• Aucun résultat trouvé

Изглед за O nastanku i razvoju sistema finalnih veznika u italijanskom jeziku

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Изглед за O nastanku i razvoju sistema finalnih veznika u italijanskom jeziku"

Copied!
14
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

8QLYHU]LWHWX%HRJUDGX

)LORORãNLIDNXOWHW

21$67$1.8,5$=92-86,67(0$

),1$/1,+9(=1,.$8,7$/,-$16.20-(=,.8

8RYRPUDGXSULND]DOLVPRQDVWDQDNLUD]YRM¿QDOQLKYH]QLNDLYH]QLþNLK L]UD]DXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNX1DVWRMDOLVPRGDXWYUGLPRGDOLVHRYDYUVWDYH]QLND UD]YLMDODXVNODGXVDRSãWLPWHQGHQFLMDPDXLWDOLMDQVNRPYH]QLþNRPVLVWHPXRG PDOREURMQLKQDVOHÿHQLKL]ODWLQVNRJMH]LNDSUHNRVWYDUDQMDPQRãWYDQRYLKVORåH QLKREOLNDLL]UD]DXVUHGQMHPYHNXNDVPDQMLYDQMXEURMDMHGLQLFDRGUHQHVDQVHGR GDQDãQMLKGDQD5D]PRWUHQMHLSRGDWDNRSRVWRMDQMXUHODWLYQRPDORJEURMD¿QDOQLK YH]QLNDXRGQRVXQDRVWDOHYH]QLNHNRMLRGUHÿXMXVURGQHX]URþQRSRVOHGLþQHRG QRVH,VWUDåLYDQMHMHVSURYHGHQRQDX]URNXNRMLREXKYDWDNQMLåHYQHVSRPHQLNHQD LWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXRGQMHJRYLKSRþHWDNDGRGDQDV3RVHEDQQDJODVDNVWDYOMHQMH QDUD]YRMVLVWHPDXLYHNXNOMXþQLPUD]GREOMLPDXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNX XRSãWH5H]XOWDWLVXSRND]DOLGDVHVLVWHP¿QDOQLKYH]QLNDXL]YHVQRMPHULSRNODSD VDRSãWLPYH]QLþNLPVLVWHPRPDOLGDLSDNSRND]XMHL]YHVQXSRVHEQRVWXSRJOHGX ]QDWQRPDQMHJEURMDMHGLQLFDLPDQMHXþHVWDORVWLXSRUHÿHQMXVDX]URþQLPSRJRG EHQLPGRSXVQLPLSRVOHGLþQLPYH]QLFLPD

.OMXþQHUHþL:YH]QLFL¿QDOQRVWX]URþQRVWLWDOLMDQVNLMH]LNVLQWDNVDGLMDKURQLMD

8YRG

)LQDOQHLOLFLOMQH]DYLVQHUHþHQLFHXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXPRJXVHNR ULVWLWLXGYDREOLNDHNVSOLFLWQRPVSUHGLNDWRPFLOMQHUHþHQLFHXNRQMXQ NWLYXSUH]HQWDLOLLPSHUIHNWDLOLLPSOLFLWQRPVSUHGLNDWRPXLQ¿QLWLYX8 RYRPUDGXDQDOL]LUDüHPRQDVWDQDNLLVWRULMVNLUD]YRM¿QDOQLKYH]QLNDNRML XYRGHHNVSOLFLWQHUHþHQLFH3RãOLVPRRGSUHWSRVWDYNHGDVHVLVWHP¿QDOQLK YH]QLNDXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXUD]YLMDRXVNODGXVDRSãWLPWHQGHQFLMDPDX QDVWDQNXLWDOLMDQVNRJYH]QLþNRJVLVWHPDLSURPHQDPDNRMHVXVHXQMH

)LORORãNLIDNXOWHW6WXGHQWVNLWUJ%HRJUDGHOHNWURQVNDSRãWD PLODVDPDUG]LF#¿OEJDFUV

ȾɈɂ

KWWSVGRLRUJDQDOLII

(2)

PXRVWYDULOH6DPDUGåLü5RPEL3ROLFDUSLXVUHGQMHP YHNXVLVWHPMHGRåLYHRYHOLNRERJDüHQMHGDELRGUHQHVDQVHDXVNODGXV WHåQMRPNDXMHGQDþDYDQMXLVLVWHPDWL]DFLMLþLWDYHJUDPDWLNHSRþHRGDVH SRMHGQRVWDYOMXMH1DLPHSRVPDWUDMXüLLVWRULMVNLUD]YRMYH]QLNDXWYUÿHQR MHGDMHVPDQMHQEURMOHNVLþNLKLIRQRRUWRJUDIVNLKYDULMDQWLNDRLJXELWDN RGUHÿHQRJEURMDOHNVHPDRGUHJLVWURYDQLKREOLNDXLYHNXGDQDV MHXXSRWUHELRNRREOLND,VWRWDNRXWYUÿHQRMHGDUD]YRMHPMH]LNDRG YHNDQLMHGRãORGRQDVWDQNDQRYLKYH]QLNDYHüVDPRYH]QLþNLKL]UD]D 6DPDUGåLü

0HÿXWLP]DQLPOMLYDMHþLQMHQLFDGDVHLEH]QHNHGHWDOMQLMHDQD OL]HODNRXRþDYDGDSRVWRMLUHODWLYQRPDOLEURMREOLND¿QDOQLKYH]QLNDX RGQRVXQDGUXJH]DYLVQHYH]QLNHNRMLR]QDþDYDMXQHNLX]URþQRSRVOHGLþQL RGQRV1DSULPHUXVWDURLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXXWYUGLOLVPRXSRWUHEXRNR REOLNDX]URþQLKYH]QLNDLYH]QLþNLKL]UD]DQDVSUDPGDQDãQMLKRNR SRJRGEHQLKQDVSUDPGDQDãQMLKGYDGHVHWDNSRVOHGLþQLKQDVSUDP GDQDãQMLK NRQFHVLYQLK QDVSUDP GDQDãQMLK LWG 8 RELPQRP NRUSXVXXRþLOLVPRGHVHWDNREOLNDãWRXVWDURPãWRXVDYUHPHQRPMH]LNX VWLPãWRVDPRMHGDQRGQMLKLPDLVNOMXþLYR¿QDOQXYUHGQRVWDI¿QFKpDNR L]X]PHPRQRYLMHL]UD]HDOORVFRSRFKHFROO¶QHOO¶LQWHQ]LRQHFKHDIDU VuFKHNRMLVHLGDQDVUHWNRXSRWUHEOMDYDMX-HGDQRGX]RUND]DPDQMLEURM

¿QDOQLKNRQHNWRUDVYDNDNRMHþHãüDXSRWUHEDRYLKUHþHQLFDXLPSOLFLWQRP QHJRXHNVSOLFLWQRPREOLNX%XGXüLGDVXLPSOLFLWQHFLOMQHUHþHQLFHEOLåH GXKXLWDOLMDQVNRJMH]LNDXVOXþDMHYLPDNDGDVHVXEMHNWLXSUDYQHLQDPHUQH UHþHQLFHQHSRGXGDUDMXãWRMHQHRSKRGDQXVORY]DLPSOLFLWQLREOLNPRJX üDMHWUDQVIRUPDFLMDHNVSOLFLWQHXLPSOLFLWQXUHþHQLFXXSRWUHERPNDX]DWLY QLKJODJROD>LR@'LFRDEDVVDYRFHSHUFKp>ORUR@QRQPLVHQWDQR!'LFR DEDVVDYRFH SHUQRQIDUPLVHQWLUHÊYHUDPHQWHXQSHFFDWRFKHLOSDHVH SLSRWHQWHGHOPRQGRDEELDVSHVRWDQWLVROGLSHUFKpOHVXHPHQWLPLJOLRUL VWXGLDVVHURHSRLQRQOHVWLDDGDVFROWDUH!ÊYHUDPHQWHXQSHFFDWRFKHLO SDHVHSLSRWHQWHGHOPRQGRDEELDVSHVRWDQWLVROGLSHUIDUVWXGLDUHOHVXH PHQWLPLJOLRULHSRLQRQOHVWLDDGDVFROWDUH,PSOLFLWQDNRQVWUXNFLMDVD VXEMHNWRPUD]OLþLWLPRGVXEMHNWDXSUDYQHUHþHQLFHPRJXüDMHLXNROLNRVH VXEMHNDWQDPHUQHUHþHQLFHSRGXGDUDVDLQGLUHNWQLPLOLGLUHNWQLPREMHNWRP XSUDYQHUHþHQLFH,OSDGUHKDLQFLWDWRL¿JOLDVWXGLDUHGLSL

