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GENamiAL

ECONOMIC E/CN.,!4/453/Add.2,

, Original: ENGLISH/FRENCH

and SOCIAL COUNCIL

- ,::1~ , . -

ECONOMIC COlVllVlISSION FOR AFRICA

SUPPLEJ.VIENT' TO THE A1VNUAt REPORT , OF THE ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

, (1 March

1968 -

~r'Februa~

1969)

ADDRESSES AND- MESSAGES .DELIVERED 9N THE OCCAS-ION '

, " -

11- . f , . , _

OF THE"TENTH ANNiVERsARY -.AND' ~HFl:NINTH ,SESSION

OF THE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

ADDI$ AJ3.Al3A~ 3 to 5 FEBRUARY 1969

- ~'

::::::::::;;;...,..,~::::::::

... ... III

In

..,1·', ••

III'

Mllnll

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(2)

_. ',\

'E/CN ;14/453/Add.2

CONTENTS

, ::~ , '~.

~ ,

~. .' ~

i .1 ... 2

2 -.;..··3 ..3~'"'<, -'3-:"tf ,4,:...· 5

, 6:

,6 .' :7

T

~. 8'

':.9

9 .:,...

·10

" ·10, .-10 ~..l l

" 12".-,13

13 ....;' 14

,-'

...

'

--',

-.' ; -

, : 1 ; , '

,-

. ~

'-

, - I,~'. . .

,~

'-

- ." I,

. MESSAGES FROM .MEMBER STATES OF ECA "

-~... ... ~ \ ':; . ,~'.1 :", . .-, ,'. ' .

,Algeria _. - "~ ." - -, - "-

Cameroon ..·. ~.: :;... ',: ";." . - - j:..,-

Democratic Republic

of

Co~go, , .Equat or-i.a.I :Guihea' ~,' '_"_

~.,Gl1ana ~

Kenya .~ _ " - ,..

_~iberia ., - ..' _ ..~ _.' -,

'Malawi .~.ji.,'" ~ .;.f

~~,- I,,"~Nigeria ,.-... ,,, - ~.-.... >".... -' ..

, Senegal , _ ..';. _

. Sierra Leone ..' _ - _ '-_

., S,-,)malia ' ..S,~dan

TUnisia ,~

',:'-'Un:Lted

Republd c of Tanzania . 'Zambia

I.

-l:!"

I I . MESSAGES FROM ASSOCIA~E ME~.IIJ3ERS' - .

France

.:- Spain If, ,:,:~,

,'\Tnited Kingdom.

-. '- . '15'

"15

16' I II.

",MESSAGES

FROM OESERVER ,COUNTRIES -.

-

: Australia"

"Be;~rgium Brazil-

Canada- '.,,,' '- .: , ~,. - Chile

Cze.chos 1ovakta.

"Fin'land _',_ .,-

Hungary ~

India Israel Italy

Netherlands

Poland

Romania Sweden

Trinidad and Tobago Turkey

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United states of America -

Yugoslavia

'-

,

...

'. ...;.

- -'

17'

18 - 19

20 20' 20 -"'24

24 '-' 25

·25' .:..

26 - 28 28 28 - 31

31 32 - 34

34 - 37"' ....-,

38 ,~ 39

j9' "

3'9: .,

40 - 41 41 - 42 42- 43 43 - 44

( i )

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E/CN.14/453/Add.2

. CONTENTS (continued)

f

"5~

<~~~~1<

~ IV. WESS.{iGES FROM UNITED NATIONS SPECIALIZED AND OPERATING AGENCIES "

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) :

45

United Nations Industrial Development brganiza.tion(UNIDO) ,46' - 48', Economi,c Commission for Europ.e (ECE) .' - ... - " '~' " ~ .' - ' ',48 ~ 49 Economic Commission for Asia,.and ...the ..Far· East· .(ECAFE) -

49'

Uni ted Nations 'Development Programme (UNDP) ';:'.,': ",'

Urrited Nations High C.ommissianer .f'oz- Refugees (UNHCR) ':- ' ,:,50

Urri.t-ed Nations'ChiLdnents Fund (UNICEF) , - ' 5,t)! - 51,

vJor.ld Food Pr'ogr-amme. (lrJFP.) , - , - ~ - - -' .,. - ''52

International, Labour:..organisation (110) " - ...

- , 5 2 - 54

"~

Food and Agriculture".Organization of.the .United, Nati ena'

(FAD) - . ' - . - ,. - . - . - .. ,. ,- -- -

',54

~

61 '

Uni.ted Nations Educatd onal , Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO) -- ,- . - , - .. - ' ...: 61 , W;or..ld Health.Or'garuaati.on (tiRO) . - 62' - 63 Irrt.eenatdona'l 'I'eLeooiranuni.catLon Union' (ITU)

6'4 .:

71 t'Jor-ld Meteoro.logical ..Organization (WMO) -

71 -

73

International Atomic, Energy Agency

(IAEA) - " ' - ' . , ':

73 '

United Nations Commissioner f0r Technical- Co-oper'at i.on ·:H(·

V. MESSAGES FROM INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ' Organization of African Unity· (OAU) -;{-,1H:- ...

Common Organization

of

Af·rican and Malagasy States (OCAM)

Central African Economic and Customs Union (UDEAC)

Lake Chad Basin Commission , -'

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)'

Commission of the European Communities (CpE) - ._- League of Arab. States '(LAS)" .. ' -

" ':"'75

. r- 75

,76 -

77

'77 -.79"

so ,..;. 79 '81

I

\ '

,;

VI. MESSAGES. FROM OBSERVER", . . . ' . - ,S'TATES. .~ liON-MEMBERS" \ OF THE~ .

UNITED

' . ",NATIONS ,: ... .

Fede,;ral Republicaf Germany '- -. '- .'.

83

Kor~a' 84 - 86

Switzerland - - :,';,' '87

'" .. ,.

See Voh.~.me.:I (E!465l-E!CN.•14!453)r. Annex X 'See Volume'I (E!465l-E!CN.14!453)t Annex XI See Volume I (E/465l-E!CN.•14/453)·~ Annex-IX

,.'

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'~,::c, , '>~

.~~

'.

E/CN.14/453/Add.2

CONTENTS (ocntinued)"

VII. MESSAGES FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS' African-American Chamber of Commerce

BOUWCENTRUM (Netherlands) -

Afro-Asian Organization for Economic Co-operation -

Dag Hammarskjold

Foundation - -

... -

-.

