:" 8 &Z&@*J, RH@ >,*@FH"H@R>"b

<"FTH"$>@FH\4JFH@6R4&@FH\F@@H&,HFH&J`V4NBD@(D"<<, @F@$,>>@&D"2&4&"`V4NFbFHD">"N,

>, B@2&@:b,H *@$4H\Fb 2"<,H>ZN J:JRT,>46 2*@D@&\b. ?>" D,8@<,>*@&":" BD@&@*4H\

F@(:"F@&">>Z, *,6FH&4b *:b B@**,D084 BD@(D"<<4D@&">4b >" JD@&>, FHD"> FD,*4 HD,N JRD,0*,>46: %?1, _=KA!4_=3E+K.

1>"R,>4,*:bB@:4H484@$V,FH&,>>@(@2*D"&@@ND">,>4b

15. %3FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@6(DJBB,$Z:*@FH4(>JH8@>F,>FJF@H>@F4H,:\>@H@(@, RH@*,6FH&4b B@J*@&:,H&@D,>4`B@HD,$>@FH,6D"2&4H4bB@*D@FH8@&*@:0>Z$ZH\>"BD"&:,>Z>"H@, RH@$Z J*,D0"H\4N@HH"8@(@B@&,*,>4b, 8@H@D@,&,*,H8F,D\,2>Z<BD@$:,<"<2*@D@&\b4@ND">bH\

4N & F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N F:JR"bN, 4 RH@^H4 *,6FH&4b B@<@(JH (@FJ*"DFH&"<-R:,>"< &8:`R4H\

<,*48@-F">4H"D>@,4(J<">4H"D>@,D"2&4H4,&(@FJ*"DFH&,>>J`B@:4H48J, 8@H@D"b8"F",HFb

^H@6&@2D"FH>@6(DJBBZ, BD,*FH"&:b`V,6R,H&,DH\4N>"F,:,>4b.

16. M@Hb BD@$:,<Z 2*@D@&\b B@*D@FH8@& >,@*4>"8@&Z & FHD">"N F H@R84 2D,>4b D"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH4 4 B@F:,*FH&46, " H"80, D,"8P46 @$V4>Z, BD4R4>>@-F:,*FH&,>>"b 2"&4F4<@FH\, 8"F"`V"bFb H,N 0, :`*,6 & H@6 0, @$FH">@&8,, B@2&@:b,H FR4H"H\, RH@

@*>@&D,<,>>Z, <,DZ $J*JH ^LL,8H4&>Z F H@R84 2D,>4b 2"HD"H, @F@$,>>@ & FHD">"N F

@(D">4R,>>Z<4D,FJDF"<4.

17. )@ H@(@, 8"8 $J*JH @FJV,FH&:,>Z BD@(D"<<Z, 8@H@DZ, JR4HZ&"`H @$V4, BD4R4>Z BD@$:,< 2*@D@&\b J B@*D@FH8@&, <@0>@ &8:`R4H\ 8@>8D,H>Z, *,6FH&4b & <,D@BD4bH4b B@

$@D\$, F H"84<4@BD,*,:,>>Z<4BD@$:,<"<4 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, 8"8 HJ$,D8J:,2, <":bD4b 4 T4FH@F@<@2&P,:bNF@8D"V,>4b4ND"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH4.

18. C,"(4D@&">4, (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ 4 R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D" 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b >" B@HD,$>@FH4 2*@D@&\b4D"2&4H4bB@*D@FH8@&*@:0>@@$b2"H,:\>@&8:`R"H\JF4:4bB@J:JRT,>4`8"R,FH&"

JN@*" 4 (4$8@, L4>">F4D@&">4,, @D(">42"P4` 4 @FJV,FH&:,>4,JF:J(. 32&:,R,>>Z,JD@84 B@6*JH>"B@:\2J4*DJ(4<(DJBB"<>"F,:,>4b.

A@F:,*FH&4b*:bBD@(D"<<?D(">42"P44

19. % @H>@T,>44 >@D<"H4&>@6D@:4 %?1 <>@(4, BD@(D"<<Z J0, D"FT4D4:4 2>">4b

@H>@F4H,:\>@*,H,D<4>">H2*@D@&\bB@*D@FH8@&4<,D*:b,(@@ND">Z. ?*>"8@&Fb("<<"H"84N

<,D B@8" ,V, >, D"2D"$@H">" 4 @FJV,FH&:,>4, & FHD">"N D"2*D@$:,>@. E:,*J,H J*,:bH\

&>4<">4, @$,FB,R,>4` <,*48@-F">4H"D>ZN F:J0$ 4 F4FH,<"H4R,F84< FHD"H,(4b< *:b J:JRT,>4b @8DJ0"`V,6 B@*D@FH8@& F@P4":\>@6 FD,*Z, 8@H@D"b :,04H & @F>@&, <>@(4N BD@$:,<2*@D@&\b. ;@0>@D"FF<@HD,H\&@BD@F@$J*,:,>44&>4<">4bB@*D@FH8"<&D"<8"NH,N BD@(D"<< %?1, 8@H@DZ, D">,, >, $Z:4 >"BD"&:,>Z >" BD@$:,<Z 2*@D@&\b B@*D@FH8@&.

¹G,8FHD,8@<,>*"P46F@*,D04HFb&AD4:@0,>44 1.

²C,04<Z:,R,>4b<J:\H4$"P4::bD>@64B"JP4$"P4::bD>@6:,BDZ*@8"2":4F&@` ">"*,0>@FH\", @FH"&"bF\

^LL,8H4&>Z<4*"0,BD4>,D,(J:bD>@<4:4$@:,,8@D@H8@<, R,<D,8@<,>*@&">>Z6, BD4,<,.

GD,$J`HFb*@B@:>4H,:\>Z,JF4:4b*:b<@>4H@D4>("F@FH@b>4b2*@D@&\bB@*D@FH8@&, "H"80,

@N&"H"48"R,FH&"BD@(D"<<B@FHD">"<, B@F8@:\8J4<,`V"bFb4>L@D<"P4b2"R"FHJ`>,4<,,H D"2$4&84B@&@2D"FH>Z<(DJBB"<.