3UHGQRVWNRMDVHGDMHXSRWUHELLPSOLFLWQLKREOLNDPRåHVHREMDVQLWLL QXåQRPXSRWUHERPNRQMXQNWLYDXHNVSOLFLWQRPREOLNXWDXSRWUHEDSRGUD ]XPHYDVMHGQHVWUDQHGDOHNRVHåQRSODQLUDQMHGLVNXUVD%HUUHWWD

(3)

DVGUXJHVWUDQHQHGRSULQRVLOHSRWLL]ODJDQMDEXGXüLGDGHOXMHSULOLþQR L]YHãWDþHQR8SULORJWRPHJRYRULLþLQMHQLFDGDVH]DUD]OLNXRGRVWD OLKVXERUGLQDWLYQLKUHþHQLFDX¿QDOQLPXVOXþDMXSRGXGDUDQMDVXEMHNWD XXSUDYQRMLSRGUHÿHQRMUHþHQLFLQLNDGDQHNRULVWLHNVSOLFLWQLREOLN/D YRUDQRSHUFKpJXDGDJQLQRGLSL/DYRUDQRSHUJXDGDJQDUHGLSLGRN MH UDYQRSUDYQR SULKYDWOMLY L MHGDQ L GUXJL REOLN QD SULPHU X X]URþQLP UHþHQLFDPDÊFRQWHQWRSHUFKpKDYLQWRLOFRQFRUVRÊFRQWHQWRSHUDYHU YLQWRLOFRQFRUVR

&LOMHYLUDGDLMH]LþNLX]RUDN

8 RYRP UDGX SUDWLüHPR UD]YRM VLVWHPD ¿QDOQLK YH]QLND RG SUYLK SLVDQLK VSRPHQLND QD QDURGQRP MH]LNX GR VDYUHPHQH MH]LþNH VLWXDFLMH 1DVWRMDüHPRGDSULNDåHPRQDVWDQDNLWHQGHQFLMHXUD]YRMXVLVWHPD8WYU GLüHPRGDOLLXRYRPVLVWHPXSRSXWGUXJLKGROD]LGRVPDQMHQMDEURMD MHGLQLFDXXSRWUHELLGRQMHJRYRJSRMHGQRVWDYOMLYDQMDQHVDPRQDIRQRRU WRJUDIVNRPLOHNVLþNRPYHüLVLQWDNVLþNRPQLYRX

,PDMXüLXYLGXFLOMHYHRYRJUDGDLSULPHQMHQLSULVWXSDQDOL]LUDOLVPR XSRWUHEX ¿QDOQLK YH]QLND X XQDSUHG RGUHÿHQRP NRUSXVX1 %XGXüL GD MH LVWUDåLYDQMH]DVQRYDQRQDLVWRULMVNRPSURXþDYDQMXMH]LNDRQRMHMHGQLPGH ORPRJUDQLþHQRQDGDWLRGQRVQR]DWYRUHQLNRUSXV.ULVWDO]ERJ SULURGQHQHPRJXüQRVWLQMHJRYRJSURãLULYDQMD$QDOL]LUDQLMH]LþNLPDWHULMDO REXKYDWDSHULRGRGSUYLKSLVDQLKVSRPHQLNDQDLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXGRVDYUH PHQRJMH]LND=DVWDULMXMH]LþNXID]XRJUDQLþLOLVPRVHQDNQMLåHYQHWHNVWRYH SLVDQHWUDGLFLMH3RUHGQMLKX]HOLVPRXRE]LUGHODSUDNWLþQRJNDUDNWHUDNDR

8UDGXVHSULOLNRPGDYDQMDSULPHUDL]GHODSUR]QRJNDUDNWHUDQDYRGHLPHDXWRUDL LOLGHODþHVWRVNUDüHQRULPVNLEURMNRMLR]QDþDYDSRJODYOMHLOLSDVXVRGQRVQRGHR SRJODYOMDLLOLVWUDQDXQRYLMLPL]GDQMLPD=DSULPHUHL]SRH]LMHQDYRGHVHLPHDXWR UDLLOLGHODþHVWRVNUDüHQRULPVNLEURMNRMLR]QDþDYDEURMSRHWVNRJVDVWDYDQDSUL PHUEURMSHVPHX3HWUDUNLQRP.DQFRQLMHUXLOLEURMSHYDQMDX%RåDQVWYHQRMNRPH GLML L DUDSVNL EURM NRML R]QDþDYD EURM VWLKD 'DQWHRYD GHOD QD QDURGQRP MH]LNX DQDOL]LUDQD VX L] ãHVWRJ WRPD HQFLNORSHGLMH(QFLFORSHGLD 'DQWHVFD X NRPH VX VDGUåDQDVYD'DQWHRYDGHOD6NUDüHQLFH]DSRMHGLQDþQDGHOD91 9LWD1XRYD,) ,QIHUQR3* 3XUJDWRULR3' 3DUDGLVR&9 &RQYLYLR1DSRPLQMHPRGDMH]QDWDQ EURMSULPHUDSUHX]HWL]YHOLNRJLVWRULMVNRJUHþQLNDLWDOLMDQVNRJMH]LND6%DWDOMH=DWH NDRL]DSULPHUHL]'DQWHRYLKGHODQLVPRSRVHEQRQDYRGLOLL]YRUHXVSLVNXOLWHUDWXUH

(4)

ãWRVXKURQLNHLVWRULMHSROLWLþNDUHOLJLR]QDLQDXþQDGHODNRMDVXSRQHNDG EOLåDJRYRUQRPMH]LNXWHQDPGRQHNOHPRJXSRPRüLXQMHJRYRMUHNRQVWUXN FLML6LQWDNVLþNHLVHPDQWLþNHSURPHQH¿QDOQLKYH]QLNDLYH]QLþNLKL]UD]D XWYUÿLYDQHVXQDRVQRYXSRUHÿHQMDWHNVWRYDRGLYHNDSUHYDVKRGQR 1RYHOLQDSUYLKSHVQLþNLKãNROD'DQWHRYLK3HWUDUNLQLKL%RNDþRYLKGHOD QDQDURGQRPMH]LNXVGHOLPDDXWRUDPRGHUQHHSRKHLWDOLMDQVNRJMH]LNDL NQMLåHYQRVWLLYHNX]SRVHEDQRVYUWQDDXWRUHYHNDQDURþLWR 0DNLMDYHOLMD*YLþDUGLQLMDýHOLQLMD%HPED$ULRVWDL7DVD8UDGXMHX VNODGXVSURVWRUQLPPRJXüQRVWLPDQDYHGHQVDPRRJUDQLþHQEURMSULPHUD

)LQDOQHUHþHQLFHXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXLVND]XMXFLOMNRMLSRNUHüHUDGQMX XSUDYQHUHþHQLFH6PDWUDVHMHGQLPRGQDþLQDRVWYDULYDQMDORJLþNLKRGQRVD 1DLPHL]PHÿXGYHUHþHQLFHPRJXüHMHXVSRVWDYLWLX]URþQRSRVOHGLþQLRG QRVSRPRüXLVWRJYH]QLNDNRMLXYRGLX]URþQHUHþHQLFHVUD]OLNRPXXSRWUHEL QDþLQD/¶KRLQYLWDWRSHUFKpDQFKHOXLqDOFRUUHQWH/¶KRLQYLWDWRSHUFKp DQFKHOXLVLDDOFRUUHQWHSULPHULSUHX]HWLL]%HUWXFFHOOL3DSL 8SUYRMUHþHQLFLLVND]DQMHVWYDUDQX]URNL]YUãHQMDUDGQMHXSUDYQHUHþHQLFH LRQMRMORJLþNLSUHWKRGLNDRþLQMHQLþQRVWDQMH8GUXJRPSULPHUX¿QDOQD UHþHQLFDSHUFKpDQFKHOXLVLDDOFRUUHQWHLVND]XMHLVWLUD]ORJþLMHRVWYDUHQMH WUHEDGDXVOHGLSRVOHUDGQMHLVND]DQHXXSUDYQRMUHþHQLFLDRQRSULWRPQH PRUDELWLSRWSXQRL]YHVQR'DNOH¿QDOQRVWMHEOLVNRSRYH]DQDVDX]URþQR ãüX.DRLNRGX]URþQRJRGQRVDSRVWRMHX]URNLSRVOHGLFDNRMD]DYLVLRG X]URNDLRGNRMH]DYLVLQMHQRLVSXQMHQMH,SDNGRNNRGX]URþQRVWLX]URþQD RNROQRVWSUHGVWDYOMDDNWLYQLNYDOLWHWNRG¿QDOQRVWLSRVOHGLFDSUHGVWDYOMDSR NUHWDþNXVQDJXNRMDREMDãQMDYDRVWYDULYDQMHX]URND2¿QDOQLPUHþHQLFDPDL LVND]LYDQMX¿QDOQRVWLXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXREMDYOMHQRMHQHNROLNR]QDþDMQLK VWXGLMD*UHFR%ROOL%HUWXFFHOOL3DSL3UDQGL3UDQGL

