HAL Id: halshs-00231975
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00231975
Submitted on 1 Feb 2008
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Evolution de la spécialisation internationale de la Russie depuis le début de la transition
Olga Garanina
To cite this version:
Olga Garanina. Evolution de la spécialisation internationale de la Russie depuis le début de la tran- sition. Séminaire international ”La Russie européenne”, Laboratoire de Recherche sur l’Industrie et l’Innovation, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Dunkerque, 14-16 décembre 2006, Dec 2006, Dunkerque, France. �halshs-00231975�
$01 23 !"$&4. %&
56879:;9$<+9#=?>@=?9
ACBED%FHGIKJFLM+M+N
OQP+RTSUPWV.X+YZSU[
\$XZ]WPWV.XZSUP+^_V[`bac&REPWYPWd^e[`[f_Xg?VPW`h+RTS_^ePWYi[TSj`[f.akYZS_lnmoV.XZS_^ePWYk.YZS_[pVnY+XZS_^ePWY+Xfq[pr
OQles?X+VS_[d[pYZSTcREPWYPWd-^q[?gP+fe^tSU^qu+h+[`[f.ak.YjS_l.moVnXZS_^qPWYkYZS_[pVnY+XZS_^ePWY+Xfq[[TSj`hOilEvE[EfeP8s+s[pd-[pYZS
wxY^qvE[pVny^zS_l{V[pYP]Wft[?k8k$g^e[pV.V[$|([pY+`}py~?V.X+YRE[
$x8 zbA
+ZFpJn@B$eFpJ8J FFpK+KJE+DEF%K+
4MWMC1JF+ WI¡UF¢FE+Fp£i¤+WJ+DEF
¥xBE¡t¦4M+N/§E¨CTLQ¨4ML
p£¦-MW2¨4NC¨TL2+¨1#§
?GiEU¡$©4 j¡ª4¦«ªJE+_T¬®¯GQ°±ª+J FHK KI¡eFW¦²°tJ
|(PSy³8R%fqlpy´R%PWdµd-[pVR%[[¶+S_lV^q[%hWV.rXvpX+YZS·XTm[pyREPWd#s?XV.XZSU^¸Wynr^_Y+y[VS_^ePWYi^_YZS_[V.Y+XZS_^ePWY+Xfq[pr
¹&hWy.y^e[»º
PW`[py$¼%cx\´+~½4¾
o !"$- E.
o@F*¡BEDE¡e@FEGCFE! !¢ +FEe¡»C.t@E+D%F DE jK jGC !ZF +tZFE¡_¡eF8¢xF +F
¡ C+· C+FW Bp¯WI¡q !ZF! DH·H¡et@F! WeB8!ZFK +¡UnqF+ +$°±EUJF°8ED%F+F£ BE°±
Gi.FJ.©8¡eF¯!pªF-F¡ BED% jK GCqF°@FpJGiBEF ¡ B!D% jK jGCeFC K+jFpJ@FEF.UD!FE¡Z$+F¡ BTDE ++ +GCtF
E+GC_t±JB%F/¡BTDE ++ +GCqFF/GipJDB4¦ ¡e/+q°±°8BpJnFpKDTF/+F!¯ Zi+F ¡"!xJ j¯F/D%Fp!±JE¡UF% $#¡UFW
JBp°± +JGCFW»+F¡e ¯oBpJU +F+F¡e/±Jp²8U jTZBEDpZF! DE GCGiF Z,¯+J DEF!n»+F¡eIZBpJ@U +(+F
¡"!tFEGC¯J F DHeE¡Ut@F»F& +!&¯K KKJIW+¡ E%B!U &»¡ bJ8 +¯F'8DEF'!bDJBE+·Ie¡qtF»¡eF!JBE°± +JGCFWbFp
.eFEDEF¯+J D%F!.±&FK±T. DEUBC+F!¯FpJ@F!&D% jq+BJpI¡qFT¦j' DE G-¯pJEt pF%D ¡"!·(
#¡U
.eF®J Fp¯+JB! FHT@F FHWJ j¡eGC @UB +F /¯ +¯Wo¡e±· jK+N$) +F j@FpJ@J8@ +JF F N+M$) +Fn
¯+J !ZD±· jCU!±J8eFE¡U¡eF+*t! + , W+@F1¡"!eBEGQFJ8ªFE+DTF+F1K K+jFE¡q¡eF!b°J jT±qJF!?nBp¯JE!¡e-.eF
+Fµ¡"!xJ +¯F¢F!±Jp¡eFFb!i $ FE/.1JUFET@ ¡·1JB%!ZD%±· ji+F F!?°@10TE+F!'GQJ ²8eGQFT?Fb¡q¯FpJ@F!
DE +!±J32j¡·F+FDEFpJ±@HUF FW?¯ +Jt¡UF!?¯¡#UGC¯ +J@p!¦W'µ¯FpJt@F! @.tW'+F ±¯FpJ8¯Wt. EDEF!t
¯!'B@BDE +G¯FEoBEF¯pJ'+FKbªEUoBED% jK GC!ZFT?¯ WJ?¡UµGi +J ²@Bµ+Fµ¡e¯ j¯WZ¡U@U +o¦!'±Jpo²8U +
DE ++!Z¡ p¯+¯KJ tnnFHGiFE!'%Z+F¡epJ8ªFD% KZDKFQ+F¡Uµ¯ +¯WZ¡q±U jK1oKF°± jJ@F-jU°±°8BpJ FHKDEq8U +
+F!JFpFET#-F4 Z+F/+Bª+JE+@U +;DE +e+BpJpI¡eF F!-UjeDE@FJ.-+BHG jª+J¯++ !ZF! F+F/nE!@BW¦
¥b K&DEFT°±ED@FJ.¯ oF!+F!&DE +!±JpUT@F!BpJeF FK&¯ W+J¡ B5!oe¡qIJFCBEDE ++ GC !ZFCF& DpUE¡$+Eo
¡eFWbp++BTF!FE+UJ¦
'4#neF 6KBpJ@B+FW+t8¯+J +¯ WJ ±· jo+F ¡ B!D% jK jGCeFµ¯¡qE+e°8eBEFE# ²?¡UFQ±J+BpFE¡U +¯+¯FHGiFE!
