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HAL Id: tel-01514172

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01514172

Submitted on 25 Apr 2017

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Cancer colorectal et viande rouge : les produits dérivés de la lipoperoxydation induisent différentes réponses d’apoptose, d’autophagie et de Nrf2 dans des cellules

coliques normales et prénéoplasiques

Reggie Surya

To cite this version:

Reggie Surya. Cancer colorectal et viande rouge : les produits dérivés de la lipoperoxydation induisent différentes réponses d’apoptose, d’autophagie et de Nrf2 dans des cellules coliques normales et prénéo- plasiques. Toxicology and food chain. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2016. English. �NNT : 2016TOU30082�. �tel-01514172�

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