8~r89,

"- 89 - 91 .. 91

'.

Message from Mr. Mekki' Abbas, Former Executive Secretary of

ECA - ... -, - ' . . . • -

91'

( iii )

(5)

flo:

" '\}'

-;~

.

.

E/CN~14/453/Addo2"",.

-,

I. W1ESS,AGES FROWI THE, MENlBER STATES, OF.~~ ECONOMIC

COMMISSION

Fq~

AFRICA

.'... - ALGERIA

On the occas-ion of the'ninth session marking the 'I'errhh -Anniversary of ,the'Economic Ccmmi.sati on for Afrioar., am happy -to .send you, con behalf of the peop'l;e .and'Bcver-nmerrb of Alge:cia:: congratulations O:Qyour work- ','_

andbest·,.wishes for. .corrt Lnued success. I hope to see' our Economi c , . Commission with:.its_-secr-et ar'Lat'E?, .ooLfaborati on pursue' ever-moz-e .effec-:- tively its ..act i.onrt o -help.Afri:cats eoonomic .liberation.- , This will hasten the.' advent of fTeedom for -Afri-can: peoples fight-~ng to recover, their;,~soye:-:.,_. , reignty 'and ejoin :theranks of free nations.' Further strengthened pp-

'._

opez'at.f on' between

:OAU

and ECA

'and

hence the Umt ed-Nati.cns will enabLe >, ',.,',

AfriCa t.o .show vLt s . full,.capacityfor est ablishing,inte~natio.nal90-opera""7 .: .' "

, :tidn'taking into' a-ccount OUT, 'independence a~d the real.interest of "countries which -mustiunreserv:edly support our .deve Lopment t:ask. -, High consi.der'at.ron ,

Boumedienne .

Pre ai.derrt of/Revolutionary Council "

Presldent

of

Council 'of

'Ministers of

Algerian ~eople's Democratic Republic

;",

, "CAMEROON

At a time when ECA is celebrating the Tenth Anniversary of its establish- ment I am happy to send you~my warm·':congratulations and sincere wishes that this United Nations regi,onal 'body may ever more effectively' pursue ~t.s mission

1 ,- • :" -:: ' . . . -

of assistance ,and co-operation 'in Africa. The importance of

that

mission

. --

has already proved its wor~h~, After haVing achieved independence African

countries are

faced,with difficult, ~evelopment,problems.

On the successful

..

soluti~~

of

tho~e ~roblems

depend

~~

the first

PlaC~t

the

._equii~brium'~of

African Sta':6es and in the' Long

-~un S~~f-f~lfil'~ent

f;r Africans. Yet'

thi~'

- - , " - ' . '"; . ',1;"

. solution c~lls for:the' deployment of resources not wholly with~n reach and.

which there,fore require the broadest and most disinterestedco-operati.on.

(6)

E/CN.14/453/~dd',:'2,

, ",

Page 2 '

tva are convinced that the United" Nations wi th its lofty mission of expressing mankind's solidarity and common Clestiny:"is the most approprd at.e instrument for that much-needed co-operation. lr1hile co-operation has not yet r-eached the propor-ti.ona, we T~:ouJ.d }'>c:!,V8 "\fished for' bi;1TiYlg to the .needs we have 4;0

facer we nevertheless realize at this' stage the importance of 'what the

United NatLone is 'achieving Ln -the \'!O!'ld, and,particularly in Africa through '" ".

ECA for the advancement 'o;f 'our countries. The hew decade now 'starting:

should be a decade of better CG"',o~d~.nG,ti~,nf'orUnited Nations eocnomi.c vand technical' activities in AfrIca and more particularly"in-Lnduat r-i.aI develop.... :: ' rnent whi"ch Ls 'essential' to the continent's general development ,,' Afric'an: ,', ',:'

State~s "'should not onlyibe called upon to' participate in defining the .appnoach and the programming of those activities but ,should be moreclose~ and

equitably asaociat ed in the task

of'

continental and eub-z-ega onal implement a...:.:

tionDwhe're-"more':c'oncr'eteinterests are 'at 'st ake , ,I:have no doubt but thai:': . by so doing 'ECA will -still: 'more fully assume its important role in the', servi'c,'8 of Africa' and the international community. Hence-the Federal R~,publicof:,:'' ,', Cameroon renews its total support for ECA whose activities it has alw~s followed and will continue to follow with the deepest interest~ Accept sir, the aasurancea of

:T'fl7

hi.ghest _'con~ideration..

El Raj Ahmadou Ahidjo

Pres.i dent of the Federal Republi c

of

Cameroon

1·1.1

'DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

On the occasion of t'he Tenth' Anniversary of ~CA I send you , on behalf of the Congolese people their party and Government and myself best wis~~.s

for happiness and prosperityo I ~vail rrwse1f of'this opportunity

to

congra-'

,.',.

tulate you on the task'achieved over the' first" ten year's during which

you

, - ' . ' . ' ' _ _ " - I ' i

concentrated on se~ting

up

sUb-re~ionai 'commis~io~s. We hope the second decade will

be.

one of effective action"directed' at intensifyi~g'''c~~.oIler-D>ti:~n

betw~en Afri,c~n::~~atesan'da~cele;ating

'economic 'and social deveiopment

i~"

our :regiono '14~' trust ECA ~ili be 'our spokesman with' the United Natio;n~

'spe'cialized agencies as this- should assist in the rapid development of 'bur

(7)

ElcN~i4/453/Add.2

Page

3

"

yoUng nations ~h6, have contiriual recourse

to

their experience in the various fields

~.

'The

Democraii~ 'R~publiC of

the Congo 'i's very gra.tef'u'l t0

~.CAfor

the

a,ssi'si"~nce

hitherto rendered and which it hopes will be .irrtenad f'Led . over

the'

comi.ng decade~ High and deferential consideration.

Joseph Desire Mobutu President of the Republic

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

"Onbehalf of the, ,President of ,the Republic of Equatorial. Guineaf" I regret that: ow:;i.ng

.t.o..

administrative adjust ment e , ,it has" not been ,possible'-"

for the Republic of Equatorial Guinea tn be represented at the ECA s'esision in Addis Ababa. The Government of Equatorial Guine,at however, expr~sses it~''solidarity with the work of the Commi aaion , and looks forward to 00-

Cope;~ting

with the Commission very soon in the task of economic and social

development in the continent. Greetings.