+F ¡ _!±J@UF ¡U WJ+FF +F ¡ U!±JUF+F+BE°8FEnF +B±JUGiFHT*+FDEFE¡U¡eF +F!3IqFE3F
DE + GCGQ±U jKxoKF2¯J@xF.+F»°8EIZ¡qF DE G-¯B8²to²@B»+FKU!±J8UFWGiE!Z°8EDtJ ·pJF!+±JF
¯pJ ¦ FpK+E!&¡e ±Jp²8U +x¡U7eF ,FE+¡enF»+Eo-¡UF2G +E¡eF +F»+BpjFH¡· j¯+¯FEGiFE!IZ!B/J¡eF!
F£K¯ jJ@.±U +$ jWJ DEpJI4JF!b¡UF!U!±JUF!GiE!Z°8EDtJ8epJF!,pBJE!&+ + DE +G¯B@@·jFW+po
FEWJ ++FHGiFE!1Dp ++DJ8JFpT8UFE¡t¦#'8!ZF!@U +;F ¯ oF 9 WJ%To:!ZHT+£ ¯FpJn8¯FED@F!-+F
+·jFpJ.e°8eDE@U j+F!±±JZD.tJF! +F ¯+J@ !ZD.±U +o¦'FQBjFH¡· j¯+¯FEGiFE!&BED% jK jGC !F% ¡UiDpJ e.nE+DEFiF
¡e +ZFpJ.q°@qD%8· j +F ¡ p¯+¯pJ FHU¡»¯+J !ZD±U°±»¡ªG»FpT@±U + ! D% jT@Fp! @F%D++ ¡· jª;!ZF +F ¡e
¯+J !ZD±· j jT p°°@qD1KBK1+po¡qF»+tDE WJ. +°±°eDEeFH¡DE jGCGiF»¡qFT KI9nFED8U°µGinFJ.FD% jUBJB!
DE +GCGQFDE +++@U j/¡eµ°± tbF1¡e@Ie¡q@BU!@BpJeFJFF+F1¡·µGiFHU¡e¡qFpJFU!@Bpª+J ±U +QU!@FpJ@±U +H¡eF
+F ¡U7#neFW¦ : WI9nFED@U°+F D!Fq@F»JFEDKFpJDKF DE +ot8@F< B.tZWUFpJ¡ Bp ¡+@U + +F ¡e @¯BEDEqE¡e n8U +
U!@FpJK8· jKH¡eF +F ¡e=eF +Fp¯WZt(¡eF BpIW+ +F ¡U ±Jp8· FF!±8UGiFpJ(¡eF¯ K@F!±UFE¡ +F
+·jFpJ.e°8eDE@U j +FµF!?±±JZDtKJF!$¯+J@ !ZD.±FWbF%F£¯ +J @.±U +o¦
pJ±±UDE¡qF±J H²@F+FtJ@ + "+EGCFWbGC.FJ©
p§>?¡ Bp ¡+@U +»+F¡e 8¯BTDEeE¡qt@U +»U!@FpJ8±U jE¡eFF¡U4#neF68+ W@pGCGQFET@ ¡·FDTH¡eDZ¡F!
UjeDEFW +FQ¡e28¯BTDEeE¡qt@U +/U!@FpJK8· jKH¡eFiFH JFED% KJ!?Q¡UQGiB"K +Fi+F 'E°@5 [TS#Xf@A §¤+¤+¤%B"¦
'CeFQ¯ nE+F»¡UFWpE!@ªF!DE +G¯pJ8U°JBZBE¡UBW+E¡eF!D$ WJ DEJIWJFTbHUE!ZF»+Eo
DEFpJ±@pU¯+J !Z+FQJF!n WJDEF! +tJF¡_¡eFWDK K@G GiFE! ¡U»°e¡qepJF Ij t¯p¯UFpJF&T@FEq°FE
BpKFpJ8ªqF/8GQB@+£ + +/°@FpJ8JF£j$EDEqFJ$FpWª+J Ht3FJ8J8ZF ¯!4Q+BpFE¡U +¯+¯FpJ+FW pE!@pªFTE
%+±JF!'FED@FJ.GF
L%¡ Bpj ¡+@U j +FC¡e2±J±ZDt+JFªBE +ªWJ p¯%+ !ZF +FTBTDKH4ªoFT&+F ¡eHeFW¦j'6qFµ@FpT@F
+FQ¯+JB! FpJjFpJµ¡e7IT ++F»UT@Bpª+J±U +/JBªU +E¡eF J¡+DEeFH FK@¯EDEF/ WeB8!ZF'2¡ Fp£DTFp¯W±U + +FW
¯ oQIjE¡@FW»D%FJ!Z+ +++FKHt HKDTFJ¡e;¢ GCG ++@B+F!Qb@.Q8K+Bp¯FE++E!K8¢x'¦.J
¡ U!@Bpª+J±U j»¯+J FHK D%pJED@JFCB@±e@F'L+F °±10%E+F%LE¡U +J.?!ZF¡UFW±J@Bpª+UF!&+F!&%D@FJ.¯+JBW
M +JUFE!@FpT$FT.FET8UFE¡e¡qFEGiFE!FJ.b¡UFWxG pJD1+BWb DEDpUFE!@+£F
8$¡UFWµ¯FJ.8¯FED8FTµ¯ WJ¡pFE+J-%jFTD KF t@F!±e j ¯pJt±eDZ¡_epJ F2¯ +J@BEF ( FED.@FJ+FT
$ WJ DEJIWJFT¦'QDJ jtnE+DTFQ+FTJF%DEFt@F! +F!?$ ++J DEpJI4JF! DE +!tJ@·I4ZF7Q¡ ¯+¯+JBEDEe8· j JBEFE¡U¡tF
! J W+I¡UFiF@#¯pJD%F IqEt$ Z/eG ¯%D+Bªo±U°¯ WJ¡UF! F!D@FJ.GCETo°@EDtJUFpJnFp£+¯ oBTDQ¡t
DE ++DJ@JFp+D%F1U!@FJ8±U ++E¡eFW¦
N$OQP>RS%TUWV+XZY\[M]>]_^9` a_bdc>e9f1c
' %& . + %& H"$ %&µ3)+.