20. % @H>@T,>44 D@:4 %?1 & H,N>4R,F8@<F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, F:,*J,H BD@">":424D@&"H\ 4 J8D,B4H\8@@D*4>"P4`4>L@D<"P444H,N>@:@(44*:b(@FJ*"DFH&-R:,>@&, "H"80,B@H,>P4":

D,(4@>":\>ZN $`D@ & B:">, @$@$V,>4b 4>L@D<"P44 4 @8"2">4b B@**,D084 D"2D"$@H8, 4

@FJV,FH&:,>4` BD@(D"<< B@ FHD">"<. 3<,`HFb &@2<@0>@FH4 J8D,B4H\ B@H,>P4": 4 BD4&,D0,>>@FH\ ^H@6 P,:4 >" FHD">@&@< 4 D,(4@>":\>@< JD@&>bN, & R"FH>@FH4, $:"(@*"Db F@HDJ*>4R,FH&J F _=KA! 4 _=3E+K. 7@@D*4>"P4@>>Z6 8@<4H,H B@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4`

@$,FB,R4&",H <,N">42< *:b B:">4D@&">4b H"84N <,D@BD4bH46 4 8@>HD@:b 2" 4N

@FJV,FH&:,>4,<.

7?;3G+G]7EA+CG?%%?1A?9+AC+

E,*\<@6*@8:"*

/,>,&"<"b4`>b(

1>"R,>4,*:bB@:4H484@$V,FH&,>>@(@2*D"&@@ND">,>4b

21. 1"<,R">4b, &Z&@*Z4D,8@<,>*"P447@<4H,H"4<,`H$@:\T@,2>"R,>4,*:bB@:4H484

@$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b. IH&,D0*,>4, 7@<4H,H@< (:@$":\>@6 FHD"H,(44 B@

:48&4*"P44 :,BDZ $Z:@ @R,>\ F&@,&D,<,>>Z< *:b "8H4&42"P44 *":\>,6T4N *,6FH&46 >"

@F>@&, (:@$":\>@6 FHD"H,(44. =,@$N@*4<@ ,V, $@:,, JF4:4H\ BD,*JF<@HD,>>Z6& D"<8"N 8"<B">44"8P,>H>"@N&"HD">,,>,&Zb&:,>>ZNF:JR",&, "H"80,BD@,8HZ%?1& @H>@T,>44 FB,P4":\>ZN *,6FH&46 B@ :48&4*"P44 :,BDZ, >"BD"&:,>>Z, >" B"P4,>H@& &

>,*@@$F:J04&",<ZN@$V4>"N, 4BD4&:,8"H\8JR"FH4`>@&ZNB"DH>,D@&. =,F8@:\8@FHD">, &

8@H@DZN:,BD"^>*,<4R>", J0,@FJV,FH&:b`H8"<B">44B@,,:48&4*"P44, BD4R,<>,8@H@DZ, 42H"84N8"<B">46BD@&@*bHFb&D"<8"N&F,6FHD">Z; 8D@<,H@(@@FJV,FH&:b`HFbFB,P4":\>Z, BD@,8HZ, <>@(4,42>4N&F@HDJ*>4R,FH&,F>,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z<4@D(">42"P4b<4.

22. QH@$Z@N&"H4H\&F,N>J0*"`V4NFbB"P4,>H@&HD,$J,HFb, JBD@V,>4,*4"(>@FH4R,F84N4 H,D"B,&H4R,F84N <,H@*@& 4 <,>,, 0,FH84, @B,D"H4&>Z, HD,$@&">4b. ="*,0>@FH\

8@<$4>4D@&">>@6 :,8"DFH&,>>@6 H,D"B44², B@*H&,D0*,>>"b & H,R,>4, B@F:,*>4N 15 :,H, B@2&@:4:" 7@<4H,HJ BD,*:@04H\ $@:,, (4$84, <,H@*Z @FJV,FH&:,>4b :,R,>4b. 7:"FF4L48"P4b, $"24DJ`V"bFb >" 8:4>4R,F84N @F>@&">4bN $,2 "$F@:`H>@(@ HD,$@&">4b

<48D@F8@B4R,F8@(@4FF:,*@&">4b8@0>@(@<"28", H"80,B@2&@:b,HD"FT4D4H\@N&"H:,R,>4,<

4JBD@FH4H\*,6FH&4b. EH,D"B,&H4R,F8@6H@R842D,>4bD,8@<,>*J,<@,@*>@*@2@&@,:,R,>4,

&>@&\ &Zb&:,>>ZN F:JR",&, 8:"FF4L4P4DJ,<ZN 8"8 B"JP4$"P4::bD>"b :,BD" F @*>4<

B@D"0,>4,<, B@<@0,H:JRT,F@$:`*"H\D,04<:,R,>4b4D"FT4D4H\@N&"H. C"&>Z<@$D"2@<

&@2<@0>@FH\F@8D"V,>4b*:4H,:\>@FH4:,R,>4b<J:\H4$"P4::bD>@6:,BDZF 24 *@ 12 <,FbP,&

$,2 2>"R4H,:\>@(@JV,D$"*:b^LL,8H4&>@FH4:,R,>4bH"80,&2>"R4H,:\>@6<,D,B@<@0,H J:JRT4H\F@$:`*,>4,D,04<":,R,>4b4,(@2"&,DT,>4,, "H"80,@N&"H. 7D@<,H@(@, $@:,,

D">>,,:,R,>4,:,BDZFB@<@V\`>@&ZND,8@<,>*@&">>ZND,04<@&H"80,B@2&@:4H$ZFHD,, F@8D"H4H\JD@&>4,,D"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH4.

