Nutritional efficiency for conception, pregnancy and lactation in goats with an emphasis on glucose and nitrogen metabolism Landau S., Morand-Fehr P., Bas P., Schmidely P., Giger-Reverdin S. in

in

Morand-Fehr P. (ed.).

Recent advances in goat research Zaragoza : CIHEAM

Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 25 1997

pages 59-70

Article available on lin e / Article dispon ible en lign e à l’adresse :

--- http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?ID PD F=97605955

--- To cite th is article / Pou r citer cet article

--- Landau S., Morand-Fehr P., Bas P., Schmidely P., Giger-Reverdin S. N u trition al efficien cy for con ception , pregn an cy an d lactation in goats with an emph asis on glu cose an d n itrogen metabolism. In : Morand-Fehr P. (ed.). Recent advances in goat research. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1997.

p. 59-70 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 25)

---

http://www.ciheam.org/

http://om.ciheam.org/

GOATS

AN ON

S . S .

Sheep and m a t s Service, of Agriculture

Box 7054, 61 070, Tel Aviv, de Nutrition et alimentation de 1 de Nutrition et d'Alimentation 16, Bernard, 75231 Cedex 05,

This is of goats, and to highlight

some possible applications- of to the adult goats.

of goats, even submitted to phases of

by of glucose and amino-acid metabolism. of

a few days to in stages of

of commencing be

if constantly-well-fed animals, some extent

of at the end of

and utilisation, thus affecting weight and

milk but of and

do

casein in

milk.

of fat in milk fed

fat. to-goats of findings studies out in species,

even of goats, must be done owing to of

in of

goats,

Lactation is the outcome of a

building-up of in subjected to the same

limitations as sheep and cows: i) of

of ii) most glucose must be synthesised de now in the but some glucose can

; of only

in the but most of them (AA) deaminated, and

fiially of AA the animal. These lead scientists to

of VFA is optimal, composition is optimal

the last 20 the development of the efficiency

of VFA combinations maintenance and milk by

m

bags" technique has allowed to assess easily availability of

et al. 1995, AA; Sauvant et al. 1994, and to in et

al.

^1994a).

The classic calculations of "efficiency" based on example,

calculation of km, kl, non-continuous, and

"switch" functions (i.e., of shedding of ova, development of

tissues). Calculations of is, non-valid these functions.

goats (e.g.,

An of

of feedstuffs on

an of in ruminants, mostly

established on sheep and cows,

* by of the subnet on

59

A) Dietary effects on estrus and ovulation

Like sheep, and to cattle, most goats have the potential of multiple ovulations, but this

(

>

3 weeks) effects of on ovulation

body effects

of that modify the no' of Condition. The effects

of body on must be to scientific

The of of goats less dependent on than

thin

goats, (25% of allowance maintenance)

19 days a did not affect coming into but did

and timing of ovulation was delayed et al. 1992). in small

goats, which gained body weight at 30g/d 1986).

Unfogunately, effects of of in this study. No

negative effect of on to have been documented in goats, as it has been in sheep (West et al. 1991).

affects the late-luteal and

phases, a whole sexual cycle in to affect in

sheep (Smith and 1990). is not available goats.

glucose availability (Teleni et al. 1989) may explanation the effect of flushing" (Landau et al.

leucine, may be the clue flushing. The effect on the may

involve insulin et

al.

1995), because: i) is cyclic

et

al.

1992) and peaks on the day of ii] is the most potentful AA to elicit

insulin et al., by the (Lobley, 1992); iii)

insulin peak amplitude is is fed (Landau et al., submitted); iiii)

Both plasma insulin and levels to

to the effect of on the

in of

follicles in the et al. 1989); ii) infusions of

glucose and AA alone in combination maintain a high level in

to feeding (Schillo 1992); iii) in male goats, of is with

of on axis may

of in the

in and in the of

negative feedback, (Thomas et al. 1987). by high-glucose-C

et

al.

high amounts 1990),

high in ewes (Landau et al.