*URVVLGU3DQWLJOLRQLWDNRGDVHQHüHPR]DGUåDYDWLQDQML KRYLPRSãWLPNDUDNWHULVWLNDPDYHüüHPRVHXVUHGVUHGLWLQD¿QDOQHYH]QLNH

)LQDOQLYH]QLFLLYH]QLþNLL]UD]LXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXXYRGHSRGUHÿH QHUHþHQLFHVDREDYH]QRPXSRWUHERPNRQMXQNWLYDSUH]HQWDLOLLPSHUIHNWD 2YDRJUDQLþHQDXSRWUHEDYUHPHQDLLVNOMXþLYRMHGQRJQDþLQDREMDãQMDYDVH ORJLþQRPQHPRJXüQRãüXGDFLOMSUHWKRGLUDGQMLLVND]DQRMXXSUDYQRMUHþHQL FLL]PHÿXUDGQMLXSUDYQHLSRGUHÿHQHUHþHQLFHSRVWRMLX]URþQLORJLþNLRGQRV NRMLåHOMHQLFLOMVPHãWDXEXGXüQRVW,VKRGWDNYRJORJLþNRJRGQRVDLVNOMXþXMH PRJXüQRVWXSRWUHEHLQGLNDWLYDX¿QDOQRMLPSOLFLWQRMUHþHQLFLEXGXüLGDFLOM MRãQLMHRVWYDUHQXYUHPHQXLVND]DQRPXXSUDYQRMUHþHQLFL8SRWUHEDLQGL

(5)

33

NDWLYDNDRQDþLQDNRMLRGUDåDYDVWYDUQRVWXL]UDåDYDQMXRYDNYRJORJLþNRJ RGQRVDQHELELODSULNODGQD0HÿXWLPMRãMHGDQYDåDQUD]ORJãWRLWDOLMDQ VNL¿QDOQLYH]QLFLXYHNXYRGHUHþHQLFXVSUHGLNDWRPXNRQMXQNWLYXOHåLX QMLKRYRMQHGRYROMQRMRGUHÿHQRVWL1DLPHVYLLWDOLMDQVNL¿QDOQLYH]QLFLMHVX SROLYDOHQWQLYH]QLFLLNRULVWHVH]DXYRÿHQMHLQHNLKGUXJLK]DYLVQLKUHþHQLFD 6WRJDXSRWUHEDNRQMXQNWLYDXND]XMHQDQMLKRYX¿QDOQXYUHGQRVW-HGLQLL]X ]HWDNMHYH]QLNDI¿QFKpNRMLLPDLVNOMXþLYR¿QDOQXYUHGQRVWDOLVHQMHJRYD XSRWUHEDEHOHåLVD]DNDãQMHQMHPXRGQRVXQDGUXJHREOLNH6WRJDVHPRåH ]DNOMXþLWLGDXHNVSOLFLWQLP¿QDOQLPUHþHQLFDPDNRQMXQNWLYQHSUHGVWDYOMD NDRãWRMHWRVOXþDMVDRVWDOLP]DYLVQLPUHþHQLFDPDPRUIRORãNRREHOHåMH SRGUHÿHQRVWLNRMHVHRGQRVLQDXSRWUHEXRGUHÿHQRJYH]QLNDEH]PRGDOQH YUHGQRVWL'¶$ULHQ]R)UHQJXHOOL8SUDYRXUHþHQLFDPDXNRML PDMHXSRWUHEDYH]QLNDREDYH]QDXRþDYDVHPRåGDYHüDXORJDQDþLQDQHJR VDPRJYH]QLND8SULPHULPDXNRMLPDLVWLYH]QLNXYRGLGYHUD]OLþLWHYUVWH SRGUHÿHQLKUHþHQLFD/DYRURSHUFKpJXDGDJQRPROWRYV/DYRURSHUFKpWX YLYDPHJOLRQDþLQMHWDMNRMLRGUHÿXMHUD]OLNXL]PHÿXX]URþQHL¿QDOQHUH þHQLFH6GUXJHVWUDQHQHNLDXWRUL$JRVWLQL$JHQR XSUDYRWRPYHOLNRPVHPDQWLþNRPWHåLQRPNRQMXQNWLYDREMDãQMDYDMXNDã QMHQMHXSRMDYLSUYRMLVNOMXþLYR¿QDOQRJYH]QLNDÄTXDVLFKHODSUHVHQ]DGHO FRQJLXQWLYRFRQODVXDFRPSRQHQWHYROLWLYDHSRVVLELOLVWLFDSRWHVVHJDUDQWL UHLQDVVROXWRODFKLDUH]]DGHOQHVVRORJLFRHGHOOHJDPHVLQWDWWLFRVXERUGLQD WLYR´'¶$ULHQ]R)UHQJXHOOL

3RUHNORLUD]YRMLWDOLMDQVNLK¿QDOQLKYH]QLND

.DRãWRVPRWRYHüNRQVWDWRYDOL6DPDUGåLüVDPRPDOL EURMLWDOLMDQVNLKYH]QLNDGLUHNWQRMHQDVOHÿHQL]ODWLQVNRJMH]LNDGRNMHYHüL GHRVLVWHPDVDþLQMHQRGPRGL¿NRYDQLKLOLQRYRQDVWDOLKREOLND33UHWSRVWDY OMDVHGDMHYHüJRYRUQLODWLQVNLMH]LN]DQHPDULYDRLRGEDFLYDREURMQHQLMDQVHL PRJXüQRVWLNRMLPDMHUDVSRODJDODERJDWDJUDPDWLNDNODVLþQRJODWLQVNRJMH]LND

8SRWUHEDNRQMXQNWLYDX¿QDOQLPUHþHQLFDPDELODMHGRVOHGQDLXODWLQVNRPMH]LNX 2YDNRQVWUXNFLMDXSRWUHEOMDYDODVHSRREUDVFXXWNRQMXQNWLY

6DþXYDQDMHRVQRYQDSRGHODQDNRRUGLQDWLYQHLVXERUGLQDWLYQHYH]QLNHDOLYHOLNLEURM ODWLQVNLKYH]QLNDQLMHXVSHRGDVH]DGUåLXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXYHURYDWQR]ERJãLUHQMD XSRWUHEHSDUDWDNVHNRMDMHXRVQRYLJRYRUQRJMH]LNDLQHSRSXODUQRVWLREOLNDNRMLVX VH]DGUåDOLLVNOMXþLYRXSLVDQRMWUDGLFLML7HNDYþLü

(6)

34

2WRPHVYHGRþHSULPHULL]WHNVWRYDNRMLSULSDGDMXQLåLPMH]LþNLPUHJLVWULPD NDRLþLQMHQLFDGDMHQDMYHüLEURMYH]QLNDXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXQDVWDRUD]YRMHP MH]LNDWMVDPRPDOLEURMMHGLUHNWQRQDVOHÿHQL]NQMLåHYQRJODWLQVNRJMH]LND 1DM]QDþDMQLMLGHRLWDOLMDQVNRJYH]QLþNRJVLVWHPDSUHGVWDYOMDMXQRYLSHULIUDVWLþ QLREOLFL0DQFDUHOODQDVWDOLXJRYRUQRPMH]LNXRGLPHQLFD]D PHQLFDSULORJDSUHGORJDJODJRODLSULGHYDLWRQDMþHãüHXNRPELQDFLMLVYHü ãLURNRUDVSURVWUDQMHQLPFKH7HNDYþLüÄTXRGWXWWRIDUH´

Che (ché)6WDURLWDOLMDQVNLQDVWDYOMDWHQGHQFLMXJRYRUQRJNDVQRODWLQVNRJ þXYDQMHPSROLYDOHQWQRVWLYH]QLNDFKH-RãRGSUYLKSULPHUDYH]QLNFKHV¿