23. C,8@<,>*"P447@<4H,H"&@H>@T,>444>H,(D"P444<,`H2>"R,>4,*:b$@D\$ZF@FHD"N@<

4 42@:bP4,6, F&b2">>Z<4 F ^H@6 $@:,2>\`, *"&"b D"$@H>48"< 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b @$V,(@

BD@L4:b >" &F,N JD@&>bN &@2<@0>@FH\ JR"FH&@&"H\& :48&4*"P44 :,BDZ. C,8@<,>*"P44 &

@H>@T,>44 8@>HD@:b 2" N@*@< D"$@HZ B@ :48&4*"P44 :,BDZ F 4FB@:\2@&">4,< BD@FHZN B@8"2"H,:,6 4 >,2"&4F4<ZN >"$:`*,>46 B@2&@:bH &Zb&:bH\ BD@$:,<Z, HD,$J`V4, F&@,&D,<,>>@(@D,T,>4b.

24. 7@<4H,H @H<,H4: >,@$N@*4<@FH\ F&,0,6 FHD"H,(44 D,"$4:4H"P44 $@:\>ZN :,BD@6, 4FB@:\2Jb @D4,>H4D@&">>Z6 >" @$V4>J B@*N@*, F H,< RH@$Z ,, <@0>@ $Z:@ T4D@8@

BD4<,>bH\. ]H@, &F&@`@R,D,*\, B@HD,$J,HF@HDJ*>4R,FH&"<,0*JD"2:4R>Z<4JRD,0*,>4b<4,

&8:`R"b>,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z, @D(">42"P44, FB,P4L4R,F842">4<"`V4,Fb :,BD@6, " H"80,

@FJV,FH&:,>4bD,"$4:4H"P44>"@$V4>>@6@F>@&,.

25. AD42Z&7@<4H,H"BD@*@:0"H\*,bH,:\>@FH\B@ $@D\$,F:,BD@6 4B@F:, 2000 (., FH,<

RH@$ZD,T4H\@FH"`V4,FbBD@$:,<Z, B@HD,$J,H*@B@:>4H,:\>@(@ @BD,*,:,>4b@FH"H@R>ZN BD@$:,<F(,@(D"L4R,F8@6H@R842D,>4b4:4FH@R842D,>4b^LL,8H4&>@FH42"HD"H. ):b^H@(@

$J*,H >,@$N@*4<@ F@ND">4H\ <,N">42< HV"H,:\>@(@ 8@>HD@:b, &8:`R"b (,@(D"L4R,F8J`

F4FH,<J4>L@D<"P44 ('E3) 4B@F:, 2000 (..

26. C,8@<,>*"P447@<4H,H"B@8@>F@:4*"P444 J8D,B:,>4`*":\>,6T,(@F@HDJ*>4R,FH&"

4 8@@D*4>"P44 F D"2:4R>Z<4 JRD,0*,>4b<4, &8:`R"b >"P4@>":\>Z, 4 <,0*J>"D@*>Z,

>,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z, @D(">42"P44, bF>@ B@8"2Z&"`H >,BD,N@*bV,, 2>"R,>4, &8:"*" ^H4N

@D(">42"P46&:48&4*"P4`:,BDZ4&D,T,>4,@FH"H@R>ZNBD@$:,<B@F:, 2000 (. A@F:,*FH&4b*:bBD@(D"<<?D(">42"P44

27. 1"<,R">4b, &Z&@*Z 4 D,8@<,>*"P44 7@<4H,H" ^8FB,DH@& B@ :,BD, &:,8JH &"0>Z, B@F:,*FH&4b*:bBD@(D"<<Z*,6FH&46 %?1B@ :48&4*"P44:,BDZ4*DJ(4NF&b2">>ZNF^H4<

BD@(D"<<.

28. IH&,D0*,>4,(:@$":\>@6 FHD"H,(44 B@ :48&4*"P44:,BDZ &,F\<" J<,FH>@, @F@$,>>@ &

@H>@T,>44 *":\>,6T4N >"BD"&:,>46 *,6FH&46 %?1 B@ *@FH40,>4` P,:4 F@8D"V,>4b D"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH4:,BDZ*@>40,@*>@(@F:JR"b>" 10 000 >"F,:,>4b8 2000 (., 8"8J8"2">@

& D,2@:`P44 WHA44.9. %D"<8"N ^H@6 FHD"H,(44 %?1 B@HD,$J,HFb "8H4&424D@&"H\JF4:4b, 8@>P,>HD4DJbF\>"@BD,*,:,>>ZN<,D@BD4bH4bN4:4(DJBB"N<,D@BD4bH46*:b@$,FB,R,>4b JFB,N", 4 & ^H@6 F&b24 BD4@D4H,H *@:0>@ B@:JR4H\ @BD,*,:,>4, FHD">/2@> B@FD,*FH&@<

@D(">42@&">>@6F4FH,<ZF$@D"4>L@D<"P444<@>4H@D4>(", 8@H@DZ,@FH">JHFb4F8:`R4H,:\>@

&"0>Z<4. AD4<,>bb &F,^H4B@*N@*Z, ?D(">42"P44B@HD,$J,HFb @BH4<":\>@4FB@:\2@&"H\

>":4R>Z,D,FJDFZ4<@$4:42@&"H\*@B@:>4H,:\>Z,.

29. ):b@$,FB,R,>4b"8H4&42"P44*,bH,:\>@FH4B@HD,$J,HFb4*":,,D"FT4DbH\8"88"<B">44 B@ :48&4*"P44, H"8 4 FB,P4":\>Z, BD@,8HZ & F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, F *DJ(4<4 JRD,0*,>4b<4 4,

@F@$,>>@, F>,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z<4@D(">42"P4b<4.

30. IBD@V,>4, *4"(>@FH4R,F84N 4 H,D"B,&H4R,F84N <,H@*@& 4 &&,*,>4, <,>,, 0,FH84N

@B,D"H4&>ZN HD,$@&">46 B@2&@:4H %?1 *":,, F@*,6FH&@&"H\ 4>H,(D"P44 *,bH,:\>@FH4 B@

$@D\$, F :,BD@6 & @$V4, <,*48@-F">4H"D>Z, F:J0$Z. %?1 H"80, B@HD,$J,HFb 4 *":,,

¹G,8FHD,8@<,>*"P46, F<. AD4:@0,>4, 2.