(Wilson, 1984). the luteal phase could

enhance by

mated

long when body fat is X

is anticipated in to the

flushing with feedstuffs, in high yielding

ewes, even if et al. 1995).

by on one hand, that body is oxidised in fasting

animals to as evidenced by of VFA to

supply 20-30% to basal levels, suggesting

glucose is a glucose

and Young 1990), exists in goats in situations of of may exhibit phases of

B) embryo survival and early fetal development

of et al. 1976), and low levels of

et al. 1990),

high body had low post-mating

level, injection was in sheep fed at 0.5 maintenance level than in

fed at 1.5 et al in

et al. 1987) and 1983). is only

by the in goats t h i s function is

fulfilled by the u t e p in

in of month of was

loss (Mani et

in cows et al. 1986) and ova development et

al.

to of was to conception in

sheep (West et

al.

1991).

of

of food. The situation may be dairy goats milked on sheep of 50 showed that 10 kg loss of at this period did not

affect if late of feeding

may lead to fetal

C) glucose and amino acid requirements in late pregnancy.

At of

the of ketosis in goats (Sauvant et al. 1991). Using

supplementation of fetuses, have shown that glucose, and not amino-acid, is the limiting

of sheep fetuses when ewes et al. in glucose

et al., 1988). Adaptation

of in non-

in in non-

et

al.

1988), but t h i s affects gluconeogenesis lactate,

to be efficient in sheep (Steel and Leng 1973),

(Wilson et al. of

acid, fetal

(Landau et

al.

1994). Glucose synthesis and utilisation

goats, et al. 1982), but not

et

al.

of the insensitivity of the et

al.

1988), its uptake of AA

establishing a its contents

of a in 9%) to Alpine does week 12 of

11% et

al.

no effect in

study (Sahlu et al. 1995). A to

late at glucogenic AA

will in and

A p f late' of

acids (NEFA) in of of

al., 1991,

they also at in single-lamb than in non-

of single lambs if

ewes at 2.0 maintenance levels (Landau et

al.

^of

not maximise fetal if et al. 1993), did

supplementation of to (Stem et

al.

goats (Sauvant et

al.

^{1991). fact,}

some extent of lipolysis, induced by physical activity seem to be essential to

maximise fetal of by is not

available goats, 86% above maintenance gave to

kids, 21%

1.8 to 2.5 not affect weight in goats (Sahlu

et al. an 70% of the

maintenance day 91, of

significantly the of of

to NE kc, is low in maintenance (0.13 and 0.72,

and is in sheep (0.145). sheep,

61

8.0 and also in the last weeks of of this complexity, it, is doubtful that one

can be adequate all in goats is

twice maintenance (see calculations by . 1991), some

in not example,

27% in goats submitted to of

in high-yielding lactation.

of

the diet of goats at the end of to by

To goats on this issue.

development

Too of to in

feed 'intake, et al. of fetuses, itself

affected by in goats, the activity

of et al. 1979). This action of placental lactogen on in

goats is so effective, that it compensates fully of et

al.

1985). The

lactation of goats that give et al 1991),

ill-management of body and not OF

A) glucose

Glucose is synthesis of lactose, which in dictates milk volume (Annison and Linzell 1964). Glucose availability in if is allowed to the small

intestine (Janes et

al.

^{1985). but is to} blood when glucose is

infused to the abomasum of (Gross et

al.

1990).

amounts of may (see by

Sauvant et al. 1994), the hand,

to in sheep, but not to

infusions of et

al.

1990), and of insulin

of in goats (de Jong 1982). .it is

is is

yielded

of et al.,

1995). Glucose, as of long-chain

fatty acids units, and may be limiting not only lactose, but also milk fat synthesis had a effect 4 months of lactation in Saanen goats et al. 1992). This suggests @at some gluconeogenesis AA can be if

of glucose No was found in gluconeogenesis

of fed

et al. 1994a). A possible explanation is that coefficients of AA

of of AA and glucose is not achieved.

Glucose metabolism in

communication). Chang is not a function of time,

which may effects of Also, they noted that the

of in if they

given at times of the rythms of glucose

B)

in

Alpine goats, 9% of body to was

achieved by of N in fecal outputs

and 1990), not (Schmidely et al. adapted to

by N

of the --S1 casein allele in of

N (Schmidely et al. of amino-acids

to et al. 1991), body by of insulin to inhibit

et

al.

