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Viewing the New South Africa

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HAL Id: hal-00788486

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00788486

Submitted on 14 Feb 2013

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Rehana Ebrahim-Vally, Denis-Constant Martin

To cite this version:

Rehana Ebrahim-Vally, Denis-Constant Martin. Viewing the New South Africa: Representations of South Africa in Television Commercials. IFAS Working Paper Series / Les Cahiers de l’ IFAS, 2006, 9, 93p. �hal-00788486�

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