QDOQRPYUHGQRãüXXYRGLUHþHQLFXVSUHGLNDWRPXNRQMXQNWLYX*LDFRPRGD /HQWLQL,9RUULDF¶RUDYYHQLVVHDORPHRFRUFK’HVFLVVHFRPHQFDUQDWR WXWWRHQRQGLFHVVHPXWWRDYRLVGHJQRVD1MHJRYDXSRWUHEDELODMHãLURNR UDVSURVWUDQMHQDXVWDURMSUR]L1DSULPHUX1RYHOLQXXLVWRMPHULMH]DVWXSOMHQ NDRYH]QLFLSHUFKpLDFFLzFKHDL%RNDþRJDMHNRULVWLRX'HNDPHURQX1R YHOOLQR;&,,&RUUXSSHURXQRGH¶PDJJLRULFDYDOLHULGHOODFRUWHGHOUHSHU SUHJLRHSHUSUH]]RFK’HOOLSHUTXHVWRPRGRRUGLQDVVHGHOODPRUWHGHOJDU]RQH 'HFDPHURQ,;7RUQDTXDFKH'LRWLGHDODPDODQRWWH8YHNXYRGL UHþHQLFXXSRVWSR]LFLMLXRGQRVXQDXSUDYQXUHþHQLFX0DFKLDYHOOL/¶XR PRqVRORFUHDWRSHUEHQHHRQRUHG¶,GGLRDOTXDOHGLH¶LOSDUODUHFKpSRWHVVL ODXGDUOR1DMþHãüHJDXYRGHJODJROLSUHJDUHFKLHGHUHLPSHGLUHSURFXUDUH EDGDUH LOL L]UD]L VD VOLþQLP ]QDþHQMHP *UHFR %ROOL 9DJQL +HUF]HJ91;9,,,1RLWLSUHJKLDPRFKHWXQHGLFKL RYHVWD&HOOLQL6WXSHIDWWRQRQVDSHYDWURYDUHULPHGLRFKHTXHOYHOHQRVR DQLPDOHQRQPLXFFLGHVVH&KHNRMHXYRGHL]UD]LIDUHLQPRGRLOLJODJROLIDUH LJXDUGDUHX]QDþHQMXÄVWDUHDWWHQWR´ÄIDUHDWWHQ]LRQH´LPDYUHGQRVWNRMDMH QDJUDQLFLL]PHÿX¿QDOQHLSRVOHGLþQH3*,,)DIDFKHOHJLQRFFKLDFDOL HFFRO¶DQJHOGL'LRSLHJDOHPDQLRPDLYHGUDLGLVuIDWWLRI¿FLDOL3*;9,

*XDUGDFKHGDPHWXQRQVLDPR]]R8VWDURLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNX]DEHOHåLOL VPRLSRMDYXHOLSVH¿QDOQRJFKH3HWUDUFD;&,,,RSHUPHSUHJRLOPLRDFHU ERGRORUHQRQVLDQGDOXLOHODJULPHFRQWHVH8VDYUHPHQRPMH]LNXGDOHNR PDQMHVHNRULVWLRGX]URþQRJFKHDSR6HULMDQLMXXYHNMHREHOHåHQJUD¿þNLP DNFHQWRP6HULDQQL'LHWURTXHVWRSHQVLHURSLYLVLRQHFKHSHQVLH URF¶HUDVRPPHVVDQDVFRVWDFKpLOFDSLWDQRQRQJOLHODVFRSULVVHODSUHRFFX SD]LRQHFKHQRQDYHYDPDQJLDWRLQFDVHUPD

Come3UHOD]RGNRPSDUDWLYQRJGR¿QDOQRJXWXODWLQVNRPRGJRYDUD XSRWUHELFRPHRGUDVSURVWUDQMHQRJNDVQRODWLQVNRJYH]QLNDTXRPRGRXVWD URLWDOLMDQVNRP*LDFRPRGD/HQWLQL,RP¶DJJLRSRVWRLQFRUHD'LRVHUYLUH

(7)

35

FRP¶LRSRWHVVHJLUHLQ3DUDGLVRORVDQWRORFRFK¶DJJLRDXGLWRGLUHX¶VL PDQWLHQVROOD]]RJLRFRHULVR2YD¿QDOQDXSRWUHEDYH]QLNDFRPHUDQRVH L]JXELODLXSRWSXQRVWLMHQHVWDODXVDYUHPHQRPLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNX

Onde3RUHGYUHPHQVNHLSRVOHGLþQHODWLQVNLXSLWQLSULORJ]DPHVWR RQGHXVWDURLWDOLMDQVNRPGRELRMHL¿QDOQXYUHGQRVW3*;;,,3LSHQ VDYD0DULDRQGHIRVVHUOHQR]]HRUUHYROLHGLQWHUHFK¶DODVXDERFFD 2VLPHNVSOLFLWQLKVJODJRORPXNRQMXQNWLYXXYRGLLLPSOLFLWQHUHþHQFHV JODJRORPXLQ¿QLWLYX%LRMHXXSRWUHELVWRPYUHGQRãüXMRãRGQDMVWDULMLK GRNXPHQDWDSRJRWRYXXSRH]LML1DLPHHOHJDQWQHLNUDWNHIRUPH]DUD]OLNX RGSHUFKpDSRJRWRYXDFFLzFKHELRMHGDOHNRSULNODGQLMLRYRPMH]LþNRP L]UD]X$ULRVWR;,,7UDVVHODVSDGDHLQDWWRVLUDFFROVHRQGHFRQHVVD HFROOHYDWRVFXGRSRWHVVHULFRSULUVLLOFDSRQXGR0HÿXWLPXYHNX RYDNYDXSRWUHEDRQGHGRåLYHODMHRVXGXSXULVWDÄ,OPDUFKHVH%DVLOLR3XRWL DYUHEEHDWWDFFDWRXQFDUWHOORQHOODVWDQ]DLQFXLIDFHYDOH]LRQHFRQODVFULWWD

&KLXVDRQGHLQLVFDPELRGLDI¿QFKpRGLSHUqVROHQQHFLXFR´)DQIDQL$U OLD%H]RE]LUDQDNULWLNHRYDMYH]QLN]DGUåDRVHV¿QDOQRPYUHG QRãüXDOLJRWRYRLVOMXþLYRXSLVDQRPMH]LNX6DED0LFKLDPLRQGHLQ JUDQIUHWWDVLYDGDTXDOFKHSDVVRSLLQOjVXOO¶DPSLDWHUUD

9H]QLþNLL]UD]LNDRQRYRQDVWDOLREOLFL

3DUDOHOQRVRSãWLPUD]YRMHPMH]LNDLYH]QLþNLVLVWHPGRåLYOMDYDHN VSDQ]LMXSRþHYRGYHND.RGYHOLNLKDXWRUDWRERJDüHQMHVHLVSROMDYDOR SRGXWLFDMHPVLQWDNVLþNLKPRGHODNRMLVXSRVWRMDOLXNODVLþQRPODWLQVNRP MH]LNX1RYRQDVWDOLYH]QLþNLL]UD]LPRJXVHJUXSLVDWLXGYHNDWHJRULMHSUYX JUXSXSUHGVWDYOMDMXYH]QLFLXþLMLVDVWDYXOD]LYH]QLNFKHDGUXJXYH]QLFL GRELMHQLSRPRüXQHNRJGUXJRJYH]QLNDFRPHTXDQGRLWG

9H]QLþNLL]UD]LVFKHQDVWDOLVXLOLGLUHNWQLPVSDMDQMHPSUHGORJDLOL SULORJD]DYH]QLNLOLGRGDYDQMHPQHNRJSURQRPLQDOQRJHOHPHQWD

Perché8VYLPLWDOLMDQVNLPGLMDOHNWLPDSRVWRMLXQHNRPREOLNXYH ]QLNSHUFKpSHUFKHLWRMRãRGSUYLKNQMLåHYQLKWHNVWRYD/DWLQL5HWWRU ,OODGURHHGDµPSHQGUHSHUFKpFRPPHWWHIXUWR2YDMYH]QLNLPDR MHSUHVYHJDX]URþQXYUHGQRVW1RYHOOLQR;;;95LPXUDURQRPH]]RO¶XVFLR G¶XQRORURSDODJLRGRYHVLULGXFHDQRSHUFKpQRQY¶HQWUDVVH&9,;'L FLzIDUz>«@VSH]LDOHFDSLWRORSHUFKpSLQRWHYROHVLDODORURLQIDPLD8SU YLPNQMLåHYQLPGRNXPHQWLPDQDQDURGQRPMH]LNXGDOHNRUHÿHMHL]UDåDYDR

(8)

¿QDOQRVW7DNRUHWND¿QDOQDXSRWUHEDYH]QLþNLKL]UD]DNRQVWUXLVDQLKVSUHG ORJRPSHUPRåHVHREMDVQLWLSRVWRMDQMHPVWDURJLYHRPDUDVSURVWUDQMHQRJ