+>896>T9n> =o<+>»689 !E>"$#%*9&.>' <()<(% >'o<*)
+%-, .n>",b6"
' 8¯BEDEeE¡qtn±U +U!@FpJ+8U ++E¡eF+F¡U #nqFBEDE W¡UF ¯pJ;B%DEF!@B+FDEFE¡U¡eF+F ¡e
0/¦'F!&¯+J +¯+J8UB@BTµ Z@BEGC!ZFW +FQ¡ BEDE ++ G zF ¯¡UE+q°8eBEFiFp£+¯¡q !ZFE!&¡UQ+ ++@DE G¯B±²8@B
+F ¡ U!±±J8eF +F ¡ D
o°3¯ KJ ¡UF! JFT WJDEF! +tJFE¡_¡eF!¦
ojHT ¡U ¡U +ª;!ZF !
¯¡UE+q°±qDT@FJ¡Uµ¯+JU +J@BB@p EDEDE +J+BEF +BpjFH¡· j¯¯FEGCFE!b+F¡U!±±J ·Fµ¡U WJ+FµFb+Fµ¡ U!±J8eF
+F¡U+BE°±FHo F +B±J8UGiFE!+F!#IUFEob+FD% j GCGip±U jZ¦
FHGipJ !Z jx@ WW'%I +J'! q¡$FT'_GC¯ +J@pT'+FWt±UWªWZFpJ¡eFWBTD1+EWªFT&+F ¡ 6
pFTD
¡eFW$¯ o DEqE¡Ut@F!'+E$ZCDTEWJFE+GQUt±JBEF¡UFD% jGCGiFpJDEFpFED¡qFJ F!@F! GC ++FFE¡U ¡eFW
¯+JU+DEU¯F! +F GipJD1KBW¦ FE¡U + ¡e ¢ GCG tU bJ8 +¯BEFp+KF A §¤+¤#§9B8 F¡t +F£ ª+J K¯FT
%U!±±J ·F! +F ¡ ( +!nD%Fp¯W8I¡eF! TZJFpJ ¡U j4ª @FpJ@GQF¡eFJ_onFJ±U +E(¡eF!
BEDE4ªF!GC ++e£©#DEF jT¡UFWD$ WJ DEJIWJFTF@$+poF»GC UKWJF2GiF!±JFEx¡e»°e¡qepJFQI q
¯p¯UFpJb¯ KJ¡UF!!FE¡t¡ D jt@¯ F +F!-pET@pªF!-DE G¯J±U° JBpjBH¡eBW1-+po¡UFDE jGCGiFpJDTF
jF!D8L ¡eFQJFT@FQ! GC ++F$LD +J@pI¡eFE §>¦ACEµ¡zFQDE G GiFpJ DEFQpZFEDQ¡eF»¢-b$¡eF!pET@pªF!
DE +G¯pJ8U°F ¡
jTb¯¡&+ G IKJF£¦¢Fp¯FE++E!@¡ D
F!±$± W9 KJn+B! %ZET@pªBEFFE
GiED1+UFKiFCB1!Z¯FEGiFE!¯+J !iE¡_eGiFHT@EJFW»FµIUFEoi+F DE +o GCGi@U +o¦32iBEE+GC Uo DEF
GC +FQFQDEE¡eDpo¡b+FCJFE°8¡e@F7!ZFQ¡eFW B!D1KH4ªF!Fp£t@pTx H+ +++FpJ&¯¡U+°± +J Gi@U +±J¡t
DE +G¯B@@·²@B+F1¡U¯+J !ZD.±U +o¦
¥xI¡qF% §
46587*9;:7*<*=?>@BA*CD7*EF7G:HJI>KEMLN58LBOPL!>Q&=ROTSVUXWZY&Y8[\!]*^*^X_K\!]*^*]
`
PbaBcFd V;eU
` f
dhgjiPd+cNklPbaBcMd
[Gc
`nmhop
RqaBdhgabrsNk5Rb?dltdaMiPg*cMd&iS
m
augb5P>Svi wvx5azyF{ wvx5a|yMx wvx5azy5f
{dc>VPbl}Mk!gJi;R|}B~dgdiraBdST9RVd x1afF x5a] [ x1a| F{
1c
`nm
iR STdhg b9STdl-RSTdhg x1a [ x5aF wvx5a[9[
ydcdS\Pbcbk1R|iPg
o"p
RlRVsbkBdhg x1a|x9^ x5a[Mf wvx5azx [
e1c
m
b5RVdSd"iF}1P>Rg x1a|y5] x5az 5f x1aqbx
^dcdNi;Rq~Vdhg x1a|xFx x5az ? wvx5a^ [
dcGXd"a9STrdhg
m ~RltdaNi
m RSTdhg wvx5afb{ wvx5afM wvx5afbx
f1cRVd"augcMd
o
Pba!g PblKl
m
iRPba wvx5a^F wvx5a| Mx wvx5a^Fx
]1cbe3kbiSTdhgG}1Rdaug x1a|{5e x5azxFy x1aeF
BFb"hbG;bVN&N*h"M?; b¡¢F¢!¡"£"¤M¥F¦§V¨B¤
3©dhgGª
m
~dk5Sg*cMd
o
d"iVi«d
om
ir9P>SRVdgPbaFidP}MidaMk?dg%b
m
S*cFrcbk
o
iRPba d"i a>b
m S o
Pba!gTrsbk?d"aMiaNaBd+g\PbaMi1b
m
gg RbaR¬ R
om i;R|ªBdhg
µKWJFE°° [HS2Xf@ZA §¤+¤#§9B;pKH¡; onFE!¡UFWBED1+E4ªoF! FpT±JF¡UFW;¯ o +F ¡ F%£j8¢-' F;¡e
¢ jGCGZ++@B/DE ++ +GC !ZF bJ j¯B%FpWKFJ8¢xbE FCJ8J8FE!C¡UDE ++DE¡U *qGiq¡eEUJFEµ +i¡U