Ndong Miyone

Minister fer, For,eigl',l.' Affairs,

GHANA

On-t he Tenth, Anni ver-sar'y-

of the

Ec~nomic Commission

fOI-"Afric'a:, by:

colleagues and L

of

the ,National Liberation council would

like"

to congra...;.' tulate the: Commission for its' achievements

in the

past

ten years. 'The;"-"

Government of Ghana which was one'

of

i-he"founding'members' of'

the

Corn~is~iori is glad to note that the. Commission has in no smal~ w~contributed 'to the Economic Develop~ent of AfI,'ica as a,wholer and also is.assisting -to establish var-i oue ~egiQ~al Economje Or-oups ; He h?pe.that ·the next ten years will"en'able the Commission to continue to assist Member States to harness the

,natural'

and human resources of our continent for the total 'advancement of our peoples in all spheres of human endeavour ,

(8)

••

E/CN.~4/453/Add.2,

· Page 4'.," " ~ .

" May I.als.o .at....tp.~, same .time seize" thls opportunity<on beha.Lf of the .

• , ~ ; _ J _. ,~.

GQvernmentand, p~ople,~fGhana 'andmYself to,congrat~late.theExecutiye

., .J. ~ , -- - , ,

· Secretq.ry of.the. Economic, ·Commissionfor Africa and his. .indef'ati.gabLe staff for their -~contribution towards,

a

great c.ause and their acht evement s ,

: : . - - - ~. I " , _

Lt. Gener,al J.A. Ankrah Chairman

National Liberation Council of Ghana

KENYA

Just"over t\~n years ago,' 'Africa followed the example

of

other regions' of 'the world in setting up 'a framework for regional co-operation under

"ausp:l'c~s

,.of

the Uni.ted N~i;i~~s

.",:.(~ ~- .'."

Throughout thi$ ensumg decade , 'the ECA has not only eatablLshed such:

, a f·rameworkt . but has in fact bufLt the f'oundati ons of practi oa.l vco-opere.ti on on a continental scale.

Unlike some other regional organizationst the ECA has had to make pro- gress during a period of immense: and far.."reaching change • .EssentiallYt

· within' this period'~therewas t'he transition from colonialism to independencec . often

as

an outcome of bitter political struggle. SUbsequently, the ,ECA

has had to adapt itself to the many - and still continuing - changes .am~g

,politicalil'. economic 'and social in'stitutions within:'a large numbervof in- depe~dent States_iI And finally: efforts'to podify and Lmp.Lernerrt regional .. co-operation' have .been defied and frustrated by-the racist regimes'in'

southern Africa .andd.n courrtr-i.es under Portuguese rule ..

. , Against''this kind of backgroundt itW0uld se'em remarkable if such a

..·."bddY

as' the'·-·Ec'Ji·"had'even been effective. In f'act , it has 'been

m~~h

more, .. than'tliis,ge'aring itself throughou't all

thi~

time to?Ontribute as part ,')

of·

the-

'wh'ol"e' t~an's'for'mat'ion of Africa. :" '

(9)

E/CN.14!453/Add.2

Page'5'

, '

Much of the activity of the

ECA'has

inevitably been concerned with surveys and studies~ necessary before practical policies could be for-

, ,

mulate'd'and fruitful

6rgarrJ.zations'6ould

be established".

As an

outcome of',this' 'workf) -participat

ing.'

Govern-ament's

have'

had"acceas

to"

a' wealth of

descipline

information

and expert adVice'on' many possible areas of'co-

L / ~,";'. . : - .. - ' i _... .' -';" '-, . ' . . : ' . '",' . ;, - . - - I

operation and 'developmentI; "Moreovert four'sub~regiorial-structures have already been.' set 'up~ "}Jhat' now

lies -

ahead'is

imaginative

work t'o carry"""':

through pr-ogrammes of, action, gi~ing life'arid'putpo~e"tothe"ideis ~rid" ',:':

' • • .J

resolut'ibnsthat'have emerged during,ythis

prepa.rit-orY

phase , ,,':, '

If-there has been'any weakness r this'might be ident~fiedas inability

'.. , or

reluctance 'oiall

'Go~ernment'~' c~ncer~ed ~'o' asso'c~~t~'t'n.em~elve~

compLe't eIy

~i'i'h t'he

objective's,"-

a~d

increasingly

With't~~ i"~s~ira~iO~

.:of the' ECA..'

v ' - .' I ~: " ,-

Tl:is hassin ,some degree led to f'ai.Iure to exploit the full~st poterrt La.l

ci'f

such' a,

b~di~

~'.

with

:all its:

"f~ciiit-ies

• • , ' . 'and

co~t~cts

' , . '•. More.~.1 I · -

.vigoro~s

• - ' and,

. deliberate ~suppor-t f~r the ~CA can bring nothing,bu~, benef'at .t,o the

peop

Ies of

Afri'ca.

I urge ail States ,to

,e~ba~k o~

a new d.rive for 'the

fUlfilme~t

of all that

E:CA

can mean and contrivefso .that we maY"together meef the,

" I '

challenge of development and 18;~ch this continent Lrrto a depa,de.,of dynamic

act

i·vi'ty.,

-- BeforeconQl~d,~ngt I wish to paY"tribute t:o, the' ECA Secreta:r>iatIt 'and:- in pari;.icular - to)Ylr. Robert.Gardiner. ,H~ has proved himself' notion'ly: , one of tlfe" gr,e?-:t~st of '.interp.a~,;i,onal civil servant s , but "also.,~,first and foremost - as an African. So much that ECA has .achd.eved , and can' noW:promiset

is due to his sensitive understanding and urgent concern for the problem of our people.

,.-~'..~..."

/ .

(10)

E/cN~"l4j45~jY1Jltt{:2\',:",

Page:',~6~ - ,

... :LIBER~:J\. ,.',, '

'T" ;".