¿QDOQRJL]UD]DDFFLzFKH

)LQDOQHUHþHQLFHNRMHMHXYRGLRYH]QLNSHUFKpQLVXLPDOHREDYH]DQ SRORåDMXUHþHQLFL0RJOHVXGDVWRMHLVSUHGQDGUHÿHQHUHþHQLFH'HFDPHURQ 9,,,3HUFKpLOJLRUQRTXLYLQRQODFRJOLHVVHFRPLQFLzDYROHUHVPRQ WDUHNDRLL]DQMH'HFDPHURQ9,,7XKDLVSHQWRLOOXPHSHUFKpLRQRQ WLWUXRYL,SDNXRELþDMHQLSRORåDMELRMHL]DQDGUHÿHQHUHþHQLFH1RYHOOLQR

;&,,,OPDQGzDOVHUYL]LRG¶XQUHSHUFKpHJOLDSSDUDVVHLYLJHQWLOH]]DH QRELOLFRVWXPL'HFDPHURQ,;/RLQFRPLQFLzDEDWWHUHSHUFKpµOSDUOD VVH4)LQDOQRSHUFKpPRJORMHGDVWRMLXNRUHODFLMLVQHNLPGUXJLP¿QDOQLP YH]QLNRPWYRUHüLWDNRNRQVWUXNFLMXVGYH¿QDOQHUHþHQLFHPHÿXVREQRNRRU GLQLUDQH'HFDPHURQ;&$FFLzFKHSHUWURSSDOXQJDFRQVXHWXGLQHDOFX QDFRVDFKHLQIDVWLGLRVLFRQYHUWLVVHQDVFHUQRQQHSRWHVVHHSHUFKpDOFXQR ODQRVWUDWURSSROXQJDGLPRUDQ]DJDYLOODUQRQSRWHVVH>«@JLXGLFKHUHL>«@

FKHFRQYHQHYROHFRVDIRVVHRPDLLOWRUQDUFLOjRQGHFLSDUWLPPR3UHOD]QL X]URþQR¿QDOQLWLSSHUFKpPRåHVHQDüLXVOXþDMHYLPDNDGVHXQDGUHÿHQRM UHþHQLFLQDÿHQHNLRGJODJRODNRMLL]UDåDYDMXÄPROEX´SUHJDUHVXSSOLFDUH LOLÄRSRPHQX´JXDUGDUHVWDUDWWHQWL'HFDPHURQ9,1pYLGRYUjHV VHUJUDYHSHUFKpLR>«@DOTXDQWRLQSDUODUPLGLVWHQGD7DNYHUHþHQLFHQH L]UDåDYDMXGLUHNWQRVDGUåDMSRUXNHREMHNDWYHüFLOMUDGQMHVDGUåDQXSRUXFL WDNRGDELVPRRYRSHUFKpSUHPRJOLVYUVWDWLX¿QDOQR5

8VDYUHPHQRPLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXSHUFKpMHQDMNRULãüHQLML¿QDOQLYH ]QLNXVYLPUHJLVWULPDNDRLX]URþQLYH]QLNLVWRJREOLND8YUHPH'DQWHDL

%RNDþDDFFLzFKHMHELRJODYQL¿QDOQLYH]QLN3ULPHüXMHVHGDVHYUHPHQRP ãLULXSRWUHED¿QDOQRJSHUFKpGRNDI¿QFKpSRþLQMHGDVHNRULVWLWHNVUHGLQRP YHND%XGXüLGDVXLDFFLzFKHLSHUFKpPRJOLXYRGLWLLX]URþQHUHþHQLFH

¿QDOQHNRQVWUXNFLMHVXLPDOHREDYH]QXXSRWUHEXNRQMXQNWLYDNRMDMHQDVOH

8S6DPDUGåLüÄ/DSUROHVVLqSHUORSLOHJDWDDPRWLYD]LRQLDIIHWWLYHR UHWRULFKHFKHVSLQJRQRO¶DXWRUHDHVSULPHUHDQWLFLSDWDPHQWHORVFRSRGLFLzFKHVWDSHU GLUHHVVDqLQIDWWLSDUWLFRODUPHQWHIUHTXHQWHQHOGLDORJRHQHOUDFFRQWRTXDQGRLOSDUODQ WHFRLQFLGHFROVRJJHWWRGHOODYRORQWj>«@O¶XVRGHOODSUROHVVLVHUYHDURPSHUHO¶RUGLQH µORJLFR¶HDGDQWHSRUUHO¶HQXQFLD]LRQHGHOµ¿QH¶FKHqLOIDWWRFKHULJXDUGDSLGDYLFLQR O¶LQWHUORFXWRUH>«@O¶DQWLFLSD]LRQHGHO¿QHVHPEUHUHEEHDYHUHODIXQ]LRQHGLULFKLDPD UHO¶DWWHQ]LRQHGLFKLOHJJHRDVFROWDSULPDFKHODFRPXQLFD]LRQHVLDHVSUHVVD´

3RVWRMLMRãMHGDQVOXþDMNDGSHUFKpXYRGLX]URþQHUHþHQLFHVDNRQMXQNWLYRPDOLNRMH VHPRJXWXPDþLWLLNDR¿QDOQH/LGLDODYRUDWDQWRSHUFKpLVXRL¿JOLDEELDQRXQIXWX URPLJOLRUH5HQ]L6DOYL

(9)

ÿHQDL]ODWLQVNRJMH]LND9H]QLNXSHUFKpMHGDYDQRYLãHSURVWRUDXSRH]LML ]ERJHOHJDQFLMHMHGQRVWDYQRVWLLPRåGDGYRVPLVOHQRVWLGRNVHDFFLzFKH YLãHNRULVWLORXSUR]L]ERJMDVQRüHLSUHFL]QRVWL6DPDUGåLü

Acciò cheLYDULMDQWHDFFLRFFKpDFLzFKHMHVWHYH]QLþNLL]UD]NRMLMH VLJXUQRSRVWRMDRRGSUYLKWHNVWRYDNRMLVXQDVWDOLQDQDURGQRPMH]LNX-DYLR VHXPQRJLPGLMDOHNWLPDV¿QDOQRPDOLLVDX]URþQRPIXQNFLMRP2QMHJR YRPUDQRPSRMDYOMLYDQMXJRYRULLþLQMHQLFDGDL]UD]QLMHELRVKYDWDQEXNYDO QRNRGJRYRUQLND1DLPHSR]QDWRMHGDMHSUHGORJSHUQDMMDVQLMHL]UDåDYDR FLOMDQHSUHGORJD0HÿXWLPXVOXþDMXYH]QLNDVLWXDFLMDMHVXSURWQDSDMH DFFLzFKHRVQRYQL¿QDOQLYH]QLNGRNMHSHUFKpSRUHGSHUFLzFKHRVQRY QLX]URþQLYH]QLNVGDOHNRPDQMHXþHVWDORP¿QDOQRPXSRWUHERP)LQDOQD IXQNFLMDYH]QLþNRJL]UD]DDFFLzFKHGDNOHQHSURL]OD]LL]IXQNFLMDSUHGORJD DWRMHIXQNFLMDNRMDMHQDVOHÿHQDVDL]UD]RPLQH]DYLVQDMHRG]QDþHQMDHOH PHQDWDNRMLJDVDþLQMDYDMX1RYHOOLQR/;,,,,O6ROGDQRYLPDQGDTXHVWR DFFLRFFKpYRLQRQVLDWHDSLHGH8SUYLPWHNVWRYLPDFKHVHRELþQRSLVDOR RGYRMHQRRGDFFLzWDNRGDMHXVOXþDMHYLPDNRRUGLQDFLMHGYH¿QDOQHUHþHQL FHXGUXJRMPRJORGDVWRMLVDPRFKH&9,9,,,DFFLzFKHQHOGRQRVLD ODVXDYHUWODTXDOHqOLEHUDOLWDGHHFKHHVVDVLSRVVDLQHVVRQRWDUHDOORUD VLFRQYLHQHHVVHUQHWWRG¶RJQLDWWRGLPHUFDWDQWLD