@$,FB,R4&"H\BD,*@FH"&:,>4,:,8"DFH&$,FB:"H>@*:b8@<$4>4D@&">>@6H,D"B44&FHD">"N4

@$,FB,R4&"H\4N>":4R4,&<,*48@-F">4H"D>ZNF:J0$"N, FP,:\`D"FT4D,>4b*@FHJB"4@N&"H". 31. I:JRT,>>Z, D,04<Z :,R,>4b, JH@R>,>>Z, 7@<4H,H@<, *@:0>Z B@2&@:4H\ %?1 ,V,

$@:,, D"FT4D4H\ @N&"H B@&F`*J 4 @*>@&D,<,>>@ F@8D"H4H\ D"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH\ $ZFHD,,, "

H"80,"8H4&>@BD@B"(">*4D@&"H\>@&Z,D,04<Z&FHD">"N, (*,:,BD"^>*,<4R>", FH,<RH@$Z 8"8<@0>@F8@D,,4N@FJV,FH&:bH\>"BD"8H48,.

32. C,"$4:4H"P4b $@:\>ZN :,BD@6 & D"<8"N BD@(D"<< D,"$4:4H"P44 >" @F>@&, @$V4>Z B@:JR4H*":\>,6T,,D"2&4H4,. %?1$J*,H4*":,,D"FBD@FHD">bH\H,N>4R,F84,<"H,D4":Z*:b D"$@H>48@&2*D"&@@ND">,>4b@$V,(@BD@L4:b, "H"80,*:bFB,P4":4FH@&B@D,"$4:4H"P444

&2"4<@*,6FH&@&"H\F*DJ(4<4JRD,0*,>4b<4, @F@$,>>@>,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z<4@D(">42"P4b<4,

*:bD"FT4D,>4b@N&"H".

33. A@*>bHZ67@<4H,H@<&@BD@F&@H>@T,>44&@2<@0>@FH4BD@*@:0,>4b*,bH,:\>@FH4B@

:48&4*"P44:,BDZB@F:, 2000 (. 4<,,H$@:\T@,2>"R,>4,, 4%?1$J*,HBD@*@:0"H\>,8@H@DZ,

&"0>Z,<,D@BD4bH4b, &8:`R"b<@>4H@D4>(R,D,2(,@(D"L4R,F8J`F4FH,<J4>L@D<"P44 ('E3), FH,<RH@$ZF@ND">4H\*@FH4(>JHZ,JFB,N44*&4("H\Fb&B,D,*.

%?AC?EY #+1?A!E=?EG3 AC?)?%?9[EG%3a % E%a13 E AC?)I7O3+5

!7%!7I9[GICY

E@&<,FH>"b4FF:,*@&"H,:\F8"b(DJBB"%?1K!?=!7!E,H\P,>HD@&"8&"8J:\HJDZ&!244 4G4N@<@8,">,

G"4:">*4`:b(¹

C,2`<,&Z&@*@&4D,8@<,>*"P46

34. 3FF:,*@&"H,:\F8"b (DJBB" B@ &@BD@F"< $,2@B"F>@FH4 BD@*@&@:\FH&4b & F&b24 F BD@*J8P4,6"8&"8J:\HJDZ$Z:"F@2&">"F@&<,FH>@%?1/K!?4E,H\`P,>HD@&"8&"8J:\HJDZ

& !244 4 G4N@< @8,">, (=!7!) & 4`:, 1997 (. & G"4:">*,. %F@&,V">44 BD4>b:4JR"FH4,

^8FB,DHZ42 15 FHD">.

35. !8&"8J:\HJD" - ^H@ @*4> 42 >"4$@:,, $ZFHD@ D"FT4Db`V4NFb <,H@*@& BD@42&@*FH&"

B4V,&@6BD@*J8P44&<4D,; 2"B@F:,*>4, 10 :,HBD@42&@*FH&@&@2D"FH":@&FD,*>,<>" 9,6%

& (@*. !8&"8J:\HJD"FH">@&4HFb &F,$@:,,&"0>@6, B@F8@:\8J@>"F@8D"V",HD"2DZ& <,0*J BD,*:@0,>4,<4FBD@F@<>"DZ$J4DZ$>Z,BD@*J8HZ4@$,FB,R4&",H4FH@R>48B4H"H,:\>ZN BD@*J8H@&&ZF@8@(@8"R,FH&", &H@<R4F:,4>"^8FB@DH. %F&b24F4FH@V"`V4<&Z:@&@<DZ$Z

&@ <>@(4N D"6@>"N >,@$N@*4<@ BD,*BD4>4<"H\ 4>4P4"H4&Z B@ J8D,B:,>4` ^8@:@(4R,F84

$,2@B"F>@(@ 4 FH"$4:\>@(@ D"2&4H4b "8&"8J:\HJDZ, @F@$,>>@<,:84<4 BD@42&@*4H,:b<4, &

P,:bN@$,FB,R,>4b$@:\T,62"V4HZ&F,<4D>ZN4FH@R>48@&BD@*@&@:\FH&4b. AD4<,D>@ 90%

(:@$":\>@(@BD@42&@*FH&""8&"8J:\HJDZBD4N@*4HFb>"!24`, (*,@>@@$,FB,R4&",H&"0>Z6 4FH@R>48B4V,&ZN04&@H>ZN$,:8@&&D,(4@>,4*@N@*Z*:b<4::4@>@&<,:84N"8&"L,D<,D@&. 7@<<,DR,F8"b "8&"8J:\HJD" 2>"R4H,:\>@ FB@F@$FH&J,H D"2&4H4` ^8@>@<484 <>@(4N BD@42&@*bV4N FHD">, (*, 4<,`V4, &ZF@8J` P,>>@FH\ &4*Z BD@*J8H@& <@Db b&:b`HFb

@F>@&>Z<4FH@R>48@<4>@FHD">>@6&":`HZ.