8¯B%DHeE¡qt 8· j+F¡ 6 J¡qFT $ jWJ DEpJI4JF! +£!ZFE¡t*, K+@FpT@ +FGCE+epJFGC Uo
ª+q°8eDE8F%¡UFWbG UBpJ £ + + GiB@E¡U¡q !ZF! F¡qFT#ZB+eDZ¡qFW$J K4±UFpJ.¦
A+±J F!+@FJ. D KFpJD1+FET?QFW±UGiFpJ¡eFQ¯ W@Fp!±UFE¡'+FQ+ZFpJ.U°8eDT±U + +F!Fp£+¯ +Jt@±U + F
¡ C+· ® KeB±!FCFE»JFE¡e8· j ¯Z!.npªFC¡BTDE j +GCeF +FQGipJ DBW¦jAZD1*®E+F% BE+v¯t'F5 Kª j+eF
A §¤+¤#§9BF!±UGiFE!¡UFW-FE°8°@F-!;¯! pªFQo/@£+F D1+EWªF +B1!Z_¡eIJF®J-¡q»JFE!@Iq¡q²@B +FW
° f
rbFkb}B~RsNk?dg\P
o Rm
~R«gjid&¬PrcFrMS
m
i;RªBdg\Pª1RVr"i;RVsbkBd+cMd
f
k!gg\RVd
±²
o
R;aM~³RaBc>R
o
d´Vµ R¶w
` R¶·v¸v´«µ R¶¹
` R¶·aPºKµwvd_b5P>SJi
m
i;RPha!g"a
`
wRqlEb9P>SJi
m
i;RPba!g\a9R.»Eb9S\Pbcbk1Rqi;a"¶wb
m"¼
gcb©8³RaBc>R
o
d&ª
m
S\RVdcFdw [´V~Vd
b5S\PbcNk5RziuaB³dhgjidb
m
gd_b5P>Svir·½?[´~Vdb9S\PbcNk5Ri?a!³dgJi1b
m
g%RlEb5P>Svir·"c
¾ ²J~+gT³
m
>Rqi&cMdhg RqaBc>R
o
dhg cFdR~³RqaNi«d"a!g\RirSTd~
m
iR|ªBd¿cMdhgÀ¬P~k?ncFdR~³Á
f Â!ÂÃm ªBd
o
~Vdhgb
m¼ gcMd¿~
m V UUc*Ä7R¶TÅÃÆÇ´«µ R¶ÈÅF¸Ä<c·¸
´«µ Rq¸Ä<c
`
Rz¸«Ä<cGKÄ)Å*ÉÄ c·Êµ RÅ0»0~Vdhg3d>b1P>SJi
m iRPba!g3ckb m¼
gQRda b9S\Pbcbk1Ri*Å5a
`
¶ÈÅ0»Ë~VdhgRVl b5P>SJi
m
iRPbaug3ckb
m"¼ g*¶da
b5S\PbcNk5Rzi8Åda*Ä w&~Vd
o
PbltlKdMS
o
di;Pi
m
~ c.©P>SgTsNk?dÌÆW[ a*~Vdt¬P~k?
o
PblKlKd S o Rm
~;cFrbBdaBc0kFa1RqsNk?dlKd"aMi&cbkb5P>RVc?gSTd~
m
i;Rq¬3cFdhg
b m SJi«d"a
m RSTdhg7RXd"i¶d"incbk b1S\Pbcbk5Ri6Ådc©P>SgTsbkBdÍÌÎW[Ê~VdʬP~k!ÏdhgJi6STd~
m
iRªBdlKdaMiDbB~|kug7RaMi«d"a!gTdÍsNk?dÍ~
m
lP
¼
daFaBd
´Jgb?r
o Rm
~Rg
m
i;RPbaÇ}1RV~
m
i«r Sm
~Vd·*d"i!~P,SgÈsbk?dÌÐW[ Rq~.dhgJi1STd~
m
i;RªBdlKdaMi?lP>RVa!g%Rabida!gTd_c
I+J HKD1+FW1¯pJ±±J?o@I¡·F! %FET±JBEF! +J ±·F!'DE jJ@JUªBW¦!'FW'GCFEq¡q¡eFJnxJ B!Z¡@ +! FpWJ Fpªt±±JB!
+po ¡eF! U!±JUFT Fp£W±J%D±FWC¡U(°e¡qepJF,I q /¯p¯UFpJC¡U e+BpJJ@ªeFEC¡U(GQB@H¡U¡J8ªeF,+ ++
°@FpJ8JF F F n*+Eo¡eF!DE +o±J±ZD±U +GiBEDTp+ !ZFW¦ª%+FW
Bp+¯'F +ª ++eF
A
§¤+¤WLB
DKFpJD1+FE!»+B@FJ GCUFpJ¡eF!µIKJpD1+F!C±nDEFp¯W@·I¡eF!-%t±J FpJ+F!-DEp¯@£Z ¡U +Wª @FpJ8GCF»ª+JED%F<
¡eFJ¯+J j°±@pIq¡e@B KFt@FW¦ 'F!-DEE¡eDZ¡tC+F!@+£+F2¯J +° ¯ !@Fp!±·FH¡t £ ¯+J£GC Kje£ ¯ KJ¡e
.eFQ°± +!'JF!. jJ±±J?!ZF ¡eFW¯+J °±µ K EDEFE!&F ¡· j4ª @FpJ8GiF ¡eFW¯¡· °± jJ jTFWJFpªt±JBT
+po3¡U GiB@E¡U¡J8ªqF%¡UF! $ WJ DEpJI4JF! ¡U °8U¡eqTJF ¯p¯UFpJ3F ¡UF!*¯+J !o² GCUBpJ+£ + +
GiB@E¡U¡q !ZF!¦E'FW#@F£48U¡eF!¡U!#±±J8UFD1+qGi!ZFF#¡ qWªBE+eFpJeF jT+F!$¯+J@ j°±@pIq¡e@B!bGC Uob°± jJ±@F!
GiEb¯ o@·jF!E¡U +J.!ZF1¡ ª+J eDZ¡tJF%¡UFW$¯+J !o²b+FI tbFx±J± WW¡ U!±J8·FµE¡qUGiFE!@EJF +!