This

saving mechanism body is set-up in subjected

to b u l i n

little affected, if any, by et

al.

et al. 1993) in goats, positive

et al. 1990) is

not in by on cows in the

Small in milk and

casein content (+S% and +7%, by using of

fish-meal-fed goats was in

fat, et al. of

was feed'

was

kept

was added to diets, milk

exceeded 7 % of of N in milk was et al. is

in goats, the of

possibly owing to of

et al., unpublished). or

foliage is the dominant much of is tannin-bound, and the lack

of of tannins the

potential of et al 1994) and goats (Silanikove et al.

et al, 1995).

cows, the efficiency of amino acids to milk was found

to be 34%

,

output as milk by only

5% et al. is available goats, this casts a doubt on the feasibility

of of milk by manipulating

genotypes, in by et al. (1991).

live of milk yields,

especially if diets of low et

al.

1994), but mechanism is not yet elucidated.

The system. is based on the maximisation

of to

of individual limiting amino-acids, if any, and glucose,

C) utilisation of body and dietary fat

The value of lipid mobilisation adipose tissue milk fat to be

.in in does "meat"

of goats to daily bST injections in

+14% ( ght 1992) to +28.6% et

al.

^1995), to findings in cows (see discussion by et

al.

1995). Feed intake was not affected by bST, plasma NEFA

and milk fat content

active in of in milk of

was is not a

et al 1995).

Substitution of fat (calcium salts of fatty acids) at the level of 6%

in the diet of Alpine goats 19 weeks of lactation did not in milk yield in some studies

al., milk volume, fat content, and

milk-fat yield. A

et

al.

^{to be} of

of fatty acids, and negatively with the effectiveness of unpublished).

D) Genetics and feed eBciency

The balance between the availabity of and

might affect efficiency et

al.

1993) suggest

that the lipid, and that

of

inhibition of in snips by ruminally

was

augmented: this 'lost by which is consistent with the

acetate is amino acid supply is

in the sodium-pump activity in the of vs. low-

cows: in the sodium-pump activity is diets contain SO%ì

but when only 55% of diet, in

milk yield and lactation of goats huge. Allowing fieé access to a

goats in to not

maximise milk-yield: they consume limited amounts, get fat

in the sodium-pump activity at the in goats would to in the of milk composition between goats that "well adapted to

We indebted to N. Silanikove his comments on ^this

(1994). 13:127-32.

E.F. and J.L. (1964). Biochem. J., 103:637-47.

F., C., (1992). Small

V.E., J. (1991). Br. J.Nutr., 66:451-65.

(1990). 19:19-24.

(1994a). Ann.

P.(1994b).

(1993). in sheep and goat pp. 53-84, A. W. Speedy Ed.,

A.W., 1.(1988). Conf.

A.W. "Quantitative aspects of

,

pp. 405-31, Eds.

(1986). of in

(1986). Can. J. 64:1055-9

J., G . B. (1990). 3575-81.

Y., S . , J., Z. Z. (1992). V& Conf. on

N., (1982). Br. J: Nutr., 47537-94.

C.J. and YOUNG, (1992). 7:123-33.

de JONG, A. (1982). J. 92:357-70.

C., J., F. (1995).

J.A., JOSS, J., CONNELL, and (1995). J. 103:137-

L.O. (1991). Small 6:223-32.

C.J. (1976).

T.L., (1986). J. Sci., 69

W.V., (1990). J. Scì.,

J.C. S . (1985). J. 104:77:85.

S . , SAUVANT, S.(1995). Ann. Zootech., 44274

6~303-10.

Zootech., 43:310.

on small nuninant 24-26, Thessaloniki,

Fd. Oct. 25-27, NY.

and

W.L. and A. p. 405 NJ)

Goats, 8-13.

15:139-48.

45.

Theriogenology

,

5 : 227-42.

(supp. 1):120.

73:2864-79.

N., SAUVANT, N., F.

G.(1994). Ann. Zootech., 44:238.

64

N., Z., S . (1995). Hanoked, 24

J.E. (1990). J. Anim. Sci., 68:2566-74.

GUNN, "Sheep pp. 99-110,

E. (1987). Ann. .Zootech., 36:326-7.

(1992). Shzll 8:185-97.

A.(1995). Small 15257-63.

J.J. (1991). Sveriges

, (1988). Soc. 189: 275-84.

T.J., (1979). J. Sci., 6253-7.

C. (1986). Sci., 12:77-84.

Q., O., O. and

1,V. (1993). "Sheep and goat of the Sept. 24-26.

215, pp .54-5.

(1989). p. 171, Ed. John Libbey, London.

(1992). J. 59: 115-22.

T., S., Y. (1991). Am. J.

JANES, A.N., (1985). Br. J. Nurr., 54:449-58.