36. 3FF:,*@&"H,:\F8"b(DJBB"D"FF<@HD,:"&@BD@FZ$,2@B"F>@FH4BD@*@&@:\FH&4b&F&b24F

&ZD"V4&">4,<DZ$Z4D"8@@$D"2>ZN, @F@$,>>@&@2<@0>@FH\$4@:@(4R,F8@(@4N4<4R,F8@(@

2"(Db2>,>4b&@&D,<b&ZD"V4&">4b, @BD,*,:,>4,48@:4R,FH&,>>"b@P,>8"@B"F>@FH,64<,DZ

*:b$@D\$ZF>4<4, &8:`R"b>Z>,T>4,>"P4@>":\>Z,4<,0*J>"D@*>Z,BD@(D"<<Z.

37. ?*>4<42@F>@&>ZN&Z&@*@&F@&,V">4bb&:b,HFb>,@$N@*4<@FH\8@<B:,8F>@(@B@*N@*"

&H,F>@<F@HDJ*>4R,FH&,FF,8H@D"<42*D"&@@ND">,>4b, F,:\F8@(@N@2b6FH&"4"8&"8J:\HJDZ,

$,2@B"F>@FH4B4V,&ZNBD@*J8H@&4@$D"2@&">4b; 8D@<,H@(@, <,DZ, $"24DJ`V4,Fb>"">":42, D4F8@&48D4H4R,F84NH@R8"N$@D\$ZF>4<4, *@:0>Z$ZH\>,@HX,<:,<@6R"FH\`$,2@B"F>@FH4 B4V,&ZNBD@*J8H@&@HBD@42&@*FH&"*@B@HD,$:,>4b.

1>"R,>4,*:bB@:4H484@$V,FH&,>>@(@2*D"&@@ND">,>4b

38. A@<,D,H@(@, 8"82"B"FZDZ$ZBD4$:40"`HFb8>40>4<BD,*,:"<^8FB:J"H"P44, :`*4

&F, & $@:\T,6FH,B,>4 $J*JH B@:"("H\Fb >"BD@*J8P4` "8&"8J:\HJDZ & 8"R,FH&, 4FH@R>48"

B4V4&ZF@8@6B4H"H,:\>@6P,>>@FH4. #@:\T4>FH&@B@HD,$4H,:,64@D(">Z2*D"&@@ND">,>4b FR4H"`H DZ$J,FH,FH&,>>Z< BD@*J8H@<<@Db 4, F@@H&,HFH&,>>@, $,2@B"F>@64 B4H"H,:\>@6. E,6R"F^H"F4HJ"P4b<,>b,HFb4, B@-&4*4<@<J, $J*,H<,>bH\Fb4*":\T,. AD4<,D>@8"0*"b R,H&,DH"bDZ$", B@B"*"`V"b>"FH@:, b&:b,HFb8J:\H4&4D@&">>@6, 4>"F,:,>4,&F,&$@:\T,6

<,D,JB@HD,$:b,H8J:\H4&4D@&">>Z,&4*Z.

39. EJV,FH&J,H<>@(@ D"2:4R>ZNF4FH,<"8&"8J:\HJDZ, >"R4>"b @H "F,<,6>ZN" BDJ*@&*@

4>H,>F4&>@(@D"2&,*,>4b&8:,H8"N, 8"8, >"BD4<,D, &@H>@T,>44F,<(4. A@&F`*J, >@@F@$,>>@

& !244, D"FT4Db,HFb 4FB@:\2@&">4, 4>H,(D4D@&">>ZN L,D<,DF84N F4FH,< F BD4<,>,>4,<

L,8":46 R,:@&,8" 4 04&@H>ZN *:b J*@$D,>4b BDJ*@&. #,2@B"F>@FH\ BD@*J8H@& *:b B@HD,$:,>4bR,:@&,8@<42D"2:4R>ZNF4FH,<"8&"8J:\HJDZ&B@:>,@R,&4*>@4<,,H2>"R,>4,

*:b@$V,FH&,>>@(@2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, 4@D(">Z2*D"&@@ND">,>4b*@:0>Z@F@2>"&"H\D4F8*:b 2*@D@&\b R,:@&,8"@HH"84N BD@*J8H@& 4@$,FB,R4&"H\, RH@$Z $,2@B"F>@FH\BD@*J8H@& $Z:"

>,@HX,<:,<@6R"FH\`F@@H&,HFH&J`V,6BD"8H484JBD"&:,>4b.

40. AD4 D"2D"$@H8, B@:4H484 @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b >,@$N@*4<@ JR4HZ&"H\

F:,*J`V,,:

(1) $,F8@>HD@:\>"b BD@*"0"N4<48@-H,D"B,&H4R,F84N&,V,FH& 44N 4FB@:\2@&">4, &

4>H,>F4&>@64B@:J4>H,>F4&>@6"8&"8J:\HJD,*:bJ:JRT,>4bJF&@,>4b "8@D<"" 4$@D\$Z F$@:,2>b<44F@@H&,HFH&J`V,,>"8@B:,>4,@FH"H8@&N4<4R,F84N&,V,FH&&BD@*J8P44; (2) &ZD"$@H8"D,24FH,>H>@FH48&,H,D4>"D>Z<:,8"DFH&,>>Z<FD,*FH&"<&"8&"8J:\HJD, 4D"FBD@FHD">,>4,D,24FH,>H>ZNB"H@(,>@&&B4V,&@6P,B4&@8DJ0"`V,6FD,*,; (3) 4FB@:\2@&">4, @$D"$@H">>@(@ FH@8" >"F,:,>>ZN BJ>8H@& 4 04&@H>@&@*R,F84N

@$X,8H@&*:bFH4<J:bP44B,D&4R>@(@BD@42&@*FH&"B:">8H@>"BD4&Z8"D<:4&">44DZ$Z

& T4D@84N F4FH,<"N"8&"8J:\HJDZ 4F@@H&,HFH&J`V,, 2"(Db2>,>4, BD@*J8P44H"84<4 B"H@(,>"<4R,:@&,8", 8"8$"8H,D444B"D"24HZ;