+F»¯+J +°²@%Ie¡UB»+Bª8jFW¦¡U jJn6!ZF»¡e +B%DE j+KFED±U +FW¯+J·£U!@FpJ+FTµt%@tF!¯+J£K
GipJD1+BQG ++eH¡DE +!±JIWZF7QG HUT@FH+UJ +F!I+J HKD1F!K jDE G-¯B8²8FT#+ W@pGCGiFE!&¡ U!±JUF
¡eBpªpJF%DEFW»U!#±±J8UFWQ +! FH4JFpªt±JFpJC(+B%DH¡eU ¯+J j°± ++ Z@F 3¯!pªF; GipJ D KB;F/
¡ KFpJ±tJFBED jK jGC !ZFW¦
Q9 6@9 =Ê3% % o<(j>@9 6ÊK&E>n> ÀÍ%*9 > ?68=o<+9+,6
pJb j¯+¯K ²8U +/µ¡ BEDE ++ GCeF1¯¡eE+q°8eBEFEZ # ¡UFµD% GCG»FpJD%FµF£4@BpJUFJ'F! FpWtpªZB¯pJ?¡UF¯¡eE
DE +GCGQFJ BKe! FE*°± +D@U +*F! ¡qTDZ+FT F;¡e¯+Jn !ZD.±U +*+ GCFW@;!ZFE¡q®±J p@U (jFpJ./¡eF
GipJD1+Bµ,p¯+¯WZeF ±J#+F W+FpJ±tJFBED jK jGC !ZFµJ?¡ Fp£W@BpJ@qFJ¦H'FT#IpJ@J epJ F!b£iBED1+E4ªFK' +!
¡eFpBEFW +Eo Z ¯+JFEGQeFpJ @FG¯ =@pJ8U°!Z¡*J ¡UFW qGC¯ +J@.±U +3 ¯WZt Z JBpªqGiF ¯¡·
¯+J !@FED.±U +++t@FF GCF Fp;¯¡eEDTFW¦+2QB%p+GC Uo¡e °JZ+F®F¡UFTQeG ¯ +Jt@±U +o8L8ª+JtFW>LQ¡eUGQ@FE!
¡ FE°±°8eD!%DH²@B+F± WW@F¯+J@ !@FED.±U ++!ZjGC _!JpT#¡e+BEDEFp++eFQ§¤+¤+Mo¦
'F!BED1KH4ªFWFiDE jT±JED@F!&WJT±;!ZFEGiFE!&+po ¡tFQD% jT@F£W@Fi%Z+F»DJ t F»BEDE ++ GC !ZF»F
o±@BEG !ZF.¦'±o@F% ¡eF!Fp£K¯ jJt@±U + ªGQFET@FHT? o°&FE§¤+¤/FLM+M#§>#¡eFJ.°@¡·ZDtZ±U +
ZZE! ¡ Bp ¡+@U + +FT¯+J£F! $ jWJ DEpJI4JF!¦µ'FT;qGC¯ +J@.±U + ¯+J jª+J F!. FHT Jp¯+·+FHGiFE!
+Fp¯WZtDEFW +FpJ+epJF!E+KBEFWFE JFE¡q8U +&Q¡ ªGiFE!@±· j! ¯ K+j jJ +ED1+F¡ p¯+¯+J BEDEq8U +
!iJ8 W+I¡UFj J$ª+J¯%+!ZFQ§>¦H'Fµ j¡U+FD% GCGQFJDEqE¡ZF!¯K @8U°¦
1J p¯%+ !ZFQ§
=B>=*D&AEN:7G:HJA*9&>=M:OP=B>HPCÊD&A*Eb:7G:HPA*9>Q=ROP7nW>h>HT=0Q&=BD&HJ>R\!]*]
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
années
Mns doll.
Exportations Importations Solde commercial
BFb"hFbMFhbMFb! 3bq
µ¡· jJ.?!ZFC¡e ¯+J jª+JFT.U + +F!&Fp£+¯ +J@.±U j&FE2jH¡eFpJ&F!$zJ!J¯+U+FE#¡eC KHGC ! F K
nEDEFE!@F +FT Fp£+¯ +J@±· j FE j ¡ZGiF FK± Gi +BpJBEFW¦ &UFE !ZF ¡qFW + +++B%F! ZpJUFE!
DE +e+BpJpI¡eFEGiFHT3Fp °± ++D@U + +F ¡e WJDEFE; W D% j@@F !ZF ¡U DpJ e.nE+DEFJBEFE¡q¡eF +FW
F£K¯ jJ@.±U +'F!± ±J !$U+°8BJ eFJ FµDEFE¡e¡qF+FWbqGC¯ +J@.t· 'FbFD% jT±JED@F°± +J @FGQFET$FLM+M¨(@j J
@I¡UF% L%¦!:EDEDEBE¡eBpJ@U +i+FK'BTD1+EWªFTFE jH¡eFJF! !ZFµF!nnFE!±eFE¡_¡eFEGiFE! ¡qGC +!@B%Fµ+FWb¯+J_£
+F!D$ WJ DEJIWJFT¦ J!-+F/+¨d) +F ¡U DJ jtnEDEF/+F ¡·2E¡eFJ-+F!-F%£K¯ jJt@.±U jo-F!±¡UqB%F< ¡e
"
Ua [ ]9]$[a*~Vdhgd>b5P>SJi
m
i;RPba!ggPª1RriRVsNk?dhgPbaFi}
m
RggTrtcFdKyMx$# daÃcPb~V~
m
SgÀd"i&~dgQRVlEb5P>Svi
m
i;RPbaugPbabi
op
kFirKcFd fbx$# da
c9Pb~V~
m
Sg3´e
p
STd"a?c9a.Pbl:bug\PbaY{FxMx5e>a b c1^9`J·\cM©8³dhgJi;RVl
m
i;RPa0cFd~
mo PbaMi;S
mo
i;RPha0cMdhgr
opBm aBMdhg+´vc
m ª m aMi
m
Fd
o
Pba
o d SPa
m
aNi~dg
r
opBm
aBMdhg+RqabidSwSTrbMk}B~R
om
Rqa!gT· b?d"kMiFª
m
SRVd3Sd"a¬ Pba
o
i;RPhaKcMd&~³dhgjiRl
m
i;RPbacFdhgr
opMm
aBFdhg;gPª1RriRVsNk?dhgdaEb9SRVcMd&l
m S o"p
r>c
DpJ +q HKDEF»+FWJFED%Fq@F!1%Fp£K¯ jJt@±U +BEKFpJ8ªB@;!ZFWFp/LM+M¨¦ .1J #¡qFTFp£+¯ +J @±· j! ¯B±J8 +¡UF
+!i+BED¡_UB FH ¡ZGiF+F L%) FE,LM+M¨¯pJQJ¯+¯o +J C®LM+MW*F.C¡UF! Fp£+¯ +J@.±U j»F®ª9I; +!