'--."'. . :~ r ",

'-':~<:',I:le'*t~nd" ~0 ~P:€?::\;],Jpo!-l,091i.9 ,Comm~,l?sio.n" fOIh,Urica through'it,s' 'Executive Sevre;l{,q.:r;~r:.qn" beha.Lf'. ,of...:tlJ.~,iGovernment...and people'of, Liberia and.'nwSE:r1~~' felj.,p,~t~~ i,9,!l~",;,pn,Jt (S:,~~1?-tl;1,'Annj.ve-r~a:ry. "Th~ Ten~~ Anniversary of ,this:: ' "

in~~ i~u~~<?n;-'i§,.perhaps :¥1",~a,:pp~o,pri~t~-occasf.on for reflection about,::~he':," , suc9,es.sE3s,g,nd,failurea':';9~!:;EQA_:q,n~t,",~ffords usvalI the opportunity "for",<r , thou&qt~,;~1;lO'Ll.t~,it s 'fut~ff'~:r,i,:~have" no d,o.u..bt a that t his. will! be'",one of>Jyo'iit principal con9~,~:Er::ai<~tilj.~''d~9n~er~P.oe.;';:" " . 'It,.-isi'also \~1 happy ;cci,:h'nc1.~d~nc'Eil':.'tiha't·\

the Tenth Anniversary,co~nc~d~swith, t4e,Q~qs~ of th~ fi~~ti ~~v~lopment

"..

:~

r

,~.j ~~~': "-~;" :: 'r. ; - ,'- !~ ~; ~ '4:f;~~::: t .~~ ~~ .... :;' ~~< ..~.,r":: ,~:- = -,~t'.,·\'~I-~_" ' '\-) . ~1'" i : '.\ i

decade and the beginning of the _second. As Africa is, a develop,i,ng ..oonti.nent

,( :-i~_~ ~', _<l~-! :~J<I '. '~_-'J. ' ; '.~~/j"{ • . .~:.'~': .':~~.t:'· .;:~·'~1!..\,~'_ ... - ~:,',;.' ::.:~.. \(.~ -- -~:..,.- l;,: 1:.. ' . . I . \ . -' .' -; ; :}. .\... .

it 'may be useful to think about.vbhe next, de cade ~,n.t arms,.of ~l1e,,W:r;t, ~hat

.. '~-'L;_; ':~~~~~;\ :4~:-·~·1'.~~.{:\:'!:'~." ~-'-,~,:' ·;'t:·'-[ _'~_,_;~-f'",9:f':f"~~~: :.::-~-'- ..··~··_·..'-J\_._:t;~:_'_·j ;;-)v·· ,:.'.~'

can be played by ECA in th~ solution,o~the problem~ ~hich cont~~~e,~9;face

;.,:~·;>~'~:"'X .;-.~':~:,~_~i.r:: .~.,- :;J)~-,.~_.'~:.-., .'. ,'~:'f.;.: ' . : . " . ;j ..'~: ····;··l·.~. . . ~."~.,.:' ~;':"',\~..j~'.I; ,.11.\. . .

Africa, 'problems which .ane all connect ed with .ove:r~ economi,c, deve Lopment

r~~'l};~~ .:~.;·,:~r:•.~':'~~ ;.::..•>..;. ~:o.J~·~··"··.'.:"(;··: . ;«, ;""." _:_l._.:..~;. • . . : . ' .r. '.-. :.~~':../-?\~..l ; : " t'-'. ~. . . . .o.: . . .

that will provide a bigh.er standard .~f living for. all ,Afr.i"c~p..s,." :q,o~ f~r EGA

""',","'''' "", : ,'-':" .: ,:',O'~:" \:': ':';, ", :>,,[;1:,' '... : '.',; .. ',' !',,:,.::' ,:,! .. ,~_', :,'" " ! " ',:, ,,; "

has s~own .its~lf a capabl e .and a~ i~d,if=l;peltsa9le,.arm .of' th~ Unite4, l\k~Piio~s .. ,,< ";':" ...'C: " .. ,: " , : ';'r., " ":'" :'k,' '. ;-~', ,--r.-" ," - , ' , , ! , , ' ,', ' " " " " ' ;

in its economi.c and social development ,efforts and,;its succesa Jias justified

...~: . .1,r;:: 0;;~'~.j : .:a : }, - . ../'-:'::.. ,.... r \ ' : ' : _ , ' ._. " '.~j'!"};:,'.. \ .,'-,:~,~ .~ ~ ;.,.. ' . ' " . 0 '• •'~

its creatio,n. ·The pre,sence in Addis Ab~ba o,r the United N~tions Secre:ta:rY-

·.~:..:.~o,'~,~...('.'~:_" .~.:.:.~ .:~_,.~'_ . . ~'- ··1~~-1!··.·.,~ .;: ... ; ,' . . . ' . : . . ' .~' '.~. .

General on this occasion must really add strength~ courage and digni~y~,t?

. - "i . . . . . -' . ,

your deliberations and I beli'eve the decisions of this meeting will lay the

': 0 ' . ' .. : . . • • 0' . .1 • ' • •~.~.;~:"":1j~I • -

"f.otinda:'bi'OD:s: for' the- economic and.' isbcial" p~li~i'es of: the seventiei:i' ... May I

: , " ,,_ ' " ' , " ,'" :",(',Ij,, ' " ' , , ; ' :

concliide;':lrii

tl1' a:>,--fe:-&u

"wor-d:s~ oi~ congratuLitions

to

the. 'clyriarriic Execut1vei

J

S'e:oi'etary Mr.~'Rober';':

Gardrner 'who

has 'shown hi;ns~l;f as

a"

'itreless' ~orker

;;i;:{;('d.'l'if'th'e int:e'±'e'st-"': of 'Africa~

" " , -" ,', ' "" .. ,

,:','..-,"i,' ...

<' ..

1.:.~. :..1 '.__ I ~ , - \' .J."

I'llcoV. S. Tubman President

MALAt~I

~-i.""

/

I would like on behalf of myselft my Government and the people of Malatvi to convey through you to ECA our congratulations on its' Tenth Anniversary.

It is our hope that ECA will .continue to face real~ties and,to be able to meet the economic and social needs of our continent as it has done so ably in the last ten years.