(4) 2"(Db2>,>4,DZ$>ZNBDJ*@&"(D@N4<4R,F84<4BD@*J8H"<4, >"BD4<,DB,FH4P4*"<4, 4 &@2<@0>@, >"8@B:,>4, ^H4N &,V,FH& & &ZD"V4&",<@6 DZ$,, @F@$,>>@ & F4FH,<"N, F@R,H"`V4N&ZD"V4&">4,D4F"FD"2&,*,>4,<DZ$Z;

(5) H@H L"8H, RH@ BD@$:,<Z @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, F&b2">>Z, F 8@<B:,8F>Z<4F4FH,<"<404&@H>@&@*FH&"4"8&"8J:\HJDZ, J>48":\>Z;

(6) B@HD,$:,>4, FZD@6 4:4 >,*@FH"H@R>@ H,D<4R,F84 @$D"$@H">>@6 BD@*J8P44

"8&"8J:\HJDZ, 8@H@D"bF@*,D04HHD,<"H@*Z>"4>L,8P4@>>@6FH"*44. A@F:,*FH&4b*:bBD@(D"<<?D(">42"P44

41. #ZFHDZ6 D@FH "8&"8J:\HJDZ F@BD@&@0*",HFb &F, $@:,, T4D@84< D"FBD@FHD">,>4,<

HD"*4P4@>>ZN B@:J4>H,>F4&>ZN F4FH,<, @F@$,>>@ & F,:\F84N 2@>"N, &8:`R"b D"2:4R>Z, 8@<B:,8F>Z,F4FH,<Z, &H@<R4F:,B4H",<Z,FH@R>Z<4&@*"<4, &F&b24FR,<&"0>@JR4HZ&"H\,

&R"FH>@FH4, F:,*J`V4,B@F:,*FH&4b:

(1) J:JRT,>4,F">4H"D44&,*,H8F>40,>4`4FB@:\2@&">4b@HFH@bFB@:,6@D@T,>4b B@ <,D, D"FBD@FHD">,>4b F:4&>ZN HJ":,H@& 4 F,BH4R,F84N H">8@&, N@Hb ^H@H &4*

J*@$D,>4b&F,,V,T4D@8@BD4<,>b,HFb&>,8@H@DZNFHD">"N!244;

(2) &BD4(@D@*>ZN2@>"NF4FH,<Z, B4H",<Z,FH@R>Z<4&@*"<4, D"FT4Db`HFb, >,F<@HDb

>"D"FHJVJ`8@>8JD,>P4`2"2,<:`&F&b24F$ZFHDZ<D"2&4H4,<(@D@*@&, RH@<,T",H F@@DJ0,>4`BDJ*@&;

(3) 4>H,>F4L48"P4b "8&"8J:\HJDZ F 4FB@:\2@&">4,< FB,P4":\>@ B@*(@H@&:,>>ZN 8@D<@& 4 ">":@(4R>"b H,>*,>P4b & 04&@H>@&@*FH&, BD4&,:4 8 D"FT4D,>4` F4FH,<

BD@42&@*FH&", 4FB@:\2J`V4N8@<B:,8F>Z,@H8@D<@R>Z,B:@V"*4, @F@$,>>@&%@FH@R>@6 4_(@-%@FH@R>@6!244.

42. ),bH,:\>@FH\ AD@(D"<<Z%?1 B@ $,2@B"F>@FH4BD@*@&@:\FH&4b 4 BD@*@&@:\FH&,>>@6 B@<@V4 *:b @$,FB,R,>4b $,2@B"F>@FH4 BD@*J8H@& "8&"H4R,F8@(@ BD@4FN@0*,>4b 4<,,H B@F:,*FH&4b*:b*DJ(4NBD@(D"<<:

! ;,0*J>"D@*>@6 BD@(D"<<Z B@ N4<4R,F8@6$,2@B"F>@FH4 & @H>@T,>44@FH"H8@&

N4<4R,F84N&,V,FH&&BD@*J8H"NB4H">4b;

! ?H*,:"$@D\$ZFHD@B4R,F84<4$@:,2>b<4, 4@F@$,>>@*:bD"$@HZB@ 84T,R>Z<

B"D"24H"< 4 D@:4 BD@*J8H@& "8&"H4R,F8@(@ BD@4FN@0*,>4b, >" D"FBD@FHD">,>4, B,D,*"&",<@(@FBD@*J8H"<4B4H">4bHD,<"H@*@2";

! ?H*,:" ^B4*>"*2@D"2" &@2>48"`V4<4 4 *DJ(4<4 4>L,8P4@>>Z<4$@:,2>b<4 4

$@D\$Z F >4<4, JR4HZ&"b &@2<@0>@FH\ ^&@:`P44 D,24FH,>H>ZN B"H@(,>@& 4 D"FBD@FHD">,>4,4>L,8P44R,D,2B4V,&J`P,B\;

! BD@(D"<< B@ F">4H"D44 4 (4(4,>, (@D@*F8@6 @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*Z & @H>@T,>44 4FB@:\2@&">4b@$D"$@H">>@(@FH@8"&8@<B:,8F>ZNDZ$@L,D<,DF84NF4FH,<"N;

! E@&<,FH>@6 8@<4FF44 K!?/%?1 B@ Codex Alimentarius & @H>@T,>44 D"2D"$@H84

<,0*J>"D@*>ZNF&@*@&BD"&4:(4(4,>4R>@6BD"8H484*:b"8&"8J:\HJDZ.

¹ A@:>Z6H,8FH*@8:"*"7@<4H,H"^8FB,DH@&(@H@&4HFb8BJ$:48"P44&F,D44G,N>4R,F84N*@8:"*@&%?1. ²]H4D,8@<,>*"P44 @HD"0"`H8@::,8H4&>Z,&2(:b*Z7@<4H,H"^8FB,DH@&4>,@$b2"H,:\>@BD,*FH"&:b`H D,T,>4b4:4JFH">@&:,>>J`B@:4H48J%?1.