ªGCFE!@BFp@FpJ8GCFW$¯%$ Z. !ZF!b+F$) FZ¡UFEGQFET$FLM+M¨(8N$) FpLM+MW%¦
'µ@Fp++E+D%F7 ¡e+. FQ! ¡U+FiDE +G GiFpJ DHeE¡#¯ZF4 jKDQFJFEWFpJnFpJ&+Eo¡eFW&E++BEFW?
FE+UJ$Fp°± jKD8· j+FQ¡UQD% j> +DtJFi+F!&¯+J8£ +F!$ WJ DEpJI4JF! F&! @+£ +FQDpJ@ je.nE+DEFi+F!
qGC¯ +J@.±U +o¦
¥xI¡qF%iL
97*CH&=0Q&=B>= (D&AEb:7G:HPA*9>=M:HJCD&A*EN:7G:HJA*9&>=B9Z58AGO&CÍ=B>D
>H=?>[ Q3S7*@B@BEFA*HT>>h=!CÊ=B9;:
D&7*E0EF7*D&DA*Eb:nOTS7*9&9&LB=0D&EBLB@BLBQ&=B9;:=
! "$#%'&(*)+&-,.0/12)3(456(7#98'/:);( <=?> @"=? @@"=0 =A<
B!1-:! "$#%'&(*)+&-,.0/12)3(456(7#98'/:);(*CEDFDFD2GH7)"IJ (!KG!/L >=?> @">=? =? >=9<
B!1-:! "$#%'&(*)+&-,.0/12)3(456(7#98'/:);(*CMNOPQL =0 4@"=A< =%R
S NF? FÀ FNUTV|XWN?NqZYF[W+?TV7\B¥]']"^4\$ XV£b¤b¥b£G¡h¥F¤
'Fµ@+£% K+ZFpJ±tJFC+F ¡·(.eFCFEQ@FpJGCF!JBEFE¡t?8GiFK±JBCDE +G GiFC¡qFJ8U ! DE +GCGiFpJDEF
+ G UE¡iFE¡U +Q¡e¯pJ@B!»¯ W+ +J?%TD1+"bDo¡UGQUFD2§Ed) Fp §¤+¤+N+o+UG UW F ±o²@Fµ¡e
DpJq FµFªGCFE!@FQM!WL$) FH-LM+M¨¦! W+FpJ±tJ8FK GC_E¡eFF!IZFEZD% K¯C¯¡#b°± +J@F¯+JTb+F
¨4M$) +px¡·FK p+BEF!$LM+M+M$ t +J$ª+Jp¯%+ ! FL%¦
1J p¯%+ !ZFL
_ 58=BEb:3EF=0Q&=ROTSLB@BA*9&A*CHT=0E &>b>h=07 Ê@BA*CCÍ=!EF@B=0HJ9;:=BEF9&7G:HJA*9&7GO
20%
59%
48%
9%
18%
12%
23%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1992 1993
1994 1995
1996 1997
1998 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004 2005 années
Taux d'ouverture nominal Taux d'ouverture réel
BFb"hK`abdc Sfe b$3gMF+W¿?ht3T3Tq7TNiVF£j9kmlon K;bBbFp3'TFqW S 'TJg$b""£bFb b
+N"
rtsuvsQwyxXz{F|:x~}x7ozX :U47z4"K47;x|Q"K4F7x~}x7{zz7x
\?tT\:58AGO;:HPA*9ÊQ&=KOJ7)>:E &@M: 3EF=0Q=?>LB@ &7*9&<*=B>D&7*ERD+EMA*Q&Hv:>
ACFT/J¯WtJFT/ªB jª+J¯%+;!ZF! FBEDE ++ +G !ZF! 8+ W@pGCGQFET@ D%Fp¡U¡qFW FH*@FpJ8GCFT +F,¯+J£%
FEG¯®ED1FE!&+F DE G¯pJ Ht j +JnFED@F F+B.@pU¡q¡eBEF/+F ¡U®±J±ZDtJF +F!-BEDKEWªFWJ. FK-+Eo¡eF
@FpG¯o¦ 'FT+ ++BEF!±@±q±8;!ZFT +!?IeEtnBEF!&¯oJ¡eFWUG ¯ZFpJ°±FED@U +oµ Z@BEGC !F! +FQ¡ E¯+¯pJFEe¡
@.±t@;!ZFE#J±@ K4'+p¡eF!'¯+JFEGQepJFWE+KBEFW+F ¡z1±Jp@U jKHUon !ZFµ¯pJ¡eF +BpjFH¡· j¯+¯FEGiFE!