II. Kamuzu :Banda President of Malawi,

(11)

- !,

NIGERIA

, , ','

E/CN

.14/453/

Add.,2 Page'

7

,'~

,

:- ;~"

On 'beha.l.f .of' myself and the people and Ooveznment of 'N{geria~' I : congratulate the EconomicCommis'~ionfor Africa' on

<the occasion of

'it's Tenth Anniversary. Ten years is certainly a .short time in the life of nations 'particular'iy

's'o'

"in the field:of economic development ..De.spits the we:Jll~ini'problems'0€rs'ettj.ngthe 'Corririlissiont some

or

whi'ch, are at

times overwhelmirig, '·it isa happy augury for the continent of-Africa and: :.', a credit to :thoseresponsible',for.'managing the affairs: of'the Commi.ssion ,':

that-it haajsucceeded

in

making an impressive impact on the African. scene ..':

The .pr~ble~s ~onfronting African countries are ~any but to

mY'mlnd

the most pressing is economic for all others stem from i t'~ Poverty gi~e~<:"

- - _.- .\ . ' , . .'

rise to mo~t'of'the probl~ms now being faced by· African states ...'The

Commission therefore in'its,role as a development Agency is' alsoinvoived' ( indirect ly

we

may say),

in

the po1i tical we11-being 'of member Stat'e,s". ' ' The political revolution in Afri'ca during the past decade has' yet t'o be, mat cheer"by'"the" economic and 'social well-being 'of the people. The ECA' ..

therefore has a special resp,onsibility in. evolving programmes- of 'de'trelop~

ment which take account of the p~culiar problems of .the ~egion.

Let'

"me'

aasure you of

the

continued co-operation of the Oovernmerrt and, ..

people':.bf -:N'iger'ia

"in

you!, efforts to achieve the ·aims of,the Commission -, '."

in the

jrears"

t"ha'~ lie ahead , Highest consideration.

~-" Snl'JE,GAL.

On the occasion of the Tenth Anniversary of ECA, it is mY pleasant

duty~ on behalf of the French-speaking countries. present, to reaffirm

·nee more

our

support" for the Organization. Throughout this decade~ with

"its various patterns of sunshine and cloudf our Organization ,has stead- fastly remained the unique and highly equipped instrument that we. hope to use with success in tackling the,formidable problem'of underdevelopment ..

, r

(12)

i

[-

II

i :-'

\

E/CN~14i453!AddI)2 Page

8

These ten years have been fateful years that make or mar an organiza- tion.. Here , however , human'det~,~,~,ination has prev~il~d over the events , and we are pappy to acknowledge the, achievements of ECA and its executives over the past decade ; , ','

In this regardf,' we.rejoace at the'birth of institutions such as IDEPr

, ' - ' I _

AD:Bt the Conference' of Af,rican Statisticiansr' the Conf'ez-enceof African-, , Planners,the Association of African 'Central Banks , the Association for, ' the fldvancement ','of, Agricultural Sciences ,in Africall the, African Civil Aviation' Commission and the Association' of African Airlinest ' as we rejoice at the e atab Id ahmerrt of sub-re_gional offices at Ni.amey, Ki.nshaaa , T,angier and Luaaka.; and the, technical assistance which the Executive Secreta,~iat and its consu.Ltant s have gen~:r,ously rendered our countries, with a view to providing an effective so IutLon fo~ some of our problems.

. , - , -,:",

The pledges already made 'in ,the first: decade~ despite ~avoidable

trial and er-ror , allow us to .hope that ~he:'coming United Nations Develop- ment Decade will ..be a period.of truly" st rengt hened co-operation and economic integration for the Regiono

With this happy prospect before uSt we shall

ask

the Executive Secretary' of the Organizat'ionn 'whose activities we' have steadily f'o l.Lowed , to take special care. ,with' regard to the" orientation of this pr'oceae in the ..interest of our, count r-i es , which with :the organization of international' markets and "

its dramatic side-effects have been a serious,disadvantaget since Africa's development has been considerably jeopardized by the deterioration in trade.

On balanc8f ECA will in the coming decade have to affirm its special . responsibility for Africa's expansion and economic and social growth.

"

(13)

---

..

EjCN ..

i4/45'3!Ad,~,~'~,

Page '9'

,',( 'SIERRA LEONE

, ,

,

b!-_

On behalf of my~elf and the,Gov~rnm,ent of~ierraLeone , I ~s:..e~ti.~o.~,::

: f'ranerna.I greetings on the occasion of the Tenth Anl1~yersary" ~_~ebra~,io~""

1 _ ; , :~ ~r' :"f., -

· of the Econcmi.c Cormussri on for Africa.

-:

May the ECA contmue to" flourish and may the,' hopes and :aspirations of our African peoples be realized. May 'the achievements of the past , ten yearsinsp~refurther:, .concnet e economic and social development of , our great corrti nent ,"

Highest consideration. '

''''Siaka'

'st'evens

r

P~i~e ~ipis~ert Sierra Leo~e~

,. - \ - '

SOJYI/iliIA

, ,

On the occasion. o.f t,he,Tenth Anniversary of'. .the: .Econorrdc 'Oommission : ..f9 r".A.friqai' i t 'is,m;v, pleas.ant dutyt on behalf

pf

the.Gqvernment·" and,',the" "

- ..l: '~~ - " I

• people'of Soma.Li.a., to express our sincere" appreciation of' t he pioneering.

, work done by the Commission in the cause of African econom~9 a~d soqial

" progress.

. . : ;

The birth of a sovereign State is always accompanied by the aspira- , tions of its citiz~n,,~'J'or.a betrte r way of l~fe than what they endured

wider dependencec" it ;:is'equa.Lry truer, .and more so in Africa as events of the past ten years have shown~ that a nation rarely emerges with the optimum ccmbi.nati.on of size and resources best suited for the achievement , of. r?-pid economt.c .and soqial gr.owth.' The only 'soJ,.;ution to this""dilemma '.lies .through a" process of co-operation at, the- regional and~::sub-re'gi611al::,--, . LeveLevThe,Clit:fic:Ulties which:so often appear insurm6unta:b-Ie :"'in'.thei

· initial phase of this process must t thereforet aornehotcbe 'over-coma i:f:',;'

; Africa is to move towards .prosperity at an acce Ierated paces :It., iE?,en-

r't" ' . - : . " " . ; - ' . ' , ' : : . ''. " - . , , " ' . " , .