AC39?/+=3+ 1

7?;3G+G]7EA+CG?%%?1A?9+AC+E+)[;?5)?79!)¹

<"b4`>b(

%Y%?)Y3C+7?;+=)!O33²

(1) ':@$":\>"b FHD"H,(4b :48&4*"P4b :,BDZ >" @F>@&, @FJV,FH&:,>4b 8@<$4>4D@&">>@6 :,8"DFH&,>>@6 H,D"B44 (79G) F &Zb&:,>4,< F:JR",& B@8"2Z&",H F,$b &,F\<" JFB,T>@6 &

F@8D"V,>44D"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH4:,BDZ, 4,,F:,*J,HBD@*@:0"H\.

(2) 3<,,HFb >,F@<>,>>"b >,@$N@*4<@FH\ &Zb&:bH\ 4 :,R4H\ @FH"`V4,Fb B@8"

>,&Zb&:,>>Z<4 F:JR"4, *:b R,(@ HD,$J`HFb FB,P4":\>Z, B@*N@*Z B"D"::,:\>@ F D"FBD@FHD">,>4,<F:J0$79G>"&F,<,*48@-F">4H"D>Z,JRD,0*,>4b@$V,(@BD@L4:b. (3) A@FH,B,>>@, JBD@V,>4, <,H@*@& *4"(>@FH484 4 :,R,>4b BD@*@:0",H FB@F@$FH&@&"H\

@N&"HJ$@:\T,(@R4F:"$@:\>ZN:,BD@6.

(4) ="@F>@&,4FBZH">46, BD@&,*,>>ZN&>,F8@:\84NP,>HD"N, 7@<4H,HBD4T,:8&Z&@*J, RH@

,*4>"b*@2", F@R,H"`V"bD4L"<B4P4>, @L:@8F"P4>4<4>@P48:4>, b&:b,HFbBD4,<:,<Z<4

^LL,8H4&>Z<FH@R842D,>4b2"HD"H":\H,D>"H4&>Z<D,04<@<:,R,>4bB"JP4$"P4::bD>@6 :,BDZF@*>4<B@D"0,>4,<. #@:,,H@(@, >"@F>@&,4<,`V,6Fb4>L@D<"P44, @R,&4*>@, <@0>@

$J*,HF@8D"H4H\>Z>,T>468JDF79GBD@H4&<J:\H4$"P4::bD>@6:,BDZ*@ 12 <,FbP,&. (5) =,@$N@*4<" @$>@&:,>>"b FHD"H,(4b BD,*JBD,0*,>4b 4>&":4*>@FH4 4 D,"$4:4H"P44, 8@H@D"b @$,FB,R4H BD"8H4R>Z, @D4,>H4D@&">>Z, >" @$V4>J B@*N@*Z & P,:bN @N&"H"

>"4$@:\T,(@R4F:":4P, >J0*"`V4NFb&^LL,8H4&>ZNFH@R842D,>4b2"HD"H&<,T"H,:\FH&"N. (6) E:,*J,H BD@*@:0"H\ <@>4H@D4>( :48&4*"P44, 4FB@:\2Jb @F>@&>Z, B@8"2"H,:4. A@FHJB"`VJ`4>L@D<"P4`F:,*J,H*":,,BD@&,DbH\4">":424D@&"H\ c B@<@V\`>,2"&4F4<ZN 8@>HD@:,D@&&P,:bN&Zb&:,>4bBD@$:,<>ZNF4HJ"P46, HD,$J`V4N*,6FH&46.

(7) % ^>*,<4R>ZN FHD">"N *,bH,:\>@FH\ B@ $@D\$, F :,BD@6 *@:0>" FH"H\ >,@HX,<:,<@6 R"FH\`<,*48@-F">4H"D>ZNJF:J(@$V,(@BD@L4:b4@FH"&"H\FbH"8@&@6B@F:, 2000 (., "H"80,

&<"8F4<":\>@&@2<@0>@6FH,B,>4&@&:,8"H\@$V4>Z. E:,*J,HJ8D,B:bH\8@@D*4>"P4`<,0*J D"2:4R>Z<4JRD,0*,>4b<4, &8:`R"b>"P4@>":\>Z,4<,0*J>"D@*>Z,>,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>Z,

@D(">42"P44.

(8) C,8@<,>*J,HFbBD@*@:0"H\4FF:,*@&">4b:,BDZ, @F@$,>>@&P,:bNJ:JRT,>4bJN@*"2"

B"P4,>H"<44D,T,>4bB@FH:48&4*"P4@>>ZN&@BD@F@&.

(9) EH,<RH@$ZD,T"H\@FH"`V4,FbBD@$:,<Z, &8:`R"b&>@&\&Zb&:,>>Z,F:JR"44:4PF 4>&":4*>@FHb<44*,L,8H"<4, &Z2&">>Z<4:,BD@6, &"0>@BD@*@:0"H\*,bH,:\>@FH\B@$@D\$, F:,BD@64B@F:, 2000 (.

¹ A@:>Z6H,8FH*@8:"*"7@<4H,H"^8FB,DH@&(@H@&4HFb8BJ$:48"P44&F,D44G,N>4R,F84N*@8:"*@&%?1. ²]H4 D,8@<,>*"P44@HD"0"`H8@::,8H4&>Z,&2(:b*Z7@<4H,H"^8FB,DH@&4>,@$b2"H,:\>@BD,*FH"&:b`H D,T,>4b4:4JFH">@&:,>>J`B@:4H48J%?1.