$FFLzFKHMHQDMUDVSURVWUDQMHQLML¿QDOQLYH]QLNXVWDURLWDOLMDQVNLPWHN VWRYLPD6DOYL5HQ]LLJODYQL¿QDOQLYH]QLNXLYHNX '¶$ULHQ]R)UHQJXHOOL5HþHQLFHNRMHMHXYRGLRRYDMYH]QLNPRJOH VXGDVWRMHXELORNRPSRORåDMXLVSUHGLOLL]DQDGUHÿHQHLOLNDRXPHWQXWD'H FDPHURQ,,Q(DFFLzFKHGLHWURDGRJQLSDUWLFXODULWjOHQRVWUHSDVVDWHPLVH ULHSHUODFLWWjDYYHQXWHSLULFHUFDQGRQRQYDGDGLFRFKHFRVuLQLPLFRWHPSR FRUUHQGRSHUTXHOOHQRQSHUFLzPHQRG¶DOFXQDFRVDULVSDUPLzLOFLUFXVWDQWH

9UHPHQRPDFFLz FKH ELYD VYH YLãH XSRWUHEOMDYDQ YH]QLN X ¿QDOQRM IXQNFLML +URQRORãNLSRVPDWUDQRX]URþQDYUHGQRVWXVWXSDPHVWR¿QDOQRMWDNRGDX1RYHOL QXRGSHWQDHVWSRMDYOMLYDQMDãHVWVXV¿QDOQRPDGHYHWVDX]URþQRPIXQNFLMRPX 'DQWHRYRP1RYRPåLYRWXYH]QLNVHSRMDYOMXMHVHGDPSXWDVDX]URþQRPDGYD SXWD YLãH V ¿QDOQRP YUHGQRãüX NRQDþQR X'HNDPHURQXDFFLz FKH VH NRULVWL LVNOMXþLYRV¿QDOQRPIXQNFLMRP2YLSRGDFLXND]XMXQDSURJUHVLYQXVSHFLMDOL]DFL MXYH]QLNDND¿QDOQRMYUHGQRVWL'¶$ULHQ]R)UHQJXHOOL

3RUHG¿QDOQHXVWDURPMH]LNXDFFLz FKHMHLPDORLX]URþQXYUHGQRVW0HÿXWLP VWURJDUD]OLNDMHSUDYOMHQDXSRWUHERPQDþLQDWDNRGDMHXQDPHUQLPUHþHQLFDPDXYHN VWDMDRJODJROXNRQMXQNWLYXXS1RYHOOLQR;/,;(GLVVHURLQWUDORURGLFRVWXLDYUH PRQRLJUDQGHPHUFDWR$FFLzFKHVHPELDYDORURDQ]LSRYHURFKHULFFR

6OLþDQMHVOXþDMVYH]QLþNLPL]UD]RPDFKHDFFKpNRMLVHNRULVWLRNUDMHP;,;YHND DNRMLLVWRWDNRLPD¿QDOQXYUHGQRVW

(10)

FRQWUDGR1RYHOOLQR/;,,,/RUHIXVDYLRIHFHYLPRQWDUHVXXQVXRVFXGLHUH DFFLRFFKpLOSURYDVVH1RYHOOLQR;&,,,OSLSULQFLSDOHQHOODPDOL]LDDFFLz FKHLOIDWWRQRQV¶LQGXJLDVVHDQGzOj.DVQLMHMHSRþHODGDVHNRULVWLLYDULMDQWD DFFLzEH]YH]QLNDFKHDOLQLMHXVSHODGDQDGYODGDSUYRELWQLREOLN9DVDUL, /DYRUDQGRODPDVVDGHOODPDWHULDLQVXTXHOFKHqXPLGRIDPDJJLRU SUHVDEDJQDQGRGLFRQWLQXRGRYHORVWXFFRVLPHWWHDFFLzVLUHQGDSLIDFLOHD ODYRUDUOR0DFKLDYHOOL9,,&RPHLQWHUYHQQHDPROWLLQ*UHFLDQHOOHFLWWjGL ,RQLDHGL(OOHVSRQWRGRYHIXURQRIDWWLSULQFLSLGD'DULRDFFLzOHWHQHVVLQRSHU VXDVLFXUWjHJORULD9HUJD/DSRYHUDIDQFLXOOD>«@DQGzDODYRUDUHGXH JLRUQLQHOFDPSRGHOFXUDWRDFFLzGLFHVVHODPHVVDSHUODVXDPRUWDLOSULPR OXQHGuGHOPHVH8VDYUHPHQRPMH]LNXYDULMDQWDEH]FKHQLMHYLãHXXSRWUHELD XORJXLXþHVWDORVWYH]QLþNRJL]UD]DDFFLzFKH]DPHQLRMHYH]QLNDI¿QFKp,GD OMHVHNRULVWLDOLLVNOMXþLYRXNQMLåHYQRPUHJLVWUXSULþHPXVHLSDNQMHJRYRP XSRWUHERPSULSRYHGDQMXGDMHDUKDLþDQWRQ

Perciò cheLYDULMDQWDSHUFLzFKHPerò che3RUHGDFFLzFKH, SHU FLzFKHELRMHMHGDQRGQDM]DVWXSOMHQLMLKX]URþQLKYH]QLNDXVWDURPMH]LNX SRVHEQRNRG%RNDþD3RSXWSHUFKpPRJDRMHLPDWLL¿QDOQXYUHGQRVWX]

REDYH]QXXSRWUHEXNRQMXQNWLYD'HFDPHURQ,,(SHUFLzFKHWXQRQ FUHGDFKHQRL>«@FUHGLDPRDYHUHDOWUDPRJOLH>«@YRJOLRXQSRFRFRQ WHFRVRSUDTXHVWDPDWHULDUDJLRQDUH'HFDPHURQ,,,,RVREHQHTXDOH HJOLqQpYHQHGRPDQGHUzSHUVDSHUORPHJOLRPDSHUFLzFKHYRLPHGHVLPD GLFHQGRORQ¶DEELDWHSLULPRUGLPHQUR81RYHOLQXPHÿXWLPQLMHSULVXWQD RYDYUHGQRVWYH]QLNDSHUFLzFKH,]UD]SHUzFKHWDNRÿHMHSRYUHPHQRLPDR MDVQR¿QDOQXYUHGQRVW&9,,,0DSHUzFKHSLSUR¿WWDELOHVLDTXHVWRPLR FLERSULPDFKHYHJQDODSULPDYLYDQGDYRJOLRPRVWUDUHFRPHPDQJLDUHVL GHH3';,/DSURYHGHQ]D>«@SHUzFKHDQGDVVHYHU¶ORVXRGLOHWWROD VSRVD>«@GXHSULQFLSLRUGLQzLQVXRIDYRUH3UROHNWLþNLSRORåDMUHþHQLFH NRMXXYRGLYH]QLþNLL]UD]SRMDþDYDNRQRWDFLMXLãþHNLYDQMDUDGQMHQDGUHÿHQH UHþHQLFHDSRWYUGXR¿QDOQRMYUHGQRVWLGDMHLGRVOHGQDXSRWUHEDNRQMXQNWLYD XSRGUHÿHQRMUHþQLFL2YLYH]QLþNLL]UD]LQHNRULVHVHXVDYUHPHQRPMH]LNX

Sì che8VWDURLWDOLMDQVNRP]DEHOHåLOLVPRXSRWUHEXVuFKHVLFFKHV SRVOHGLþQR¿QDOQRPYUHGQRãüXVSUHGLNDWRPSRGUHÿHQHUHþHQLFHXNRQMXQ NWLYX1RYHOOLQR;;93RVHVLLQFXRUHGLYROHUHWXWWRGLVSHQGHUHDOODYLWD VXDVuFKHQRQULPDQHVVHLOVXRGRSROXL8VDYUHPHQRPMH]LNXRYDML]UD]

MHVWHGRPLQDQWQRSRVOHGLþQL

Acchéa cheELRMHUDVSURVWUDQMHQYH]QLNNUDMHPYHND3DVFROL 6LIDQQRFLSHOOHDFFKpWXFRQODPRJOLHDFFDQWRQHPDQJLDOO¶DOED

(11)

LOSULPRGuGHOO¶DQQR6YHYR'RSRGLDYHUSURYYHGXWRDFFKpODPLD WRPEDIRVVHWHQXWDLQSLHQRRUGLQHNDGDMHGRåLYHRNULWLNXVDYUHPHQHQLK JUDPDWLþDUD)DQIDQL$UOLDL)RUQDFLDUL'DQDVMHRYDM REOLNJRWRYRL]DãDRL]XSRWUHEHQDOD]LPRJDVDPRVSRUDGLþQRQDSULPHUX SUDYQRDGPLQLVWUDWLYQRPUHJLVWUX&RVWLWX]LRQHLWDOLDQDDUW1HLFDVLGL LQFDSDFLWjGHLJHQLWRULODOHJJHSURYYHGHDFKHVLDQRDVVROWLLORURFRPSLWL