, cQuraglng

to note., in this cont ext , ~~~t,during,the,past ,bi,el?-nium,E;CA..~_~s_,

b-een

concent retmg

i{~:

'efforts

'~~ p;~'~ot'ing

the

'c~ncept ~f 'co~~p~r~t.io,~'

-, .. ,

· among member countries, on identifying the areas where joint action could ,-most .fruitfully, be under-t aken and on studying the mechanisms through which

it

may

be realizedo

(14)

E/CN

.'14!453/A.dd'.'2'

Page 10 "

The

task that remains giving practical effect to the idea of co-

,~

0, operation - i s pr-Lmar-iLy our ref:!pons;i..pili~,Yas member .courrtr i.es of the Commi.asi.on • . As, we

,{3,panq. ,oll

the threshold of ,the SeQond Deve Lopment DecadeI howevert we are heartened by the, thought that th~ a.ccuffiu:lated knowledge and exnerience at the disposal of the ECA will continue to be at our serv'icein, discharging"thisreeponsibility.

(Abd~rashid

All

Shermarke) President of the Somali Repnb Li c

SUDAN

In my name and uri beha.Lf :of, my colleagues members of the Supreme , <,.

Council of Statet Government and people of the Republic of the Sudan~ I heartly offer our congratulations on the occasion of the Tenth Anniversary of the Economic Commission for

Africa.

Th~ August Orgarriaat Lon hasrend_e-~-dvaluable services for Sudan and other African member States. This is due to a large eXtent to its competent Executive Secretary ~nd staff.'

-',:~ -~~

We earnestly look forward to the continuous useful guidance fr..om,the Organization fo~ Pan-~fricaneconomic progress and well~being. '

.,

Ismail El'Azhari,

. Pr-esi derrtt Supreme'Council of State

TUNISIA

'. The' Tulrlsian

Embassy presents its' 'compliments to the United Nations Economic,

C~'mmi:ssi6n

'for Africa and has'the

h6~OU~'

to convey to

it

a message

from

thePresid~nt ofth~

Republic of 'Tunisia on the

occasio~'of

ECA's ninth session

and'

Te'nth"Annive'rsary •

"The 'I'uni.sdan ~mbassyre.qu,(3',~t;sthe Urii.t e d Nat ions Ep0J:1~~i.c Commission for Africa to ~ay~" this me,s,s~ge.read at th~.formal opening mee'ti.ng of the l).inth '

.(-'

,

, ae aai.on ,

.' , ,I '-

(15)

{t,. E/GNc14/453/~dd~2 . PC!1ge· l~

. ,

The Tunisian EmbassYi~vails itse~f:ofthis 'opportunity to renew the assurances of its highest esteem to the United Nations Economic Commission for. Africa.

On'the"ocoasion of thGuinth session of ECA!: which

"fhis'year'mc1rkE' ."

the .Organi.zati onfs Tenth Anniversaryr. it i s with pleasure that·

'on my':, bliJB.·

behalf and~thatof the Tunisi~ people I convey to you o~r. sincere good wishes -for the succeas of your work , EGA" is ·a forum whe:re,.our corrti.nerrt 113

man;ifQld economi.cpr-ob.Lems ar-e disoussed·andth~ diffe:r1el1",t·countr-ies,·,t~~e steps to ..shou'Ldez- t4ei~,economi.o responsibilities0 ..In- .itS .own: .aphere , " it:. :

I

pr-ovi.dea.a Li.nk bet ween the countries of,the"Af'r-icanccrrti.nerrt/>~GA·memb0r

most favoUrable conditions in the Second United Nations DevelopmerrG, Decadeg

for',the'general

we· 1l":'be

ihg' 'of' Af'r-i.ca,

Stat,es,.,knov.r. that the r-oad to pro.sperity Lies in .an _int0nsification of t,hc:ir mutua1.:tra.~~ r-eLa't.ione ; .They know .that a .heavyrtask still lies aheadand, .

that deveIopmerrt' problems take a long time to .aolve , ;!,ECA ~E!~S be,en;at"J~e of these problems and has found the right .soIut i.on in the establ.ishment of

.~'.. - ~- !

sub-regional offic~so :We ~ega~d thi~ ~s being very muchto ECA's credit~

~._:' \''J.f.'.i ,

Thus··we~ ,for·'our

parl,r

have f'ormedrthe Maghrebt . on .~Jhi,C?h we pdn great hopes

" : _.I ; "~ - .r~;i , - - -. \."

and which Iqffer es an example of the awakening of a naiional oonscience

on the

;~;t'- '~f .G;o~t~ie~' th~t '~i'sh

to

unit~ i,l~,_~~de'r

to

d.~'~el~p'--Gh~i.;"·'q,"~..on~:r~~(f,

: : ~ ,~_ 1, - r ' . ' ; .',"I ' , I_ - ' . ! . _I

because if we propose to. make any headway we must first and foremost ~Oly

' .I ' ', ' (~l' :' \ ~.~.: ' - . - ' . " I . • - . ' " I -- . ' ' , .

on ourselv~so It is the duty of all of you who are assemqled.here tod~y, ~p

see,t~a~

ECA helps deve

l~ping

.countries to attai.n

pros~er,HY

and

ensur~;t4:;'

their voices are heard and.hee.ded by the have-oountr-iea , ttVe shaL], thl\S ))r..;,

, - - - ~' " " II .:,.~--,~ ~• • . :' . ;.~ , _ : .~. " , : " , '

:t;aki,ng $,'

,i'~r'~her

,, _ . , step 'forward to" l ' _ ' -the

,esta.blisl~tpel~t

~ ,,_~; 1 of li0J.:ld peace"'J,~ ~ - _ . :

~- -c(J~1v4;il_ci.2d

••~ ~-• _ ' ,

of ECA's effectivenesso May the task it has init,iated. 'ce pursued und'31.~ the

. . ' ., • • I j" _..' .: ~ - ' , . ) . : ~."' -; -, . ; . ~ ., - _1 •

.

,

Habib Bourguiba' "

.Preai.derrt .of the .Republic .ef': Tunisia.

'...

(16)

,;~,}

n:/CN~'J.4/453/Add'. 2 Page '12

"UNITED 'REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

'J ' '

On behalf of the 'I'anzani.an delegation, permit me to convey my warmest congratulations to the Secretariat of the, ECA on the occasion of,the Tenth Anniversary.

lrJithin the short period' of ten years~ and under the most :difficult circumstances prevailing in the African, continent~ and, with the most im- perfect gUiding lines and institutional t.oo Lsj the ECAhas f'or'ged ahead, ':,,'

in laying down the basic foundations ,for economic and social,development

r

and continental self-reliance. In so doing theECA has

no

dOUbt won'the respect, of many member States although I am aware the Commission has' as' yet'a'lot to do to convince member States that the confidence they

have

on i'l; has not,been mi spLaced ,

MY

deiegation 'notes that the, ECA is not only the youngest of the four sister regional Economic Commissions but also that it operates under the most diverse non-economic opposing forces inclUding ail forms of n~o-

. ,

coloniali,sm and naked raciali sm. Such opposing f~rces might divert'our 'efforts

at

times but no amount of intimidation is going to deter our

r

declared objectives 'to, eliminate the, ~nemies of Africa namely ignor~n~e~

, ,

poverty

and

disease.