S . , Z., Z. Z. (1992). Nutr. 32:231-40.

S . , A., Z., Z. Z. (1995). Anim.

S . , Z., Z. Z. (1994). of the

Z. (1995). Hanoked, 22:6-8

(1994). Ann. Zootech., 43:311.

G.E. (1992). J. Anim. Sci., 70:3264-75.

J.J.,

(1992). Theriogenology, 38:1013-22.

(1993). Theriogenol., 39-623-30.

23:E21-E26.

Sci., 38:97-108.

meeting on "body condition in sheep and goats", 24-25,

(1995). Anim. Sci., 60:536-7.

J.A., EVANS,

J.C. (1994). J. Sci., 77: 1816-27.

A., F. (1991). "Goat

Ed. 209-224

(1989). pp. 169-80 (John

Libbey, London)

(1993). "Feeding

in of

30/3-3/4/1992.

(1991). in pp. 84-101

NY)

(1987). J . 80:317-20.

L. (1987). 8:132:41.

(1993). in sheep and goat pp. 85-106, A. W. Speedy Ed.,

(1989).

J.J. (1983). in Animal Ed. W. pp. 143-61, (

and YOUNG, J.W. (1990). J. 73:1005-16.

T., (1992). J. Anim. Sci., 75:220-7.

T., (1993).

S . ,

Anim. 49:267-73.

London).

J. Sci., 2701-10.

65

T., T., Z., L.

,

SAUVANT, (1991).

Ed.

P.

SAUVANT,

Ed.

^{p. 61-72}

SAUVANT, h i m . , :15-24

(1992). J. Anim. Sci., 70:1271-82.

F.N., J.C., T.

,

T.J. J.

N., A. (1980). Comp. Biochem. 67A:215.

N., Z. J. Agric. Chem., 42:2844-7.

N., N., Z. J. Agric. Chem.,

J.F. (1990). of

Ed.

(1986). of in

STEEL, J.W. Br. J.Nutr.

,

30:475-89.

A., S : , and Y.

E.,

S . , J., E., Y., G. and

J.G., Anim.

J. 52:23-30.

WEST, J. Anim. Sci., 69:3931-8

S . , J.C. (1983). Brit. J. Nutr., 50:303-16.

S . (1984). J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 103:317-21.

J. Sci., 78:378-87.

Sept.11-15.

(1992). Anim. 9:187-97.

90: 1-10.

..

Oldham, of

Eds. W.L. and A.

J., ZOOt., 27:317-33.

(1995). 42:13-22.

1:117-25.

C. (1993). Am. J. 2655402-13.

Sci., 64: 1144-52.

66

Table 1: performance in at maintenance level 0.25 maintenance level et

al.

(1992)

Estas ( W ) Ovulation Conception Ova loss ( W ) Potential

rate rate (%) kidldoe exposed

1 87.5 2.00' 92.5' 33.3 1.46'

71.0 1.21b 50.0b 24.0

a'b above means

Table 2: A of on the

milking of goats.

NS on yield

(1992) NS on milk solids

et NS on yield

NS on milk yield

and (1995) NS on solids

NS on and feed intake

al.(1990) Sig. on

soyabean meal at negative NS on loss 13, 15,

18% in diet

of NS on milk yield

(1994) Sig. on casein content

67

Fig.1. The body weight in at maintenance level 1.4 maintenance level to days elapsed initiation of

(1986).

1.4 2.80

24

n

g 22

W

18 16

2.60 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40

-2 4 9 15 21

Time relative to start of feeding (d)

Fig. 2. of (a), (b), glucose and the dynamics a (d) in sheep fed, in addition to hay, with com (--), com gluten meal q d com

(-.-) soyabean-meal (- -): iso-

show that insulin peaks on et al.,

in

1.3U

*** _***

T

-. . - l I l

l

1.00 -

-

0.00

-

^{l I I I}

/

J

0.SO I-

0.70 -

0.60

-

r

*

0.50 ^{I l}

-6 -4 -2 2

to

Fig. 2. of (a), insuliin (b), glucose' ^@ and the dynamics a in sheep fed, in addition to hay, with (--), gluten meal and com (-.-) soyabean-meal (- -):

show that peaks on estrus (Landau et al., in

5 - 4 - 3 - 2 -

1 -

O '

^{I I I I I I I I}

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 o 1 2 3 4 5

relative to PGF