+F¡BED% jK GCqFµ K+@FJJ_KF8+ W@pGCGQFET@+F!_G-¯ jJ ±U +b+ +C +°°@qDEeFE¡q¡eF!3+n¦
Â
d~Pba¿~V³dhgJi;RVl
m
iRPbaKcFd~
m m aBsbkBd
`
PbaBc>R
m
~Vd´vÄ/P>ST~Vc
m
aMÅDYq{MxbxFy`P·\aM~
m b m
Svi(cMd+~³RqaBcbk!gJiS RVdcFdg
pb¼ c9S\P
om S}Mk5STdg
m
a!g~Vd
²v
o
Pba!gJi;RiVk?db9SThg;cMd{5e # daK{MxFxMx9aB~VdcFr"¬
m
kFi*cFdg&gJi
m
i;RgJiRsNk?dgPN¬P¬ R
o
RVd~V~Vdhg;ri
m
abi*~
m
a1PbaEb9S\RgÈdda
o
PblEbMidcFdhg+b1S RVKcMd
iS m
augj¬PdMSJi;aFdi5b
m S o d;}1R
m
Rg\ab~Vd3F~R«ggTdltdabicMd&~
m ª m
~Vd"k9S*cbk¿gÈd
o
id"k9S*cFdg
pb¼ cS\P
om
S}Mk5STdhgGªBdMSg~d
o
PblKltdMS
o
d3d"iBiSm
a!gb1P,SJiPg c
GTQ²JKY{FxMx>^?wJ>`\c
G©d
o
PblKlKdMS
o
dTcFda
m
ªBd"iVidJ%STdb9STrhgÈdaMi«d b9SThgcFd3{Fx$#ÏcMdhg+RqlEb1P>Si
m iRPba!g$SJkuggTdhgdaD[M]]>^Bw"[M]]b 1c
ACo FWxª+J HK+F!?¡eUªKFK o¡U ±J±ZDtJF! D +G GiFpJ DEFF£4@BpJUFJbJ. F@I¡qF%;§T¦¨¦ H¡eUªF
J DEFE¡_¡eF&+BpJ@BEF+F ¡ C+U ( KeB@;!ZFW¦&2iBEE+GC q¡q ¯ ¡epJ ±U ++F!iFp£+¯ +J@.±U +oQ±J ¡eFW
Gi@UpJF!¯+JFEG epJ FK'FEGIo¡eFµ,EDTDEFE!tZFpJ t +J#@I¡UFEp $©
8¡U¯pJ+F!¯+J !o&BEKFpJ8ªB@;!ZF! +E¡eF! Fp£+¯ +J±±· jªGiFE!@F8FE¡U¡qFit@FpU!NW%) +F!
F£K¯ jJ@.±U +-FE LM+M¨d±JBEF»¯pJ¡ B%j ¡+@U ++FTµ¯+J£ ¯B±J@ j¡UeFpJ.¦$¢FEDE?B@!@x¡U DpJ qE+D%F +FW
F£K¯ jJ@.±U + +$ WJ DEpJ±IWJF! FE2j ¡ZGiFQF!±¡UeG ²BTFW¦'+ FQ+FQ¡UC¯+J !ZD±U j ¯B±J@ j¡UepJF»F
JE¡UFE!@ !;°±E F2¡ Bp¯WotnFEGiFE! !;GC +E¡UF +F DpJ W E+DEF2Ij!nB J¡ Fp£¯¡U @±· j +F!JB! FpJ8FW
+BE¡UEtBEFW&¯FHKET¡·QDpJtF»BED% jK GC!ZFi+F2¡eQ°±U;+FQ¡e ¯BpJU +F2 KeB@;!ZF»F+FQ¡U ±Jp8· +
E¡U +J. !ZF¡ U!±J8UFª9I!epJ FIW+t@F+£iD% jTtJpUT@F!b%UWZFW±tnFEGiFHT>F
#¡UFWbFp£+¯ +J @.±U +ob+F!bGiED1+UFK FB1!¯FEGiFHTb+BEDE¡qUFE!Fp-¯!E!+F¯+JFTM!ZFLM$) ¡U
°8U»+F¡q¯BpJU +FC WqB±;!FDµGC _o+F d) FHCLM+Mo¦+¢Fµ+B%DH¡eU»B@Be@Bp!ZB¯pJ?¡eµJF¯+J enFµ+FW
F£K¯ jJ@.±U +b+FTbpJGiFHGiFE! iG e¡qeF +F!bE+KBEFW§¤+¤¨¦
8+F!bUGC¯ jJt@±· job+FIeFE +FDE j GCGi@U +Q +!F¯+J +ª+JF!.· jKDEF!Z+JFE°±¡q@F¡UFWbFE°°@F
%oKFDpJtFBEDE ++ G !ZF¯+J +°± +++FF¡UGC +!@BEF+F¡eDE j +GCGQ8U +C+Eb¡eF!b+FJ +epJ F!bE++BEFT¦
¥xI¡qF%
Y:E &@M: EF=0QÊ@?A*CÍCÊ=!EF@B=0=G:L!EFHJ=+ERQ&=ROP7nW &>>hHJ=
U8_b5P>Svi
m
i;RPba!g\a # ²Pl:b5P>Svi
m
iRPba!g\a #
[M]]>^ {FxFxMx {MxFxFy [M]]>^ {FxMxFx {FxFxMy
Pi
m
~!´ V V ²x ½ ]N· ["xMx5azx ["xFx1a|x [xFx5azx ["xMx5a|x ["xMx5azx ["xFx1a|x
S\PbcNk5RiPg
m
~Rqltdabi
m RSTdhg;´ V V ²x ¹H[ ¹0{b{¹0yb· [ af [Maz{ [Ma|y [" 1af [Mea [ [^5a^
`)m
i;RVSTdhg b9STdlERVMSTdhgcF³P>SRRqaBd
m
>S R
o
Pb~Vd´ V V;²G{wG{M{w.{F w.{5fN· aq 9a[ 9a|x x1af [ a^ [Ma[
VPbl}Mk!gJi;R|}B~Vdhg;´ V;V;²· y?a [ e [Ma eNx5a|{ {1af aq {5a^
`
RqaBdMS
m
Rgd"iBlKr"i
m
kB´V V;²G{F ¹¿{1f¹ ^5fb· ]a] ]9a[ 5a^ a|y y1af 9az
S\PbcNk5RiPg*l
m
aMkF¬
mo
iVk9STrhg;´VV;²%e½QflP>Raug+^1f· {9^1a [ {F{5az{ {%[Ma|x y?a^ yFx1a|x ^F 5af
S\PbcNk5RiPg
op
RlERVsbkBdhg;´ VV;² eN· ea] y5af y5a|y 1a|x faq [9[Mae
eQSJiRo
~Vdhgl
m
aMkF¬
mho
iVk9STrhgcRªBd Sg´VV;²$^¹fw ^5fN· [a [ [9[Mae [[Ma^ [^1a^ ["y1a|y {Fx5ae
`)mhop RqaBdhgd"i!l
m
i«r S RVd~!cMd;iSm
a!gb1P>SJi´ V V ² M· 1a|x e9a] e9a|x {Fx1a|x [" 1a|{ 9e9af
Pba!wcRgJiSR|}Mk?rhg [Meaf [9azx [ ^5a] [ a^ 9eaq f9az{
BFb"h`ab7c
Se
b'gbFqWAh+3T'TqUTVq&iV|?£ub!j 3h¤q¥M¤
\?t:A*>Hv:HJA*9ÇD&7*ERC7EF@ &L
U++qDT@FJ+F¡U¯ @U +Q¯ZpJGipJD1+BµJ FH°@¡q@F ¡·F n +¡U+FµJ FH¡e@U°?+FWB!D1KH4ªF!&ZQ¯ Z&F!