No

amount of threat from any quar-t-er-s will deter our efforts to liberate our continent from out-sdated political

domin~tio~.

"

nee-colonialism and economic bondage. We are determined to carryon the 'struggle for the dignity of

man and

the dignity ,of Africa and' its people ' I ,

until total success is achieved.·

r~ delegation wishes to express the h~pee in this:message, that,~h~

'ten years of teething problems have provided great lessonst and a histo- rical setting for the .pha~e ~f ~aturity and Cdncrete action. Indeed the nature and magnitude of the challenge that the ECA has to face demands that it start, to function with haste and confidence which other institu- tions in the developed countries acquired only after a painfully long period.

(17)

. '

~,

, E!CN.14!453/Add.2

Page 13

\ ' \ .

, "

" ' 'Finaily lVIr. Chairman. U!Ei,y,

1.

,t.ake ,thi:s oPP9rtunity ..to .assure the',

'E~~'c~~i~e ~s~'c';~t~~;: a,~d h~s'~t,~ff

of

roJl.

delegationt:e :unqua.lified' support'

for 'theirfut~~~ 'e~~~~ti.~~ '?_~'

t:he

,GOmmi'~sion

..s .,work. MayECA grow from

s~re~h to >~tr~~h. '. . . .. " . " .' . , '.

v-

, Thank you."

ZAMBIA,

The following'

m'ess~ge is

from His Excellency the President, of .the, ' Republic

of'Zanibl.'a,,·'n-r.' :K.D~' ':Kauna.a::'

nOn'the'occasion of the lOth Anniversa:py of the Economic

Commission

i

for Africa I ~xtend to the Organization the good wishes of the Government and people of the Republic' of Zambia. ' It;'

is' gratifYi~g

to"note

'~h~~

although

during its inception the Economic Commission for Africa merely comprised of a handful of African States in its membership, today~ its family has grown to more than forty States. This is the time for us to take stock of the

successes and perhaps failures of the Organization and to reapp~ilS.e'ills general outlook with a view to e~tablishing'afirm foundation based on past experience over the last 10 years. It is also time to re-dedicate ourselves to the demanding task of serving mankind in the po.li.tLca.L; economic and social spheres ..

I.'

(18)

!'

. ,",.

,E/CN.14/453/~dd'.2

, "

Page

14 '

Although,the, number,of Afrio'an' countr-i es represented iri the' Economic

. ' ' . -

pommission for, Africa -to~ayhas more th~doubled from the 'original figure~

, i~,'is",still, a matter,of gr.aye-,,concern to us that~

a

number'

of'

African' States

' - - - ,

, 'are still"not represent~d:in your mi,dstt owing to the fact'that oppressive regimes prevent. them,fr,om participating in

the worthY"'task- of

planning'

f~r

their,'own peoples, ,~n.:th:i,si,r€spect,w~-'refer',toour' sister:cOUntr'i~s living under the bondage of apartheidt! ',racial 'discrimination' and

'~ol~rll~lis~'

in

the southern parts of our continent and in the so-oa'lLed Portuguese Overseas OoLoni.e s , ,,It i,s, our1?elief i~.Zambia .that t:~~ u'lt:irnate goal ,'of tlie efforts

of

the

EcA

is the betterment of' )iving .condat.i one of our people in the

. " '." . " . ' . . .

economic'and social spheres of' their .lives. This can only' be possible if' through your organization efforts,are made to ensure that proper exploita- tion and·distribut'1.on of tli:e!:nath'~a.lresott:rteea of our continentt both human and; mat.er-Ia.I.

,are:

properly

arid-'

fairly'

distributed~

This is not possible, as long as there' remain in'

"our midst'

"regimes like th.e' South Africant' Rhodesian and Por-tuguese whose special ~ preaoou~ii:ii.<iI11.seems to be the hampering and 'prevention--of our brothers and sisters on racial e;rounds to'freely parti-

cipation in the benefit from today's science and technology. It is for this reason that we believe that the ECA·has a vital role to play in the next

\ decade. Finally on this tone I wish

to

pay, partiqular tribute to Mr. Robert Gardinertthe Exec~tive Secretary of the ECA,for ftia untiring ,effort and service to this or-ganiaat Lon and through it the African community. I wish your conference 1'he, best suocess.n "

'Accept my hig~est '~o~s~der~tion.

'..

_,'."" . . . .< . - ' ' ' : : . : I,

, <

(19)

~',

..jo

E/CN.. 14/453/Add.2"

Page 15

II. MESSAGES FROM'ASSOCIATE' MEMBERS

FRANpm,

On the occasion of'the Tenth Anniversary

of

the e-stablishment 'of 'the ,Eco~omic,Commi.ssion"·'for ;Africa t he Fr-ench Government wishes to

pay 'tribute:

to the work undertaken by this United Nations Commission in t.he'

se'rvic"e'

of economic pr-ogre ss in Afri'c,a, and co-operation )etween t~e, nation$,~:iWhich

.,' J ' " , ' ; " , ' , " " " " " " ,

compose it. ,11; expresses the wish thai; per-sever-i.ng on, the cours.e".:thus set,·',

'. ,~ . ! .>' I'~ . ; _ , • • •

al1d~it~i i~s,mall'l;b~:s~~ full support ,ECA's action ~n the" development of,'Africa

. " , , " ' " c :

may fulfil the hopes pinned on it.

I \~,

SPAIN

The Spanish Governernent wishes .on this memorable occasion t 0 congna-«..

.. " , '. ~.;..,.' .:' " . . , ~.' \

tulate the, !' : " ~ Economic" ' . , .Commission~ , • " for Africa'• "' , . and . . . .its member, States. ~. 'on ,the" ','", . oompletion of its first, ,t.en. ' . years of strenuous and frui.t f'u'l work.' ,: ' ,\"

' ,. ' , . '. \ .

