Contents
1. General Introduction………..………1
1.1. Social interactive learning……..……….…………1
1.2. Studying interactive learning under naturalistic settings……….……3
1.3. The Interactive Brain Hypothesis framework…………..………...…..5
1.3.1. Interactive Brain Hypothesis………...5
1.3.2. Two-person neuroscience………...7
1.3.3. Interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS)………..17
1.4. Identifying interactive learning via IBS...………..………...…..19
1.4.1. IBS in studying imitational learning………19
1.4.2. IBS in studying observational learning………...23
1.4.3. IBS in studying feedback-based learning……….………...24
1.4.4. IBS in studying learner-instructor interactions………27
1.5. Modulating interactive learning via IBS………...……….31
1.5.1. Instructor-based factor: verbal instruction……….…..………...31
1.5.2. Learner-based factor: sleep deprivation……….……..………...40
1.6. Causative role of IBS in interactive learning………..……….52
1.6.1. Manipulation of IBS……….………...52
1.6.2. Causal role of IBS in social interactive activities………...54
3. Study 1: Interpersonal brain synchronization identifies
interactive learning……….…65
3.1. Introduction………...………..…………67
3.2. Materials and Methods……….………..…………70
3.3. Results………..………...78
3.4. Discussion and Conclusions………..…………..…………..84
4. Study 2: Instructor’s verbal instruction modulates interactive
learning via interpersonal brain synchronization………..90
4.1. Introduction………...………..….…….92
4.2. Materials and Methods……….………..………….94
4.3. Results………..………106
4.4. Discussion and Conclusions………..…………..…………114
5. Study 3: Learner’s sleep deprivation modulates interactive
learning via interpersonal brain synchronization……….122
5.1. Introduction………...………..………124
5.2. Materials and Methods……….………..…………126
5.3. Results………..………139
5.4. Discussion and Conclusions………..…………..…………150
6. Study 4: Manipulation of interpersonal brain synchronization
selectively biases interactive learning………..…...………156
6.1. Introduction………...………..………158
6.2. Materials and Methods……….………..…………160
6.3. Results………..………169
6.4. Discussion and Conclusions………..…………..…………176
7. General Discussion………181
7.1. Possible mechanisms for interpersonal brain synchronization…..……183
7.3. Brain regions involved in interactive learning………197
7.4. Methodologies in studying interactive learning…….……….….202
7.5. Educational implications in studying interactive learning………212
7.6. Advantages of creating the naturalistic scenario………...…215
7.7. Challenges in studying interactive learning………...…217
7.8. Future directions in interactive learning research………220