AC39?/+=3+ 2

%?AC?EY#+1?A!E=?EG3AC?)?%?9[EG%3a%E%a13EAC?)I7O3+5

!7%!7I9[GICY

E@&<,FH>"b4FF:,*@&"H,:\F8"b(DJBB"%?1K!?=!7!¹ 4`:b(

%Y%?)Y3C+7?;+=)!O33²

(1) =,@$N@*4< 8@<B:,8F>Z6 B@*N@* 8 $@D\$, F @B"F>@FHb<4, F&b2">>Z<4 F BD@*J8P4,6

"8&"8J:\HJDZ, RH@ HD,$J,H H,F>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" <,0*J F,8H@D"<4 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, F,:\F8@(@N@2b6FH&"4"8&"8J:\HJDZ, $,2@B"F>@FH4BD@*@&@:\FH&4b4@$D"2@&">4b.

(2) ;,DZ @$,FB,R,>4b $,2@B"F>@FH4 BD@*@&@:\FH&4b *@:0>Z $ZH\ R"FH\` BD@(D"<<

JBD"&:,>4b DZ$>ZN L,D< 4 *@:0>Z $ZH\ >,@HX,<:,<@6 R"FH\` $,2@B"F>@FH4 DZ$>@6 BD@*J8P44>"&F,<BD@Hb0,>44@HBD@42&@*FH&"*@B@HD,$:,>4b.

(3) ;,DZ @$,FB,R,>4b $,2@B"F>@FH4 BD@*@&@:\FH&4b *@:0>Z @F>@&Z&"H\Fb >" F4FH,<,

">":42"D4F8@&48D4H4R,F84NH@R,8$@D\$ZF>4<4, N@Hb&F,JR"FH>484BD42>":4HDJ*>@FH4 BD4<,>,>4b H"84N <,D & @H>@T,>44 4>*4&4*J":\>ZN N@2b6FH&, &ZD"V4&"`V4N DZ$J *:b F@$FH&,>>@(@JB@HD,$:,>4b.

(4) C4F84*:b2*@D@&\bR,:@&,8"@HN4<4R,F84N&,V,FH&, 4FB@:\2J,<ZN&8"R,FH&,J*@$D,>46, 4F@FH"&@&*:b@$D"$@H84&@*Z&"8&"8J:\HJD>@<BD@42&@*FH&,, >4284.

(5) C4F84 @H N4<4@H,D"B,&H4R,F84N FD,*FH&, 4FB@:\2J,<ZN & "8&"8J:\HJD,, F&b2">Z F

@FH"H8"<4& FX,*@$>ZNR"FHbN DZ$Z 4 <@(JH $ZH\2>"R4H,:\>Z<4, @F@$,>>@ & FHD">"N, (*, BD@*"0"44FB@:\2@&">4, ^H4N&,V,FH&>,8@>HD@:4DJ,HFb.

(6) 3<,,HFb *@B@:>4H,:\>Z6 D4F8 &ZD"$@H84 J $"8H,D4":\>@6 L:@DZ D,24FH,>H>@FH4 8

">H4<48D@$>Z< BD,B"D"H"< >" DZ$>ZN L,D<"N 4 B@B"*">4b H"84N D,24FH,>H>ZN 8

">H4$4@H48"<$"8H,D46&B4V,&J`P,B\.

(7) A,FH4P4*Z, 4FB@:\2J,<Z, & "8&"8J:\HJD,, <@(JH BD,*FH"&:bH\ J(D@2J $,2@B"F>@FH4 BD@*@&@:\FH&4b, 4 HD,$J,HFb $@:\T, 4>L@D<"P44 @ H4B"N 4FB@:\2J,<ZN &,V,FH&, " H"80, F:,*J,H BD@&,FH44FF:,*@&">4b*:b @BD,*,:,>4b, &,*,H :4@$D"$@H8" BDJ*@&B,FH4P4*"<48 H"84<JD@&>b<@FH"H8@&, 8@H@DZ,B@H,>P4":\>@@B"F>Z*:b2*@D@&\bR,:@&,8".

(8) =,@$N@*4<@ $,2@H:"("H,:\>@ B@&ZF4H\ JD@&,>\ @F@2>">4b &F,<4, 8H@ 2">4<",HFb DZ$@&@*FH&@<, @F@$,>>@<,:84NF,:\F84N L,D<,D@&, 8@H@DZ,&ZD"V4&"`H DZ$J*:bF&@,(@

JB@HD,$:,>4b, &@H>@T,>448@>P,BP44 "DZ$"8"8,*"" 4B@F:,*FH&46B@HD,$:,>4b2"D"0,>>ZN BD@*J8H@&*:b2*@D@&\bR,:@&,8".

(9) AD@F&,V,>4,B@ @F>@&>Z<BD4>P4B"<@$,FB,R,>4b$,2@B"F>@FH4B4V,&ZNBD@*J8H@&

*@:0>@$ZH\&8:`R,>@&FJV,FH&J`V4,D,(4@>":\>Z,4>"P4@>":\>Z,8JDFZB@*(@H@&84&

P,:bN D"2&4H4b "8&"8J:\HJDZ, 4 8 %?1 @$D"V",HFb >"FH@bH,:\>Z6 BD42Z& @$,FB,R4H\

:4*,DFH&@&^H@64>4P4"H4&,.

(10) A,D,*"&",<Z,FDZ$@6HD,<"H@*@2Z2">4<"`H&"0>@,<,FH@FD,*4$@:,2>,6&D"2:4R>ZN R"FHbN F&,H", &Z2Z&"b 2"$@:,&",<@FH\ 4 F,D\,2>Z, B@F:,*FH&4b *:b 2*@D@&\b, 4>@(*" F@

F<,DH,:\>Z< 4FN@*@<. =,@$N@*4<Z LJ>*"<,>H":\>Z, 4FF:,*@&">4b @ &Z04&">44 4>8"BFJ:4D@&">>ZN <,H"P,D8"D4,& ^H4N B"D"24H@& & FX,*@$>ZN R"FHbN DZ$Z BD4 HD"*4P4@>>@6 @$D"$@H8, 4 BD4(@H@&:,>44; 8 %?1 @$D"V",HFb BD@F\$" 8@@D*4>4D@&"H\

4FF:,*@&">4b&^H@6@$:"FH4.

= = =