,As,.r,epeate¢l..ly stressed in the messages delivered'byH~I.M.:Harle"Seias'sie Ir, the Secretary General 'of ,the" United Nations and other' representatives' ab.

the

" . il1a,~gu;ral aeasion , ,'Spain. feels that the fact that the membership of

'this ,

9o~~ssion shou.Ld have risen, in 'these' ten years from short 'of 'fen 'to over" , forty,. f\lllY.':independent.,,'C01lntries exemplifies

bet

ter

than' anyihing

~i~e'

'i'he

" . ,pri~lian~, auspices, that·await

your

activities in'the

near

future.

'I:

"', The'Sp'a'nish

Go~ern~ent

wishes' very partiCUlarly to. congratu Iat e

tl1

e

tnree new'

member-' countries that'formaliy 'accede

In thi'~ se~sion"

to full'

.membez-shi.p of the~Commission: 'Swaziland» lVIauritius'-a~dEqUatbrial Guinea.

It

i~'

only natural that Spain should

feel

particularly

:pt6~d' of

the happy<:

completion of the processes of independence of Bquat or-i a L'Gui.nea - ihe:' ~ .' ' result of a_ sincere and close co-operation between the Government of Spain and the able leaders of this' young State. Their inclusion in this Commis-

\

sian is the tangible result of this co-operation.

(20)

UNIrrED

K~NGDOM

Han

behalf'of the British Government. I have great pleasure in extending to the United 'Nations Economic CommisSiort for ~rica~ to its individual

i

Mernbe~ G?ve:rnOlent~l' ;,t0 theExecutive Secret ary and t o t he Se cretJ ari att "greet- ings, and warm congr-atul.attons on' the occasion .cf.t.he Commissionts Tenth ',,' Anniversary.

','tTh~ "Commiss:r-6~, has'achieved much of 'which""it can b~ 'proud during the past decade fat', the .economi.c development of Africa ,~ as a catalyst for' Ldeas ,

~n~titut:ions 'and acti vit i ee , and 'iIi par-ti cuLar- 'as a pro~oter

'bf

multi-national co-operatLon ,

"Associate Membership of the Commission has enabled the British Govern- ment to keep in close touch with the work undertaken and has provided oppor-- tunit.i es to offer constructive comment and to make a"

fuil

coritributici~t

especi'ally--by way of technical adv'i cej : to the Commission's' deliberations and activiti:~s.. , li1Tehave'been able 'to assist

the

C6~mission from time

to'

time by providing ~echnical. exper-t.s in advisory: capacities and'by.f'Lnancing

.;~, : : . , _ ' ~ '\J = '

c9ns~ltan?~es, an~:feCl.~ib:Llity· studies of projects having developmental, poten~ ~ai. Hear~, ready to play our' part in t.hese respect s in the future~~',' The British Governmerrt.. is a.Lso providing substantial 'bi Later'a.L aid to'''-African countries - .tot;alli~g some £.

70

.mi.LLi ons in,

1967 -'

and wi-thin our 'fil'fanci-aol '

. ,

limitations we are a.Lways ,prepared to ,Qonside:r:- proposals by,recipient' Govern- ment s or groups of Governments for a110 cat

int?o

British ai d t0 pro Ject s base d on .the

potidies'

and

recommen'd:~t-{ons whi~h

emer-ge from the CommissionIs, work.

- " '=-: t , .- ~ .~ - ~, . 'I : : -', ; . - _ .', " -

HIt is my.,sincere hope .and ..that ,Of, my Gove:r:nment" that: with'the f'u Lt : ..,"

support and, co-operat Lon of it;s .members , the wor~., of t·he' Oommisaion. ,will'

. ~..~

prosper in the years

,to.

come ;"

. 1 ,

(21)

..~

"

, A'...y

IIIG MESSAGES FROM OBSERVER COUNTRIES

; I i. -".'.

AUSTRALIA

E/CN~

14/453!Add.

2 ::'

Page 17'"

III '

On the occasion of the Tenth Anniversary session of the United Nations Economic Commi asi on f:or M'l?i;ca r',·I 'have the honour to

convey'

to you , 'on

behalf.of the,,.G.Qvernmen,tJ.of:, the Commonwea.It.h of Australia~ warm: congratula-' ,

I'" - ~" ,;," , ' ~, - ,

tions on the ach.i.evements" .'..-. - . ' . of, the Commission- otter'-the past ten :

year's'•. '

,

The Australian Government has watched with close ..andsyin~t'hetic in- terest tihe...c.~l1ti,nui~g,ef,forts of theCommissio'n to'a'ssist its memb'er' OOu.i1~ries . in their eponomic. and, soa i\a.1;. progress. It is' aware of the many d1.fficillt' ,;., '

problems .ra~.ed.by :the· mernbez- countrdee of the Commission' andof the 'valuable'

, Cont ribut Lon. ~;Jhi.c~, ~he .Qpmmissi on,fs work is making in'dealing ·wfth the

se

problems. Australia's own, experience as a member of the Unit~d:' Nat'ions~'

.,1,1.."

.' t

. ,

I alsoe~t~p.d ~Q ,yo'l~«~be"Australian.G,overnment"s"b~st wishes'for''a ..

successful 4Jmiye~ary se~sio:p and for the work of the Commission in the' years ah~a:~~

-, .... '.'

Pleas e '

'accept

e'

Sir;'

':t

he

'assurances of my 'highest 6onsidera.ti.o.n",

Yours sincerely!!

Gordon Freeth

,.5

,r ~ . '

~.."'-... ..-''. '

, . ',l

.::,-~,

,j

, I

,OJ_ ;~, '

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tractable engineering aspects, especially in the area of message part identifiers, but workshop participants felt that more of the work was ripe for research. The ability

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We thus identify one single task which the host must perform as its part of fault isolation in the internet: the host must use some strategy to detect that a gateway to which

While the governing bodies of the 2003 Convention have discussed the issues of governance on different occasions, the Committee inscribed a specific

Although the proposed LALM and LADMs are not necessarily always the fastest (again, for matrix completion problems with small sample ratios relative to rank(X ∗ ), the APGL

……… husband in the world.When she is at work ,she doesn’t worry about the kids.Besides, she is (tired) ………than before.Finally ,she believes that her husband is the (

Availability of regional information on the internet can be researched minimally in two levels: the local information resources and the nationwide information