$I¿QFKpMH¿QDOQLYH]QLNQRYLMHJGRED.DRSUYLSULPHU]DEHOHåHQH XSRWUHEH6DOYL5HQ]LLHWLPRORãNLUHþQLFLQDYRGHJR GLQXLFLWDWL]+URQLNHĈRYDQLMD9LODQLMD(LOSULPRJLRUQRIHFHSDVVDUH ODUHLQDFRQRJQLJHQWHGLPHVWLHUHHFRQSDUWHGHJOLDUQHVLGHOO¶RVWHLO VHFRQGRGuSDVVzLOUHFRQWXWWDVXDJHQWHVDOYRFK¶DFDXWHODGLJXHUUD ODVFLzLQDJXDWRGLIXRULGD0HVVLQDGXHFDSLWDQLFRQ00FDYDOLHULDÂI¿

QHFKHOHYDWDO¶RVWHVHTXHJOLGL0HVVLQDXVFLVVRQRIXRULSHUJXDGDJQDUH GHOODUREDGHOFDPSRYHQLVVRQRORURDGRVVRHHQWUDVVRQRQHOODWHUUDGRN '¶$ULHQ]R)UHQJXHOOLSURQDOD]HMRãMHGDQVWDULMLSULPHUXSRH ]LMLVNUDMDYHND*XLWWRQHG¶$UH]]R5LPH(YRLDPLFRDFXL LQWHQGRIDFFLDELVRJQRDVVDOWRG¶RJQLSDUWHFKHUHYRVWURYDORUYHGHUH HFKHYDOVDSLHQ]LDX¶QRQqSD]LHQ]LDHYROG¶RQRUGHSURGHHGHSLD FHUHVHFRQGRHOYDOLPHQWRGHFDWXQEHQSDJDUH3LDFFLDYLGLIRU]DUH HYDORUHWDOHQWRQRQERQFRPLQFLDPHQWRWRUQDQRD¿QFK¶DSLDFHQWLHD 'LRSLDFFLD1LNDGDQLMHXVSHRGDXYHüRMPHULSURGUHXJRYRUQLMH]LN,PD LVNOMXþLYR¿QDOQR]QDþHQMHNRMHMHMDVQRVDGUåDQRXVDPRPREOLNXD¿

QHFKHLVWRJDMHXSUHGQRVWLXRGQRVXQDRVWDOHLRQDNRPDOREURMQH¿QDOQH YH]QLNHSUHVYHJDSHUFKp.RULVWLVHXSLVDQRPMH]LNXLNDUDNWHULãHX]YLãHQL VWLO%HPER,4XHVWDYLWDFKHQRLYLYLDPRDI¿QHFKHQRLEHQHRSHULDPR F¶qGDWD7RPPDVHR/RGDYDLSUHJLDOWUXLDI¿QFKpGHOODORGHFDGHVVH XQDVWLOODVXLSURSULL(FR,SRUFDLULPHVWDYDQR>«@LOVDQJXHGHLSRUFL DSSHQDVJR]]DWLDI¿QFKpQRQVLFRDJXODVVH

=DNOMXþDN

,]DQDOL]HNRUSXVD]DNOMXþXMHVHGDNOHGDXSUYLPGRNXPHQWLPDQD QDURGQRPMH]LNXQLMHSRVWRMDRQLMHGDQDXWHQWLþQL¿QDOQLYH]QLN6YLYH]QLFL DELORLKMHL]X]HWQRPDORVHGDPFKHFRPHRQGHSHUFKpDFFLzFKHSHUFLz FKHVuFKHSRUHG¿QDOQRVWLPRJOLVXGDL]UDåDYDMXLQHNLGUXJLORJLþNLRGQRV SUHVYLKRGQRVX]URþQRVWL7HNGRFQLMHQDVWDQNRPYH]QLNDDI¿QFKpGRELMHQ

(12)

MHSUYLLSUDNWLþQRMHGLQLYH]QLNXLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXVDLVNOMXþLYR¿QDOQRP YUHGQRãüX8NDVQLMLPHSRKDPDQDVWDOLVXL¿QDOQLYH]QLþNLL]UD]LDOORVFRSR FKHFROO¶QHOO¶LQWHQ]LRQHFKHDIDUVuFKHNRMLVXXXSRWUHELLXVDYUHPH QRPLWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNXDOLL]X]HWQRUHWNR'DQDVVXSRUHGYH]QLNDDI¿QFKp XRSãWRMXSRWUHELVDPRREOLFLFKpLSHUFKpGRNVXDFFLRFFKpDFKHLRQGHVWLO VNLREHOHåHQLLPDMXDUKDLþDQSUL]YXNLPRJXVHSURQDüLLVNOMXþLYRXSLVDQLP IRUPDPDNQMLåHYQLPGHOLPDLOLNDQFHODULMVNRPMH]LNX,]XSRWUHEHVXRGDYQR L]DãOLREOLFLSHUFLzFKHSHUFzFKHVuFKHV¿QDOQRPYUHGQRãüX'DNOHVYR ÿHQMHVLVWHPD¿QDOQLKYH]QLNDQDSUDNWLþQRWULREOLNDXVNODGXMHVDRSãWLPWHQ GHQFLMDPDXUD]YRMXLWDOLMDQVNLKYH]QLNDÄ2VLURPDãHQMH´YH]QLþNRJVLVWHPDX VDYUHPHQRPMH]LNXXVXãWLQLMHVWHSRVOHGLFDWHåQMHMH]LNDNDHNRQRPLþQRVWLL XVNODGXMHVDVOLþQLPSRMDYDPDSULVXWQLPLNRGGUXJLKNDWHJRULMDUHþL,SDN EURM¿QDOQLKYH]QLNDQHNROLNRSXWDMHPDQMLXRGQRVXQDÄVURGQX´NDWHJRULMX X]URþQLKYH]QLND2YXþLQMHQLFXSURWXPDþLüHPRYHüRP]DVWXSOMHQRãüXLPSOL FLWQLKREOLNDUHþHQLFDNRMHNDRYH]LYQLHOHPHQWNRULVWHQHNLSUHGORJSHUDGL GDNDRLQHPLQRYQRPXSRWUHERPNRQMXQNWLYDXHNVSOLFLWQRPREOLNXQDþLQD NRMLVHGLUHNWQRYH]XMH]DVHPDQWLþNXGLPHQ]LMXFLOMQHUHþHQLFH

/LWHUDWXUD

$JHQR%UDPELOOD)&RQJLXQWLYR,Q(QFLFORSHGLD'DQWHVFDSS 5RPD,VWLWXWRGHOOD(QFLFORSHGLD,WDOLDQD

$JRVWLQL ) 3URSRVL]LRQL VXERUGLQDWH ,Q(QFLFORSHGLD 'DQWHVFD SS 5RPD,VWLWXWRGHOOD(QFLFORSHGLD,WDOLDQD

%HUUHWWD0&RQQHWWLYLWHVWXDOLLQLWDOLDQRHSLDQL¿FD]LRQHGHOGLVFRUVR,Q/

&RYHULHG/LQJXLVWLFDWHVWXDOHSS5RPD%XO]RQL

%HUWXFFHOOL3DSL0/HIUDVL¿QDOL,Q/5HQ]L*6DOYLHGV*UDQGHJUDP PDWLFDLWDOLDQDGLFRQVXOWD]LRQHSS%RORJQD,O0XOLQR

'¶$ULHQ]R 0 )UHQJXHOOL * /H SURSRVL]LRQL ¿QDOL ,Q 0 'DUGDQR HG6LQWDVVLGHOO¶LWDOLDQRDQWLFR/DSURVDGHO'XHFHQWRHGHO7UHFHQWR SS5RPD&DURFFL

)DQIDQL3$UOLD&/HVVLFRGHOO¶LQ¿PDHFRUURWWDLWDOLDQLWj0LODQR 3DROR&DUUDUD

7DNRVHQDSULPHUQHNROLNRREOLNDWUHüHJOLFDPQRåLQHSHUIHNWDVFULVVRQRVFULVVR URVFULVVHURVYHORQDMHGDQREOLNVFULVVHUREURMGXHLPDRMHQHNROLNRREOLNDGXL GXRGXDLWG

(13)