¯+J !W +WB¯J$Jp¯+¯+ +Jt Dp +GCGiFpJDEFGC +++qT¡FD%F¯+J !²M*¦
'F1K GI+JF+F¯ o@U +b¯pJbGQJDBµJb¡eF!M! FE¡U¡qFWb¡t-eFZ+F+ W@±U +C+BpªZ±ZF
qGC¯ +J@.@FJ+F"FTF!J + +F£;°± tC¯ZBpJUFJ DEFE¡Z+FW¯ ±· jo-Fp£+¯ +J@.±J8UD%FK-+Ft@FTG*3*8¦
F!¯ o8²8U +oC¡UFW¯¡C°± +J@F!i +!D ++DEFE!±J BEF!C+C¡eF!¯+J !Z¯+J@_GiEUJF!¦x¢F® jT/L8+eDM¯FE¡L
8N4$DL8ªI +tJ FH¡ F-ªIGiE!Z°±TDtJB$L/8W$§>DL+±JF!Ij qCI+J+i W UGC¯¡qFEGiFE! B1!ZpJ8Jt>L
L+$L8¡UU+ª KF°± +J8GCFW¯+JUGiE_J F!-FH °@FpJ W;F%DH·FpJ9L@N+WL%-LFWª+JEtGQETo°@EDtJBT>LD ¨4NWL%
*e
p
STdaMc5ab+PblEbugPbaYq{Mxbx5e9a bdch{^9` c
NG©
m
b5PFg\RiRPba b m Sl
m S o"p
r´Jg\Pb~VcFdSTd~
m
iR¬P·gÈd
om
~o
kB~d3gTd~Pba~
m
¬ P>STlk?~Vd
Â
RÅÆ["xMx!´Vµ RÅuw
`
RÅB·V¸Ä)Å$c a m ªBd
o
µ RÅ a~dgd_b5P>SJi
m
i;RPbaugÀcbkb
m"¼
gR8cNkDb1S\Pbcbk5Ri;Å a `
RqÅ5a~VdhgQRVlEb9P>SJi
m
i;RPba!gcbkb
m"¼
gR;cbkDb1S\Pbcbk1Rqi;Åda*ÄZÅ a*~Vd
o
PblKlKdMS
o d
lPbaBc>R
m
~cNk'b9S\Pbcbk1Rqi Å5a3Ä8ca3~Vd
o
PblKltdMS
o
dnlPbaBc9R
m
~b5Pk9SR~d i;Pi
m
~cMdhg}1RVda!gRd"igÈdMSª1R
o
dhg c;©8³RVa?c>R
o
d)gÈdÃcBr¬ RVa9Rid"a
b5Pk1S
o
daMi
m
Fd_c
Â
Pk9S
o
dFÉ © m ¬
m¼ "T ¤
Y\[M]9]]G`"c
PkugtkFi;R~RgPbaugt~VdhgRc9PbaMaBrdhgRcFdn~
m V Á V+UXa o ~m
gg\R¬ R
om
i;RPa VV;²
STrª1Rg\RPba6{1cB©
mo
~m ggR¬ R
om iRPba0dhgJi
m
ggTd¬R
m
}B~Vdc
m
a!g~
m
lKdhgjk5STd PºX~Vd b5Pk1S
o
daMi
m
FdcMd~³dS STdk9S+cMd
o ~m
ggTdlKdaMi Y´$Ji;Pi
m ~
i;Pkug+b1S\Pbcbk1R|iPg7&w*g\PblKltdcFd3i;Pkug;~Vdhg b5PFgJidhg ·¸i;Pi
m
~uiPk!g+b9S\Pbcbk1Rivgd\`dhgji RqaM¬PrMS\RVd"k9S½?[ # c m a!g~
m
bF~qkb
m
SJicMdhg
om g;d"iaBd
cFrb m ggTd b m
g{ #6c
©dhgR~RVlRidhgRFraBrMS
m
~dgRcFdhg0gji
m
i;RgJiRVsNk?dhg SvkuggTdhgRa1Pkug4P}B~RMdaMi½niS m
RqidSR~dg STrhgJkB~qi
m
iPg
m
ªBd
o
b5STr
om
kMiRPba c&eQRqa!g\Ra3~dg
c9PbaMaBrdhg&gjk5S;~Vdhg;d_b5P>Svi
m iRPba!g;cMd+~
m m aBsNk?dcFd
f
k!gg\RVdg PbaFiGiSTg+b1S\P
op dhg;cMd
o
d~V~Vdhg;cFd~
m V
ÁV UXc
r m
aFlP>Raug aM~dg
RVlEb5P>Svi
m
i;RPha!ggTd~Pba6~
m m aBsbk?dcMd
f
k!gg\RVdKgPbaMi
o
Pba!g\RVcMr3S
m
}B~VdldaMi gjk9b?rS\RVd"k9STdhg3½
o
d~V~VdhgS
m
b9b1P>SJirhg b m S~
m V
ÁV UXEc
©dS
m
bb5P>Svi²Pl b1P>SJi
m iRPba!g8gÈd~PbaK~
m m aFsNk?d3cFd
f
k!ggRd¸²Pl:b5P>SJi
m iRPba!g;gTd~PbaK~
m V Á V+UXÍdhgJicMd:[ a [[&da([M]]G^5a%[a|x^d"a
[M]]b 1abx9a]fFwvx9a]]daD[M]>]fFwv{FxMxbx5abl
m
Rg
m
iVidMRqaMi [a|y1eda{MxbxF{d"igJdgRikBd+d"aMiSTd[a|{1]d"i [ aq{d"a{MxFx%[aF{bxMx?Àd"i{FxbxMydc
NN$OQP>RS*e3aFaBdMd:[ c©dhg b1PFg\Ri;RPba!g b m SGl
m S o"p
r,a [ ]9]_^Fw{MxFx?c