)RUQDFLDUL56LQWDVVLLWDOLDQDGHOO¶XVRPRGHUQR)LUHQ]H6DQVRQL

*UHFR%ROOL*/DIXQ]LRQHGHOOD¿QDOHQHOO¶LWDOLDQRVFULWWRFRQWHPSRUD QHR$QQDOLGHOO¶8QLYHUVLWjSHUVWUDQLHULGL3HUXJLD,,

+HUF]HJ*6DJJLOLQJXLVWLFLHVWLOLVWLFL)LUHQ]H2OVFKNL

.ULVWDO'(QFLNORSHGLMVNLUHþQLNPRGHUQHOLQJYLVWLNH%HRJUDG1ROLW 0DQFDUHOOD*%/LQJXLVWLFDURPDQ]D%RORJQD=DQLFKHOOL

3DQWLJOLRQL 0 /( )5$6, ),1$/, ,Q * 6DOYL / 5HQ]L HGV*5$00$7,&$ '(//¶,7$/,$12 $17,&2 SS %ROR JQD,O0XOLQR

3UDQGL0/HSURSRVL]LRQL¿QDOLLQLWDOLDQRXQRVWXGLRGLJUDPPDWLFD¿

ORVR¿FD&XDGHUQRVGH¿ORORJLDLWDOLDQD

3UDQGL 0 *URVV * 'H 6DQWLV & /$ ),1$/,7¬ 67587785(

&21&(778$/,()250(',(635(66,21(,1,7$/,$12)LUHQ]H 2OVFKNL

5HQ]L/6DOYL*HGV*UDQGHJUDPPDWLFDLWDOLDQDGLFRQVXOWD]LRQH

%RORJQD,O0XOLQR

5RPEL03ROLFDUSL*0XWDPHQWLVLQWDWWLFLQHOO¶LWDOLDQRFRQWHPSRUD QHRLOVLVWHPDGHOOHFRQJLXQ]LRQL,Q/$JRVWLQLDQL3%HOOXFFL0DIIHL0 3DROLHGV/LQJXLVWLFDVWRULFDHFDPELDPHQWROLQJXLVWLFRSS 5RPD%XO]RQL

6DPDUGåLü06LQWDNVDLVHPDQWLNDYH]QLND5D]YRMYH]QLþNRJVLVWHPDX LWDOLMDQVNRPMH]LNX%HRJUDG)LORORãNLIDNXOWHW

6HULDQQL/*UDPPDWLFDLWDOLDQD,WDOLDQRFRPXQHHODOLQJXDOHWWHUDULD 7RULQR8WHW

7HNDYþLü3*UDPPDWLFDVWRULFDGHOO¶LWDOLDQRYROO%RORJQD,O0XOLQR 9DJQL)/DSURSRVL]LRQH¿QDOHQHOO¶LWDOLDQRFRQWHPSRUDQHR,Q00HGL

FL$ 6DQJUHJRULR HGV)HQRPHQL PRUIRORJLFL H VLQWDWWLFL QHOO¶LWDOLDQR FRQWHPSRUDQHRSS5RPD%XO]RQL

,]YRUL

$ULRVWR/2UODQGR)XULRVR0LODQR*DU]DQWL

%DWWDJOLD6*UDQGHGL]LRQDULRGHOODOLQJXDLWDOLDQD7RULQR8WHW

%HQQL6'RWWRU1L0LODQR)HOWULQHOOL

%RFFDFFLR*'HFDPHURQ0LODQR0RQGDGRUL

&HOOLQL%/DYLWD0LODQR/RQJDQHVL

(FR8,OQRPHGHOODURVD0LODQR%RPSLDQL

(QFLFORSHGLD'DQWHVFD5RPD,VWLWXWRGHOO¶(QFLFORSHGLD,WDOLDQD7UHFFDQL

(14)

)DYDWL*HG,O1RYHOOLQR*HQRYD%R]]L 0DFKLDYHOOL1,O3ULQFLSH7RULQR(LQDXGL 3DVFROL*3RHVLH0LODQR*DU]DQWL 3HWUDUFD)&DQ]RQLHUH0LODQR*DU]DQWL 9HUJD*7XWWHOHQRYHOOH0LODQR*DU]DQWL 9LOODQL*&URQLFD7RULQR(LQDXGL

0LOD6DPDUGåLü

5LDVVXQWR

68//(25,*,1,(/269,/8332 '(//(&21*,81=,21,),1$/,,1,7$/,$12

,OSUHVHQWHFRQWULEXWRVLSURSRQHGLRIIULUHLQXQDSURVSHWWLYDGLDFURQLFDXQ TXDGURJHQHUDOHGHOOHRULJLQLHGHOORVYLOXSSRGHOVLVWHPDGHOOHFRQJLXQ]LRQL¿QDOLLWDO LDQH/¶RELHWWLYRGHOFRQWULEXWRqGLYHUL¿FDUHVHLOSHUFRUVRGLTXHVWDFDWHJRULDGLFRQJL XQ]LRQLVLDLQFRQIRUPLWjDOOHWHQGHQ]HJHQHUDOLGHOVLVWHPDFRQJLXQ]LRQDOHLWDOLDQR/D OLQJXDLWDOLDQDKDHUHGLWDWRVRORXQDSLFFRODSDUWHGHOVLVWHPDODWLQRGHOOHFRQJLXQ]LRQL HGKDULFUHDWRODJUDQGHPDJJLRUDQ]DGHOOHFRQJLXQ]LRQL/DOLQJXDHODERUDWDGDJOLDX WRULGHO'XHHGHO7UHFHQWRKDDUULFFKLWRO¶LQYHQWDULRGHOOHFRQJLXQ]LRQLVLDGDOSXQWR GLYLVWDPRUIRVLQWDWWLFRFKHGDTXHOORVHPDQWLFR$SDUWLUHGDO5LQDVFLPHQWRLOVLVWHPD KDFRPLQFLDWRDVHPSOL¿FDUVLHXQLIRUPDUVLÊXQSURFHVVRDQFRUDLQDWWR/DULFHUFDq VWDWDHIIHWWXDWDLQEDVHDOFRUSXVFRVWLWXLWRGDOOHRSHUHOHWWHUDULHGDOOHRULJLQLDLQRVWUL JLRUQL&RQSDUWLFRODUHDWWHQ]LRQHqVWDWDRVVHUYDWDO¶HVSDQVLRQHGHOVLVWHPDQHO'XH 7UHH&LQTXHFHQWRSHULRGLFKLDYHSHULOJHQHUDOHVYLOXSSRGHOODOLQJXDLWDOLDQD,ULVXOWDWL GHOODULFHUFDKDQQRGLPRVWUDWRFKHORVYLOXSSRGHOVLVWHPDGHOOHFRQJLXQ]LRQL¿QDOLLQ JUDQSDUWHFRLQFLGHFRQLOTXDGURJHQHUDOH7XWWDYLDULYHODXQDSDUWLFRODULWjTXDQWLWDWLYD QHOVHQVRFKHLOVLVWHPDGLVSRQHGLXQQXPHURULGRWWRGHOOHXQLWjHLQIHULRUHDOODPHGLDH ULVFRQWUDXQDIUHTXHQ]DPROWRSLEDVVDLQFRQIURQWRDOOHFRQJLXQ]LRQLFDXVDOLFRQFHV VLYHFRQGL]LRQDOLRFRQVHFXWLYH

3DUROHFKLDYHFRQJLXQ]LRQL¿QDOLWjFDXVDOLWjLWDOLDQRVLQWDVVLGLDFURQLD

Références

Documents relatifs

Kao što smo već istakli u Janićijević (2016a, 2016b), u ovom slučaju kao srpski ekvivalent italijanskog anteriornog futura u upravnoj rečenici javlja se futur I, dok se u

Uvrstivši u zbirku OVID IN TOMIS upravo ove prevode Đogove poezije iz pera pomenutih prevodilaca, Sofija Škorić je daleko široj umjetničkoj publici s jedne na drugi

Rad se bavi rečima stranog porekla u klasičnom arapskom jeziku, koji se koristio pre pojave islama i u prvim vekovima po njegovom nastanku, a koji je intenzivno preuzimao reči

Kao što Alis Manro, pročitavši Andersenovu Malu sirenu kao devoj- čica, nije mogla da se pomiri sa tužnim krajem pa je napisala svoju verziju sa srećnim (Manro, 2013), tako

U usvajanju stranog jezika značajan deo inputa predstavlja nastavni input, odnosno materijal kome su učenici izloženi u učionici.. Međutim, budući da je u današnjem

Tokom svog razvoja i pod uticajem drugih jezika, stari turski jezik je počeo da koristi određene vrste reči kao što su to gerundiji ili postpozicije koje su kasnije u

8NODVLþQRMYHU]LMLGHWHåHOLURGLWHOMDVXSURWQRJSRODLXULYDOVNRPMHRGQRVXSUHPD

3UHGPHWUDGDMHVWUXNWXULUDQMHGRPHQD SPORTA SRPRüXPHWDIRUDþLMLL]YRU